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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Plant species richness"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 30 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Plant species richness"

1

Brunbjerg, Ane Kirstine, Hans Henrik Bruun, Lars Dalby, Camilla Fløjgaard, Tobias G. Frøslev, Toke T. Høye, Irina Goldberg et al. "Vascular plant species richness and bioindication predict multi‐taxon species richness". Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9, n. 12 (5 ottobre 2018): 2372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13087.

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Wilson, J. Bastow, Robert K. Peet, Jürgen Dengler e Meelis Pärtel. "Plant species richness: the world records". Journal of Vegetation Science 23, n. 4 (16 marzo 2012): 796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01400.x.

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3

USHER, M. B., A. C. BROWN e S. E. BEDFORD. "Plant Species Richness in Farm Woodlands". Forestry 65, n. 1 (1992): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/65.1.1-a.

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4

Bascompte, Jordi, e Miguel A. Rodriguez. "Habitat patchiness and plant species richness". Ecology Letters 4, n. 5 (settembre 2001): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00242.x.

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5

Webb, Thompson. "Spatial scale and plant species richness". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3, n. 2 (febbraio 1988): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(88)90049-3.

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6

Qian, Hong, W. Daniel Kissling, Xianli Wang e Peter Andrews. "Effects of woody plant species richness on mammal species richness in southern Africa". Journal of Biogeography 36, n. 9 (settembre 2009): 1685–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02128.x.

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7

Nilsson, Christer, Gunnel Grelsson, Mats Johansson e Ulf Sperens. "Patterns of Plant Species Richness Along Riverbanks". Ecology 70, n. 1 (febbraio 1989): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938414.

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8

Steinmann, K., H. P. Linder e N. E. Zimmermann. "Modelling plant species richness using functional groups". Ecological Modelling 220, n. 7 (aprile 2009): 962–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.006.

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9

Li, Xiang, Wenhao Hu e Zhenrong Yu. "Importance of Soil Organic Matter and the Species Pool for Local Species Richness in Montane Ecosystems". Sustainability 13, n. 19 (24 settembre 2021): 10634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910634.

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Abstract (sommario):

Understanding the response of plant species richness to environmental filters is critical for conservation management as there is an increasing emphasis on plant restoration in urban/rural planning. However, empirical studies on the effects that the regional species pool has on plant species richness often overlook small spatial scales, therefore requiring more comprehensive approaches. As mountains can act as barriers to plant dispersal, the impact on the species pool, particularly, should be a priority. This study aimed to investigate how the regional species pool affects the local plant species richness in a multivariate context. We sampled vascular plant communities along three transects located in three valleys across the Chongli District, China, where four common habitat types were selected for sampling: grassland, shrubbery, pure forest, and mixed forest. We compared the differences in the multi-scale species richness and species composition between habitats and regions and used piecewise structural equation modeling to analyze the relative importance of the regional species pool, habitat species pool, soil resource availability, and exposure for local plant richness. The β-diversity had the highest contribution to the total species richness between valleys and habitats. The species composition between regions and habitats showed a significant difference and the local species richness was most strongly affected by the soil characteristics, but effects from the regional species pool still played an important role. Conservation efforts and urban/rural planning should use a multi-level and multi-scale approach based on a detailed structural investigation.

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Stilley, James A., e Christopher A. Gabler. "Effects of Patch Size, Fragmentation, and Invasive Species on Plant and Lepidoptera Communities in Southern Texas". Insects 12, n. 9 (29 agosto 2021): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12090777.

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Habitat loss, fragmentation, and invasive species are major threats to biodiversity. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of southern Texas, a conservation hotspot, few studies have examined how land use change and biotic disturbance influence biodiversity, particularly among Lepidoptera. We surveyed 24 habitat fragments on private lands in the LRGV and examined how patch size, edge to interior ratio (EIR), prevalence of invasive, exotic, and pest (IEP) plant species, and other environmental factors influenced plant and Lepidoptera communities within four habitat classes. Biotic disturbance was widespread and intense. IEP plants represented three of the four most common species in all but one habitat class; yet, classes largely had distinctive plant and Lepidoptera communities. Larger habitat patches had lower IEP prevalence but also lower plant richness and lower Lepidoptera richness and abundance. Conversely, patches with higher EIRs had greater IEP prevalence, plant richness, and Lepidoptera richness and abundance. IEP prevalence was negatively related to plant diversity and positively related to woody dominance, blooming plant abundance, and, surprisingly, both plant cover and richness. However, plant richness, abundance, and diversity were higher where a greater proportion of the plants were native. Lepidoptera diversity increased with plant cover, and Lepidoptera richness and abundance increased with plant richness. More individual Lepidoptera species were influenced by habitat attributes than by availability of resources such as host plants or nectar sources. Our results illustrate extensive landscape alteration and biotic disturbance and suggest that most regional habitats are at early successional stages and populated by a novel species pool heavy in IEP species; these factors must be considered together to develop effective and realistic management plans for the LRGV.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Plant species richness"

1

Vonlanthen, Corinne Maria. "Alpine plant communities : ecology and species richness /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/05vonlanthen_c.pdf.

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Dupré, Cecilia. "Regional and local variation in plant species richness". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för evolutionsbiologi, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-691.

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In this thesis, I examine the variation in plant species richness along gradients of productivity and disturbance in grasslands and forest habitats in southern Sweden, and I compare the documented patterns with theoretical predictions. Moreover, I evaluate the relative importance of habitat quality and habitat configuration for the occurrence of field layer species in deciduous forests. Finally, I present a new method for the determination of the regional species pool. To examine regional and local variation in plant species richness, I gathered data on species composition in plots of different size (0.001 - 1000 m2) in three vegetation types (deciduous forests, dry grasslands and coastal meadows) in four regions of southern Sweden (Öland, Gotland, Småland and Uppland). As predicted by the species pool hypothesis, differences in small-scale species richness of deciduous forests and dry grasslands were correlated with differences in the size of the regional species pool. Moreover, among plots large-scale diversity was predictive of small-scale diversity. Species diversity showed a hump-shaped relationship with productivity in forests, and was related to environmental heterogeneity and the size of the 'habitat-specific' species pool. In the two types of grassland examined, grazed sites were richer in species than abandoned sites. Moreover, both species composition and the representation of plants with different life-history characteristics differed between grazed and abandoned sites. As predicted by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, species richness was highest at intermediate levels of grazing in coastal meadows. However, all the above patterns were scale-dependent, and not observed at all plot sizes. The occurrence of field layer species in deciduous forests was more strongly related to habitat quality (mainly soil factors) than to habitat configuration (forest area and isolation). Across species, low seed production, clonal reproduction and habitat specificity were negatively associated with isolation.

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Dupré, Cecilia. "Regional and local variation in plant species richness /". Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2001. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5064-4/.

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4

Harral, Josephine Erica. "Experiments on resource availability and plant species richness". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415053.

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Downer, Monica Ruth. "Plant Species Richness and Species Area Relationships in a Florida Sandhill". Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4030.

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Pine sandhill are integral pyrogenic communities in the southeastern United States. Though once widespread, habitat destruction, fire suppression and fragmentation have reduced the population to nearly 3%. It is important to learn as much as possible about these unique areas in order to implement best management practices to conserve and restore the existing populations of these communities. Fire is central to the maintenance of pine sandhill communities and two conceptual hypothesis regarding burn frequency have come to light in maintaining the unique species composition and richness of these areas. The first is the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis which suggests that intermediate fire regime maintains species diversity. The second is the Most Frequent Fire Hypothesis suggests that these areas should be burned as frequently as fuels allow. We used species area curves and species area relationships to answer the following questions about a pine sandhill community in the burn plot area of the University of South Florida Ecological Research Area (ERA). What are the patterns of species richness and how do they change with spatial scale? What are the factors contributing to the heterogeneity of this area and how much are they contributing? Do similarly burned areas have similar species composition? Do our results shed some light on the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis or Most Frequent Fire Hypothesis? We found that physical distance contributed more to species compositional and spatial patterns than burn regime or elevation, whose effects were small. On this particular scale, the results did not support either the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis or Most Frequent Fire Hypothesis, as acquisition rates of species in all burn regimes were quite similar. There was no obvious pattern of increased species richness with frequent or intermediate burning. Our results suggest a need for a dynamic plan for the conservation, preservation and management of pine sandhill communities. One must consider as many factors as possible when managing these lands, as every sandhill is unique. More research should be conducted on these ecologically sensitive and diminished areas in order to formulate best management practices to conserve, protect and restore pine sandhill in the southeastern United States.

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Williams, Brandon M. "The influence of soil heterogeneity on plant species richness". Thesis, Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/10650.

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Environmental heterogeneity is often cited as one of the driving mechanisms behind community species composition and diversity. However, its contribution to species composition in plant communities remains unclear because few experiments demonstrate a causal link between environmental heterogeneity and plant diversity. This is particularly true for soil manipulations despite that fact that soil is expected to provide the key resources necessary for plant growth. Here, I utilize a unique manipulation of the soil profile to create communities with spatially heterogeneous and homogeneous soil arrangements and examine the influence of soil heterogeneity on community structure, through species composition and flowering patterns, during community assembly. I employed an annual census of the assembling communities and recorded the identity and density of all species within the patches. After two years, I found that species richness was significantly higher in heterogeneous than in homogeneous plots. In the heterogeneous plots, thirteen species had higher greater establishment rates in a specific patch type representing one of the three soil strata. However, no species had greater association with the mixed stratum, comprising the homogeneous plots, than one of the heterogeneous strata. This pattern of species sorting between soil types suggests that the increased richness in heterogeneous plots is due to the increased variety of soil types comprising those communities. Alternatively, species richness in homogeneous plots, where species did not sort to distinct soils, was strongly associated with total plant density. This experiment is one of the first to provide clear, experimental evidence that fine-scale soil heterogeneity increases species richness through species sorting during community assembly.
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Biological Sciences

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Steinmann, Katharina. "Testing basic assumptions of species richness hypotheses using plant species distribution data /". Zürich, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000254735.

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Pollock, Michael Moritz. "Patterns of plant species richness in emergent and forestry wetlands of southeast Alaska /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5518.

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Hampton, Mark Edward. "The effects of disturbance and herbivory on plant community structure, plant recruitment and species richness". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417237.

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Boag, Angela Elaine. "Spatial models of plant species richness for British Columbia's Garry oak meadow ecosystem". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46920.

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Garry oak meadow ecosystems in British Columbia are fragmented, increasingly degraded, and have been prioritized for conservation. While distribution maps of remnant meadow patches have been developed, the ecological integrity of plant communities in many of these remnants remains unknown. Modeling and mapping ecological integrity could inform conservation prioritization exercises in the region. The primary goal of this thesis was to develop distribution models of native and exotic plant species richness in Garry oak meadow remnants. Secondly, multiple independent datasets were used to analyze the effects of sample size and sampling bias on the accuracy and reliability of resulting predictive maps, which is an active area of research in species distribution modeling. Finally, I investigated whether Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping (TEM) – a publicly available GIS layer of plant community associations – provided a valid geographical extent over which to map predictions. In Chapter 2, different datasets were found to produce different models of species richness. However, different native richness models produced similar distribution maps, while exotic richness maps based on different datasets were less similar. The incorporation of spatial variables into models did not improve model fit, however significant residual spatial autocorrelation at a broad scale was detected in some cases, suggesting that an important environmental covariate is missing from these models. Examples of potential missing covariates include deer density and disturbance history. Overall, this research demonstrates that multiple independent datasets are very important iii for validating species distribution models, especially in heterogeneous landscapes. Additionally, large sample sizes and sampling broadly across of the area of prediction result in more robust models. The results presented in Chapter 3 suggest that mapping predictions exclusively over Garry oak ecosystem-classified TEM polygons is potentially overly conservative, as species richness of native meadow species was found to be high in other TEM classifications as well. This suggests that Garry oak meadow plant communities do not exist solely in discreet meadow patches, and that they are dispersed throughout other habitat types including Douglas-fir – salal forests.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Plant species richness"

1

Range and richness of vascular land plants: The role of variable light. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2009.

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Eagleson, Peter S. Range and richness of vascular land plants: The role of variable light. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2009.

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Eagleson, Peter S. Range and richness of vascular land plants: The role of variable light. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2009.

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Eagleson, Peter S. Range and Richness of Vascular Land Plants: The Role of Variable Light. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2013.

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Eagleson, Peter S. Range and Richness of Vascular Land Plants: The Role of Variable Light. American Geophysical Union, 2013.

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Eagleson, Peter S. Range and Richness of Vascular Land Plants: The Role of Variable Light. American Geophysical Union, 2013.

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Eagleson, Peter S. Range and Richness of Vascular Land Plants: The Role of Variable Light. American Geophysical Union, 2013.

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Clarke, Andrew. Temperature and diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0015.

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The diversity (species richness) of plants and animals is typically highest in the tropics and the strongest environmental correlate of species richness is often climate. The energy for plant production is sunlight, but the rate is governed jointly by temperature and the availability of water (as captured by actual evapotranspiration, AET). Greater production is then linked to higher diversity because larger population size protects against stochastic extinction (the more individuals mechanism). A greater biomass and diversity of plants allows for a greater diversity of herbivores and so on through the food web, though the correlation with climate (AET) gets progressively weaker at higher trophic levels. This is the basis of the species-energy theory of diversity. The Metabolic Theory of Biodiversity posits a mechanistic explanation for higher diversity in warmer places mediated through an enhanced generation of mutations as a by-product of the faster metabolic rate associated with a higher body temperature. Evidence for this is equivocal, and this mechanism cannot explain the strong association between endotherm species richness and climate. The striking differences between the northern and southern hemispheres point to an important role for history, particularly recent glacial history, in influencing current patterns of diversity. We still lack a comprehensive theory of biological diversity, but evidence points to a complex series of factors being important, with the dominant ones being energy and time (history).

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Thompson, John D. Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835141.001.0001.

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Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean: Insights for conservation brings together a diverse literature on the Mediterranean flora in a detailed but synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central themes of ecological dynamics and evolutionary differentiation are developed at two spatial scales: habitat variation across the landscape and biogeographic processes across the Mediterranean. The history of the Mediterranean region is at the heart of this account and is described within a triptych that links geological and climatic history to the advent and history of human activities. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is a mosaic of ecological conditions, often with variation over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in this mosaic landscape. With an ever-growing human footprint on the Mediterranean region, this book addresses a third major theme concerning the vulnerability and conservation of the flora. Alongside a traditional approach to rare species and protected area management, the book argues for the integration of the loss of evolutionary potential as a priority in conservation policy and practice. This accessible text is aimed at students and researchers in plant evolution, ecology, biogeography, and conservation science. It will be of interest to scientists and natural history societies worldwide.

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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen e R. Brandon Pratt. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.003.0001.

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Mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions have long been of interest to scientists and they formed the basis for many early ecological studies. This has included comparisons of the vegetation within these regions (mediterranean-type vegetation) as well as other functional, climatic, and historical studies and comparisons. Comparing MTC regions and the species that occur within them has been used to test the evolutionary convergence hypothesis. Continuing scientific interest in MTC regions is linked to their unusually high levels of species richness and biodiversity. These regions have the highest species richness outside of the tropics, particularly in vascular plant diversity, as well as high levels of endemism. International research activities and meetings have provided the opportunity for scholars to collaborate across MTC regions and have fostered an active comparative research environment from the 1960s to the present.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Plant species richness"

1

Timoney, Kevin P. "Plant Species Richness and Diversity". In SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science, 87–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10235-1_6.

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Ashton, Peter S. "Species Richness in Plant Communities". In Conservation Biology, 3–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6426-9_1.

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Zwölfer, H. "Species Richness, Species Packing, and Evolution in Insect-Plant Systems". In Ecological Studies, 301–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71630-0_14.

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Reddy, R. A., K. Balkwill e T. McLellan. "Plant species richness and diversity of the serpentine areas on the Witwatersrand". In Herbaceous Plant Ecology, 1–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2798-6_1.

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Wang, Zhenhong. "The dynamics of ecosystem restoration: theoretical considerations on the basis of species richness". In Plant Ecology in China, 25–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9993-8_3.

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Virtanen, R., T. Dirnböck, S. Dullinger, G. Grabherr, H. Pauli, M. Staudinger e L. Villar. "Patterns in the Plant Species Richness of European High Mountain Vegetation". In Ecological Studies, 149–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18967-8_6.

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Dickson, Timothy L., e Brian J. Wilsey. "Biodiversity and tallgrass prairie decomposition: the relative importance of species identity, evenness, richness, and micro-topography". In Herbaceous Plant Ecology, 275–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2798-6_23.

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Hettelingh, Jean-Paul, Carly J. Stevens, Maximilian Posch, Roland Bobbink e Wim de Vries. "Assessing the Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Plant Species Richness in Europe". In Environmental Pollution, 573–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9508-1_23.

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Swapna, Mahanand, Tamang Deeke Doma, Sikder Arunima, Gudasalamani Ravikanth, Muneeswaran Mariappan e Ganesan Rengaian. "Ecological Determinants of Woody Plant Species Richness in the Indian Himalayan Forest". In Spatial Modeling in Forest Resources Management, 103–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56542-8_4.

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Catalano, Chiara, Salvatore Pasta e Riccardo Guarino. "A Plant Sociological Procedure for the Ecological Design and Enhancement of Urban Green Infrastructure". In Future City, 31–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75929-2_3.

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AbstractUrban green infrastructure could represent an important mean for environmental mitigation, if designed according to the principles of restoration ecology. Moreover, if suitably executed, managed and sized, they may be assimilated to meta-populations of natural habitats, deserving to be included in the biodiversity monitoring networks. In this chapter, we combined automatised and expert opinion-based procedures in order to select the vascular plant assemblages to populate different microhabitats (differing in terms of light and moisture) co-occurring on an existing green roof in Zurich (Switzerland). Our results lead to identify three main plant species groups, which prove to be the most suitable for the target roof. These guilds belong to mesoxeric perennial grasslands (Festuco-Brometea), nitrophilous ephemeral communities (Stellarietea mediae) and drought-tolerant pioneer species linked to nutrient-poor soils (Koelerio-Corynephoretea). Some ruderal and stress-tolerant species referred to the class Artemisietea vulgaris appear to fit well with local roof characteristics, too. Inspired by plant sociology, this method also considers conservation issues, analysing whether the plants selected through our procedure were characteristic of habitats of conservation interest according to Swiss and European laws and directives. Selecting plant species with different life cycles and life traits may lead to higher plant species richness, which in turn may improve the functional complexity and the ecosystem services provided by green roofs and green infrastructure in general.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Plant species richness"

1

XU, Xiang, Hua-yong ZHANG e Hai-bao XU. "Patterns of plant species richness for nature reserves in subtropical zone, China". In The 2015 International Conference on Materials Engineering and Environmental Science (MEES2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814759984_0070.

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Taylor, Gary S. "Australian jumping plant lice and lerp insects (Hemiptera: Psylloidea): Species richness, systematics, invasives, and conservation". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112279.

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3

Degtyareva, S. I., e V. D. Dorofeeva. "METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE STATE OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS USING A TEST OBJECT". In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Voronezh, Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_49-55.

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To study the assessment of the state of forest ecosystems on the level of biodiversity of mosses and vascular plants in the Voronezh upland oak grove, a transect from the watershed to the reservoir was laid. The influence of geomorphological factors on the spore component – mossy and vascular plants-is considered. Taxonomic, ecological-biological, and geographical analyses of the flora were carried out. Geobotanical survey methods were used to assess the state of phytocenoses. The regularities in the ecotopic distribution of plants are revealed, taking into account the score and the projective coverage, and the parameters for assessing the biodiversity of ecosystems are proposed and used in research. Mosses and vascular plants manifest themselves differently in different phytocenoses, often without reflecting the features of landscape and ecological conditions. But, as the results showed, the majority of plant species (from 55.9% and above) belong to mesophytes. As a result, low indicators of species richness, species density, and generic.

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Renčo, Marek, Andrea Čerevková e Nicola Sasanelli. "Effects of invasive japanese knotweed on diversity and structure of soil nematode communities". In Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.43.

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In this study we investigated the communities of soil nematodes in the forest habitats invaded and uninvaded by Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr., in Tatra National Park, Slovakia. We found that invasion by F. japonica altered nematode communities and their structures. Total nematode abundance, species number and nematode biomass were significantly lower in invaded than uninvaded plots, but species diversity remained unaffected throughout the study. The overall abundance of all nematode trophic groups well represented the negative impact of F. japonica invasion on soil food webs, supported by low values of all maturity indices, a structural index and the Jaccard index of faunal similarity. A weighted faunal analysis similarly characterized the food webs of invaded plots as poorly developed or highly disturbed, with bacterial decomposition and a low C/N ratio. Our findings thus suggest that dense plots of knotweed simplify the structural complexity of the soil environment by reducing the richness of plant species, which may have contributed to the negative changes in the structures of the nematode communities.

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5

Woch, Marcin Wiktor, Paweł Kapusta, Małgorzata Stanek, Irena Grześ, Elżbieta Rożej-Pabijan e Anna Monika Stefanowicz. "Invasive Rosa rugosa Reduces the Species Richness of Yellow Dune Vegetation and Causes a Shift in the Species Composition of Grey Dune Vegetation". In The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Diversity (IECD 2022)—New Insights into the Biodiversity of Plants, Animals and Microbes. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecd2022-12414.

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6

Tabeta, Shigeru, Ken Okamoto, Takayoshi Kato, Rikito Hisamatsu, Hiroaki Muto, Akinori Hino, Motohiko Murai, Sho Ito, Daisuke Kitazawa e Takeshi Kinoshita. "Environmental Regeneration for a Small-Scale Beach “Heda-Mihama Project”". In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95596.

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Abstract In 1950’s and 1960’s, Mihama beach in Heda Bay located on western coast of Izu peninsular had been famous for the richness in shell fauna, for example, about 400 species including rare ones were collected. In 2000’s, however, the impoverishment of ecosystem function has become considerable, which led us to project the investigation on the origin and restoration. The authors carried out field survey in 2007–2008 and found that the impoverishment of Mihama is derived not from surface water but from the benthic environment. The measured water current at the site was quite small, which indicated the water exchange was very weak. It must be one of the main causes of unfavorable benthic environment. Thus environmental regeneration plans for Mihama was proposed in which the pears blocking the water current be removed. In order to assess the effect of proposed plans, simulation-based habitat evaluation was conducted. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport models were developed to reproduce the characteristics of currents and predict the sediment size around Mihama. For the assessment of the ecological status, HEP (Habitat Evaluation Procedure) was employed, in which one of the typical species of bivalves is chosen as a target species. Water depth, sediment size, friction velocity at the bottom, etc. were considered as the environmental factors for the target species. The suitability indices (SI) for each environmental factors were calculated by using the results of hydrodynamic and sediment transport simulations. By using the developed scheme, total habitat unit was evaluated for the proposed regeneration plans and compared to that without countermeasures. It was predicted that the removal of the piers will improve the habitat condition in the target site. Based on the proposal by the authors, a water pathway under the pier was built in 2009. The authors conducted field survey again in 2014 and confirmed that the benthic environment has been improved.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Plant species richness"

1

Isbell, Forest I., e Brian J. Wilsey. Increasing Native Plant Species Richness can Increase Ecosystem Multifunctionality under Intense Livestock Grazing. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1266.

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2

Leis, Sherry, e Mary Short. George Washington Carver National Monument plant community report: 2004–2020. A cura di Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, dicembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288500.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network completed its sixth year of plant community monitoring at George Washington Carver National Monument in 2020. Plant community monitoring focused on the restored prairie community. We visited seven monitoring sites in each of the six years and collected data on plant species and ground cover. In this report we also included two environmental factors—precipitation and recent fire history—to better understand the vegetation community status and trends. Since 2000, precipitation has often been below the 30-year normal. Moreover, annual precipitation was below normal for all but one of the monitoring years. We found that the drought in 2012 stood out as possibly influencing plant guild cover. Although prairies are adapted to drought, further analyses might reveal more about the role of climate change in these vegetation communities. Fire management also plays an important role in shaping plant communities. Prescribed fire occurrence became more frequent and consistent through the period of plant monitoring. Additional treatments, including herbicide and mowing, also supported a healthy prairie. The prairie plant community continues to be moderately diverse despite recent increases in tree seedlings and small saplings. Species richness in 2012 was different than in two of the six years monitored. However, diversity indices (H′ and J′) were very similar across monitored years. Species guilds (also known as functional groups) exhibited differing patterns. Woody plants, long a concern at the monument, were statistically similar across years. In 2020, grass-like species increased, but grass species appeared to have declined below prior years. Grass cover in 2004 was statistically different (greater) than in 2008 and 2020. The reasons for this are not clear. Of particular interest to the park is the status of two sumac species (Rhus glabra and R. copallinum). These species were in decline as a result of focused management actions since 2012. However, the blackberry species (Rubus spp.) seemed to be replacing the sumac in some sites. In 2020, nonnative species richness and cover were below peak levels, demonstrating management actions have been successful in maintaining low levels. The vegetation monitoring protocol experienced some changes between 2004 and 2020. A key difference was a shift from sampling twice during the field season to sampling only once in a monitoring year. Although a decline in species richness was anticipated, that pattern was not apparent. However, the abundance of grasses may have been affected by the shift in seasonality of sampling. Additionally, we remedied inconsistencies in how tree regeneration was recorded (stem tallies in some cases and cover estimates in other cases). We converted all cover data to stem tallies and density was calculated to be consistent with the protocol. The monument has had success with coordinating fire management and invasive species management. A decrease in sumac across the prairie is evidence of this success. These actions will continue to be important for maintaining the prairie in good condition into the future.

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3

Leis, Sherry, e Lloyd Morrison. Plant community trends at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve: 1998–2018. National Park Service, ottobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294512.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network monitors plant communities at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve and evaluates a variety of environmental variables that aﬀect vegetation patterns, including climate and ecological disturbances such as ﬁre and grazing. Here we report on 2002–2018 trends in management actions (ﬁre and grazing) and key plant community indicators. Temperature has increased over the past 50 years in the region. Precipitation and a standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index included a high degree of interannual variability and did not demonstrate directional change. We documented a decline in disturbance intensity (i.e., less frequent prescribed ﬁre and lower stocking rates) since 2006. A preserve goal is to maintain 30 to 60% of the area as bare ground (soil and rock) for ideal greater prairie-chicken habitat. Bare areas have been in decline and minimally meet the goal preserve wide. Bare areas vary by pasture and year, with bare areas exceeding the threshold in earlier years and Big Pasture and Red House Pasture falling short in some recent years. Although the preserve-scale mean minimally met the objective, there was a great deal of heterogeneity across monitoring sites. Litter cover and depth were greater than ecological recommendations for the greater prairie-chicken, especially in 2018. Litter depth demonstrated a great deal of variability and included deep litter. Woody plants were targeted to remain below 5% cover. Preserve- and pasture-scale cover means were well below this threshold but are increasing. Species richness on a per site basis (alpha diversity) and preserve-wide richness (gamma diversity) showed no apparent directional change when corrected for diﬀerences in sample size. Comparison of native species composition between 2002 and 2018 revealed a 36.9% diﬀerence in the Sørensen Index, although observer error accounted for almost 2/3 of this apparent change. The preserve continues to have characteristic tallgrass prairie species, and nonnative species continue to be low. Similar to targeted invasive plant monitoring, we found the target species Kentucky bluegrass to be below park thresholds. Continued evaluation of ﬁre frequency and grazing intensity will be critical to achieving ecological goals including conserving the greater prairie-chicken. Development of a grazing plan may assist with prescribing stocking rates that are consistent with the preserve’s ecological and cultural objectives and could include alternative herbivores, such as goats or expansion of bison.

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4

Bortz, Tyler, Molly Davis e Ryan Manuel. Plant community composition and structure monitoring at Fort Laramie National Historic Site: 2020 data report. National Park Service, aprile 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293003.

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This report presents the results of vegetation monitoring efforts in 2020 at Fort Laramie National Historic Site (FOLA) by the Northern Great Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network (NGPN) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). This was the tenth year of combined monitoring efforts. Crew members from USGS visited 9 long-term monitoring plots to collect data on the plant communities at FOLA. This work is part of a long-term monitoring effort designed to provide a better understanding of the condition of the vegetation community at FOLA and how it changes over time. USGS staff measured species richness, herb-layer height, native and non-native species abundance, ground cover, and site disturbance at each of the nine plots. In plots where woody species were present, tree regeneration, tall shrub density, tree density, and woody fuel loads were also measured. Data collection at seven plots was incomplete, where only point-intercept, site disturbance, and invasive species presence data were collected, while in two plots the previously listed protocols as well as the quadrat protocol were performed. In 2020, the monitoring crews identified 44 unique plant species in 9 monitoring plots. Of those species, 19 were exotic species. In a majority of plots (5 of 9), there was a greater percent of native species cover compared to exotic species cover. However, exotic plants were found at every plot in FOLA. No rare species were observed during our surveys

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5

Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring trends in restored tallgrass prairie at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield: 2008–2020. National Park Service, aprile 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293117.

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Plant community monitoring at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield (NB) focused on the restored tallgrass prairie community. Six monitoring sites were visited four times and observations of plant species and ground cover were made. In addition to those observations, we included two environmental factors in this report—precipitation and recent fire history—to help understand the vegetation data status and trends. Precipitation data (standardized vegetation index) indicated drought conditions in 2012 and some dry periods in 2016. Although prairies are adapted to drought, we found that species richness at the site and community scales (alpha and gamma diversity) were reduced in dry years. Fire management also plays an important role in shaping the plant communities. Prescribed fire occurrence became less frequent through the monitoring period. Also, additional treatments, including herbicide and mowing, likely shaped the prairie community. Tree regeneration and nonnative plants in particular may have been affected by these techniques. The prairie plant community continues to be moderately diverse despite recent increases in tree seedlings and small saplings. Species richness varied over time and was correlated with precipitation; diversity indices (H′ and J′) were similar across monitored years. Species guilds (also known as functional groups) demonstrated differing patterns. Woody plants, long a concern at the park, were abundant and statistically similar across years. Many guilds were quite variable across the sites, but nonnative forbs declined, and nonnative grasses increased. Overstory trees and canopy cover, measured for the first time in 2020, have likely influenced the composition of one site. The composition of this site points to a shrubland-savanna community. Four of the sites tended towards shrubland rather than tallgrass prairie. The vegetation monitoring protocol experienced some changes between 2008 and 2020. A key difference was a shift from sampling twice during the field season to sampling only once in a monitoring year. An anticipated decline in species richness was observed in 2012 and 2016, but we were unable to isolate sample design as the cause. Additionally, we remedied inconsistencies in how tree regeneration was recorded by tallying seedlings and saplings in the field. Our quality assurance procedures indicated that our observer error from pseudoturnover was 20.2%, meeting our expectations. Cover class estimates agreed 73% of the time, with all disagreements within one cover class. Coordinating management actions to achieve plant community goals like structure and composition of tallgrass prairie will be critical to the survival of the prairie species at the park. Fire and nonnative plant treatments along with the reduction of woody cover including trees are needed to arrest the transition to savanna and woodland community types. Frequent prescribed fire is an integral process for this community and there is no equivalent substitute. Continued focus on management for the desired tallgrass prairie community will also provide needed habitat for imperiled pollinators such as the monarch butterfly. Best management practices for pollinators on federal lands specify that treatments (prescribed fire, mowing or haying) should not occur during the blooming season or when pollinator breeding, egg, larval or pupal stages are present.

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6

Broshot, Nancy. The Effects of Urbanization and Human Disturbance Upon Plant Community Structure and Bird Species Richness, Diversity, and Abundance in a Natural Forested Area (Forest Park) in Portland, Oregon. Portland State University Library, gennaio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5846.

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7

Peitz, David, e Naomi Reibold. Bird community monitoring at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Missouri: Status report 2008–2020. A cura di Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287875.

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Breeding bird surveys were initiated on Wilson’s Creek National Monument, Missouri, in 2008 to assess temporal changes in the species composition and abundance of birds on the park and to improve our understanding of relationships between breeding birds and their habitat and the effects of management actions, such as invasive plant species control and tree thinning, on bird populations. Birds were sampled using point counts with 38 variable circular plots located on a systematic grid of 400 x 400-m cells (originating from a random start point). All birds seen or heard on a plot during a 5-min sampling period were recorded. In the 13 years since initiating our breeding bird survey, birds were surveyed on as many of the 38 variable circular plots as possible each year, resulting in 444 cumulative plot visits. Surveys have yielded records for 119 different species of birds. Ninety-eight of the species recorded are classified as permanent or summer residents to the area, 18 are classified as transients in the area, and 3 as winter residents to the area. Eight breeding species recorded are considered species of conservation concern for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region, the bird conservation region in which Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield is located. Of the 98 breeding species recorded, 12 species in grassland habitat and 15 in woodland habitat occurred in numbers large enough to calculate annual abundances with some degree of confidence. Trends in abundance were classified as uncertain for most species, which means that no significant increases or decreases occurred but it is not certain that trends were <5% per year. The Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) population in grassland habitat was stable. The Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) and Eastern Wood-pewee (Contopus virens) populations in woodland habitat were in moderate decline. Comparing population trends on the park with regional trends for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region suggests that the bird community at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield is faring similarly to that of the region as a whole. Stable diversity, richness, and evenness values suggest that the park’s habitat has remained consistent in its ability to meet the requirements of many of the park’s breeding bird species. Any decline in species richness could reflect habitat management practices, but it could also reflect the influences of larger-scale factors such as weather or climatic conditions on vegetation. Therefore, continued monitoring of birds and their habitats on Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield as management and weather and climatic conditions change is essential for park management.

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8

Peitz, David. Bird community monitoring at Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas: Status report 2008–2021. A cura di Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, settembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294263.

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Breeding bird surveys were initiated on Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas in 2008 to assess temporal changes in the species composition and abundance of birds on the park. These data also improve our understanding of relationships between breeding birds and their habitat and the effects of management actions, such as invasive plant species control and tree thinning, on bird populations. Birds were sampled using point counts with 99 variable circular plots located on a systematic grid of 400 x 400-m cells (originating from a random start point). All birds seen or heard on a plot during a 5-minute sampling period were recorded. We surveyed for breeding birds in eight of the last 14 years on as many of the 99 variable circular plots as possible each year, resulting in 592 cumulative plot visits. Surveys have yielded records for 111 different species of birds. Ninety-three of the species recorded are classified as permanent or summer residents to the area, 11 as winter residents to the area, six as transients in the area, and one as a migrant through the area. Nine breeding species recorded are considered species of conservation concern for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region, the bird conservation region Pea Ridge National Military Park is located within. Of the 93 breeding species recorded, 4 species occurred in grassland and 11 in woodland habitats in numbers large enough to calculate annual abundances with some degree of confidence. However, only the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), Eastern Wood-pewee (Contopus virens), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), and Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) in woodland habitats demonstrated any trends (moderate to strong increases) in abundance. Trends in abundance were classified as uncertain for the rest of the species in both grassland and woodland habitats, which means that no significant increases or decreases occurred, but it is not certain that trends were < 5% per year. Comparisons of population trends on the park with regional trends for the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region suggest that the bird community at Pea Ridge National Military Park is faring similarly to or slightly better than that of the region as a whole. Stable diversity, richness, and evenness values suggest that the park’s habitat has remained consistent in its ability to meet the requirements of many of the park’s breeding bird species. Any increase or decline in species richness could reflect habitat management practices but could also reflect the influences of larger-scale factors such as weather or climatic conditions on vegetation. Therefore, continued monitoring of birds and their habitats on Pea Ridge National Military Park as management and climatic conditions change is essential for park management. - -

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9

Boyle, Maxwell, e Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, gennaio 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2290019.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. The first year of conducting this monitoring effort at four SECN parks, including 52 plots on Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA), was 2019. Twelve vegetation plots were established at Cape Hatteras NS in July and August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cape Hatteras National Seashore in 2019. Data were stratified across four dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands, Maritime Nontidal Wetlands, Maritime Open Uplands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and four land parcels (Bodie Island, Buxton, Hatteras Island, and Ocracoke Island). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 265 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 52 vegetation plots, including 13 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens), swallow-wort (Pattalias palustre), and marsh fimbry (Fimbristylis castanea) Maritime Nontidal Wetlands: common wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), saltmeadow cordgrass, eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), and saw greenbriar (Smilax bona-nox) Maritime Open Uplands: sea oats (Uniola paniculata), dune camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), and seabeach evening-primrose (Oenothera humifusa) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: : loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), common wax-myrtle, and live oak (Quercus virginiana). Five invasive species identified as either a Severe Threat (Rank 1) or Significant Threat (Rank 2) to native plants by the North Carolina Native Plant Society (Buchanan 2010) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides; 2%), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 10%), Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum; 2%), European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%), and common chickweed (Stellaria media; 2%). Eighteen rare species tracked by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (Robinson 2018) were found during this monitoring effort, including two species—cypress panicgrass (Dichanthelium caerulescens) and Gulf Coast spikerush (Eleocharis cellulosa)—listed as State Endangered by the Plant Conservation Program of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCPCP 2010). Southern/eastern red cedar was a dominant species within the tree stratum of both Maritime Nontidal Wetland and Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Other dominant tree species within CAHA forests included loblolly pine, live oak, and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica). One hundred percent of the live swamp bay (Persea palustris) trees measured in these plots were experiencing declining vigor and observed with symptoms like those caused by laurel wilt......less

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10

Boyle, M., e Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Fort Matanzas National Monument: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, maggio 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293409.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at four SECN parks, including Fort Matanzas National Monument (FOMA). Nine vegetation plots, located on Anastasia and Rattlesnake Islands, were established at Fort Matanzas National Monument in June. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Fort Matanzas National Monument in 2019. Data were stratified across two dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Upland Forests/Shrublands and Maritime Open Uplands). Noteworthy findings include: Eighty-two vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across nine vegetation plots, including eight species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), and American burnweed (Erectites hieraciifolius). Maritime Open Uplands: sea oats (Uniola paniculata), earleaf greenbriar (Smilax auriculata), and dixie sandmat (Euphorbia bombensis). ne non-native species, Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolia), categorized as invasive by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC 2019) was encountered in one Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plot during this monitoring effort. There were not any rare plants tracked by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS 2020) found during this monitoring effort. All plants located in these monitoring plots are fairly common throughout Florida, as well as across the Southeast Coast. Three species observed, however, are on the FDACS 2020 list of commercially exploited plants within the state. These include saw palmetto, cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum), and coontie (Zamia integrifolia var. umbrosa). Southern/eastern red cedar and cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto) were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of the Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat type. Species that dominated the sapling and seedling strata of this type included yaupon and cabbage palmetto. More than 75% of the trees measured in the parks Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat type were alive and experiencing healthy vigor. Of the 22 trees that were dead, more than 50% of those were southern/eastern red cedar. Most of those individuals that were observed with moderate or severe decline and greater than 50% dieback were southern/eastern red cedars. Although red bay (Persea borbonia) was identified as one of the “principal understory tree” species within Fort Matanzas National Monument’s maritime forests in 2004 (Zomlefer et al. 2004), tree-sized individuals were rarely detected on plots during this monitoring effort. This may be in part due to the detection of laurel wilt disease within St. Johns County in 2006 (USDA 2021). Based on the low detection...

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