Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Plateau continental – Australie (est)"

Par leur comportement — délimitation interprovinciale du plateau continental, exploitation des ressources du plateau continental uniquement par les provinces de la Nouvelle-Écosse et de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, exclusion du calcul de la péréquation d’une partie ou de la totalité des revenus découlant de ces ressources — le gouvernement fédéral canadien et les gouvernements des provinces de la Nouvelle-Écosse et de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador donnent l’impression que le plateau continental appartient à ces deux provinces. Il n’en est rien. En fait, contrairement à une perception répandue, le plateau continental n’appartient à personne. Le droit international n’accorde pas de souveraineté sur le plateau continental aux États côtiers, mais plutôt des droits souverains sur l’exploration et l’exploitation des ressources naturelles du plateau continental. Ces droits, résultat d’un processus marqué par la recherche de compromis politiques, sont reconnus au gouvernement fédéral. Ainsi, l’argument le plus souvent invoqué afin de légitimer l’exclusion des ressources naturelles non renouvelables du calcul de la péréquation, soit que ces ressources sont la propriété des provinces, ne peut s’appliquer aux ressources du plateau continental. La pratique canadienne concernant l’exploitation des hydrocarbures sur le plateau continental de la côte atlantique est, tant d’un point de vue juridique que politique, d’autant plus surprenante qu’on dit la fédération canadienne cimentée par le principe de la péréquation.

Résumé Le drapeau planté sur le pôle Nord par les Russes à l’été 2007 a ravivé le débat sur l’Arctique, en particulier sur la question de savoir quelles revendications les différents États riverains peuvent faire valoir sur son fond marin soupçonné de regorger de combustibles fossiles. L’objectif de notre contribution est de discuter du cadre juridique applicable à la « répartition » du plateau continental en Arctique et des difficultés particulières liées à la situation géographique. En raison de l’espace restreint, les États riverains doivent y relever non seulement le défi de fixer la limite extérieure de leur plateau continental, mais aussi celui de régler des revendications chevauchantes. Le fait que les États-Unis ne soient pas soumis au même régime juridique que les autres riverains de l’océan Arctique complique encore davantage la situation. Notre étude met un accent particulier sur les enjeux pour le Canada.

Abstract. The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) conducted a series of expeditions between 2013 and 2016 that were designed to address the development of monsoon climate systems in Asia and Australia. Significant progress was made in recovering Neogene sections spanning the region from the Arabian Sea to the Sea of Japan and southward to western Australia. High recovery by advanced piston corer (APC) has provided a host of semi-continuous sections that have been used to examine monsoonal evolution. Use of the half-length APC was successful in sampling sand-rich sediment in Indian Ocean submarine fans. The records show that humidity and seasonality developed diachronously across the region, although most regions show drying since the middle Miocene and especially since ∼ 4 Ma, likely linked to global cooling. A transition from C3 to C4 vegetation often accompanied the drying but may be more linked to global cooling. Western Australia and possibly southern China diverge from the general trend in becoming wetter during the late Miocene, with the Australian monsoon being more affected by the Indonesian Throughflow, while the Asian monsoon is tied more to the rising Himalaya in South Asia and to the Tibetan Plateau in East Asia. The monsoon shows sensitivity to orbital forcing, with many regions having a weaker summer monsoon during times of northern hemispheric Glaciation. Stronger monsoons are associated with faster continental erosion but not weathering intensity, which either shows no trend or a decreasing strength since the middle Miocene in Asia. Marine productivity proxies and terrestrial chemical weathering, erosion, and vegetation proxies are often seen to diverge. Future work on the almost unknown Paleogene is needed, as well as the potential of carbonate platforms as archives of paleoceanographic conditions.

Abstract Introduction and geodynamic setting. – Syn-rift exhumation of mantle rocks in a continental breakup zone was highlighted along the present-day west Iberian passive margin [e.g. Boillot et al., 1988, 1995; Whitmarsh et al., 1995, 2001; Beslier et al., 1996; Brun and Beslier, 1996; Boillot and Coulon, 1998; Krawczyk et al., 1996; Girardeau et al., 1998] and along the fossil Tethyan margins [e.g. Froitzheim and Manatschal, 1996; Manatschal and Bernoulli, 1996; Marroni et al., 1998; Müntener et al., 2000; Desmurs et al., 2001]. Along the west Iberian margin, serpentinized peridotite and scarce gabbro and basalt lay directly under the sediments, over a 30 to 130 km-wide transition between the thinned continental crust and the first oceanic crust [Girardeau et al., 1988, 1998; Kornprobst and Tabit, 1988; Boillot et al., 1989; Beslier et al., 1990, 1996; Cornen et al., 1999]. The formation of a wide ocean-continent transition (OCT), mostly controlled by tectonics and associated with an exhumation of deep lithospheric levels, would be an essential stage of continental breakup and a characteristic of magma-poor passive margins. The southwest Australian margin provides an opportunity to test and to generalize the models proposed for the west Iberian margin, as both margins present many analogies. The south Australian margin formed during the Gondwana breakup in the Mesozoic, along a NW-SE oblique extension direction [Willcox and Stagg, 1990]. From north to south, the continental slope is bounded by (1) a magnetic quiet zone (MQZ) where the nature of the basement is ambiguous [Talwani et al., 1979; Tikku and Cande, 1999; Sayers et al., 2001], (2) a zone where the basement shows a rough topography associated with poorly expressed magnetic anomalies [Cande and Mutter, 1982; Veevers et al., 1990; Tikku and Cande, 1999; Sayers et al., 2001], and which is the eastward prolongation of the Diamantina Zone, and (3) an Eocene oceanic domain. The continental breakup zone is believed to be located near or at the southern edge of the MQZ [Cande and Mutter, 1982; Veevers et al., 1990; Sayers et al., 2001]. Breakup is dated at 125 Ma [Stagg and Willcox, 1992], 95 ± 5 Ma [Veevers, 1986] or at 83 Ma [Sayers et al., 2001], and followed by ultra-slow seafloor spreading until the Eocene (43 Ma), and fast spreading afterwards [Weissel and Hayes, 1972; Cande and Mutter, 1982; Veevers et al., 1990; Tikku and Cande, 1999]. The western end of the margin (fig. 1) is starved and bounded in the OCT by basement ridges where peridotite, gabbro and basalt were previously dredged [Nicholls et al., 1981]. Altimetry data [Sandwell and Smith, 1997] show that some of these ridges are continuous over 1500 km along the OCT of the south Australian margin and of the conjugate Antarctic margin. The objectives of the MARGAU/MD110 cruise (May-June 1998; [Royer et al., 1998]; fig. 2) were to define the morpho-structure and the nature and evolution of the basement in the SW Australian OCT. An area of 180 000 km2 was explored with swath bathymetry. Gravimetric data (11382 km) were simultaneously recorded whereas few single channel seismic (1353 km) and magnetic (5387 km) data were obtained due to technical difficulties. Crystalline basement rocks, made of varied and locally well-preserved lithologies, were dredged at 11 sites located on structural highs. Main results. – The bathymetric map unveils three E-W domains (fig. 2). From north to south, they are the continental slope of Australia, prolonged westward by that of the Naturaliste Plateau, a 160 km-wide intermediate flat sedimented area corresponding to the MQZ, and a 100 km-wide zone of rough E-W oriented topography which continues the Diamantina Zone (fig. 3). The first two domains are cut through in three segments by two major fracture zones (FZ), the Leeuwin FZ along the eastern side of the Naturaliste Plateau, and the Naturaliste FZ along its western flank. These NW-SE trending FZ terminate north of the E-W trending fabric of the Diamantina Zone. Accordingly, extension occurred along the NW-SE direction during the formation of the slope and of the MQZ, and then turned to N-S during the formation of the Diamantina Zone. In the Diamantina Zone, the mantle rocks dredged at Site MG-DR02 are mainly lherzolites, rich in pyroxenitic micro-layers, and pyroxenites. They contain spinel rimmed by plagioclase and locally coronas of olivine + plagioclase between opx and spinel, which suggest that they underwent some subsolidus reequilibration in the plagioclase field (fig. 4C). Westward (Site DR09), the mantle rocks are harzburgitic, with lesser pyroxenitic bandings and no plagioclase. The rocks have coarse-grained porphyroclastic textures that are locally overprinted by narrow mylonitic shear bands, and then by a cataclastic deformation, which indicate decreasing temperatures and increasing stresses during their evolution. Basalts were sampled at Sites MG-DR01, −04, −05, and together with gabbros at Sites MG-DR02, -03, -09. They have a transitional composition as shown by their REE patterns, except one sample from site MG-DR-05 which is an alkaline basalt (fig. 5). The gabbros are clearly intrusive in the peridotite at Sites DR02 and -09. They contain olivine and clinopyroxene (cpx) at Site DR02, cpx, plagioclase and hornblende at Site DR03, and cpx and amphibole or orthopyroxene or olivine at Site DR09 (fig. 4D). At that site, a tonalite containing K-feldspar and biotite and alkaline in composition (fig. 5), has also been sampled. All these plutonic rocks display either their primary magmatic textures or secondary porphyroclastic ones that are locally overprinted by mylonitic shear zones (fig. 4E). Retrograde minerals of amphibolite to greenschist facies developed during the deformation. The basalts are clearly intrusive in the gabbros at Site DR03. They are altered and exhibit porphyric textures with abundant plagioclase and plagioclase + olivine phenocrysts at Sites DR03, -04, -08, -10, and have a transitional composition (fig. 5). The nature and evolution of the peridotites and associated gabbros are compatible with an exhumation under a rift zone, on both sides of the Leeuwin FZ. It includes a mylonitic deformation which attests that these rocks underwent a shearing deformation under lithospheric conditions, in probable relation with their exhumation during the early stages of the oceanic opening. The crustal rocks are represented only by intrusive gabbros and by transitional basalts. In the MQZ, the peridotites recovered at Site MG-DR06 are mainly spinel and plagioclase lherzolites (fig. 4B) and a few pyroxenites (fig. 4A) with high temperature porphyroclastic textures. Their discovery indicates that the basement in the MQZ is not exclusively formed of thinned continental crust. Lavas sampled westward of the Leeuwin FZ at Site DR10 have also transitional compositions (fig. 5). On the Australian slope, samples dredged at Site MG-DR07 are continental quartz-bearing rocks (mostly gneisses and rare granites), some showing a high grade paragenesis (upper amphibolite to granulite facies) marked by the presence of K-feldspar, biotite, sillimanite and/or kyanite and garnet, and without primary muscovite (fig. 4G). Some of these rocks underwent an intense mylonitic shear deformation followed by post-tectonic recrystallisation or migmatization. Depending on the age of the high grade evolution (metamorphism and shearing), these rocks document either the syn-rift exhumation of lower continental crust, or the formation of the older Australian craton. On the slope of the Naturaliste Plateau, at Site DR11, rocks of oceanic origin (gabbro-diorites/dolerite/basalt; fig. 4F) were dredged together with acid rocks (gneiss and granites) of probable continental origin, some having a quartz, K-feldspar, biotite and garnet metamorphic paragenesis (fig. 4H). At that site, the transitional basalts intrude the gabbros and associated dolerites. The presence of metamorphic acid rocks indicate that the Naturaliste Plateau is likely a continental fragment that was later intruded by mafic rocks, whose origin and ages of intrusion have to be determined. Discussion and conclusions. – The retrograde tectono-metamorphic evolution of the peridotites recovered in the MQZ, which includes a reequilibration in the plagioclase field (marked by the development of olivine and plagioclase after spinel and pyroxene), is compatible with an exhumation under a rift zone [Girardeau et al., 1988; Kornprobst and Tabit, 1988; Cornen et al., 1999]. By analogy with the Iberia Abyssal Plain, the MQZ could represent a wide OCT where the mantle was exhumed and stretched mostly by amagmatic extension before the initiation of oceanic accretion [Beslier et al., 1996; Boillot and Coulon, 1998] (fig. 6). This hypothesis is supported by the tectonic structures (horsts and grabens) imaged in the seismic data over the MQZ [Boeuf and Doust, 1975]. Accordingly, the limit of the continental crust would be located at the foot of the slope, i.e. 160 km (or 250 km in the NW-SE extension direction) northward of the assumed location of the OCT at the southern edge of the MQZ. The age of the Australia-Antarctic breakup would thus be (1) older than that inferred from the magnetic anomalies (circa 95 Ma [Cande and Mutter, 1982; Veevers, 1986]), which would rather date the onset of oceanic accretion, and (2) older than the age of the breakup unconformity estimated as Santonian (83 Ma), further east, in the Great Australian Bight [Sayers et al., 2001]. The origin of the Naturaliste Plateau, continental or oceanic, is still disputed. The discovery of metamorphic rocks of probable continental origin on the southern flank of the Plateau (Site DR11) shows that it consists at least partially of rocks of the Gondwana continent. All the samples from the Diamantina Zone confirm that its basement is made of a peridotite-gabbro-basalt assemblage. The nature and age of the peridotites and of the associated magmas will help understanding the origin of this domain, which can result either from Neocomian seafloor spreading with further remobilization during the Australia-Antarctic separation, or from post-Neocomian ultra-slow seafloor spreading. Because of the omnipresence of extensive tectonic structures (fig. 3) and of the relatively small proportion of crustal rocks relative to the mantle rocks, we argue that the formation of the Diamantina Zone was mainly controlled by tectonics rather than by magmatic processes. In conclusion, the data collected along the southwest Australian margin during the MARGAU/MD110 survey evidence two major tectonic phases with formation of a wide OCT where abundant mantle rocks, in association with few mafic rocks, outcrop or lay directly beneath the sediments. The evolution of the crystalline rocks is compatible with an exhumation under a rift zone during a phase of magma-poor extension primarily controlled by tectonic processes. The domains where basement highs were sampled seem to be continuous over more than 1500 km eastward along the south Australian margin. Additional evidence on such large-scale structural continuity and on the nature of the associated basement highs may help generalizing the models for continental breakup and formation of non-volcanic passive margins, where oceanic accretion does not immediately follow continental breakup.

SommaireCe commentaire traite des principes connexes de prolongement naturel et de non-empiètement et de leurs conséquences sur une future délimitation de la frontière maritime entre le Canada et les États-Unis dans la Mer de Beaufort. L'auteur décrit l'évolution du principe du prolongement naturel, qui reposait d'abord sur la géologie et la morphologie du plateau continental pour se définir maintenant en grande partie par les concepts de distance et de proximité. L'auteur constate aussi que, même si le non-empiètement n'est pas une règle de délimitation mécanique et contraignante, il est devenu un principe équitable qui est rarement ou pour ainsi dire jamais supplanté par des principes équitables concurrents. Par conséquent, la direction de la projection côtière est devenue un aspect capital de toute délimitation. L'auteur discute ensuite de l'impact de ces conclusions sur la délimitation de la Mer de Beaufort.

Abstract The continental crust that dominates Earth’s oldest cratons comprises Eoarchaean to Palaeoarchaean (4.0 to 3.2 Ga) felsic intrusive rocks of the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) series. These are found either within high-grade gneiss terranes, which represent Archaean mid-continental crust, or low-grade granite-greenstone belts, which represent relic Archaean upper continental crust. The Palaeoarchaean East Pilbara Terrane (EPT), Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, and the Barberton Granite-Greenstone Belt (BGGB), Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa, are two of the best exposed granite-greenstone belts. Their striking geological similarities has led to the postulated existence of Vaalbara, a Neoarchaean-Palaeoproterozoic supercraton. Although their respective TTG domes have been compared in terms of a common petrogenetic origin reflecting a volcanic plateau setting, there are important differences in their age, geochemistry, and isotopic profiles. We present new zircon Hf isotope data from five granite domes of the EPT and compare the geochemical and isotopic record of the Palaeoarchaean TTGs from both cratons. Rare >3.5 Ga EPT evolved rocks have juvenile εHf(t) requiring a chondritic source. In contrast, younger TTG domes developed via 3.5 to 3.4 and 3.3 to 3.2 Ga magmatic supersuites with a greater range of εHf(t) towards more depleted and enriched values, trace element signatures requiring an enriched source, and xenocrystic zircons that reflects a mixed source to the TTGs, which variously assimilates packages of older felsic crust and a more juvenile mafic source. EPT TTG domes are composite and record multiple pulses of magmatism. In comparison, BGGB TTGs are less geochemically enriched than those of the EPT and have different age profiles, hosting coeval magmatic units. Hafnium isotopes suggest a predominantly juvenile source to 3.2 Ga northern Barberton TTGs, limited assimilation of older evolved crust in 3.4 Ga southern Barberton TTGs, but significant assimilation of older (Hadean-Eoarchaean) crust in the ca. 3.6 Ga TTGs of the Ancient Gneiss Complex. The foundation of the EPT is younger than that for the oldest components of the Eastern Kaapvaal. Although the broader prevailing Palaeoarchaean geologic framework in which these two cratons formed may reflect similar a geodynamic regime, the superficial similarities in dome structures and stratigraphy of both cratonic terranes is not reflected in their geochemical and age profiles. Both the similarities and the differences between the crustal histories of the two cratons highlights that they are formed from distinct terranes with different ages and individual evolutionary histories. Vaalbara sensu lato represents typical Palaeoarchaean cratonic crust, not in the sense of a single homogeneous craton, but one as diverse as the continents are today.

Le développement de fermes éoliennes au large des côtes françaises est entré dans une phase active. Cette communication résume brièvement les projets en cours et l’état du marché fin 2018. Pour pallier l’absence de documents normatifs nationaux, le CFMS a mis en place en 2013 un Groupe de Travail ayant pour mission d’élaborer des « Recommandations pour la conception et le dimensionnement des fondations d’éoliennes offshore ». Le cadre du document présenté le 06 décembre à la communauté géotechnique française est rappelé et ses spécificités sont soulignées. Une attention particulière a été portée aux conditions spécifiques des sols et roches rencontrés sur le plateau continental français ainsi qu’au dimensionnement de pieux forés et cimentés qui est peu couvert par les réglementations internationales en usage dans l’industrie offshore. L’après-midi du 06 décembre était consacrée à des communications techniques sur trois projets majeurs de R&D : PISA, ALPACA et SOLCYP+.

AbstractCorrelations between a 1000 year record of the major ions in a 108.83 m ice core from East Rongbuk Glacier (28°01’N, 86°58’E; 6518ma.s.l.) on the northeast slope of Qomolangma (Mount Everest) and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) were examined to investigate possible links between the ice-core records of the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results show that years with the highest crustal ion concentrations and lowest marine ion concentrations corresponded with a low SOI, and vice versa. Cross wavelet and wavelet coherence analysis between major ion time series and the SOI indicated that there were significant sections with high common power between the major ion time series and the SOI, suggesting a correlation between the ion records of the Qomolangma ice core and ENSO. Further investigation indicated that the higher SOI years corresponded with weaker continental air masses and stronger south Asian monsoons over the southern TP, leading to increased marine ions and decreased continental ions transported to the southern TP. The in-phase surface pressure anomalies of the southern TP and Darwin, Australia, link ENSO and ion transport over the southern TP, and thus suggest a link between aerosol transport over the southern TP and ENSO.

A detailed sedimentological study of the Dupuy Member and the Barrow Group has resulted in a regional model for the deposition of these Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous reservoir sequences in the Barrow Sub-basin. The Dupuy Member is interpreted as a prograding offshore slope sequence of turbidite sandstones and debris flows, which built laterally into the Barrow Sub-basin from along its eastern margin. This slope sequence contains bentonite markers in its upper part. The overlying Barrow Group was deposited by a delta which prograded along the length of the Barrow Sub-basin from the southwest and onlapped the Dupuy Member along the eastern side of the sub-basin. The topsets of the delta are fluvial to shallow marine sandstones, the foresets are offshore claystones, and the bottomsets are submarine mass-flow sandstones. After 8 million years of progradation, the delta was starved of sediment by continental breakup south of the Exmouth Plateau and stopped with its last foreset trending in an east-west arc from Barrow Island across the Exmouth Plateau. The Barrow Group delta was then gradually transgressed by the sea and blanketed by the Muderong Shale. Structural growth of the Barrow Island anticline took place during deltaic deposition and caused anomalous relationships between foresets and bottomsets under the north of Barrow Island. Known hydrocarbon accumulations and common shows in the Dupuy Member and the Barrow Group make these sequences attractive exploration targets.

La plupart des éoliennes offshore sont fondées sur monopieux. L’augmentation constante de la capacité des turbines et l’insuffisance des procédures évoquées dans les documents normatifs, notamment en ce qui concerne la prise en compte des chargements cycliques, posent des défis pour leur dimensionnement. Dans le cas des sites français, la présence de sols et roches carbonatés, dont le comportement est encore mal connu aujourd’hui, rend la tâche encore plus complexe. Le projet SOLCYP+, lancé en 2017 pour une durée de 3 ans, doit permettre de disposer de nouvelles méthodologies fiables et robustes pour le dimensionnement des monopieux de grand diamètre y compris dans le contexte géotechnique du plateau continental français. Cet article présente une description détaillée du projet ANR SOLCYP+. On aborde, tout d’abord, le contexte, la problématique et les objectifs du projet puis, dans un second temps, on décrit plus en détail les quatre principales tâches scientifiques.

Les courants de bords, caractérisés par de fortes vitesses et de nombreuses interactions dynamiques avec les marges continentales, sont les principaux moteurs de la variabilité océanique dans les régions côtières qu’ils traversent. La première partie de cette thèse se concentre sur les observations Radar Haute-Fréquence du Courant Nord dans la Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale et du courant est-australien dans l’océan Pacifique Sud. Nous étudions la variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle du courant et le développement de tourbillons de (sous) méso-échelle dans le système du Courant Nord. Concernant le courant est-Australien, nous examinons plus particulièrement sa dynamique de séparation, ses caractéristiques frontales et son impact sur la concentration de chlorophylle-a en surface.Les courants de bord, de par leur grande étendue et leur position le long du plateau continental,sont importants car ils agissent à la fois comme des barrières et des courroies de transport de matière passive. La deuxième partie se concentre sur Physalia spp., un organisme urticant pseudo-passif flottant à la surface de l’océan qui atteint régulièrement les côtes australiennes. Nous avons pu estimer l’impact relatif des variables météo-marines sur leur échouage. A partir d’expériences en laboratoire, nous établissons une paramétrisation de la dérive de maquettes 3D de Physalia spp. induite par le vent. Ce résultat,intégré dans une modélisation de suivi lagrangien selon des scénarios typiques du courant est-Australien nous permet de déterminer l’influence cumulée du vent et du courant sur les trajectoires des Physalia spp. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse contribuent à la connaissance de deux courants de bord, caractérisés par des échelles et des modes de variabilité différents, et illustrent leur rôle dans le transport de matière passive à travers l’étude de la dérive de Physalia spp
Boundary currents, characterized by strong velocities and dynamic interactions with continental margins are the main drivers of ocean variability in the adjacent coastal regions. The first part of the thesis focuses on High-Frequency RADAR observations of the Northern Current in the North Western Mediterranean Sea and of the East Australian Current in the South Pacific Ocean. In the Northern Current system, we investigate the seasonal and inter-annual variability of the current and the occurrence of (sub) mesoscale eddies, while we focus on the study of the separation dynamics of the East Australian Current, its frontal characteristics and overall impact on surface chlorophyll-a concentration. Boundary currents, by their spatial extent and position along the continental shelf, are important in acting both as barriers and conveyers of transport of passive matter. The second part of the thesis focuses on Physalia spp., a pseudo-passive stinging organism floating at the ocean surface which regularly reaches Australian shores. We are able to estimate the relative impact of atmospheric and oceanic variables on Physalia spp. beaching. From laboratory experiments, we establish a parametrization of the wind-induced drift of 3D-printed replicas of Physalia spp. This result is then incorporated into a Lagrangian tracking model based on the most recurrent East Australian Current separation scenarios to assess the combined effects of winds and currents on the pathways of Physalia spp. The results presented in this thesis contribute to the knowledge of two boundary currrents characterized by different scales and modes of variability, giving insights in their role in transport of passive material through the study of Physalia spp journey

Le Courant Nord Méditerranéen est la branche nord de la circulation cyclonique en Méditerranée occidentale. Il longe le talus continental d’est en ouest de sa zone de formation, la mer Ligure, jusqu’en mer catalane en passant au large du Golfe du Lion. Des intrusions du Courant Nord ont été observées, occasionnellement, à plusieurs endroits du plateau continental du Golfe du Lion. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont alors de décrire et caractériser les intrusions sur la partie est du plateau, ainsi que d’identifier leurs processus de génération, au moyen de mesures in situ et, conjointement, de la modélisation numérique. [. . . ]
The Mediterranean Northern Current (NC) is the northern branch of the general cyclonic circulation in the western Mediterranean basin. The NC flows southwestward along the Gulf of Lion (GoL) continental slope, from the Ligurian Sea to the Catalan Sea, and sometimes intrudes on the continental shelf. This PhD work focuses on describing and caracterizing the NC’s intrusions on the eastern part of the shelf, and identifying their generating processes, through both in situ measurements and numerical modelling. [. . . ]

Les marges continentales de Guinée et de Cote d’Ivoire orientale associent dans un espace restreint des segments divergents et des segments transformants. Les caractères transformants ayant été acquis des l'ouverture de l'Atlantique équatorial, les marges ont conserve tout au long de leur histoire les traces de transferts sédimentaires contrôles dans un premier temps, par des environnements continentaux et un cloisonnement prononce du relief, et par une sédimentation marine dominante des le crétacé supérieur, mais toujours fortement contrainte par des barrières structurales ayant entraîne une différenciation prononcée dans l'étagement des processus morphogéniques de ces deux marges, jusqu'au quaternaire. La ou ces barrières structurales s'estompent, les caractères de marge divergente classique s'affirment, et avec eux la mise en place de transferts sédimentaires pris en charge par des canyons entaillant la totalité de la pente continentale. L'observation des marges américaines conjuguées montre que la trame structurale des marges transformantes n'est pas nécessairement le critère prépondérant dans l'élaboration morphologique de ce type de marge. Outre-atlantique en effet, les facteurs paléo-océanographiques et paléoclimatiques semblent avoir pesé d'un poids considérable. Les moyens d'investigation modernes permettent aujourd'hui d'appréhender certaines des caractéristiques environnementales des espaces tropicaux, a travers une approche globale ou les interactions entre l'hydrosphère marine, l'atmosphère et la biosphère continentale sont analysées de plus en plus finement. Les modélisations élaborées enrichissent ainsi continuellement celles qui s'efforcent de retracer les environnements du passe, cette connaissance des paléo-environnements constituant un élément fondamental pour dresser les contours d'une paléogéomorphologie des régions étudiées
The continental margins of Guinea and east Ivory-Coast associate rifted and transform segments in short distances. The transform features have been created since the early strikeslip motion at the beginning of the equatorial Atlantic. Thus, the margins have kept during all their evolution the marks of sedimentary transfers controlled by continental settling and hummocky topography first and marine sedimentation since the upper cretaceous. Since the time, structural barriers of both margins always induced morphogenic processes differentiation in a vertical plane. The Americans conjugate margins show that the structural framework is not necessarily the predominant criterion for the morphologic characteristics of transform margins. There indeed, the paleoceanographic and paleoclimatologic factors seem to have been very important. Nowadays, the understanding of global environmental systems allows modelling of tropical areas. Hence, the results of such investigations afford a better comprehension of the paleoenvironments, and can finally authorise paleogeomorphologic reconstitutions

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la dynamique du plateau antarctique à l'aide d'observations in situ. Nous présentons la circulation de l'eau circumpolaire profonde modifiée (MCDW) sur le plateau, en Antarctique de l'est, au large de la Terre Adélie. Le plateau Adélie est actuellement présenté comme la seconde source majeure d'eau antarctique de fond (AABW). La MCDW est une source de chaleur, de sel et de nutriments pour le plateau Antarctique. Améliorer la connaissance de la circulation de la MCDW et le transport de chaleur associé sur le plateau Antarctique est primordial pour mieux comprendre la formation d'AABW, la fonte des glaciers et des plateformes glaciaires ; et l'activité biologique du plateau. Grâce à la mise en ¿uvre d'un modèle inverse sur le plateau Adélie, nous avons proposé un schéma de la circulation moyenne pendant l'été et nous avons estimé les flux de chaleur et d'eau douce associés depuis l'entrée du plateau jusqu'aux région côtière proche du glacier du Mertz. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence des interactions potentielles entre les masses d'eau intermédiaires et profondes, d'une part, et le glacier, d'autre part, mettant en jeu des taux de fonte compatibles avec des estimations antérieures. Une seconde partie de ce travail s'est concentrée sur la variabilité du courant de la fréquence inertielle à l'échelle de temps saisonnière. Nous avons montré avec des observations in situ un fort cycle saisonnier de l'intensité et de la structure du courant sur le plateau Adélie, déjà suggéré dans des études antérieures basées sur des simulations numériques. Le cycle saisonnier doit donc être appréhendé pour bien comprendre les processus sur le plateau
In this thesis, we study the Antarctic shelf ocean dynamics using in situ observation. We study the circulation of the Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) on the East Antarctic shelf off Adélie Land presently recognized as the second major source of AntArctic Bottom Water (AABW). The MCDW is a source of heat, salt and nutrients for the Antarctic shelf. Improved knowledge of the circulation of the MCDW and the associated heat transport on the Antarctic shelf is very important to better understand the AABW formation, the role of the oceanic ice shelf, glacier melting and the biological activity. Thanks to the inverse model implemented on the Adélie Land shelf, we propose a comprehensive scheme of the mean circulation in summer 2008 and we estimate the associated heat and freshwater transports through the shelf break and farther on the shelf toward the Mertz Glacier. We present evidences of ocean induced glacial melt involving interaction of the dense shelf water and the MCDW with the glacier. A second part of this work focuses on the variability of the current from the inertial to the seasonal time scale using mooring observations collected in the AD, we show that a strong seasonal cycle exists in the current heading and vertical structure, in agreement with earlier model results, which implies that the seasonal cycle should be properly taken into account to correctly understand shelf-ocean processes in this region

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la dynamique du plateau antarctique à l'aide d'observations in situ. Nous présentons la circulation de l'eau circumpolaire profonde modifiée (MCDW) sur le plateau, en Antarctique de l'est, au large de la Terre Adélie. Le plateau Adélie est actuellement présenté comme la seconde source majeure d'eau antarctique de fond (AABW). La MCDW est une source de chaleur, de sel et de nutriments pour le plateau Antarctique. Améliorer la connaissance de la circulation de la MCDW et le transport de chaleur associé sur le plateau Antarctique est primordial pour mieux comprendre la formation d'AABW, la fonte des glaciers et des plateformes glaciaires ; et l'activité biologique du plateau. Grâce à la mise en ¿uvre d'un modèle inverse sur le plateau Adélie, nous avons proposé un schéma de la circulation moyenne pendant l'été et nous avons estimé les flux de chaleur et d'eau douce associés depuis l'entrée du plateau jusqu'aux région côtière proche du glacier du Mertz. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence des interactions potentielles entre les masses d'eau intermédiaires et profondes, d'une part, et le glacier, d'autre part, mettant en jeu des taux de fonte compatibles avec des estimations antérieures. Une seconde partie de ce travail s'est concentrée sur la variabilité du courant de la fréquence inertielle à l'échelle de temps saisonnière. Nous avons montré avec des observations in situ un fort cycle saisonnier de l'intensité et de la structure du courant sur le plateau Adélie, déjà suggéré dans des études antérieures basées sur des simulations numériques. Le cycle saisonnier doit donc être appréhendé pour bien comprendre les processus sur le plateau
In this thesis, we study the Antarctic shelf ocean dynamics using in situ observation. We study the circulation of the Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) on the East Antarctic shelf off Adélie Land presently recognized as the second major source of AntArctic Bottom Water (AABW). The MCDW is a source of heat, salt and nutrients for the Antarctic shelf. Improved knowledge of the circulation of the MCDW and the associated heat transport on the Antarctic shelf is very important to better understand the AABW formation, the role of the oceanic ice shelf, glacier melting and the biological activity. Thanks to the inverse model implemented on the Adélie Land shelf, we propose a comprehensive scheme of the mean circulation in summer 2008 and we estimate the associated heat and freshwater transports through the shelf break and farther on the shelf toward the Mertz Glacier. We present evidences of ocean induced glacial melt involving interaction of the dense shelf water and the MCDW with the glacier. A second part of this work focuses on the variability of the current from the inertial to the seasonal time scale using mooring observations collected in the AD, we show that a strong seasonal cycle exists in the current heading and vertical structure, in agreement with earlier model results, which implies that the seasonal cycle should be properly taken into account to correctly understand shelf-ocean processes in this region

Le Tibet est le plateau le plus élevé et le plus étendu au monde. La formation de ce plateau, en arrière de l’Himalaya, résulte d’interactions complexes entre facteurs tectoniques et climatiques, ainsi que de la morphologie antérieure au soulèvement. Afin d’évaluer l’influence relative de ces différents facteurs, cette thèse s’appuie sur l’étude de l’évolution du relief des bordures du plateau en couplant analyse géomorphologique, étude de la sédimentation syn-formation du plateau et reconstitution de l’exhumation à partir de la thermochronologie de basse température.Cette approche a permis de mettre en évidence que le plateau du Tibet était déjà haut, aussi bien sur ses bordures est que ouest dès 35 Ma, soit seulement 20 Ma après la collision Inde-Asie. Il apparait donc que le plateau se serait soulevé soit en un bloc, soit de façon précoce par ses marges Ouest et Est, plutôt qu’en se propageant du sud vers le nord et vers l’est comme proposé par de nombreux modèles.Dans l’Ouest Tibet, l’existence d’un réseau de drainage anciennement connecté avec celui de l’Indus, a permis le développement précoce d’un relief significatif (supérieur à 1000 m) avant 35 Ma lors de la surrection du plateau. Ce relief est ensuite préservé dans un contexte d’érosion très faible (quelques dizaine de mètres par million d’années) associé à une évacuation des produits d’érosion vers le bassin de l’Indus. Cette connexion avec l’Indus est ensuite coupée probablement suite aux mouvements de la faille du Karakorum.A l’Est, la formation du relief est probablement plus ancienne que dans l’Ouest Tibet, car vers 35 Ma cette région, bien que déjà surélevée, est caractérisée par l’existence d’un vaste réseau fluviatile en tresse, impliquant une faible pente, ainsi qu’un relief local soumis à des précipitations plus au nord. La création du relief actuel, marqué par des rivières fortement encaissées, est probablement liée à l’évolution de la mousson sud-est asiatique ainsi qu’au fonctionnement de la faille du Fleuve rouge
Tibet is the widest and highest plateau on Earth. Tectonics, climate evolution and ante-surrection geomorphology are the main factors controlling the plateau formation. In order to assess the relative influence of these factors, we study the relief evolution on the plateau edges using geomorphic analysis, sedimentology and exhumation rates based on low-temperature thermochronometry.The results show that the western and eastern plateau edges were already at high elevation at ca 35 Ma, only 20 Ma after the India-Asia collision. This favors an “en bloc” uplift model for the plateau.In western Tibet, the hydrographic network was connected to the Indus river, allowing the early development of a >1000 m amplitude relief, probably before 35 Ma. The relief was preserved due to low erosion conditions. Western Tibet was then isolated from the Indus drainage network due to the Karakorum fault slip.The relief formation in Eastern Tibet is older than in western Tibet: at ca 35 Ma, in the Jianchuan area (northern Yunnan), which was already at high elevation, was a large braided river system. This implies a moderate regional slope. It also implies a local relief further north and significant precipitations

Les bordures des grands plateaux continentaux présentent souvent des escarpements topographiques marqués, au niveau desquels se localisent les processus tectoniques et d'érosion. Cette caractéristique fait de ces zones des objets favorables à l'étude et à la compréhension des liens existants entre processus internes et externes. Cette thèse a pour objectif l'étude comparée des bordures méridionale et orientale du Plateau Tibétain: l'Himalaya et la chaîne des Longmen Shan. Ces deux zones présentent des gradients topographiques comparables, en dépit de régimes tectoniques contrastés. La chaîne Himalayenne est en effet le siège d'une importante activité tectonique, associées à l'accommodation de la convergence Inde/Asie, tandis qu'il n'y a pas d'activité significative, observable au travers des Longmen Shan à l'heure actuelle. L'acquisition des données à différentes échelles de temps relatives aux processus de dénudation à l'oeuvre dans les Longmen Shan permet de nuancer le modèle explicatif communément proposé pour expliquer l'évolution de cette région. Celui-ci suggère un maintien actif de la topographie par le fonctionnement d'un chenal crustal peu visqueux. Nos données semblent plutôt indiquer que cette bordure du Plateau évolue passivement sous l'action d'une vague d'érosion régressive agissant sur une topographie héritée d'une phase de déformation antérieure. Cette focalisation de l'érosion induit un fluage d'ensemble de la croûte depuis le Plateau vers l'avant pays. Le mode de fonctionnement de la chaîne himalayenne apparaît sensiblement différent, dans le sens où le lien entre érosion et tectonique est inversé par rapport aux Longmen Shan. En effet, contrairement à un modèle souvent proposé dans le cas himalayen, les modélisations développées dans le cadre de cette thèse montrent que la localisation de l'érosion est dictée principalement par le contexte structural de la chaîne, et peu par la répartition des précipitations. Ces deux chaînes sont ainsi soumises à des régimes d'évolution contrastés, où les parts respectives de l'érosion et de la tectonique sont différentes
Margins of large continental plateaus often present significant topographic escarpments, localizing active tectonics and denudation processes. For that reason they constitute a favorable setting for the study of the links between internal and external processes. The main objective of this thesis is to conduct a comparative study of the southern and eastern borders of the Tibetan Plateau: the Himalayas and the Longmen Shan. Both areas present comparable topographic gradients, with contrasting tectonic regimes. The Himalayas are a place of active shortening, associated with the India-eurasia convergence, whereas no significant present tectonic activity can be detected across the Longmen Shan. The quantification of denudation at different timescales in the Longmen Shan allows to balance the classical model proposed for the evolution of this area. In this model the topographic front is actively sustained by lower crustal material flow from the Plateau, toward the foreland. Our data suggests that the evolution of this part of the Plateau is rather controlled by the propagation of a regressive erosion wave toward the Plateau interior on a passive escarpment inherited from earlier deformation stages. The focalisation of erosion at the edge of the Plateau induces a global flow in the crust, toward the foreland. The Himalayas present a significantly contrasting dynamics where the link between tectonic and erosion is inverted with respect to the Longmen Shan case. In opposition to a widely proposed evolution mechanism, our modelling of the dynamics of this area indicates that the localization of erosion is dictated by the structural context, rather than by the repartition of precipitation. The two investigated mountain ranges present contrasting dynamics, where the respective influences of erosion and tectonics are different

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la dynamique océanique induite par les échelles spatiales et temporelles de l'atmosphère, et du vent en particulier, dans les régions d'upwelling du Benguela et des Canaries. Ces régions sont sous l'influence d'un vent local ou régional, soufflant parallèlement à la côte. "Moteur" principal de la résurgence d'eau froide, ce vent est modulé par des processus physiques à des échelles spatio-temporelles variées. La nature des interactions avec l'atmosphère, l'océan et le continent environnants diffère selon les processus. Depuis deux décennies, des efforts remarquables portent sur la description par télédétection des champs atmosphériques à la surface de l’océan. Un nombre croissant de missions spatiales et des améliorations techniques majeures ont permis de raffiner la résolution horizontale et temporelle des produits disponibles à l'échelle globale. La disponibilité de multiples mesures diffusiométriques grillées, traitées et distribuées par le LOSCERSAT,nous amène dans un premier temps à comparer et analyser la richesse et la finesse des échelles retranscrites par différents produits. Ainsi, plusieurs gammes d'échelles de vent sont différenciées et leurs signatures sur l'upwelling côtier sont étudiées. L'intensité des anticyclones subtropicaux (Sainte Hélène et Açores) module la saisonnalité de l'upwelling le long des côtes Ouest africaines. Les régions centrales des upwellings de l’Atlantique, sous l'influence permanente de ces centres de haute pression, sont ainsi les cellules d'upwelling les plus intenses de chacun des systèmes en termes de pérennité et d'intensité (cellule de Lüderitz et cellule de Dakhla respectivement dans l'hémisphère Sud et l'hémisphère Nord). À l'échelle régionale, ou l'échelle des sous-bassins (O(1000 km)), la variabilité intrasaisonnière du vent est contrôlée par le renforcement ou l'atténuation des anticyclones entraînant à la côte l'activation ou la relaxation d'événements d'upwelling. À des échelles plus petites (O(100 km)), le front caractéristique de température de surface (SST) entre la côte et le large façonne la structure spatiale du vent par des processus de stabilisation/déstabilisation de la colonne d'air. Un vent soufflant en direction de l'équateur et parallèlement à un front de SST aura tendance à diminuer (augmenter) sur le flanc froid (chaud) de ce front. Le rotationnel (la divergence) du vent est directement impacté(e) et répond linéairement, au premier ordre, à la composante du gradient de SST normale (tangentielle) à la direction du vent. Ces rétroactions océaniques sont caractérisées par une échelle temporelle allant de l'hebdomadaire au mensuel. Enfin, de fines échelles du vent sont couramment observées dans les premiers kilomètres de l’océan au voisinage de la côte. L’interface entre le large et le continent est en effet associée à un affaiblissement significatif des vents. L'extension zonale de cette transition (O(10 km)) dépend notamment de l'orographie et de la rugosité de surface du continent adjacent. L'impact d'une telle réduction du vent sur la structure des upwellings côtiers, la dynamique sous-jacente et le transport côte-large de particules est appréhendé à l'aide d'analyses numériques eulériennes et lagrangiennes
This study focuses on the oceanic response to fine atmospheric spatial and temporal scales, and especially fine wind patterns in the Benguela and Canary upwelling systems. These regions are under the influence of local or regional wind, blowing parallel to the coast. Thewind is the main driver of the cold-water upwelling and is modulated by several physical processes at various scales. The nature of the interactions with the atmosphere, the ocean and the adjacent continent differs according to these processes. For the past 20 years, outstanding efforts have been made in the description and understanding of the atmospheric conditions at the sea surface. An increasing number of space missions and major technical improvements have allowed refinement of the horizontaland temporal resolution of the products available at global scale. The availability of multiple gridded scatterometer measurements,processed and distributed by the LOS-CERSAT, brings us first to compare and analyze the richness and fineness of the scales of a few products. We differentiate several wind scales and study their signatures on coastal upwelling dynamics. The intensity of the subtropical anticyclones (Saint Helena andAzores) modulates the seasonality of the upwelling along the Africanwest coast. The central regions of both upwelling systems are permanently under the influence of these atmospheric highs and,thus, are the most intense upwelling cells of each system, both interms of durability and intensity (Lüderitz and Dakhla cells for the southern and the northern hemisphere, respectively). On a regional scale, or basin scale (O(1000 km)), the intraseasonal wind variability is driven by the strengthening or weakening of these anticyclones, causing the activation or relaxation of upwelling events at the coast.At smaller scales (O(100 km)), the characteristic sea surface temperature (SST) front between the coastal and open ocean shapes the spatial structure of the wind by stabilization/destabilization of the air column. An equatorward-blowing wind parallel to an SST front tends to decrease (increase) on the cold side (warm) of this front. The curl (divergence) of the wind is directly impacted and the first order response varies linearly with the crosswind (downwind) SST gradient. This oceanic feedback is characterized by weekly to monthly temporal scales. Finally, small-scale wind structures are frequently observed in the first kilometers of the coastal ocean. Indeed, the interface between the open ocean and the continent is associated with a significant wind drop-off. The zonal extension of this transition (O(10 km) depends on the orography and on the surface roughness of the adjacent continent. The impact of such a wind reduction on the structure of the coastal upwelling, the underlying ocean dynamics and the cross-shore transport of particles is diagnosed with both Eulerian and Lagrangian numerical analyses

La ratification du 23 juin 1994 par le Vietnam de la convention des Nations Unies de 1982 sur le droit de la mer et l'entrée de cette convention depuis 16 novembre 1994 demandent un réexamen du droit vietnamien de la mer en harmonie avec les nouvelles normes maritimes internationales. Notre étude porte sur la position du Vietnam à l'égard des problèmes juridiques de chaque espace maritime : eaux intérieures, mer territoriale, zone contiguë, zone économique exclusive, plateau continental en indiquant ses points positifs et ses insuffisances comme le tracé de la ligne de base droite, le refus du passage inoffensif pour les navires de guerre dans la mer territoriale, la revendication des eaux historiques. . . Une analyse profonde des différends maritimes opposés le Vietnam aux autres pays dans la région à cause de l'extension maritime (dans le golfe du Tonkin, dans le golfe de Thaïlande, dans la mer de Chine méridionale, sur les iles Paracels et Spratleys) permet également de clarifier la position du Vietnam dans le règlement des différends maritimes en Asie du sud - est
The ratification on june 23, 1994 by Vietnam of the United Nations law of the sea of 1982 and its coming into effet since november 16, 1994 requires a new consideration of the vietnamese law of the sea in such way to be in complete conformity with the new international law of the sea standards. Our study deals with vietnam's position concerning legal problems in each of the following sea areas: internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, eez, continental shelf in reference to its adequate and inadequate points, such as the straight line of base layout, the refusal of innocent passage for the warships in territorial sea, historical claism. . Likewise, a thorough inquiry into different maritimes disputes between vietnam and her neighbouring countries regarding its maritime extension policy (in the Gulf of Tonkin, Gulf of Thailand, south China sea, Paracels and Spratlys islands) allows to shed a new light into vietnam's policy in coping with the southeast Asian sea disputes

Les systèmes environnementaux présentent une grande variabilité spatio-temporelle. En raison des influences extérieures et de la stochasticité introduite par le processus de reproduction, la dynamique des populations est également caractérisée par une grande variabilité. La recherche de lois universelles en écologie implique souvent une distribution de la forme loi de puissance, ces distributions peuvent survenir dans la dynamique des populations ou dans les patrons spatiaux de distribution d'abondance et de richesse spécifique. En prenant les polychètes, groupe colonisant un grand nombre d'habitats des sédiments meubles et durs et considérés comme indicateurs des principales conditions qui contrôlent la structure et le fonctionnement des communautés macrobenthiques, nous essayons d’identifier les changements spatio-temporels de la biodiversité de ce groupe. A partir de séries biologiques à long terme de trois communautés de fonds meubles, nous étudions la dynamique des populations des polychètes, nous caractérisons des événements extrêmes pour des données d’abondance et nous introduisons des méthodes de quantification pour des séries biologiques très intermittentes. Ensuite, nous abordons la distribution spatiale des espèces de polychètes ayant comme objectifs d'identifier les patrons latitudinaux, longitudinaux et bathymétriques du plateau continental de l’Atlantique nord-est européen; et de tester l’existence de patrons généraux, voir même universels, caractérisant la biodiversité (i.e. l'augmentation de la diversité avec l’aire échantillonnée, sa décroissance de l’équateur vers les pôles et l'augmentation de la richesse en espèces avec l’abondance totale d’individus)
One of the key features of environmental field studies is their high variability at many different time and space scales. Because of these external influences and of the stochasticity introduced by the reproduction, population dynamics are also characterised by high variability over time and space. The search for universal scaling laws in ecology often involves considering a form of power-law distribution, power laws can emerge in population dynamics or in patterns of abundance, distribution, and richness. Using the polychaetes, group that colonises a large range of soft and hard marine sediment habitats, from intertidal to hadal zones, and are considered to be good surrogates to identify the main environmental conditions that control the structure and functioning of benthic communities, we try to identify the spatiotemporal changes in biodiversity for this characteristic benthic group. First, we discuss the dynamics of polychaete populations. Based on long-term series of three soft-bottom communities, we study the dynamics of polychaete populations using different statistical techniques; we characterise extreme events in abundance data and we show how to apply some quantification methods to highly erratic and intermittent biological series. Then, we discuss the spatial distribution of polychaete species aiming to: identify latitudinal, longitudinal and bathymetric patterns on the European northeast Atlantic continental shelf; and test the existence of general, perhaps universal, patterns for characterising biodiversity i.e. increasing diversity with sampled area, its decay from the equator to the poles and the increase in richness with the total abundance of individuals

Abstract Following the general acceptance of plate tectonics, studies have shown that the disposition of continental areas in the Early Palaeozoic was totally different from that seen today. Based on a combination of biogeographic, palaeoclimatic, and palaeomagnetic data, it is widely believed there was a series of relatively small continents occupying mainly low palaeolatitudes and one large continent; Gondwana. In the east, components of Gondwana including the present Australia and adjacent parts of eastern Asia occupied a low latitude zone, while further west, the present Africa and South America occupied high southern latitudes (Figs 5.1-5.3.

ABSTRACT The Klamath Mountains province and adjacent Franciscan subduction complex (northern California–southern Oregon) together contain a world-class archive of subduction-related growth and stabilization of continental lithosphere. These key elements of the North American Cordillera expanded significantly from Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time, apparently by a combination of tectonic accretion and continental arc– plus rift-related magmatic additions. The purpose of this field trip is twofold: to showcase the rock record of continental growth in this region and to discuss unresolved regional geologic problems. The latter include: (1) the extent to which Mesozoic orogenesis (e.g., Siskiyou and Nevadan events plus the onset of Franciscan accretion) was driven by collision of continental or oceanic fragments versus changes in plate motion, (2) whether growth involved “accordion tectonics” whereby marginal basins (and associated fringing arcs) repeatedly opened and closed or was driven by the accretion of significant volumes of material exotic to North America, and (3) the origin of the Condrey Mountain schist, a composite low-grade unit occupying an enigmatic structural window in the central Klamaths—at odds with the east-dipping thrust sheet regional structural “rule.” Respectively, we assert that (1) if collision drove orogenesis, the requisite exotic materials are missing (we cannot rule out the possibility that such materials were removed via subduction and/or strike slip faulting); (2) opening and closure of the Josephine ophiolite-floored and Galice Formation–filled basin demonstrably occurred adjacent to North America; and (3) the inner Condrey Mountain schist domain is equivalent to the oldest clastic Franciscan subunit (the South Fork Mountain schist) and therefore represents trench assemblages underplated >100 km inboard of the subduction margin, presumably during a previously unrecognized phase of shallow-angle subduction. In aggregate, these relations suggest that the Klamath Mountains and adjacent Franciscan complex represent telescoped arc and forearc upper plate domains of a dynamic Mesozoic subduction zone, wherein the downgoing oceanic plate took a variety of trajectories into the mantle. We speculate that the downgoing plate contained alternating tracts of smooth and dense versus rough and buoyant lithosphere—the former gliding into the mantle (facilitating slab rollback and upper plate extension) and the latter enhancing basal traction (driving upper plate compression and slab-shallowing). Modern snapshots of similarly complex convergent settings are abundant in the western Pacific Ocean, with subduction of the Australian plate beneath New Guinea and adjacent island groups providing perhaps the best analog.

Abstract In this paper, we present results from the first-ever 3D geomechanical model that supports pre-drill prediction of regional in-situ stresses throughout the Arabian Plate. The results can be used in various applications in the petroleum industry such as fault slip-tendency analysis, hydraulic fracture stimulation design, wellbore stability analysis and underground carbon storage. The Arabian tectonic plate originated by rifting of NE Africa to form the Red Sea and the Gulfs of Aden and Aqaba. The continental rifting was followed by the formation of collisional zones with eastern Turkey, Eurasia and the Indo-Australian Plate, which resulted in the formation of the Eastern Anatolian fault system, the fold-thrust belts of Zagros and Makran, and the Owen fracture zone. This present-day plate tectonic framework, and the ongoing movement of the Arabian continental lithosphere, exert a first-order control on the of in-situ stresses within its sedimentary basins. Using data from published studies, we developed a 3D finite element of the Arabian lithospheric plate that takes into account interaction between the complex 3D plate geometry and present-day plate boundary velocities, on elastic stress accumulation in the Arabian crust. The model geometry captures the first-order topographic features of the Arabian plate such as the Arabian shield, the Zagros Mountains and sedimentary thickness variations throughout the tectonic plate. The model results provide useful insights into the variations in in-situ stresses in sediments and crystalline basement throughout Arabia. The interaction between forces from different plate boundaries results in a complex transitional stress state (thrust/strike-slip or normal/strike-slip) in the interior regions of the plate such that the regional tectonic stress regime at any point may not be reconciled directly with the anticipated Andersonian stress regimes at the closest plate boundary. In the sedimentary basin east of the Arabian shield, the azimuths of the maximum principal compressive stresses change from ENE in southeast to ~N-S in northern portions of the plate. The shape of the plate boundary, particularly along the collisional boundaries, plays a prominent in controlling both the magnitude and orientations of the principal stresses. In addition, the geometry of the Arabian shield in western KSA and variations in the sedimentary basin thickness, cause significant local stress perturbations over 10 – 100 km length scales in different regions of the plate. The model results can provide quantitative constraints on relative magnitudes of principal stresses and horizontal stress anisotropy, both of which are critical inputs for various subsurface applications such as mechanical earth model (MEM) and subsequently wellbore stability analysis (WSA). The calibrated model results can potentially reduce uncertainties in input stress parameters for MEM and WSA and offer improvements over traditional in-situ stress estimation techniques.