Bibliografie tematiche / Plants secretion

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Plants secretion"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 21 febbraio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Plants secretion"

JONES, RUSSELL L., e DAVID G. ROBINSON. "Protein secretion in plants". New Phytologist 111, n. 4 (aprile 1989): 567–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02352.x.

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Hueck, Christoph J. "Type III Protein Secretion Systems in Bacterial Pathogens of Animals and Plants". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 62, n. 2 (1 giugno 1998): 379–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.62.2.379-433.1998.

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SUMMARY Various gram-negative animal and plant pathogens use a novel, sec-independent protein secretion system as a basic virulence mechanism. It is becoming increasingly clear that these so-called type III secretion systems inject (translocate) proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells, where the translocated proteins facilitate bacterial pathogenesis by specifically interfering with host cell signal transduction and other cellular processes. Accordingly, some type III secretion systems are activated by bacterial contact with host cell surfaces. Individual type III secretion systems direct the secretion and translocation of a variety of unrelated proteins, which account for species-specific pathogenesis phenotypes. In contrast to the secreted virulence factors, most of the 15 to 20 membrane-associated proteins which constitute the type III secretion apparatus are conserved among different pathogens. Most of the inner membrane components of the type III secretion apparatus show additional homologies to flagellar biosynthetic proteins, while a conserved outer membrane factor is similar to secretins from type II and other secretion pathways. Structurally conserved chaperones which specifically bind to individual secreted proteins play an important role in type III protein secretion, apparently by preventing premature interactions of the secreted factors with other proteins. The genes encoding type III secretion systems are clustered, and various pieces of evidence suggest that these systems have been acquired by horizontal genetic transfer during evolution. Expression of type III secretion systems is coordinately regulated in response to host environmental stimuli by networks of transcription factors. This review comprises a comparison of the structure, function, regulation, and impact on host cells of the type III secretion systems in the animal pathogens Yersinia spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Chlamydia spp. and the plant pathogens Pseudomonas syringae, Erwinia spp., Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris, and Rhizobium spp.

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Toyofuku, Miwako, Fuki Okutani, Masaru Nakayasu, Shoichiro Hamamoto, Hisabumi Takase, Kazufumi Yazaki e Akifumi Sugiyama. "Enhancement of developmentally regulated daidzein secretion from soybean roots in field conditions as compared with hydroponic culture". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, n. 5 (29 gennaio 2021): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab017.

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ABSTRACT Analyses of metabolite secretions by field-grown plants remain scarce. We analyzed daidzein secretion by field-grown soybean. Daidzein secretion was higher during early vegetative stages than reproductive stages, a trend that was also seen for hydroponically grown soybean. Daidzein secretion was up to 10 000-fold higher under field conditions than hydroponic conditions, leading to a more accurate simulation of rhizosphere daidzein content.

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Rocco da Silva, Camila, Monica Sayuri Mizuno, Solange Maria Bonaldo, Stela Regina Ferrarini, Domingos De Jesus Rodrigues e Kátia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada. "EFEITO DE EXTRATOS DE SECREÇÕES GLANDULARES DE ANFÍBIOS NA FERRUGEM ASIÁTICA (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) E BIOMETRIA DE PLANTAS DE SOJA". Nativa 10, n. 4 (22 dicembre 2022): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v10i4.14511.

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E Extratos de secreções de anfíbios da família Bufonidae têm sido estudados pelo potencial de controle direto de fitopatógenos, bem como na ativação de mecanismos de defesa contra doenças em plantas. Assim, este estudo analisa os efeitos de extratos de secreções glandulares de Rhaebo guttatus e Rhinela marina contra o fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi e na biometria de plantas de soja da cultivar TMG 132 RR. Aos 30 dias após semeadura, notou-se o surgimento espontâneo da doença e, dois dias após o surgimento das primeiras pústulas, as plantas foram tratadas com extratos de secreções glandulares nas concentrações de 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4 e 0,5 mg mL-1, acibenzolar-S-metil (500 L ha) e água destilada. Com relação ao número total de trifólios, teores de clorofila a, b e total não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos. Nas avaliações biométricas, o extrato de secreção glandular de R. guttatus proporcionou diferença estatística apenas na variável altura de plantas. Quando as plantas foram tratadas com extrato de secreção glandular de R. marina, houve diferença estatística no número de nódulos, porém, sem diferença estatística para as demais variáveis analisadas. Conclui-se que extratos de secreções glandulares de R. guttatus e R. marina não controlam ferrugem asiática da soja; porém concentrações de 0,1mg mL-1, 0,2 mg mL-1 e 0,3 mg mL-1 de extrato de secreção glandular de R. guttatus promovem maior altura de plantas e extrato de secreção glandular de R. marina, nas concentrações de 0,1mg mL-1, 0,2 mg mL-1 e 0,4 mg mL-1, afeta negativamente o número de nódulos. Palavras-chave: altura de plantas; glândulas parotóides; Rhaebo guttatus; Rhinella marina; oleaginosa. Effect of extracts from amphibian glandular secretions on asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) and biometry of soybean plants ABSTRACT: Extracts from secretions of amphibians of the Bufonidae family were studied for their potential for direct control of phytopathogens, as well as for the activation of mechanism of defense against plant diseases. Thus, this study assessed the effects of glandular secretion extracts from Rhaebo guttatus and Rhinella marina against the fungi Phakopsora pachyrhizi and biometric responses on TMG 132 RR soybean cultivar. Thirty days after seeding, a spontaneously arise of the disease was noticed and, two days after the arise of the first pustules, plants were treated with glandular secretion extracts at the concentrations 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4 e 0,5 mg mL-1, acibenzolar-S-methyl (500 L ha) and distilled water. None of the treatments resulted in statistical differences at the photosynthetic rates of the plants for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content. For the biometrical evaluations, glandular secretion extracts of R. guttatus resulted in statistical difference only for the variable plant height variable. Glandular secretion extracts from R. marina resulted in statistical difference only for number of root nodules but was not significant for the remaining variables. The results showed that glandular secretion extracts from R. guttatus and R. marina does not control Asian soybean rust; however glandular secretion extracts from R. guttatus at the concentrations 0,1mg mL-1, 0,2 mg mL-1 e 0,3 mg mL-1 promotes greater plant height. The glandular secretion extracts from R. marina at the 0,1mg mL-1, 0,2 mg mL-1 e 0,4 mg mL-1 negatively affects the number of plant nodules. Keywords: height of plants; paratoid gland; Rhaebo guttatus; Rhinella marina; oleaginous.

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Cheng, Fang-yi, e John D. Williamson. "Is there leaderless protein secretion in plants?" Plant Signaling & Behavior 5, n. 2 (febbraio 2010): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.2.10304.

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Cui, Xiaofeng. "Mucilage Secretion from Plants: Friends or Foes?" Molecular Plant 12, n. 1 (gennaio 2019): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.008.

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Stieger, Bruno. "Biliary cholesterol secretion: more lessons from plants?" Journal of Hepatology 38, n. 6 (giugno 2003): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00194-6.

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Ding, Yu, David G. Robinson e Liwen Jiang. "Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways in plants". Current Opinion in Cell Biology 29 (agosto 2014): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.008.

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Robinson, David G., Yu Ding e Liwen Jiang. "Unconventional protein secretion in plants: a critical assessment". Protoplasma 253, n. 1 (26 settembre 2015): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0887-1.

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Roberson, Amanda, Carla Spence e Harsh P. Bais. "Underground communication: Belowground signalling mediates diverse root–root and root–microbe interactions". Biochemist 36, n. 5 (1 ottobre 2014): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03605032.

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Abstract (sommario):

Plants are stationary organisms, generally restricted to one location for the duration of their growth and development, which is why the need for clear means of information exchange becomes paramount. Above-ground, plants readily emit pungent volatile substances to signal danger of eminent attack to their relatives or to attract the enemy of their enemies. However, most plant communication is occurring below the ground, where plants are secreting compounds from their roots to send messages to neighbouring plants, microbes and insects in the rhizosphere. Although we think of plants as silent and autonomous, they are actually having very complex and specific conversations to communicate with kin, shape their microbiome, and deter invasive plants and pathogens from taking up residence. Rather than blindly fumbling through the soil matrix in hopes of encountering the conditions for ideal growth, plant roots are actively exploring and modulating their surroundings. Root communication is not only critical in terms of an individual plant's success, but it is becoming clear that this activity has consequences to plant populations at the community and ecosystem scale. This article discusses belowground plant communication via root secretion and the resulting ecological significance.

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Tesi sul tema "Plants secretion"

Gersbach, Paul Vincent, University of Western Sydney e of Science Technology and Environment College. "Aspects of essential oil secretion in vascular plants". THESIS_CSTE_XXX_Gersbach_P.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/775.

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A study of some aspects of essential oil secretion in plants was conducted. The first part of the study involved analysis of the volatile terpenoid content and composition of leaf extracts from a range of Australian native plants by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Secretory structures were studied by several microscopic imaging techniques including conventional bright and dark field optical microscopy, confocal microscopy, and scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Three methods were employed for scanning electron microscopy. Sample material was prepared for conventional SEM by chemical fixation and rapid freeze fixation, and fresh material was imaged by environmental SEM. These methods were compared, and the images acquired by environmental SEM were invariably of a superior standard as the biological integrity of the samples was retained throughout, and the samples were free of process-induced artefacts. Several other tests were conducted and results discussed in some detail. In the final part of the study, aspects of essential oil secretion were examined by histochemical methods. The first of these was a new method based on traditional approaches to histochemistry. The monoterpene phenols thymol and carvacrol were located in glandular trichomes of Lamiaceae species by means of a colour-change reaction of the phenols with a nitrosophenol/acid reagent. The second used magnetic resonance imaging by a chemical shift selective method to locate, non invasively, the aromatic monoterpenes thymol and anethole in secretory structures in the fruit of Carum copticum (Apiaceae) and the leaves of Backhousia anisata (Myrtaceae) respectively.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Science)

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Gersbach, Paul V. "Aspects of essential oil secretion in vascular plants /". View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031223.143208/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2001.
"This thesis is presented in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Science at the University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia" Bibliography : p. 145-163.

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Fioretti, Luca. "Nematode secretions suitable for the plantibody approach to engineered resistance in plants". Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247050.

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Xiao, Yanmei. "Regulation of type III secretion system in Pseudomonas syringae". Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/130.

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Shoemaker, Erica Felton Gary W. "Lepidopteran larval salivary secretions and their effect on tomato plant defenses". [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/PSUonlyIndex/ETD-4633/index.html.

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Giraldo, Martha Cecilia. "In planta characterization of Magnaporthe oryzae biotrophy-associated secreted (BAS) proteins and key secretion components". Diss., Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6761.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Plant Pathology
Barbara S. Valent
Rice blast caused by the ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae remains a threat to global sustainable agriculture and food security. This pathogen infects staple cereal crops such as rice, wheat, barley and millets, as well as turf grasses, in a distinct way among fungal plant pathogens, which we described in the first chapter. In addition to economical importance, rice blast is a model pathosystem for difficult-to-study biotrophic fungi and fungal-plant interactions. We are studying proteins that fungi secrete inside living cells to block plant defenses and control host cell processes; these proteins are called effectors. To date mechanisms for secretion and delivery of effectors inside host cells during disease establishment remain unknown. This step is critical to ensure the successful infection. So far, the only commonality found among all unique small-secreted blast effector proteins is their accumulation in a novel in planta structure called the biotrophic-interfacial complex (BIC). Identifying effectors and understanding how they function inside rice cells are important for attaining durable disease control. In the second chapter, we presented one approach to address this challenge. We characterized four candidate effector genes that were highly expressed specifically during the rice cell invasion. Using transgenic fungi that secrete fluorescently-labeled versions of each protein allowed me to follow them during invasion in vivo by live cell imaging. These candidates show distinct secretion patterns suggesting a spatially-segregated secretion mechanism for effectors. Results revealed a BIC-located strong candidate cytoplasmic blast effector, two putative cell-to-cell movement proteins and a putative extrainvasive hyphal membrane (EIHM)-matrix protein, which has become a valuable tool for assessing successful infection sites. In the third chapter, we test if normal secretion components of filamentous fungi are involved in accumulation of effectors into BICs. We report localization studies with M. oryzae orthologs of conserved secretion machinery components to investigate secretion mechanisms for effectors showing preferential BIC accumulation and for non-BIC proteins such as BAS4. Especially bright fluorescence adjacent to BICs from Mlc1p (Myosin Light Chain, a Spitzenkörper marker), from Snc1p (a secretory vesicle marker), and from Yup1p (a putative t-SNARE endosomal protein) suggest secretion actively occurs in the BIC-associated cells. Localization of Spa2p (a polarisome marker), as a distinct spot at the tips of the bulbous invasive hyphae (IH) in planta, suggests the existence of two secretion complexes after the fungus switches growth from the polarized filamentous primary hyphae to bulbous IH. In the final chapter on future perspectives, we present some strategies towards the molecular understanding of the M. oryzae secretion mechanism during biotrophic invasion, which will lead to novel strategies for disease control.

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Long, Robbin Lynn Gibson. "TRNA is the source of cytokinin secretion by plant-associated members of the genus Methylobacterium /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9999307.

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Young, Robin Elizabeth. "Secretion of plant cell wall polysaccharides by the Golgi apparatus in Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat cells". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11573.

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The plant cell wall determines cell shape and is essential for plant growth during development. Pectin is an important component of cell walls and, like many wall polysaccharides, is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and secreted by vesicles. In Arabidopsis thaliana seed coats, pectin-rich mucilage is secreted in a polarized fashion during a specific stage of development. How the Golgi apparatus in seed coat cells accommodates the large increase in pectin-rich mucilage provides a unique window into the cellular machinery that supports cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis and secretion. Examination of seed coat cells, using cryo-fixation and transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography, showed that Golgi stacks undergo dramatic changes in structure during mucilage production. Initiation of mucilage biosynthesis also correlated with increased numbers of Golgi stacks per cell. To understand if these cellular changes were dependent on pectin biosynthesis, the cell structure of a reduced mucilage mutant, mum4, was studied by similar methods and revealed that, while the morphology of Golgi stacks was dependant on mucilage, the increased stack number was not. To determine what proportion of the scattered Golgi stacks were producing mucilage, immunogold labeling with the novel mucilage-specific antibody CCRC-M36 was used to detect the pectin cargo. The large percentage of labeled Golgi stacks found suggests that many stacks produce pectin synchronously, rather than a subset of specialist Golgi. To test if a pectin modifying enzyme, MUM2, is co-secreted with pectin, a tagged MUM2 was engineered and introduced into mum2 mutants, where it rescued the mutant phenotype. However, the tag was not detectable using antibodies in immunofluorescence. Although mucilage was secreted to the top of the cell, antibody label demonstrated that pectin-producing stacks were randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, indicating that the destination of cargo has little effect on location of the Golgi stack producing it. The mechanism of targeting of vesicles with the domain of the plasma membrane exclusively at the mucilage pocket is unknown, although the correlation of a population of densely staining vesicles and abundant cortical microtubules in the cell cortex at the site of secretion was documented.

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Engledow, Amanda Suzanne. "Role of type IV secretion systems in trafficking of virulence determinants of Burkholderia cenocepacia". Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1841.

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Trinh, Thi Trang Nhung. "Structural studies of type IX and type II secretion systems". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0089.

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Les protéines synthétisées et sécrétées par les bactéries jouent des rôles importants pour leur survie. Les bactéries à Gram négatif ont développé des voies de sécrétion en tant qu'armes principales pour transporter des facteurs de virulence dans l'environnement extracellulaire ou dans des cellules hôte. L'un de ces systèmes, le T9SS a été principalement étudié chez l'agent pathogène oral Porphyromonas gingivalis et chez la bactérie mobile Flavobacterium johnsoniae. Un autre complexe, le T2SS est le principal déterminant de la virulence de la bactérie Pseudomonas aeruginosa, un agent pathogène de la fibrose kystique. Dans le cadre de ma thèse, j'ai résolu la structure atomique de plusieurs composants centraux du T9SS et du T2SS. Concernant le projet T9SS, j'ai essayé de cristalliser le domaine cytoplasmique de GldL de F. johnsoniae. La co-cristallisation de GldL avec des Nbs a été réalisée sans succès. Néanmoins, les structures cristallines de deux nanobody contre GldL ont été résolues par remplacement moléculaire. De plus, j'ai également travaillé sur la protéine PG1058 de P. gingivalis. J'ai résolu sa structure par diffraction anomale à la longueur d’onde du selenium. Concernant le projet T2SS, je me suis concentré sur la partie N-terminale de XcpQ, une sous-unité de la sécrétine. J'ai résolu la structure cristalline de XcpQN012 seul et en complexe avec le nanobody vhh04 à une résolution de 2,98 Å et de 2,9 Å, respectivement. Enfin, j'ai participé à la détermination structurale de TssK, un composant de plaque de base du système de T6SS et déterminer la structure cristalline d'un nanobody contre le domaine périplasmique de PorM
Proteins synthesized and secreted by bacteria serve many important roles in their survival. In particular, Gram-negative bacteria have evolved secretion pathways as the main weapons for transporting virulence factors into target cells or into the extracellular environment. One of these systems, the type IX secretion system (T9SS) or the Por secretion system, has been studied mainly in the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and the gliding bacterium Flavobacterium johnsoniae. Another complex, the type II secretion system (T2SS) is the main determinant of the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a cystic fibrosis pathogen. In my PhD thesis, I solved the atomic structure of several core components of both T9SS and T2SS.For the T9SS project, I tried to crystallize the cytoplasmic domain of GldL from F. johnsoniae. The co-crystallization of GldL with Nbs was unsuccessfull. The crystal structures of two nanobodies against GldL were solved by molecular replacement. I also worked on the PG1058 protein of P. gingivalis. I obtained crystals of the selenomethionine-derivatized PG1058 OmpA_C-like domain that diffracted up to 1.55 Å, and solved its structure by single-wavelength anomalous diffraction. For the T2SS project, I focused on the N-terminal part of XcpQ, a subunit of the secretin. I solved the crystal structure of XcpQN012 alone and in complex with nanobody vhh04 at a resolution of 2.98 Å and 2.9 Å, respectively. In addition, I also took part in the structural determination of the base plate component TssK of the T6SS and determined the crystal structure of one nanobody (vhh19) against the periplasmic domain of PorM

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Libri sul tema "Plants secretion"

Roshchina, V. V. The excretory function of higher plants. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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Svoboda, Katerina P. Secretory structures of aromatic and medicinal plants: A review and atlas of micrographs. Knighton: Microscopix, 2000.

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Fluorescing world of plant secreting cells. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, 2008.

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A little book of slime. New York: Scholastic, 2011.

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Jiang, Liwen, a cura di. Plant Protein Secretion. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7262-3.

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Suárez, Ramón Andrés Quesada. Secretos de santería afrocubana. Barcelona: Ediciones Obelisco, 2007.

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Suárez, Ramón Andrés Quesada. Secretos de santería afrocubana. Barcelona: Ediciones Obelisco, 2007.

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Suárez, Ramón Andrés Quesada. Secretos de santería afrocubana. Barcelona: Ediciones Obelisco, 2007.

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Burnie, David. Los secretos de las plantas. Madrid: Altea, 1990.

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Valdés, Jacqueline Rodríguez. Plantas, secretos y misterios. Salta, República Argentina: Mundo Editorial, 2014.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Plants secretion"

Davis, Destiny J., Byung-Ho Kang, Angelo S. Heringer, Thomas E. Wilkop e Georgia Drakakaki. "Unconventional Protein Secretion in Plants". In Unconventional Protein Secretion, 47–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3804-9_3.

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Roshchina, Victoria V., e Valentina D. Roshchina. "Intratissular Secretion". In The Excretory Function of Higher Plants, 25–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78130-8_3.

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Roshchina, Victoria V., e Valentina D. Roshchina. "External Secretion". In The Excretory Function of Higher Plants, 67–130. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78130-8_4.

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Aumeier, Charlotte, e Diedrik Menzel. "Secretion in the Diatoms". In Signaling and Communication in Plants, 221–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23047-9_10.

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Stanly, Christopher, Immacolata Fiume, Giovambattista Capasso e Gabriella Pocsfalvi. "Isolation of Exosome-Like Vesicles from Plants by Ultracentrifugation on Sucrose/Deuterium Oxide (D2O) Density Cushions". In Unconventional Protein Secretion, 259–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3804-9_18.

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Chen, Liyuan. "Bioinformatics Analysis of Protein Secretion in Plants". In Methods in Molecular Biology, 33–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7262-3_3.

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Escalante-Pérez, María, e Martin Heil. "Nectar Secretion: Its Ecological Context and Physiological Regulation". In Signaling and Communication in Plants, 187–219. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23047-9_9.

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Seridi-Benkaddour, R., e L. Chesnoy. "Secretion and Composition of the Pollination Drop in the Cephalotaxus drupacea (Gymnosperm, Cephalotaxeae)". In Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants, 345–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73271-3_55.

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Shinmachi, Fumie, Isao Hasegawa, Akira Noguchi e Jinya Yazaki. "Characterization of iron deficiency response system with riboflavin secretion in some dicotyledonous plants". In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 277–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_79.

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De Marchis, Francesca, Andrea Pompa e Michele Bellucci. "Chemical Secretory Pathway Modulation in Plant Protoplasts". In Unconventional Protein Secretion, 67–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3804-9_4.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Plants secretion"

Guro, P., V. Safronova, A. Sazanova, I. Kuznetsova, A. Belimov, V. Yakubov, E. Chirak, A. Afonin, E. Andronov e I. Tikhonovich. "Rhizobial microsymbionts of the narrowly endemic Oxytropis species growing in Kamchatka possess a set of genes that are associated with T3SS and T6SS secretion systems and can affect the development of symbiosis". In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.099.

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A collection of rhizobial strains isolated from root nodules of the narrowly endemic legume species Oxytropis erecta, O. anadyrensis, O. kamtschatica and O. pumilio growing on the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Federation) was obtained. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed a significant diversity of isolates belonging to the families Rhizobiaceae (Rhizobium), Phyllobacteriaceae (Mesorhizobium, Phyllobacterium) and Bradyrhizobiaceae (Bosea, Tardiphaga). Pairs of taxonomically different strains in various combinations were isolated from some nodules of Oxytropis plants. Plant nodulation assays showed that only strains belonging to the genus Mesorhizobium (M. jarvisii, M. loti and M. huakuii) could form nitrogen-fixing nodules. The nitrogen-fixing activity of the strains was more associated with the host plant than with the species of strains. The whole genome sequences analysis showed that the strains M. loti 582 and M. huakuii 583 possessed symbiotic genes necessary for the formation of effective symbiosis and grouped into Sym-clusters. In contrast, the strain T. robiniae 581 had only a reduced number of fix genes, while the strains Phyllobacterium sp. 628 and R. lusitanum 629 possesed only individual symbiotic genes, which obviously did not participate in the formation of nodules. It was also stated that the strains M. loti 582 and M. huakuii 583 had a significantly larger set of genes related to the secretion systems T3SS and T6SS that can affect the host specificity of strains, compared with 6 commercial strains used as reference. These two strains formed nodules of two types (typical elongated and atypical rounded) on Oxytropis plants. We suggest that a possible cause of the observed phenomenon is the availability of different nodulation strategies in these strains (dependent and independent of Nod-factors). Thus, as a result of studying the collection of strains isolated from the narrow endemic species of Kamchatka Oxytropis, interesting objects were selected to study the functions of the T3SS and T6SS genes, and their role in the development of rhizobia-legume symbiosis. The prospects of using strains with gene systems for both symbiotic and non-symbiotic nodulation to enhance the efficiency of plant-microbe interactions by expanding the host specificity and increasing the efficiency of nodulation are discussed.

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Grambo, Sarah. "Accumulation of aphid secretions changes the cuticular surface of the soybean plant". In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1052963.

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Dussourd, David E. "Caterpillar counterploy: Acid secretion of anti-predator gland deactivates plant defense". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112219.

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Yamasaki, Yukiyo. "Symbiotic bacteria in oral secretion ofSpodoptera lituraorchestrate host plant defense inArabidopsis". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113175.

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Ataei, Abdol Hossain, e Figen Kırkpınar. "Application of In-Ovo Injection of Some Substances for Manipulation of Sex and Improving Performance in Chicken". In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.006.

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In intensive production, freshly hatched cockerels are culled in the layer hatchery (7 billion males each year), On the other hand, for meat production rearing female birds has not economic benefits because of male broiler chicks have a faster growth rate and better feed efficiency than females. In this regards several methods are being developed for sex determination in the chick embryo during the incubation period. But these methods need to be rapid, cost-efficient, and suitable practical for commercial use. Additionally, sex determination should be done before pain perception has evolved in chick embryos. Biotechnology by in ovo technique to sex determination of between male and female chicks or sex reversal could improve production and eliminate ethical dilemmas for poultry industries. In birds, the differentiation of embryonic gonads is not determined by genetic gender with the certainty that occurs in mammals and can be affected by early treatment with a steroid hormone. During the development of the chick embryo, the genotype of the zygote determines the nature of the gonads, which then caused male or female phenotype. The differentiation of gonads during the period called the "critical period of sexual differentiation" is accompanied by the beginning of secretion of sexual hormones. Namely, any change in the concentration of steroid hormones during the critical period affects the structure of the gonads. Many synthetic anti-aromatases such as federazole and non-synthetic in plants, mushrooms, and fruits containing natural flavonoids have been used in the experiments in ovo injection of anti-aromatase had no negative effect on the growth performance of sexual reversal female chickens. In conclusion, administration of an aromatase inhibitor causes testicular growth in the genetic female gender, and estrogen administration leads to the production of the left ovotestis in the genetic male gender. Therefore, in the early stages of embryonic development, sexual differentiation can be affected by changing the ratio of sexual hormones. In this review, effects of some substances applied by in ovo injection technique on sex reversal and performance in chicks.

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Jones, Anne C. "The effect of caterpillar oral secretions on indirect plant defenses". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.111614.

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Liu, Jianguo, Changhuan He, Changxun Cao e Ming H. Wong. "Variations between Two Rice Genotypes in Root Secretion of Organic Acids and Plant Pb Uptake". In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5163747.

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Gronewegen, W. A., S. Heptinstall, W. Loesche e P. Spangenberg. "EFFECTS OF FEVERFEW EXTRACT AND PARTHENOLIDE ON PLATELET SECRETION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643441.

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Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is used for prophylaxis of migraine and it had been suggested that the plant may have antithrombotic potential. We have prepared extracts from the leaves of feverfew and have demonstrated inhibition of 14C-5HT secretion in platelet-rich plasma induced by the phorbol ester PMA, l-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), arachidonic acid, the thromboxane analogue U46619, adrenaline, collagen and ADP. The effects of a solution of parthenolide (an∝-methylenebutyro-lactone isolated from feverfew) were determined in parallel. Both feverfew extract (FE) and parthenolide inhibited 14C-5HT release in a concentration-dependent manner and the effectiveness depended on the nature of the aggregating agent used. Both FE and parthenolide were most effective as inhibitors of the secretion induced by PMA and OAG. When we compared the concentrations of FE and parthenolide which gave 50% inhibition of secretion for all the agents tested, a good correlation was found (r= 0.936). Further studies showed that feverfew extract and parthenolide inhiMt release of β-thromboglobulin from platelets as well as 14C-5HT. FE did not cause liberation of LDH. Inhibition of secretion by FE appears to be irreversible since washing platelets after treatment did not restore secretory activity.The structure of parthenolide suggests that it can alkylate sulphydryl (SH) groups. When agents containing SH groups (e.g. cysteine) were added to FE, anti-secretory activity was reduced. We also obtained a considerable decrease in the number of acid-soluble SH groups in platelets treated with feverfew extract or parthenolide at concentrations which inhibit secretion. However there was a less marked decrease in the number of acid-insoluble SH groups. FE itself does not induce formation of disulphide-linked proteins but such proteins were formed when platelets were activated in the presence of FE, probably as a result of decreased glutathione levels.We conclude that parthenolide or parthenolide-like compounds are responsible for the anti-secretory effects of FE, and that alkylation of sulphydryl groups in platelets may be involved.

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Keller, M., S. Fankhauser, N. Giezendanner, M. König, F. Keresztes, O. Danton, M. Hamburger, V. Butterweck e O. Potterat. "Saponins from saffron corms inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines at both protein and gene levels". In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3399685.

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Yedidiah, S. "Coping With the Obstacles in Harvesting the Energy of Sea Waves". In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54004.

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This paper discusses the major obstacles in harvesting the energy of sea waves. These natural phenomena offer a huge source of pollution-free energy. The energy from this source might be capable of replacing all the energy presently supplied by the existing fossil burning plants. This means, that the harvest from this source of energy is capable of drastically reducing the amount of polluting gases which are presently being emitted into the atmosphere. In addition to the above, this source does not pose such colossal potential dangers to humans, as the use of nuclear energy. Nor does it cause the often so unpleasant noise pollution generated by wind farms. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, this source of energy still remains unexploited. This paper discusses five of the major obstacles which, till now, have prevented this objective from becoming a reality. These are: a. The random nature of the variations in the occurrence and the intensity of the sea waves, makes the supply of energy from that source very irregular and unreliable. b. The corrosive activity of the sea water and of secretions from certain forms of sea life, creates a need of frequent replacements of the wetted parts, respectively the need to make them of exotic and often very expensive materials. c. The blocking, clogging and jamming of the equipment by seaweeds and other matter which is being carried by the waves, may cause frequent interruptions in the operations of the power plant and extra expenses on cleaning the affected parts of the equipment. d. The destructive nature of the sea waves, like the abrasion of parts by particles of sand which are carried by the waves, or the impact of floating logs of fallen trees etc. may require frequent shutdowns of the plant and costly repairs. e. The economic aspects of such a power plant. The cost of constructing and of running such a plant has to be adequately low. To allow an affordable supply of power. This paper present the outline of a design, which is capable of reducing the severity of all the obstacles listed above, to tolerable limits.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Plants secretion"

Coplin, David, Isaac Barash e Shulamit Manulis. Role of Proteins Secreted by the Hrp-Pathways of Erwinia stewartii and E. herbicola pv. gypsophilae in Eliciting Water-Soaking Symptoms and Initiating Galls. United States Department of Agriculture, giugno 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580675.bard.

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Many bacterial pathogens of plants can inject pathogenicity proteins into host cells using a specialized type III secretion system encoded by hrpgenes. This system deliver effector proteins, into plant cells that function in both susceptible and resistant interactions. We have found that the virulence of Erwinia stewartii(Es; syn. Pantoea stewartii) and Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (Ehg, syn. Pantoea agglomerans), which cause Stewart's wilt of corn and galls on Gypsophila, respectively, depends on hrpgenes. The major objectives of this project were: To increase expression of hrpgenes in order to identify secreted proteins; to identify genes for proteins secreted by the type-III systems and determine if they are required for pathogenicity; and to determine if the secreted proteins can function within eukaryotic cells. We found that transcription of the hrp and effector genes in Es and Ehg is controlled by at least four genes that constitute a regulatory cascade. Environmental and/or physiological signaling appears to be mediated by the HrpX/HrpY two component system, with HrpX functioning as a sensor-kinase and HrpY as a response regulator. HrpYupregulateshrpS, which encodes a transcriptional enhancer. HrpS then activates hrpL, which encodes an alternate sigma factor that recognizes "hrp boxes". All of the regulatory genes are essential for pathogenicity, except HrpX, which appears only to be required for induction of the HR in tobacco by Es. In elucidating this regulatory pathway in both species, we made a number of significant new discoveries. HrpX is unusual for a sensor-kinase because it is cytoplasmic and contains PAS domains, which may sense the redox state of the bacterium. In Es, a novel methyl-accepting protein may function upstream of hrpY and repress hrp gene expression in planta. The esaIR quorum sensing system in Es represses hrp gene expression in Es in response to cell-density. We have discovered six new type III effector proteins in these species, one of which (DspE in Ehg and WtsE in Es) is common to both pathogens. In addition, Es wtsG, which is a homolog of an avrPpiB from P. syringae pv. pisi, and an Ehg ORF, which is a homolog of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola AvrPphD, were both demonstrated to encode virulence proteins. Two plasmidborne, Ehg Hop proteins, HsvG and PthG, are required for infection of gypsophilia, but interestingly, PthG also acts as an Avr elicitor in beets. Using a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase (cyaA) reporter gene, we were successful in demonstrating that an HsvG-CyaA fusion protein can be transferred into human HeLa cells by the type-III system of enteropathogenic E. coli. This is a highly significant accomplishment because it is the first direct demonstration that an effector protein from a plant pathogenic bacterium is capable of being translocated into a eukaryotic cell by a type-III secretion system. Ehg is considered a limiting factor in Gypsophila production in Israel and Stewart’s Wilt is a serious disease in the Eastern and North Central USA, especially on sweet corn in epidemic years. We believe that our basic research on the characterization of type III virulence effectors should enable future identification of their receptors in plant cells. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering resistant plants by modifying their receptors or inactivating effectors and thus blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, hrp gene regulation might also provide a target for plant produced compounds that interfere with recognition of the host by the pathogen. Such strategies would be broadly applicable to a wide range of serious bacterial diseases on many crops throughout the USA and Israel.

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Coplin, David L., Shulamit Manulis e Isaac Barash. roles Hrp-dependent effector proteins and hrp gene regulation as determinants of virulence and host-specificity in Erwinia stewartii and E. herbicola pvs. gypsophilae and betae. United States Department of Agriculture, giugno 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587216.bard.

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Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria employ specialized type-III secretion systems (TTSS) to deliver an arsenal of pathogenicity proteins directly into host cells. These secretion systems are encoded by hrp genes (for hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) and the effector proteins by so-called dsp or avr genes. The functions of effectors are to enable bacterial multiplication by damaging host cells and/or by blocking host defenses. We characterized essential hrp gene clusters in the Stewart's Wilt of maize pathogen, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Pnss; formerly Erwinia stewartii) and the gall-forming bacterium, Pantoea agglomerans (formerly Erwinia herbicola) pvs. gypsophilae (Pag) and betae (Pab). We proposed that the virulence and host specificity of these pathogens is a function of a) the perception of specific host signals resulting in bacterial hrp gene expression and b) the action of specialized signal proteins (i.e. Hrp effectors) delivered into the plant cell. The specific objectives of the proposal were: 1) How is the expression of the hrp and effector genes regulated in response to host cell contact and the apoplastic environment? 2) What additional effector proteins are involved in pathogenicity? 3) Do the presently known Pantoea effector proteins enter host cells? 4) What host proteins interact with these effectors? We characterized the components of the hrp regulatory cascade (HrpXY ->7 HrpS ->7 HrpL ->7 hrp promoters), showed that they are conserved in both Pnss and Fag, and discovered that the regulation of the hrpS promoter (hrpSp) may be a key point in integrating apoplastic signals. We also analyzed the promoters recognized by HrpL and demonstrated the relationship between their composition and efficiency. Moreover, we showed that promoter strength can influence disease expression. In Pnss, we found that the HrpXY two-component signal system may sense the metabolic status of the bacterium and is required for full hrp gene expression in planta. In both species, acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing may also regulate epiphytic fitness and/or pathogenicity. A common Hrp effector protein, DspE/WtsE, is conserved and required for virulence of both species. When introduced into corn cells, Pnss WtsE protein caused water-soaked lesions. In other plants, it either caused cell death or acted as an Avr determinant. Using a yeast- two-hybrid system, WtsE was shown to interact with a number of maize signal transduction proteins that are likely to have roles in either programmed cell death or disease resistance. In Pag and Pab, we have characterized the effector proteins HsvG, HsvB and PthG. HsvG and HsvB are homologous proteins that determine host specificity of Pag and Pab on gypsophila and beet, respectively. Both possess a transcriptional activation domain that functions in yeast. PthG was found to act as an Avr determinant on multiple beet species, but was required for virulence on gypsophila. In addition, we demonstrated that PthG acts within the host cell. Additional effector genes have been characterized on the pathogenicity plasmid, pPATHₚₐg, in Pag. A screen for HrpL- regulated genes in Pnsspointed up 18 candidate effector proteins and four of these were required for full virulence. It is now well established that the virulence of Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria is governed by Hrp-dependent effector proteins. However; the mode of action of many effectors is still unresolved. This BARD supported research will significantly contribute to the understanding of how Hrp effectors operate in Pantoea spp. and how they control host specificity and affect symptom production. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering plants resistant to a wide range of bacterial pathogens by inactivating the Hrp effectors with "plantabodies" or modifying their receptors, thereby blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, innovative technologies could be used to interfere with the Hrp regulatory cascade by blocking a critical step or mimicking plant or quorum sensing signals.

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Alfano, James, Isaac Barash, Thomas Clemente, Paul E. Staswick, Guido Sessa e Shulamit Manulis. Elucidating the Functions of Type III Effectors from Necrogenic and Tumorigenic Bacterial Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592638.bard.

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Many phytopathogenic bacteria use a type III protein secretion system (T3SS) to inject type III effectors into plant cells. In the experiments supported by this one-year feasibility study we investigated type III effector function in plants by using two contrasting bacterial pathogens: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, a necrotrophic pathogen and Pantoea agglomerans, a tumorigenic pathogen. The objectives are listed below along with our major conclusions, achievements, and implications for science and agriculture. Objective 1: Compare Pseudomonas syringae and Pantoea agglomerans type III effectors in established assays to test the extent that they can suppress innate immunity and incite tumorigenesis. We tested P. agglomerans type III effectors in several innate immunity suppression assays and in several instances these effectors were capable of suppressing plant immunity, outputs that are suppressed by P. syringae effectors. Interestingly, several P. syringae effectors were able to complement gall production to a P. agglomerans pthGmutant. These results suggest that even though the disease symptoms of these pathogens are dramatically different, their type III effectors may function similarly. Objective 2: Construct P. syringae mutants in different combinations of type III-related DNA clusters to reduce type III effector redundancy. To determine their involvement in pathogenicity we constructed mutants that lack individual and multiple type III-related DNA clusters using a Flprecombinase-mediated mutagenesis strategy. The majority of single effector mutants in DC3000 have weak pathogenicity phenotypes most likely due to functional redundancy of effectors. Supporting this idea, Poly-DNAcluster deletion mutants were more significantly reduced in their ability to cause disease. Because these mutants have less functional redundancy of type III effectors, they should help identify P. syringae and P. agglomerans effectors that contribute more significantly to virulence. Objective 3: Determine the extent that P. syringae and P. agglomerans type III effectors alter hormone levels in plants. Inhibition of auxin polar transport by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) completely prevented gall formation by P. agglomerans pv. gypsophilae in gypsophila cuttings. This result supported the hypothesis that auxin and presumably cytokinins of plant origin, rather than the IAA and cytokinins secreted by the pathogen, are mandatory for gall formation. Transgenic tobacco with pthGshowed various phenotypic traits that suggest manipulation of auxin metabolism. Moreover, the auxin levels in pthGtransgenic tobacco lines was 2-4 times higher than the control plants. External addition of auxin or cytokinins could modify the gall size in gypsophila cuttings inoculated with pthGmutant (PagMx27), but not with other type III effectors. We are currently determining hormone levels in transgenic plants expressing different type III effectors. Objective 4: Determine whether the P. agglomerans effectors HsvG/B act as transcriptional activators in plants. The P. agglomerans type III effectors HsvG and HsvB localize to the nucleus of host and nonhost plants and act as transcription activators in yeast. Three sites of adjacent arginine and lysine in HsvG and HsvB were suspected to act as Nuclear localization signals (NLS) domains. A nuclear import assay indicated two of the three putative NLS domains were functional NLSs in yeast. These were shown to be active in plants by fusing HsvG and HsvB to YFP. localization to the nucleus was dependent on these NLS domains. These achievements indicate that our research plan is feasible and suggest that type III effectors suppress innate immunity and modulate plant hormones. This information has the potential to be exploited to improve disease resistance in agricultural crops.

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Ron, Eliora, e Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.

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The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.

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Christopher, David A., e Avihai Danon. Plant Adaptation to Light Stress: Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms. United States Department of Agriculture, maggio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586534.bard.

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Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.

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Raikhel, Natasha, e Glenn Hicks. Understanding the dynamics of vacuole trafficking and secretion for enhanced plant storage reserves. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), aprile 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1773501.

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Elbaum, Michael, e Peter J. Christie. Type IV Secretion System of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Components and Structures. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699848.bard.

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Objectives: The overall goal of the project was to build an ultrastructural model of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens type IV secretion system (T4SS) based on electron microscopy, genetics, and immunolocalization of its components. There were four original aims: Aim 1: Define the contributions of contact-dependent and -independent plant signals to formation of novel morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 2: Genetic basis for morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 3: Immuno-localization of VirB proteins Aim 4: Structural definition of the substrate translocation route. There were no major revisions to the aims, and the work focused on the above questions. Background: Agrobacterium presents a unique example of inter-kingdom gene transfer. The process involves cell to cell transfer of both protein and DNA substrates via a contact-dependent mechanism akin to bacterial conjugation. Transfer is mediated by a T4SS. Intensive study of the Agrobacterium T4SS has made it an archetypal model for the genetics and biochemistry. The channel is assembled from eleven protein components encoded on the B operon in the virulence region of the tumor-inducing plasmid, plus an additional coupling protein, VirD4. During the course of our project two structural studies were published presenting X-ray crystallography and three-dimensional reconstruction from electron microscopy of a core complex of the channel assembled in vitro from homologous proteins of E. coli, representing VirB7, VirB9, and VirB10. Another study was published claiming that the secretion channels in Agrobacterium appear on helical arrays around the membrane perimeter and along the entire length of the bacterium. Helical arrangements in bacterial membranes have since fallen from favor however, and that finding was partially retracted in a second publication. Overall, the localization of the T4SS within the bacterial membranes remains enigmatic in the literature, and we believe that our results from this project make a significant advance. Summary of achievements : We found that polar inflations and other membrane disturbances relate to the activation conditions rather than to virulence protein expression. Activation requires low pH and nutrient-poor medium. These stress conditions are also reflected in DNA condensation to varying degrees. Nonetheless, they must be considered in modeling the T4SS as they represent the relevant conditions for its expression and activity. We identified the T4SS core component VirB7 at native expression levels using state of the art super-resolution light microscopy. This marker of the secretion system was found almost exclusively at the cell poles, and typically one pole. Immuno-electron microscopy identified the protein at the inner membrane, rather than at bridges across the inner and outer membranes. This suggests a rare or transient assembly of the secretion-competent channel, or alternatively a two-step secretion involving an intermediate step in the periplasmic space. We followed the expression of the major secreted effector, VirE2. This is a single-stranded DNA binding protein that forms a capsid around the transferred oligonucleotide, adapting the bacterial conjugation to the eukaryotic host. We found that over-expressed VirE2 forms filamentous complexes in the bacterial cytoplasm that could be observed both by conventional fluorescence microscopy and by correlative electron cryo-tomography. Using a non-retentive mutant we observed secretion of VirE2 from bacterial poles. We labeled the secreted substrates in vivo in order detect their secretion and appearance in the plant cells. However the low transfer efficiency and significant background signal have so far hampered this approach.

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Arnett, Clint, Justin Lange, Ashley Boyd, Martin Page e Donald Cropek. Expression and secretion of active Moringa oleifera coagulant protein in Bacillus subtilis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), agosto 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41546.

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Cationic polypeptide proteins found in the seeds of the tropical plant Moringa oleifera have coagulation efficiencies similar to aluminum and ferric sulfates without their recalcitrant nature. Although these proteins possess great potential to augment or replace traditional coagulants in water treatment, harvesting active protein from seeds is laborious and not cost-effective. Here, we describe an alternative method to express and secrete active M. oleifera coagulant protein (MO) in Bacillus subtilis. A plasmid library containing the MO gene and 173 different types of secretory signal peptides was created and cloned into B. subtilis strain RIK1285. Fourteen of 440 clones screened were capable of secreting MO with yields ranging from 55 to 122 mg/L of growth medium. The coagulant activity of the highest MO secreting clone was evaluated when grown on Luria broth, and cell-free medium from the culture was shown to reduce turbidity in a buffered kaolin suspension by approximately 90% compared with controls without the MO gene. The clone was also capable of secreting active MO when grown on a defined synthetic wastewater supplemented with 0.5% tryptone. Cell-free medium from the strain harboring the MO gene demonstrated more than a 2-fold reduction in turbidity compared with controls. Additionally, no significant amount of MO was observed without the addition of the synthetic wastewater, suggesting that it served as a source of nutrients for the effective expression and translocation of MO into the medium.

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Manulis, Shulamit, Maria Brandl, Isaac Barash, Laura Chalupowicz, Michael McClelland, Richard Bostock, Yigal Elad e Guido Sessa. Effect of plant systemic resistance and role of type III secretion system in colonization of basil and lettuce by Salmonella enterica. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600035.bard.

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Davis, Eric L., Yuji Oka, Amit Gal-On, Todd Wehner e Aaron Zelcer. Broad-spectrum Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes in Transgenic Cucurbits. United States Department of Agriculture, giugno 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593389.bard.

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Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely destructive pathogens of cucurbit crops grown in the United States and Israel. The safety and environmental concerns of toxic nematicides, and limited sources of natural cucurbit resistance to the four major species of Meloidogyne that threaten these crops in Israel and the U.S., have emphasized the use of biotechnology to develop cucurbits with novel RKN resistance. The U.S. scientists have identified over 40 unique RKN parasitism genes that encode nematode secretions involved in successful plant root infection by RKN, and they have demonstrated that expression of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to a RKN parasitism gene (called 16DIO) in Arabidopsis thaliana induced RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of the RKN16DlO gene and produced transgenic plants with strong resistance to all four major RKN species. The expression 8D05 parasitism gene was found to coincide with the timing of upregulation of NtCel7 promoter (identified to be upregulated in giantcells by US scientists). NtCel7 promoter was used to express the genes at the right time (early stages of infection) and in the right place (giant-cells) in transgenic plants. US partners produced NtCel7 (nematode-induced promoter)-driven 16DlO-RNAi and 8DOS-RNAi constructs, pHANNIBAL 4D03-RNAi construct and modified 16DlO-RNAi construct (for increased RNAi expression and efficacy) for cucurbit transformation in Israel. In Arabidopsis, some 16DlO-RNAi plant lines show greater levels of resistance to M. incognita than others, and within these lines resistance of greater than 90% reduction in infection is observed among almost all replicates in US. The level of observed nematode resistance is likely to be directly correlated with the level of RNAi expression in individual plants. In Israel, all the RKN parasitism genes-RNAi constructs were successfully transformed into cucumber and melon. The transgenic lines were evaluated for expression of the transgene siRNA in leaves and roots. Those displaying transgene siRNA accumulation were passed on for nematode resistance analysis. Rl seedlings from different lines were subjected to evaluation for resistance to M. javanica. None of the lines was resistant to the nematode in contrast with US partner's results in Arabidopsis. This could be for the following reasons: a) The level of transgene siRNA was insufficient in cucumber and tomato to cause resislance. b) 111e nemalode species on cucwnber IIlay be different ur act in a different manner. c) The assay was performed in soil with a high level of nematode inoculation, and not in petri dish, which may not permit the observation of a low level of resistance.

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