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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Plantations – Papua New Guinea"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 gennaio 2023

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1

Standen, Valerie. "Oligochaetes in fire climax grassland and conifer plantations in Papua New Guinea". Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, n. 1 (febbraio 1988): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002480.

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ABSTRACTEarthworm populations in grassland and plantations in the area of Bulolo, Papua New Guinea were compared with populations in nearby undisturbed rain forest. The grasslands had been maintained by burning for many years. The Pinus plantation had been developed on a burned grassland site and the Araucaria plantation on a site which had been cleared of secondary forest.The grasslands and the Pinus plantation supported moderate populations of exotic earthworms including Pontoscolex corethrurus, but no indigenous species. The Araucaria site supported a native species, Amynthas zebrus only, which was also found together with two other native species at very low density in rain forest.Exotic earthworm species widespread throughout the tropics, were present in disturbed soils and formed moderately high density populations in burned grasslands. There was no evidence that they displaced native Megascolecidae in rain forest.

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2

Turner, Mark M. "Plantations, politics and policy-making in Papua New Guinea 1965-1986". Journal de la Société des océanistes 42, n. 82 (1986): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jso.1986.2827.

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3

Ollivier, Jean, W. Akus, L. Beaudoin-ollivier, X. Bonneau e T. Kakul. "Replanting/underplanting strategy for old coconut plantations in Papua New Guinea". Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides 8, n. 6 (novembre 2001): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2001.0659.

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4

DAVIS, ROBERT A., GUY DUTSON e JUDIT K. SZABO. "Conservation status of threatened and endemic birds of New Britain, Papua New Guinea". Bird Conservation International 28, n. 3 (27 luglio 2017): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270917000156.

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SummaryNew Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea supports 14 endemic bird species and together with New Ireland, forms an Endemic Bird Area that supports 38 restricted range species. Extensive conversion of lowland forest to oil palm plantations resulted in the loss of over 20% of forest under 100 m altitude between 1989 and 2000. However the rate of loss has subsequently slowed (2.2% loss across all altitudes between 2002 and 2014), and much forest remains at higher altitudes: 72% of New Britain remained forested (including secondary forest) in 2014. Despite the ongoing high threat and rich endemic bird fauna, the state of knowledge of the conservation status of birds in New Britain is very poor. We use an unprecedented dataset based on 415 hours of bird surveys conducted in oil palm plantations, as well as primary and secondary forests at all altitudes, to revise the IUCN status of New Britain’s birds. These data indicate that six species of elevated conservation concern are less dependent on old-growth forest than previously assessed. We recommend reduced population size estimates for one species, New Britain Kingfisher Todiramphus albonotatus. We recommend increased population size estimates for seven species: Pied Cuckoo-dove Reinwardtoena browni, Yellowish Imperial Pigeon Ducula subflavescens, Green-fronted Hanging Parrot Loriculus tener, Blue-eyed Cockatoo Cacatua opthalmica, Violaceous Coucal Centropus violaceous, New Britain Boobook Ninox odiosa and New Britain Thrush Zoothera talaseae. Despite our comprehensive surveys, Slaty-backed Goshawk Accipiter luteoschistaceus, New Britain Sparrowhawk Accipiter brachyurus, New Britain Bronzewing Henicophaps foersteri and Golden Masked-owl Tyto aurantia remain very rarely recorded and require further assessment. With ongoing habitat loss, particularly in lowland areas, New Britain’s birds urgently require more attention.

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5

Chowning, Ann. "The development of ethnic identity and ethnic stereotypes on Papua New Guinea plantations." Journal de la Société des océanistes 42, n. 82 (1986): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jso.1986.2829.

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6

Belleville, Benoit, Ravu Iru, Charles Tsiritsi e Barbara Ozarska. "Planing characteristics of Papua New Guinea timber species from plantations and regrowth forests". European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78, n. 2 (29 gennaio 2020): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01495-z.

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7

McPherson, Naomi M., e D. C. Lewis. "The Plantation Dream: Developing British New Guinea and Papua 1884-1942." Pacific Affairs 70, n. 1 (1997): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2761268.

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8

Mcphee, EC. "Ecology and Diet of Some Rodents From the Lower Montane Region of Papua-New-Guinea". Wildlife Research 15, n. 1 (1988): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880091.

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Information relating to the habitat, reproduction and diet is given for five murine rodents from the vicinity of Wau, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Rattus steini was found to be present in all four habitats investigated (kunai, gardens, coffee plantations, forest), whereas R. exulans was absent from the forest; Melomys rufescens, M. lorentzi and Pogonomys macrourus were only trapped in the forest, and in low numbers. Although climatically similar to other montane regions in Papua New Guinea, the Wau area appeared to have an earlier start to the peak breeding season than elsewhere, and litter sizes seemed to be higher. The diet of Melomys species and P. macrourus appeared to be largely frugivorous (>90%), whereas Rattus species consumed a wide range of food items. While there was considerable overlap between the diets of Ratlus species, R. steini consumed more leafy material and insects, and less fruit, woody and vegetable material than R. exulans. Habitat modification by human activity in the Wau area has radically affected the diversity and relative abundance of rodent species, although it was difficult to discern any strong relationship between diet and habitat. While specific and generic identification of particular food items was not possible, an index of invertebrate diversity in the diet of rodents is suggested as a means of assessing changes in food availability, and therefore habitat change.

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9

Pilotti, C. A., E. A. Gorea e L. Bonneau. "Basidiospores as sources of inoculum in the spread of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm plantations in Papua New Guinea". Plant Pathology 67, n. 9 (7 agosto 2018): 1841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12915.

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10

N. T M. H. De Silva, L. J Kiele e A. F. Lagap. "PRODUCTION RESPONSE TO PRICES IN THE COCONUT INDUSTRY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA". CORD 3, n. 02 (1 giugno 1987): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v3i02.204.

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Coconut is one of the first plantation crops of Papua New Guinea. In 1922‑23 coconut made up 90 percent of exports and in 1950 it contributed 69 percent of the export earnings (Sackett and Williamson, 1977). Area under the crop is about 265,000 hectares or 0.6 percent of the total land area in the country (Charles, 1980, Turner, 1985). Relatively lower copra prices which prevailed especially in 1970s, the escalating cost of production coupled with Government policies aimed towards the diversification of country's export base have primarily resulted in copra becoming the 3rd(l) export earner of PNG. These changes nevertheless have not given rise to any marked decline in the copra production. What seems to have occurred is that the value of exports from other tree crop industries have exceeded the export value of copra.

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11

Brown, Peter R., Ken P. Aplin, Lyn A. Hinds, Jens Jacob, Sarah E. Thomas e Barbara J. Ritchie. "Rodent management issues in South Pacific islands: a review with case studies from Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu". Wildlife Research 44, n. 8 (2017): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17104.

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Rodents are a key pest to agricultural and rural island communities of the South Pacific, but there is limited information of their impact on the crops and livelihoods of small-scale farmers. The rodent pest community is known, but the type and scales of damage to different crops on different islands are unknown. Knowledge about rodent pest management in other geographical regions may not be directly transferable to the Pacific region. Many studies on islands have largely focussed on the eradication of rodents from uninhabited islands for conservation benefits. These broadscale eradication efforts are unlikely to translate to inhabited islands because of complex social and agricultural issues. The livelihoods, culture and customs of poor small-scale farmers in the South Pacific have a large bearing on the current management of rodents. The aim of the present review was to describe the rodent problems, impacts and management of rodents on South Pacific islands, and identify gaps for further research. We compared and contrasted two case studies. The situation in Papua New Guinea is emergent as several introduced rodent species are actively invading new areas with wide-ranging implications for human livelihoods and conservation. In Vanuatu, we show how rodent damage on cocoa plantations can be reduced by good orchard hygiene through pruning and weeding, which also has benefits for the management of black pod disease. We conclude that (1) damage levels are unknown and unreported, (2) the impacts on human health are unknown, (3) the relationships between the pest species and their food sources, breeding and movements are not known, and (4) the situation in Papua New Guinea may represent an emergent crisis that warrants further investigation. In addition, there is a need for greater understanding of the invasive history of pest rodents, so as to integrate biological information with management strategies. Ecologically based rodent management can be achieved on Pacific Islands, but only after significant well funded large-scale projects are established and rodent ecologists are trained. We can learn from experiences from other locations such as Southeast Asia to guide the way.

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12

Miller III, Donald G., John Lane e Randy Senock. "Butterflies as potential bioindicators of primary rainforest and oil palm plantation habitats on New Britain, Papua New Guinea." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, n. 2 (2011): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110149.

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Our research team worked with Nakanai land-holders in Papua New Guinea to perform the first survey of butterflies in the Lake Hargy caldera of West New Britain Province. Methods included modified Pollard transects quantifying sampling effort based on aerial netting and visual observations, as well as traps baited with fermenting fruit. Results were compared with surveys on the adjacent Hargy Oil Palm plantation. Our sampling yielded 312 specimens representing 73 species; of these, 50 were limited to primary rainforest, 12 to oil palm plantation and 11 species occurred at both sites. Four species are newly recorded for New Britain, including one potentially invasive species on Citrus. Singleton specimens made up the largest abundance class in the data set, representing 34% of records in primary rainforest. Sixty-two percent of the butterfly taxa recorded are regionally endemic to the Bismarck island chain or to New Britain in particular. Calculated levels of similarity between sites ranged from 0.151 to 0.262, suggesting the oil palm and rainforest habitats supported highly distinct species assemblages. Although rapid assessment data such as these are necessarily limited in scope, they can still aid in documenting the impact on biodiversity from conversion of primary tropical rainforest to oil palm monoculture.

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13

Banabas, Murom, Max A. Turner, David R. Scotter e Paul N. Nelson. "Losses of nitrogen fertiliser under oil palm in Papua New Guinea: 1. Water balance, and nitrogen in soil solution and runoff". Soil Research 46, n. 4 (2008): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07171.

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Nitrogen (N) fertiliser is an important and expensive input to oil palm in Papua New Guinea. Of about 3000 mm/year of rainfall, about 1300 mm is lost as evaporation. This leaves an excess of >1000 mm/year lost as surface runoff and/or deep drainage, and with it the potential for N loss. Approximately 11% of rainfall reached the ground as stem flow. Throughfall was generally lowest near the trunk and highest where canopies overlapped, but random spatial variability was large. The difference between the measured rainfall and stem flow plus throughfall was 6%, indicating relatively little interception. Surface runoff from the volcanic ash soils was 6% of rainfall at one site, but only 1.4% at the other. Less than 2% of the applied N was lost in the surface runoff after an ammonium chloride application. Calculations of N leaching losses made using suction cup data and the water balance indicated that significant losses occur, but the estimates were not reliable due to the huge spatial variability in the suction cup and throughfall data. Therefore, another technique is needed to study N leaching in oil palm plantations.

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14

Shen, J., L. D. Kha, N. D. Kien e K. Pinyopusarerk. "Variation in seed traits and oil content in 24 Jatropha curcas L. seed sources from Asia, Africa and Papua New Guinea". Silvae Genetica 62, n. 1-6 (1 dicembre 2013): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2013-0031.

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Abstract This study was carried out to determine the extent of variation in seed traits and oil content among 24 seeds sources of Jatropha curcas from 8 countries in Asia, Africa and Papua New Guinea. There were marked differences in the length (range 15.88-19 mm), breadth (10.20-11.71 mm), thickness (7.95-9.37 mm) and volume index of seed (1337-2000 mm3), weight of seed (42.67-80.20 g) and kernel (18.44-51.04 g), kernel/seed ratio (0.43-0.66), and oil content in seed (18.08-37.89%) and kernel (34.02-59.09%). In general, seeds from Laos, Mali, Papua New Guinea, Philippines and Thailand were larger and heavier than sources from China and India, but contained lower oil content in seed and kernel. Principal component analysis revealed that seed and kernel weight and oil content in whole seed and in kernel were useful characteristics in explaining the variation pattern among seed sources. Seven out of the 24 seed sources investigated in this study are considered promising for planting for oil-seed production. This study underpins the importance of selecting suitable seed sources for commercial plantation establishment of J. curcas.

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15

Brown, Peter R., Ken P. Aplin, Lyn A. Hinds, Jens Jacob, Sarah E. Thomas e Barbara J. Ritchie. "Corrigendum to: Rodent management issues in South Pacific islands: a review with case studies from Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu". Wildlife Research 45, n. 2 (2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17104_co.

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Rodents are a key pest to agricultural and rural island communities of the South Pacific, but there is limited information of their impact on the crops and livelihoods of small-scale farmers. The rodent pest community is known, but the type and scales of damage to different crops on different islands are unknown. Knowledge about rodent pest management in other geographical regions may not be directly transferable to the Pacific region. Many studies on islands have largely focussed on the eradication of rodents from uninhabited islands for conservation benefits. These broadscale eradication efforts are unlikely to translate to inhabited islands because of complex social and agricultural issues. The livelihoods, culture and customs of poor small-scale farmers in the South Pacific have a large bearing on the current management of rodents. The aim of the present review was to describe the rodent problems, impacts and management of rodents on South Pacific islands, and identify gaps for further research. We compared and contrasted two case studies. The situation in Papua New Guinea is emergent as several introduced rodent species are actively invading new areas with wide-ranging implications for human livelihoods and conservation. In Vanuatu, we show how rodent damage on cocoa plantations can be reduced by good orchard hygiene through pruning and weeding, which also has benefits for the management of black pod disease. We conclude that (1) damage levels are unknown and unreported, (2) the impacts on human health are unknown, (3) the relationships between the pest species and their food sources, breeding and movements are not known, and (4) the situation in Papua New Guinea may represent an emergent crisis that warrants further investigation. In addition, there is a need for greater understanding of the invasive history of pest rodents, so as to integrate biological information with management strategies. Ecologically based rodent management can be achieved on Pacific Islands, but only after significant well funded large-scale projects are established and rodent ecologists are trained. We can learn from experiences from other locations such as Southeast Asia to guide the way.

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16

Baynes, Jack, John Herbohn, Nestor Gregorio, William Unsworth e Émilie Houde Tremblay. "Equity for Women and Marginalized Groups in Patriarchal Societies during Forest Landscape Restoration: The Controlling Influence of Tradition and Culture". Environmental Conservation 46, n. 03 (17 giugno 2019): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892919000079.

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SummaryWe explore the difficulty of achieving equity for women in two forest and livelihood restoration (FLR) pilot projects, one each in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the Philippines. We use institutional bricolage as a framework to explain the context and background of stakeholders’ decision-making and the consequent impact on equity and benefit distribution. In the Philippines, material and institutional support was initially successful in assisting participants to establish small-scale tree plantations. A structured approach to institutional development has successfully evolved to meet the needs of women, even though corruption has re-emerged as a destabilizing influence. In PNG, despite success in establishing trees and crops, the participation of women was subjugated to traditional customs and norms that precluded them from engaging in land management decisions. The capacity-building and gender-equity principles of FLR consequently became compromised. We conclude that in some patriarchal societies achieving equity for women will be difficult and progress will be contingent on a detailed understanding of the effects of traditional customs and norms on participation and decision-making.

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Gray, B., e I. A. Barber. "Studies on Vanapa oberthuri Pouillaude (Coleoptera: Curcu-lionidae), a pest of Hoop Pine plantations in Papua New Guinea1". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 76, n. 1-4 (26 agosto 2009): 394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1974.tb01898.x.

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18

Angkotta, Jeffry Cornelis, Julius Dwi Nugroho e Nurhaida Iriany Sinaga. "Characterization of Cones and Seeds of Damar (Agathis labillardieri) from Plantation in Klasaman, Sorong". Jurnal Sylva Lestari 10, n. 1 (24 febbraio 2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v10i1.546.

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Damar (Agathis labillardieri) is endemic species to New Guinea, occurring naturally in Papua and West Papua Province, Indonesia. The species is economically valuable due to its resin and wood. This research aimed to study the cones and seeds characteristics of A. labillardieri collected from Sorong Nature Park at Klasaman, Sorong, Papua Barat. The characteristics observed included cone size and weight, number of scales, empty and filled seed, and seed moisture content. The germination test was also performed. Although the stands could produce cones, not all scales contained seeds, and not all seeds were filled seeds. On average, 53 filled seeds per cone or only 50.3 ± 5.7% of the total seeds found as filled seeds. The seed was characterized as a recalcitrant seed with high moisture content and rapid germination. On average, the seed moisture content was 38.9%, with an average germination time of four days. The combined factors that may contribute to the low natural regeneration of A. labillardieri are low filled seeds, seed sensitivity to desiccation, and high mortality in newly emerging seedlings during recruitment. Therefore, facilitating the forest floor for immediate germination of recalcitrant seeds as in A. labillardieri is suggested. Keywords: Agathis labillardieri, filled seed, germination, natural regeneration, recalcitrant seed

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19

Hartemink, Alfred E. "Changes in soil fertility and leaf nutrient concentration at a sugar cane plantation in Papua New Guinea". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29, n. 7-8 (aprile 1998): 1045–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629809370006.

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20

Bangita, B., e B. K. Rajashekhar Rao. "Effects of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) cultivation duration on some soil physical properties in Ramu Valley of Papua New Guinea". South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 31, n. 1 (2013): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp13007.

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Repeated tillage operations for planting sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and wheel traffic for cane harvesting and transport are known to affect the surface and sub-surface soil in Ramu sugarcane plantation of Papua New Guinea. This study examines the changes in the bulk density (SBD), penetration resistance (PR) and water infiltration (WI) parameters in cane rows and wheel tracks of a Tropofluents that have been exposed to varying durations (0, 6, 11, 16 and 22 years) of cane cultivation after being converted from grasslands. Sugarcane cultivation duration had a significant (p 10 cm depth). In response to 22 years of cane cultivation, bulk density increased by a small extent in the cane rows (2.5%), while in wheel tracks the increase was by 15%. There was a significant (p

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21

Drummond, Frank, e Beth Choate. "Ants as biological control agents in agricultural cropping systems". Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4, n. 2 (2011): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498311x571979.

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AbstractAnts positively impact agricultural systems by rapidly consuming large numbers of pest insects, disturbing pests during feeding and oviposition, and increasing soil quality and nutrients. The ability of ants to control pest species has been recognized since the year 300 A.D. and farmers continue to conserve and promote ant populations in agricultural systems worldwide. Naturally occurring ant species in milpas, mango, citrus, coconut, cashews, and cotton control many pest insects. Through judicious insecticide application and changes in management practices such as tillage, and other manipulations of vegetation and crop structure, beneficial ant populations are conserved in a variety of agroecosystems. The first recorded example of biological control was the manipulation of ants throughout citrus orchards in Asia. Augmentation continues in citrus, and methods of ant introduction have been developed in Malaysian and Indonesian cocoa plantations, as well as to control sweet potato and banana weevils in Cuba. Ant species have been formally incorporated into other integrated pest management programs for cashew in Australia, cocoa in Papua New Guinea, and mango in Australia and Vietnam. With efforts to reduce chemical pesticide input in agricultural systems, research evaluating the ability of generalist ant species to control pest insects must continue.

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22

Ghaffariyan, Mohammad Reza, Braden Jenkin, Rick Mitchell e Mark Brown. "Quantitative and qualitative assessment of timber harvesting residues: a case study of a balsa plantation in Papua New Guinea". Australian Forestry 79, n. 1 (3 novembre 2015): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2015.1092627.

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Tammisto, Tuomas. "Reprises: Chris Gregory’s Gifts and Commodities and the frontier". Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 44, n. 3-4 (9 aprile 2020): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.v44i3-4.91424.

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Chris Gregory’s Gifts and Commodities (1982) is widely regarded as a classic in economic anthropology as well as in studies on Melanesia. The work offers a lucid typology and de nition of the concepts of ‘gift’ and ‘commodity’based on the tradition of political economy and economic anthropology.It shows how in colonial Papua New Guinea (PNG) gift and commodity economies articulated with each other and—contrary to the assumption of neoclassical economists—expanded simultaneously. In recounting how labour and primary production were commodi ed in colonial PNG, Gregory analyses the development and demise of the plantation economy and utilizes the concept of the ‘labour frontier’ that moved to new areas and eventually closed leading to the crisis of the plantation sector. In this essay I will brie y discuss Gregory’s notion of the ‘labour frontier’, relate it to later theorizations of the concept of ‘frontier’ and discuss how Gregory’saccounts helped me to understand contemporary dynamics of oil palmdevelopment in contemporary PNG.

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Goodrick, I., e P. N. Nelson. "Mineralisation of soil organic carbon in two Andisols under oil palm: an incubation study into controlling factors". Soil Research 56, n. 1 (2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16089.

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Understanding the factors controlling stability against mineralisation of soil organic matter is important for predicting changes in carbon stocks under changed environment or management. Soil carbon dynamics in oil palm plantations are little studied and have some characteristics that are unusual compared with other agricultural soils, such as high management-induced spatial variability and warm moist conditions. The aim of this work was to determine the factors controlling the mineralisability of the intermediate-stability carbon fraction of volcanic ash surface soils (0–5 and 15–20 cm depth) from oil palm plantations in Papua New Guinea. Soils with carbon contents of 2.2–35.2%, from areas with low and high organic matter inputs, were incubated for up to 812 days and soil respiration was measured periodically. Mean carbon turnover rates were 0.18–1.58, 0.07–0.23 and 0.03–0.07 a–1 on Days 54, 379 and 812 respectively. Turnover rate was initially (Day 54) correlated with pre-incubation total carbon content (r = 0.88), the ratio of permanganate-oxidisable carbon to total carbon (r = 0.62) and the ratio of oxalate-extractable Al and Fe to total carbon (r = –0.51 and –0.54 respectively), but the correlations decreased with time, being insignificant on Day 812. In the soils that had changed from C4 grassland 25 years previously, turnover rate was negatively correlated with δ13C, which increased with depth, but δ13C did not change significantly over the course of the incubation. Temperature sensitivity of mineralisation varied little, despite large differences in soil properties and changes in mineralisation rate. This suggested that turnover rates were affected to similar extents by biochemical recalcitrance and physical protection, as these two factors influence temperature sensitivity in opposing directions. Physico-chemical protection of organic matter appeared largely related to interaction with poorly crystalline Al and Fe oxides.

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Harwood, C. E., Ha Huy Thinh, Tran Ho Quang, P. A. Butcher e E. R. Williams. "The Effect of Inbreeding on Early Growth of Acacia mangium in Vietnam". Silvae Genetica 53, n. 1-6 (1 dicembre 2004): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2004-0012.

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Abstract Seeds were collected from each of twelve parent trees from each of six seed orchards of Acacia mangium in different locations in Vietnam to examine the relationship between growth and inbreeding in this species. Seedlings were raised and planted out in a field trial at Ba Vi in northern Vietnam. The inbreeding status (self-fertilized or outcrossed) of most of the seedlings was determined by DNA analysis. Heights were measured at 12 and 18 months, and diameter at breast height (dbh) at 18 months. There were significant differences in growth between the six orchard sources at 18 months. Progeny from two orchards based primarily on Papua New Guinea (PNG) provenances with high levels of outcrossing displayed the best growth, with mean heights of 3.1 m at 18 months, while an orchard also based primarily on PNG provenances but with predominantly selfed progeny, and another orchard based on Queensland provenances with 51% selfed progeny, displayed the poorest growth (mean heights of 2.0 m and 2.2 m respectively). Analysis of variance established that within the 32 families that included both selfed and outcrossed individuals, self-fertilized individuals were significantly (P< 0.001) slowergrowing than were outcrossed individuals, with selfs on average 15% smaller in mean height and 16% smaller in mean dbh at age 18 months, relative to outcrosses. The results demonstrate the need to minimise selfing in operational seed production for A. mangium plantations.

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Jones, C. G., J. A. Plummer, E. L. Barbour e M. Byrne. "Genetic Diversity of an Australian Santalum album Collection – Implications For Tree Improvement Potential". Silvae Genetica 58, n. 1-6 (1 dicembre 2009): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0036.

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AbstractThe Forest Products Commission of Western Australia manages a sandalwood (Santalum spp.) core germplasm collection at Kununurra in the states far north. This collection serves as a significant seed source for sandalwood plantations in the area and remains an important resource for ongoing research. The collection contains S. album trees sourced from Indian arboreta, along with a few trees from West Timor, Indonesia. Also present are representatives of S. macgregorii from Papua New Guinea and S. austrocaledonicum from Vanuatu and/or New Caledonia. Despite the apparently diverse seed origins, the genetic background of many of the accessions remains vague. In this study, diversity and relatedness was assessed by nuclear and chloroplast RFLPs and a phylogeny was inferred. Nuclear RFLPs revealed very low levels of genetic diversity for a tree species, with an observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho and He) of 0.047. Nineteen genotypes were identified within the 233 S. album individuals sampled, with only one tree known to have originated from Timor being differentiated from Indian material. Other trees thought to have come from Timor grouped with those believed to be from India, indicating they were either incorrectly labelled or sourced from heavily modified populations. Despite the poor sample size, chloroplast RFLP analysis revealed no genetic distinction between the Timorese and Indian S. album, which supports the theory of human mediated seed dispersal from Timor to India. The structure of the phylogeny and associated relatedness has assisted in the establishment of seed orchards, designed to ensure maximum diversity is maintained through limiting the proximity of highly related trees. Finally, in light of these and other findings, a hypothesis concerning the evolution of S. album is proposed.

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Booth, T. H., e T. Jovanovic. "Climate change impacts on species planting domains: a preliminary assessment for selected plantation forests in Fiji, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands". International Forestry Review 16, n. 2 (1 aprile 2014): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554814811724775.

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Michael, Patrick S. "Current Evidence and Future Projections: a Comparative Analysis of the Impacts of Climate Change on Critical Climate-Sensitive Areas of Papua New Guinea". SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 16, n. 2 (30 dicembre 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v16i2.35712.

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Climate change is a global concern arising from spatial or temporal changes in precipitation, temperature and greenhouse gases. The impacts of this on critical climate-sensitive areas are largely on land, marine resources, forestry and agriculture, and their biodiversity and ecosystems. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), the mainstay (85%) of the rural people is on land and agriculture, compared to resources obtained from the marine areas and forest. Productivity on land depends on climatic factors and a compromised climate affects land, which in turn affects forestry, agriculture and the marine environment (resources and ecosystems). Because of this, a lot of resources have been invested in climate change to understand the impacts; however, much is yet to be achieved, especially in the developing nations. In PNG, understanding the types of changes in climate that will be experienced is important to be resilient, to mitigate and to adapt. In this review, the potential impact of global climate change on climate of PNG and the impact of the new (future) climate on land, marine and forest resources and their biodiversity and ecosystems are analyzed. Moreover, the impacts on crop agriculture are discussed. Analysis of available data shows that the temporal and spatial changes in precipitation and temperature projections of the future climate are within current optimum crop production ranges, at least up to 2090. Since most staple and plantation crops in PNG are C<sub>3</sub> plants, an increase in CO<sub>2</sub> levels will have a fertilizing effect on productivity. The plastic effects on certain crops may benefit some farmers as temperature, precipitation and CO<sub>2</sub> levels change.

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Myzabella, Nuruly, Lin Fritschi, Nick Merdith, Sonia El-Zaemey, HuiJun Chih e Alison Reid. "Occupational Health and Safety in the Palm Oil Industry: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 10, n. 4 (1 ottobre 2019): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2019.1576.

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Background: The palm oil industry is the largest contributor to global production of oils and fats. Indonesia and Malaysia are the largest producers of palm oil. More than a million workers are employed in this industry, yet there is a lack of information on their occupational health and safety. Objective: To identify and summarize occupational hazards among oil palm plantation workers. Methods: A search was carried out in June 2018 in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Ovid. Relevant publications were identified by a systematic search of four databases and relevant journals. Publications were included if they examined occupational hazards in oil palm plantation workers. Results: 941 publications were identified; of these, 25 studies were found eligible to be included in the final review. Of the 25 studies examined, 19 were conducted in Malaysia, 2 in Costa Rica, and one each in Ghana, Indonesia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, and Cameroon. Oil palm plantation workers were found to be at risk of musculoskeletal conditions, injuries, psychosocial disorders, and infectious diseases such as malaria and leptospirosis. In addition, they have potential exposure to paraquat and other pesticides. Conclusion: In light of the potential of palm oil for use as a biofuel, this is an industry with strong growth potential. The workers are exposed to various occupational hazards. Further research and interventions are necessary to improve the working conditions of this already vast and growing workforce.

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HARTEMINK, A. E. "ACIDIFICATION AND pH BUFFERING CAPACITY OF ALLUVIAL SOILS UNDER SUGARCANE". Experimental Agriculture 34, n. 2 (aprile 1998): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479798002087.

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Changes in soil pH water (pHw) were investigated on a sugarcane plantation in the Ramu Valley of Papua New Guinea. The plantation was established in 1979 from natural grassland and the dominant soils were Fluvents and Vertisols. Statistical analysis of the topsoil pHw data (n = 541) showed a significant (α = 0.01) decrease from 6.5 to 5.7 between 1979 and 1996. Based on samples from 80 fields at different sampling times, the average decrease in topsoil pHw was calculated to be 0.4 units after 10 years of continuous sugarcane cultivation (r2 = 0.481). Between 1986 and 1996, subsoil pHw also decreased significantly (α < 0.05) by 0.4 and 0.3 units in the 0.30–0.45 and 0.45–0.60 m horizons respectively. The acidification trend accelerated in the 1990s when trash-harvesting replaced pre-harvesting burning and sulphate of ammonia became the dominant nitrogen fertilizer. Between 1991 and 1995, average nitrogen application rates were 90 ka ha−1 a−1 which resulted in an annual addition of 11.6 kmol H+ ha−1. The soil buffer capacity was estimated to be 125 kmol H+ ha−1 pH−1 which implied that the pHw could further decrease by 0.5 unit after five annual applications of 90 kg N ha−1 pH−1 as sulphate of ammonia. Although these soils were young in pedological terms and they had been cultivated for less than 20 years, they had acidified significantly and this could affect sugarcane production adversely if such trend were to continue.

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Goodrick, Iain, Paul N. Nelson, Steven Nake, Michael J. Webb, Michael I. Bird e Neil Huth. "Tree-scale spatial variability of soil carbon cycling in a mature oil palm plantation". Soil Research 54, n. 4 (2016): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15211.

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Soil carbon fluxes are highly variable in space and time under tree crops such as oil palm, and attempts to model such fluxes must incorporate an understanding of this variability. In this work, we measured soil CO2 emission, root biomass and pruned frond deposition rates and calculated carbon fluxes into and out of the soil in a mature (20-year-old, second planting cycle) oil palm plantation in Papua New Guinea. Tree-scale spatial variability in CO2 emission and root biomass was quantified by making measurements on a 35-point trapezoid grid covering the 38.5-m2 repeating unit of the plantation (n = 4 grids). In order to obtain an overall mean soil CO2 emission rate within 5% of the most accurate estimate, ≥24 measurement points were required. Soil CO2 emissions were spatially correlated with calculated carbon inputs (r2 = 0.605, slope 1 : 1), but not with soil water content or temperature. However, outputs were higher than inputs at all locations, with a mean overall output of 7.24 µmol m–2 s–1 and input of 3.02 µmol m–2 s–1. Inputs related to fronds, roots and groundcover constituted 60%, 36% and 4% of estimated inputs, respectively. The spatial correlation of carbon inputs and outputs indicates that mineralisation rate is controlled mostly by the amount rather than the nature or input depth of the additions. The spatially uniform net carbon emission from soil may be due to inaccuracies in calculated fluxes (especially root-related inputs) or to non-biological emissions.

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Espey, Manuel, Paridah Md. Tahir, Seng Hua Lee, Adlin Sabrina Muhammad Roseley e Roger Meder. "Incidence and Severity of End-Splitting in Plantation-Grown Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. in North Borneo". Forests 12, n. 3 (25 febbraio 2021): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030266.

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Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. is currently the predominant tree species deployed for tree plantation establishment in some parts of Borneo, particularly Sabah state, Malaysia. Its low disease susceptibility, good growth and form, and desirable wood properties make E. pellita particularly suitable for plantation development in the wet tropical regions of south-east Asia. In spite the many positive traits, practical field observations indicate that the species is susceptible to end-splitting. There is some anecdotal evidence to suggest a genetic relationship with the incidence of end-split, although these observations were not statistically tested. This study evaluates the occurrence of end-splitting in five-year old plantation E. pellita in Sabah as affected by family and growth attributes. An existing progeny tree breeding trial, involving seeds that originated from Papua New Guinea, China, Vietnam, Australia, Sabah, and Sarawak with 106 families, was used to carry out the split assessment. Logs from the second thinning were cut into 2.2-m-long sections. The end splits were measured three days later; the incidence and severity of splitting were assessed at both the large and small ends of each log by using a designated split scoring system. The study shows that 99% of all log cross sections (per cut surface) experienced signs of splitting, with an average of 2.7 splits per cut surface. Overall, 54% of all splits were classed as ‘Three-Quarter Radial Splits’ while the occurrence of internal splits was negligible. Split severity showed a heritable and significant difference (h2 = 0.24 at p ≤ 0.05) among the family levels. Splitting was also significantly related to growth factors such as tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH). The findings suggest that end-splitting is caused by family–environment interactions. This offers the opportunity to improve the wood resource of E. pellita via breeding strategies.

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Clements, J. Clancy. "LANGUAGE CREATION AND LANGUAGE CHANGE: CREOLIZATION, DIACHRONY, AND DEVELOPMENT. Michel DeGraff (Ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. Pp. 586. $65.00 cloth." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24, n. 1 (marzo 2002): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226310223106x.

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Editor Michel DeGraff provides us with a thought-provoking collection of studies that address topics involving language acquisition, creole formation, language change, and the connections between the three phenomena. One of the main goals of the volume is to arrive at a better understanding of the interaction between the “extraordinary external factors” surrounding the formation of pidgins and creoles and the “ordinary internal factors” involving U(niversal) G(rammar)–constrained language invention (p. 11), a UG-type repackaging of Thomason's ordinary-processes–extraordinary-results take on language mixture. The underlying theme DeGraff uses to connect the varied contributions is, in fact, UG: “This volume is seeking the right ‘version of universalist influence interpreted as constraints on the formal structure of creoles, in fact of natural language'” (p. 17). In characterizing the processes of pidginization and creolization, DeGraff chooses a narrow definition, that of the plantation situation (p. 2), thus disregarding interethnic pidgins and creoles (e.g., Hiri Motu and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea) and fort creoles (e.g., many of the Portuguese-based creoles). Although DeGraff does not point this out, he does mention other biases of the book: (a) it focuses only on morphosyntax from a generative UG-like focus; (b) it largely neglects variationist and quantitative approaches; (c) it does not explore the connection between UG and all-purpose cognitive structures (except Newport; see below); and (d) it considers only a subset of creoles that emerged from contact with European colonizers.

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34

Stiefvater, James. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 33, n. 2 (2021): 556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2021.0056.

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35

Manning, H. J., e Ciaran O'Faircheallaigh. "Papua New Guinea". American Journal of Economics and Sociology 59, n. 5 (novembre 2000): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1536-7150.00106.

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36

Kantha, Solomon. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 21, n. 2 (2009): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.0.0083.

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Kavanamur, David. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 14, n. 2 (2002): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2002.0055.

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Chin, Ung-Ho. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 15, n. 2 (2003): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2003.0039.

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Gelu, Alphonse. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 18, n. 2 (2006): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2006.0015.

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Solomon Kantha. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 22, n. 2 (2010): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2010.0036.

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Kantha, Solomon. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 23, n. 2 (2011): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2011.0052.

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Kantha, Solomon. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 25, n. 2 (2013): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2013.0043.

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43

Kantha, Solomon. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 27, n. 2 (2015): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2015.0038.

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Stiefvater, James. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 30, n. 2 (2018): 519–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2018.0040.

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Stiefvater, James. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 31, n. 2 (2019): 544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2019.0033.

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46

Stiefvater, James. "Papua New Guinea". Contemporary Pacific 32, n. 2 (2020): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2020.0056.

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Dunham, Paul. "Papua New Guinea". Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 58, n. 9 (dicembre 1987): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1987.10604363.

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Dalsgaard, Steffen. "'Seeing’ Papua New Guinea". Social Analysis 63, n. 1 (1 marzo 2019): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2019.630104.

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This article contributes to debates about how capitalist corporations ‘see’, and how they concurrently relate to the places where they are located. It argues that an analytical focus on ‘seeing’ illuminates how internal organization and outward relation making are tied together in complex ways. Even so, corporations of the extractive industries in particular cannot be assumed to encompass a single coherent view. The empirical case is a critical examination of how a gas project employed strict health, safety, and security measures to generate order when encountering alterity in an unfamiliar environment in Papua New Guinea. It reveals how the project was organized around two conflicting ways of seeing its host country—trying to separate itself from it while simultaneously having to engage and provide benefits for it.

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Regan, Anthony. "Bougainville, Papua New Guinea". RUSI Journal 163, n. 6 (2 novembre 2018): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2018.1562020.

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Faiman-Silva, Sandra. "Papua New Guinea, Come". Anthropology Humanism Quarterly 16, n. 2 (giugno 1991): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ahu.1991.16.2.72.2.

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