Bibliografie tematiche / Plant bioassay

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Plant bioassay"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 30 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Plant bioassay"

1

McKenzie, C. L., e B. Cartwright. "Susceptibility of Aphis gossypii (Glover) to Insecticides as Affected by Host Plant Using a Rapid Bioassay". Journal of Entomological Science 29, n. 3 (1 luglio 1994): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.3.289.

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The susceptibility of Aphis gossypii (Glover) reared on watermelon or cotton to seven insecticides was determined using a Petri dish bioassay. Baseline susceptibility values to each insecticide for susceptible laboratory A. gossypii colonies varied between host plants, but aphids reared on cotton were generally more tolerant to insecticides than aphids from watermelon. The ratio of relative susceptibility of cotton aphids to melon aphids was as much as 1000 with dimethoate or 415 with bifenthrin, however, no significant differences in susceptibility was observed with chlorpyrifos between aphid populations from the two host plants. Orders of toxicity for the seven insecticides varied between host plant, but on watermelon, the order of toxicity was bifenthrin > oxydemeton-methyl > methomyl > dicrotophos > dimethoate > chlorpyrifos > endosulfan. Because of the wide range of response to insecticide doses observed with bifenthrin on melon aphid and with dimethoate and endosulfan against cotton aphid, use of the Petri dish bioassay method as a discriminating-dose field bioassay for these insecticides may not provide consistent estimations of the resistant nature of field populations. Bioassay data taken at 3 h were generally more consistent and provided a more predictive mortality model than those taken at 2 or 4 h for most insecticides. LC50 values estimated for dimethoate with melon aphids using leaf-spray or leaf residue bioassays differed little from LC50 values estimated with the Petri dish bioassay. Because Petri dish bioassays cost less than half as much as plant-based bioassays, provide comparable results, and require less assay time, this method is more suitable for use in monitoring for insecticide resistance in melon aphid.
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Araújo, Ademir Sérgio Ferreira, e Regina Teresa Rosim Monteiro. "Plant bioassays to assess toxicity of textile sludge compost". Scientia Agricola 62, n. 3 (giugno 2005): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000300013.

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Composting of industrial wastes is increasing because of recycling requirements set on organic wastes. The evaluation of toxicity of these wastes by biological testing is therefore extremely important for screening the suitability of waste for land application. The toxicity of a textile sludge compost was investigated using seed germination and plant growth bioassays using soybean and wheat. Compost samples were mixed with water (seed germination bioassay) or nutrient solution (plant growth bioassay) at concentrations of 0, 19, 38, 76 and 152 g L-1. No negative effects were observed after five days of compost water-extract in relation to soybean and wheat seed germination. After fifteen days, under a hydroponics system, plant growth had harmful effects of the compost at concentrations above 38 g L-1. Textile sludge compost presented great phytotoxicity under hydroponics condition and the soybean and wheat were sensitive for evaluation of organic wastes in plant growth bioassays.
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3

Kemppainen, R., H. Avikainen, M. Herranen, O. Reinikainen e R. Tahvonen. "PLANT BIOASSAY FOR SUBSTRATES". Acta Horticulturae, n. 644 (febbraio 2004): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.644.28.

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4

Ortega, Marta, José L. Alonso-Prados, Mercedes Villarroya e José M. García-Baudín. "Detection of Phytotoxic Soil Residues of Hexazinone and Simazine by a Biological Test Using Lepidium sativum L. var. Cresson". Weed Technology 18, n. 3 (settembre 2004): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-055.

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Current plant bioassays included in the guidelines for testing pesticides do not include the measurement of reproduction endpoints. A bioassay, based on reduction of flowering of cress was developed to detect soil residues of hexazinone and simazine at levels of 0.02 and 0.10 ppm, respectively. The endpoint used in the described bioassay is the percentage of plant viability that implies that the tested plants have reached the flowering stage. It was found that sensitivity of cress is lower in soils containing higher organic matter.
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5

Khalil, Yaseen, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, Phil Ward, Colin Piggin, Sze How Bong, Shabarinath Nambiar, Robert Trengove e Ken Flower. "A bioassay for prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin detection and quantification in soil and crop residues". Crop and Pasture Science 69, n. 6 (2018): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18026.

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Three experiments were conducted to develop a bioassay method for assessing the bioavailability of prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin in both crop residue and soil. In preliminary experiments, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) were tested as bioassay plant species for the three pre-emergent herbicides. Four growth parameters (shoot length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight) were measured for all plant species. Shoot-length inhibition was identified as the most responsive to the herbicide application rates. Italian ryegrass was the most sensitive species to all tested herbicides, whereas beetroot and cucumber had lower and similar sensitivity to shoot inhibition for the three herbicides. The bioassay species performed similarly in wheat and canola residues collected a few days after harvest. In bioassay calibration experiments, dose–response curves were developed for prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin in a sandy loam soil typical of the grain belt of Western Australia and with wheat residue. The developed bioassay uses ryegrass shoot inhibition for relatively low suspected concentrations of herbicide, and cucumber shoot inhibition for higher rates. The bioassay was validated by spraying the three herbicides separately onto wheat residue and soil and comparing the concentrations derived from chemical analysis with those from the bioassay. All of the linear correlations between concentrations derived from chemical analyses and the bioassays were highly significant. These results indicate that the bioassay calibration curves are suitable for estimating herbicide concentrations in crop residue collected soon after harvest and a sandy-loam soil, low in organic matter.
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Heap, I. M. "Identification and documentation of herbicide resistance". Comptes rendus 75, n. 4 (12 aprile 2005): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706075ar.

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Proactive herbicide resistance management programs rely upon early detection of resistant populations and knowledge of which combinations of weed and herbicide are prone to the development of resistance. Annual weeds that are prolific seed producers, genetically diverse, and repeatedly exposed to a single herbicide mode of action, are prone to rapid development of resistance. When resistance is suspected, seed samples are collected and evaluated using a whole plant bioassay. Whole plant bioassays are conducted underfield, growth room, or Petri dish conditions. Complete dose response curves for the suspected resistant and a reference susceptible population are used to verify resistance. Bioassay, conducted in growth rooms, is the most reliable method for identification of new cases of herbicide resistance. Bioassays, based on the biochemical detection of a single mechanism of resistance, are not reliable for screening for new occurrences of resistance.
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Matthiessen, J. N., e M. A. Shackleton. "Advantageous attributes of larval whitefringed weevil, Naupactus leucoloma (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for bioassaying soil fumigants, and responses to pure and plant-derived isothiocyanates". Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, n. 4 (agosto 2000): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530000047x.

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AbstractFirst instars of the soil-inhabiting whitefringed weevil, Naupactus leucoloma(Boheman), are a particularly good bioassay model for assessing volatile soil fumigants and biofumigants. Eggs are readily obtained and can be stored for long periods with larvae hatched on demand and the first instar is non-feeding, surviving without food or shelter. Longevity varies with temperature, but readily accommodates the period required to conduct bioassays without appreciable mortality of untreated controls. In vitro bioassays of pure methyl isothiocyanate, the active ingredient from metham sodium soil fumigant, and the less volatile 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, sensitively detected differences in toxicity and effects of temperature. Bioassay of volatiles emitted from hydrolysed tissue of various isothiocyanate-producing Brassicaplants revealed widely varying toxicity effects, indicating that bioassays with N. leucoloma are a sensitive and relevant indicator of the potential of different plants for biofumigation of soil-borne pest organisms.
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Han, D. Y., D. L. Coplin, W. D. Bauer e H. A. J. Hoitink. "A Rapid Bioassay for Screening Rhizosphere Microorganisms for Their Ability to Induce Systemic Resistance". Phytopathology® 90, n. 4 (aprile 2000): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.4.327.

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We developed a rapid and miniaturized bioassay for screening large numbers of rhizosphere microorganisms for their ability to induce systemic resistance to bacterial leaf spot of radish caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae. In this bioassay, Pantoea agglomerans strain E278Ar controlled symptoms of disease as effectively as 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid when applied to the roots of seedlings produced in growth pouches in a soilless system. E278Ar essentially did not migrate from seedling roots to the foliage. This suggests that induction of systemic resistance could best explain the observed reduction in disease severity. Three mini-Tn5Km-induced mutants of strain E278Ar were isolated that had lost the ability to induce resistance. The bioassay also was used to demonstrate that the fungal biocontrol agent Trichoderma hamatum strain 382 induces systemic resistance in radish. The bioassay required only 14 to 18 days from seeding until rating for disease severity, which is 10 to 14 days less than earlier bioassays.
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Aalders, L. T., R. Minchin, R. A. Hill, M. Braithwaite, N. L. Bell e A. Stewart. "Development of a tomato/root knot nematode bioassay to screen beneficial microbes". New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (1 agosto 2009): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4802.

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In common with other root knot nematodes Meloidogyne hapla is a serious plant pest A rapid screening system for candidate microbes that benefit plant growth is a first step to developing screening bioassays in other plantnematode systems Cultures of M hapla established on tomatoes were used to define the nematode damage function and required bioassay duration for this plantpest system followed by scaleup to a glasshouse level The quantities of Meloidogyne inoculum were chosen such that they would cause minor moderate or severe plant damage; hence the degree of protection afforded by the microbes in bioassays could be readily evaluated An inoculation rate of 3542 eggs/plant caused a significant reduction in shoot weight (30) and an increase in root galling in excess of 50 Percentage of root gall and root gall index were good indicators of nematode impact and provide a relatively quick method of assessment
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Elden, T. C. "Laboratory Screening Techniques for Evaluation of Soybean Germplasm for Resistance to Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)". Journal of Entomological Science 34, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1999): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-34.1.132.

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Thirty-one soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, accessions from maturity groups II through VIII were evaluated in excised and intact (whole plant) leaf bioassays to determine the ability of these bioassays to detect differences in susceptibility to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Although there were few significant differences between bioassays for variables measured within maturity groupings, the excised leaf bioassay which was easier to set up and monitor and took three-fourths less growth chamber space also had less variation among replications and repeated tests and detected a greater number of differences among accessions. Although there were significant differences among soybean accessions within a maturity group for specific variables, results suggest that high levels of resistance to the twospotted spider mite are not present in the germplasm screened. Several accessions screened, with known resistance to foliar feeding insects, were significantly less preferred for spider mite oviposition and development. However, it was apparent that the gene(s) controlling insect resistance do not impart the same level of resistance to the twospotted spider mite. Results of this study, based on differences in susceptibility among soybean accessions, demonstrate that the excised leaf bioassay should prove to be an efficient and uniform laboratory bioassay to screen soybean germplasm for resistance to the twospotted spider mite.
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Tesi sul tema "Plant bioassay"

1

Pisula, Nikki Leigh. "Does evolutionary exposure mediate allelopathic effects? /". View online, 2010. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131524889.pdf.

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Hudson, Christine Cecilia. "Isolation of signal transduction inhibitors by bioassay-directed fractionation of plant extracts". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30636.

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Castillo-Ruiz, Priscila. "Plant activation of different chemicals by tobacco and brassica cell cultures, using the plant cellmicrobe coincubation assay". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39239.

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In this study, the ability of various chemicals to be biotransformed into mutagens by plant cells was investigated. Two thiocarbamate herbicides, diallate and triallate, the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorsulfuron, and the aniline derivative m-phenylenediamine were tested for their ability to revert Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA100 and TA98) in the presence and absence of Nicotiana tabacum (TX1) cell cultures in liquid suspension. Chlorsulfuron and m-phenylenediamine were also tested in the presence and absence of Brassica napus cv. 'Topas' cells. Diallate was found to be activated by TX1 cells into a mutagen that induces base-pair substitution mutations. In the presence of the TX1 plant cell line, chlorsulfuron significantly increased the number of mutations on the strain TA98 of Salmonella. Tobacco TX1 cells did not activate triallate into a mutagen. m-Phenylenediamine was activated into a mutagen by TX1 and Brassica cells as detected by Salmonella TA98. This aniline derivative, in the absence of plant cells and at concentrations higher than 20 $ mu$ Moles/plate, was also able to significantly increase the number of TA98 revertants as compared to the control plants. Finally, Brassica napus cells activated chlorsulfuron into a mutagen that induces frameshift mutations.
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Adewusi, Emmanuel Adekanmi. "Evaluation of the effect of Pelargonium reniforme Curtis extract on alcohol induced liver damage in Nkonkobe Municipality Eastern Cape Province South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/263.

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Alcohol abuse is a very common practice (just like in many other parts of the world) in Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. This is associated with liver disease. An ethnobotanical survey of plants used for the treatment of alcohol-induced liver damage in Nkonkobe Municipality was conducted. During the survey and also from information gathered in the literature, Pelargonium reniforme Curtis, was prominently mentioned, among other plants, as the species used generally for the treatment of alcohol-induced liver damage. This project was designed to evaluate the effects of the plant on alcohol-induced liver damage, including its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. It also involves safety evaluation studies to determine if the plant is safe for consumption. Studies using rats of the Wistar strain were carried out to determine the protective and curative effects of P. reniforme on alcohol-induced liver damage. Results obtained showed that the plant extract can protect the liver cells as well as enhance recovery from tissue damage. The plant also showed good antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and this further validates its use in the treatment of liver diseases. Safety evaluation studies of the extract were carried out by investigating the effects of the oral administration on some haematological and biochemical parameters in male Wistar rats. The results obtained from the study suggest that the plant extract is not toxic at the doses used and is therefore safe for medicinal uses. The results of the various bioassays carried out in this project have justified the traditional uses of P. reniforme for the treatment of alcohol-induced liver damage.
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Voigt, Astrid. "Bioavailability of trace metals to plants". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19561.

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Soil quality guidelines are currently based on total trace metal loads. There is a need to define indices of bioavailability to allow reasonable predictions for plant metal uptake and toxicity in soils. Trace metal toxicities to plants often correlate best with free metal ion activities. The first objective was to develop a plant bioassay that is sensitive to trace metals at concentrations realistic for soils. The root elongation of lettuce Lactuca sativa 'Buttercrunch' was used as toxicological endpoint. This endpoint was sensitive and reproducible to environmentally relevant concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The second objective was to test whether free metal ion activities are constant predictors of metal toxicities in synthetic solutions and in soil extracts that differ in their concentrations of cations and ligands. The root elongation assay was used to test this hypothesis. In synthetic solutions, the rhizotoxicity of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn decreased with increasing Ca and H concentrations. This could not be explained with the effect of higher cationic concentrations on root growth or on solution speciation. It was concluded that Ca and H inhibited the rhizotoxicity of all metals tested. The rhizotoxicity of Cu and Cd was further examined in soil extracts. Both metals became less rhizotoxic at higher H and dissolved organic matter concentrations. The rhizotoxicity endpoints from the experiments in synthetic solution were used to develop parameters for a Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The BLM accounts for solution speciation and interprets cationic inhibition of rhizotoxicity as competition of metals with Ca and H for potential sites of rhizotoxicity. The BLM predicted metal rhizotoxicity better than the free metal ion activity in synthetic solutions and in soil extracts. Different models were tested against literature rhizotoxicity data for metals at different Ca and H concentrations. Predictions for metal rhizotoxicity given by BLM, Gouy-Chapman-Stern model and Freundlich equation model were compared with predictions based on free metal ion activities in solution. The BLM predicted rhizotoxicity most accurately. The BLM seems promising for predictions of metal toxicity and metal bioavailability in soils to support site-specific environmental risk assessments.
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Kotze, Danelle. "Production and pharmacological analysis of microcultures of Pelargonium sidoides DC and Pelargonium reniforme Curtis". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18115.

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Naman, Charles Benjamin. "Phytochemical Investigation of the Medicinal Plant Taxodium distichum and Library Screening of Thalictrum Alkaloids for New Antileishmanial Drug Leads". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429283826.

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Reed, Donna K. "Impact zone delineation for biological assessment of power plant effluent effects on snail populations in the Clinch River". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38639.

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Blanco, Carcache Peter Josephin. "Chemical Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Glycosmis ovoidea". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1580383951030389.

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Conan, Cécile. "Metabolomics investigations of seaweed extracts used as plant growth biostimulants and transcriptomic studies of their physiological effects on A. thaliana". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066760.

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Développer une agriculture durable et respectueuse de l’environnement, implique l’utilisation de biostimulants tels que les extraits de macro-algues marines dans le but d’améliorer la croissance des plantes ainsi que leur tolérance aux stress biotiques et abiotiques. Ces extraits commerciaux d’algues sont utilisés en agriculture afin de favoriser la nutrition des plantes, d’améliorer leur qualité nutritionnelle et d’accroitre leur rendement. Dans ce domaine quelques modes d’action ont été élucidés par le centre R&D des Laboratoires Goëmar-Arysta. Cependant, jusqu’à présent, les matières actives n’ont pas été identifiées via une approche classique de fractionnement bio-guidé. De ce fait, leurs mécanismes d’action restent non élucidés. L’objectif premier de ce projet de thèse était d’identifier ces molécules biostimulantes via une approche de fractionnement assistée par la métabolomique, réalisée sur des extraits d’algues commerciaux. Les analyses RMN et LC-MS réalisées sur ces extraits se sont révélées infructueuses dans l’identification de molécules candidates. Ainsi, un classique fractionnement bio-guidé a conduit à la purification d’une fraction favorisant la croissance des plantes. Les analyses U-HPLC-HR-MS réalisées sur cette fraction et ses sous-fractions ont permis d’identifier deux molécules candidates. Un procédé de fractionnement utilisé au cours de ce travail fait l’objet d’une procédure de dépôt de brevet, afin d’apporter une valeur ajoutée à ces extraits biostimulants et de valoriser de nouveaux produits. Le deuxième objectif de ce projet, était d’étudier les réponses physiologiques de la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana à l’aide d’analyse transcriptomique. Ceci afin d’élucider les voies métaboliques régulées suite à l’application d’un extrait d’algue produit par Goëmar et d’une fraction stimulante de croissance purifiée au cours de ce projet. L’analyse du transcriptome d’Arabidopsis thaliana révèle la régulation de voies métaboliques complétement différentes par l’extrait d’algues en comparaison de celles régulées par sa fraction purifiée. De plus, les gènes dérégulés par la fraction purifiée constituent des biomarqueurs potentiels de croissance chez les plantes qui pourront être utilisés pour assister l’isolement bio-guidé de molécules candidates. Finalement, ces deux approches combinant fractionnement bio-guidé et analyses métabolomiques sur l’extrait d’Ascophyllum nodosum ainsi que les analyses transcriptomiques réalisées apportent de nouvelles connaissances sur les structures et les modes d’action de molécules candidates
To further develop a sustainable agriculture, new bio-solutions include the use of biostimulants such as seaweed aqueous extracts to improve plant growth or/and alleviate the effect of biotic and abiotic stress. These commercial products aim to improve plant nutrition, in order to impact yield and quality parameters. In this domain, some modes of action have been proposed by the Goëmar-Arysta R&D center. However, the bioactive ingredients have not been identified so far, using classical methods of bioassay-guided fractionation. Therefore, their mechanisms of action remain also elusive. The aim of this thesis project was first to identify, using a strategy of metabolomic profiling of seaweed extracts, the bioactive compounds responsible for plant growth stimulation. The 1H-NMR-based profiling and LC-MS metabolomic analyses of commercial seaweed extracts were not suitable to identify candidate molecules that promote plant growth. A classical bioassay-guided fractionation achieved on a Goëmar extract provided a growth promoting purified fraction and further bioactive sub-fractions. The U-HPLC-HR-MS analyses of these sub-fractions highlighted two candidate molecules. A fractionation process used in this work should be patented in order to improve added-value of growth-promoting filtrate and valorize new by-products. In parallel, the physiological effects of these seaweed extracts were studied in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana through transcriptomic approaches in order to decipher patterns of gene regulation in response to a crude commercial extract and its purified fraction. The transcriptome in response to the application of seaweed extract was completely different of those obtained using its purified fraction. Genes dysregulated by this purified fraction provided potential biomarkers of plant growth that could be used. to assist the bioactive molecule isolation. Finally these two approaches combining, metabolomics-guided and bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, and global transcriptomics in Arabidopsis provided several new insights into the nature and structure of different molecules that trigger different physiological responses in plants
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Libri sul tema "Plant bioassay"

1

Plant bioassays. Houston, TX: Studium Press, 2009.

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2

Rasoanaivo, Philippe. Biological evaluation of plants with reference to the Malagasy flora. A cura di Ratsimamanga-Urverg Suzanne e Scott Gillian. [Antananarivo]: NAPRECA, 1993.

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3

1943-, Pandey S. N., a cura di. Water pollution. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House, 1990.

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4

Samecka-Cymerman, Aleksandra. Biogeochemiczna ekologia Scapania undulata (L.) Dum. w Sudetach. Wrocław: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1994.

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5

Chapman, Duane C. Toxicity and bioavailability of metals in the Missouri River adjacent to a metal refinery. Columbia, Mo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Reseach Center, 2001.

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6

Bioassays and other special techniques for plant hormones and plant growth regulators. [Ithaca, N.Y.]: Plant Growth Regulator Society of America, 1986.

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7

Bruhn, Jan G., e Lars Bohlin. Bioassay Methods in Natural Product Research and Drug Development. Springer, 2012.

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8

Lars, Bohlin, e Bruhn J. G, a cura di. Bioassay methods in natural product research and drug development. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1999.

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9

E, Norton Dale, Washington (State). Toxics Cleanup Program. e Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology. Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Program., a cura di. Early seedling growth protocol for soil toxicity screening. Olympia, Wash: Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Program, 1996.

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10

Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Methods Identification Analysis Bioassay And Pharmaceutical And Clinical Studies. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Plant bioassay"

1

Browning, Isla A. "Bioassay for Diagnosis of Plant Viruses". In Plant Pathology, 1–13. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-062-1_1.

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Elmqvist, T. "Plant Biodiversity". In Bioassay Methods in Natural Product Research and Drug Development, 1–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4810-8_1.

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3

Pestemer, Wilfried, e Petra Günther. "Growth Inhibition of Plants as a Bioassay for Herbicide Analysis". In Chemistry of Plant Protection, 219–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03156-8_8.

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Pouvreau, Jean-Bernard, Lucie Poulin, Sarah Huet e Philippe Delavault. "Strigolactone-Like Bioactivity via Parasitic Plant Germination Bioassay". In Methods in Molecular Biology, 59–73. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1429-7_6.

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Belesky, D. P., J. M. Fedders e R. J. Wright. "Short-term bioassay of Lotus corniculatus soil acidity tolerance". In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH, 931–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3438-5_104.

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Senthilkumar, M., N. Amaresan e A. Sankaranarayanan. "Estimation of Ethylene in Plant-Bioassay System: Gas Chromatography". In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 91–93. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1080-0_21.

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Lockhart, W. Lyle, Brian N. Billeck e Chris L. Baron. "Bioassays with a floating aquatic plant (Lemna minor) for effects of sprayed and dissolved glyphosate". In Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application, 353–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1896-2_33.

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Mielke, Stefan, e Debora Gasperini. "Plant–Insect Bioassay for Testing Arabidopsis Resistance to the Generalist Herbivore Spodoptera littoralis". In Jasmonate in Plant Biology, 69–78. New York, NY: Springer US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0142-6_5.

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Schnabel, Guido, Meng-jun Hu e Dolores Fernández-Ortuño. "Monitoring Resistance by Bioassay: Relating Results to Field Use Using Culturing Methods". In Fungicide Resistance in Plant Pathogens, 281–93. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55642-8_17.

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Bauer, R. "Cyclooxygenase and 5-Lipoxygenase as Targets for Medicinal Plant Research". In Bioassay Methods in Natural Product Research and Drug Development, 119–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4810-8_10.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Plant bioassay"

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Wang, Haibin, Jianghua Ye, Xiaoting Chen, Yuhua Wang, Li Ding, Xianghai Kong e Xiaoli Jia. "Data Analysis of Bioassay of tea plant soil on endogenous hormone of tea seedlings". In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Computation, Communication and Engineering (ICCCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccce48422.2019.9010786.

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Kul, D., Ç. Karakoyun, S. Yılmaz, AF Pirhan e E. Bedir. "Bioassay guided isolation of naphthoquinones from Onosma aksoyii, investigation of their cytotoxic properties". In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400003.

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STAPULIONYTĖ, Asta, Skaistė BONDZINSKAITĖ, Monika STRAVINSKAITĖ, Raimondas ŠIUKŠTA, Ričardas TARAŠKEVIČIUS e Tatjana ČĖSNIENĖ. "SOIL GENOTOXICITY BIOMONITORING IN RECULTIVATED FACTORY AREA USING THE CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR ASSAYS IN TWO PLANT TEST-SYSTEMS". In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.025.

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Soil pollution with industrial leftovers is of real danger to living organisms since harmful effects can arise after exposure to the contaminants in the soil. In our study, we applied a plant bioassay battery to monitor soil genotoxicity after short-term exposure to the soil. The soil was collected in 3 rounds: at the central part of the brownfield before (S-I) and after (S-III) topsoil removal, and at the brownfield periphery (S-II). The permissible value of the total contamination index is <16 and the corresponding values were 780 in S-I, 69 in S-II and 133 in S-III soil showing that whole brownfield territory is extremely polluted with heavy metals. Cytogenetic markers were recorded in Allium and Tradescantia test-systems and two types of molecular markers, RAPD and ISSR, were analysed in Allium. Our results revealed that the most polluted soil sample has induced an alarming increase of apoptotic cells in onion roots. Chromosome aberration and micronuclei frequency in Allium decreased inconsistently along with the pollution reduction in the soil. Increased frequencies of all cytogenetic markers were revealed in Tradescantia cuttings after exposure to the S-I soil extracts. Cluster analysis of Allium RAPD and ISSR markers showed that the most polluted soil samples induced genetic changes in onions different from those induced by the least polluted soil. Both plant test-systems in this study confirm that soil from the brownfield is harmful to plants and is potentially hazardous to humans.
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Tretiacova, Tatiana, Vladimir Todiras e Ana Gusan. "Eficacitatea produsului NEEM01 în combaterea păduchilor în livezi și spaţii protejate". In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.49.

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Considering the growing demand for organic production of food and registration-related problems, the number of pest management products that can be used in this sort of production is limited. In this study the efforts have been made to formulate the Neem oil emulsions which would be used as agrochemicals. Bioassays were performed on aphids (Myzodes persicae Sulz., Aphis gossypii Glow , Aphis pomi Deg.) in order to compare the insecticidal activity of the neem oil new preparative form NEEM-01 with that of the commercial biorational product Pelecol EO. The bioassays conducted on the aphids demonstrated that the NEEM-01 aplicated at the doze 8,0 l/ha was not effective as the commercial product Pelecol EO. But at the doze 10,0 l/ha new preparative form of neem oil has demonstrated a good biological effectiveness during 7 days after two treatments.
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Proto, Mariagrazia, e Ronan Courtney. "Use of Plant Bioassays for Assessing Mine Tailings Rehabilitation Strategies". In The 6th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/iceptp21.lx.107.

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Stingaci, Aurelia, e Leonid Volosciuc. "Isolate locale ale baculovirului entomopatogenic ca o tehnologie de formulare inovatoare, care protejează biopesticidul din degradare a radiației ultraviolete". In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.91.

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This paper presents the conceptual conceptual vision a formulation technology for biopesticides in which the active ingredient (baculovirus) is an active coal. Importantly, this indgredient protects the sen-sitive viral DNA from degrading in sunlight, but dissolves in the alkaline insect gut to release the virus, which then infects and kills the pest. We show, using this ingredient, in both laboratory bioassays and field tests, that this can extend the efficacy of the biopesticide well beyond the few hours of existing virus formulations, potentially increasing the spray interval and reducing the need for high application rates. Are presented both theoretical foundations and practical applications and described the results oriented for implementation and functionality of organic agriculture in Republic of Moldova.
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Tretiacova, Tatiana, Vladimir Todiras e Ana Gusan. "Produs nou biorațional pentru combaterea dăunătorilor în spaţii protejate". In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.94.

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The article presents the results of pesticidal activity study of product elaborated on the neem oil base. Bioassays were performed on aphids and spider mites in order to compare the pesticidal activity of new preparative form NEEM-01 with that of the commercial biorational products Pelecol and MatrinBio. The product NEEM- 01at a dose of 10 l/ ha has potential as aphicide and acaricide, although in terms of efficacy in controlling aphids and mites it is different. NEEM-01 was quite effective against the aphid population compared to spider mites, which are more mobile, ceasing to feed on the treated leaf. A higher mortality of pests with higher biological efficacy of NEEM- 01 was achieved after two treat-ments with an interval of 10 days between them. The results are preliminary, the research continues.
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Lima Rita de Cassia, L., L. Kato, KT Kongstad, AK Jäger e D. Staerk. "Dual high-resolution α-glucosidase/PTP1B bioassays coupled with HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR for investigation of 'Insulin plants' (Myrcia sp.) as new medicines for type 2 diabetes". In GA 2017 – Book of Abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608249.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Plant bioassay"

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Carbaugh, Eugene H. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UO3 PLANT BIOASSAY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/983733.

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Yankova-Tsvetkova, Elina, Milena Nikolova, Ina Aneva, Tatjana Stefanova e Strahil Berkov. Germination Inhibition Bioassay of Extracts and Essential Oils from Plant Species. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, settembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.09.09.

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Harms, Nathan, Judy Shearer, James Cronin e John Gaskin. Geographic and genetic variation in susceptibility of Butomus umbellatus to foliar fungal pathogens. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), agosto 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41662.

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Large-scale patterns of plant invasions may reflect regional heterogeneity in biotic and abiotic factors and genetic variation within and between invading populations. Having information on how effects of biotic resistance vary spatially can be especially important when implementing biological control because introduced agents may have different Impacts through interactions with host-plant genotype, local environment, or other novel enemies. We conducted a series of field surveys and laboratory studies to determine whether there was evidence of biotic resistance, as foliar fungal pathogens, in two introduced genotypes (triploid G1, diploid G4) of the Eurasian wetland weed, Butomus umbellatus L. in the USA. We tested whether genotypes differed in disease attack and whether spatial patterns in disease incidence were related to geographic location or climate for either genotype. After accounting for location (latitude, climate), G1 plants had lower disease incidence than G4 plants in the field (38% vs. 70%) but similar pathogen richness. In contrast, bioassays revealed G1 plants consistently received a higher damage score and had larger leaf lesions regardless of pathogen. These results demonstrate that two widespread B. umbellatus genotypes exhibit different susceptibility to pathogens and effectiveness of pathogen biological controls may depend on local conditions.
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Kapulnik, Yoram, Maria J. Harrison, Hinanit Koltai e Joseph Hershenhorn. Targeting of Strigolacatones Associated Pathways for Conferring Orobanche Resistant Traits in Tomato and Medicago. United States Department of Agriculture, luglio 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7593399.bard.

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This proposal is focused on examination of two plant interactions: parasitic with Orobanche, and symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), and the involvement of a newly define plant hormones, strigolactones (SLs), in these plant interactions. In addition to strigolactones role in regulation of above-ground plant architecture, they are also known to be secreted from roots, and to be a signal for seed germination of the parasitic plants Orobanche. Moreover, secreted strigolactones were recognized as inducers of AMFhyphae branching. The present work was aimed at Generation of RNAi mutants of both tomato and Medicago, targeting multiple genes that may be involved in strigolactone production, carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, Pi signaling or other metabolic pathways, and hence affect AMF colonization and/or Orobanche resistance. Following the newly formed and existing RNAi mutants were examined for AMF colonization and Orobanche resistance. At the first phase of this project Orobanche seed germination assays and AMF colonization were examined in intact plants. These assays were shown to be effective and resulted with enhancement of Orobanche seed germination and AMF colonization in WT tomato plants, whereas roots of strigolactones impaired lines did not result with Orobanche seed germination and mycorrhiza colonization. Unexpectedly, root organ cultures (ROC) that were produced from the same wild type (WT) and mutant lines did not induce the Orobanche seed germination and AMFhyphal branching. This implies that under in vitro conditions ROC cultures are missing an important component for induction of Orobanche seed germination and AMFhyphal branching. In another line of experiments we have tested transgenic lines of Medicagotruncatula for AMFhuyphal branching and Orobanche seed germination assays. These lines included lines silenced for a GRAS transcription factor (RNAi 1845), an NBS-LRR type resistance gene (RNAi 1847), a kinase (RNAi 2403) and a protein of unknown function (RNAi 2417). In all cases, five independent transgenic root lines showed altered AMFphenotypes with reduced or aberrant colonization patterns. Following, we transformed tomato plants with the M. truncatulaTC 127050 PhosphoinositidekinaseRNAi construct. Transgenic lines that contained GUS constructs were used as control. All transgenic lines showed reduced level of Orobanche seed germination, masking any strigoalctones-specific effect. The research demonstrated that SLs production may not be examined in ROC –based bioassays. It was shown by the 3 independent assays employed in this project that none of the recognized characters of SLs may be reflected in these bioassays. However, when the whole plant root exudates were examined, SLs activity in root exudates was demonstrated. Hence, it can be concluded that the presence of an intact shoot, and possibly, shoot factors, may be necessary for production of SLs in roots. Another point of interest that rises from these results is that the presence of SLs is not necessary for AMF completion of life cycle. Hence, it may be concluded that SLs are important for AMFhyphal branching, before symbiosis, but not essential for AMF colonization and life cycle completion under ROC system conditions.
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Kennedy, Alan, Natalie Smith, Alexander Linan e Laszlo Kovacs. Bioassay to assess toxicity of water-dispersed engineered nanomaterials in plants; Scientific Operating Procedure Series : Toxicology (T). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), luglio 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/33388.

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Cytryn, Eddie, Mark R. Liles e Omer Frenkel. Mining multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria for biocontrol activity and biologically-active compounds. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598174.bard.

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Control of agro-associated pathogens is becoming increasingly difficult due to increased resistance and mounting restrictions on chemical pesticides and antibiotics. Likewise, in veterinary and human environments, there is increasing resistance of pathogens to currently available antibiotics requiring discovery of novel antibiotic compounds. These drawbacks necessitate discovery and application of microorganisms that can be used as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and the isolation of novel biologically-active compounds. This highly-synergistic one year project implemented an innovative pipeline aimed at detecting BCAs and associated biologically-active compounds, which included: (A) isolation of multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria and root-associated bacteria from medicinal plants; (B) invitro screening of bacterial isolates against known plant, animal and human pathogens; (C) nextgeneration sequencing of isolates that displayed antagonistic activity against at least one of the model pathogens and (D) in-planta screening of promising BCAs in a model bean-Sclerotiumrolfsii system. The BCA genome data were examined for presence of: i) secondary metabolite encoding genes potentially linked to the anti-pathogenic activity of the isolates; and ii) rhizosphere competence-associated genes, associated with the capacity of microorganisms to successfully inhabit plant roots, and a prerequisite for the success of a soil amended BCA. Altogether, 56 phylogenetically-diverse isolates with bioactivity against bacterial, oomycete and fungal plant pathogens were identified. These strains were sent to Auburn University where bioassays against a panel of animal and human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains such as A. baumannii 3806) were conducted. Nineteen isolates that showed substantial antagonistic activity against at least one of the screened pathogens were sequenced, assembled and subjected to bioinformatics analyses aimed at identifying secondary metabolite-encoding and rhizosphere competence-associated genes. The genome size of the bacteria ranged from 3.77 to 9.85 Mbp. All of the genomes were characterized by a plethora of secondary metabolite encoding genes including non-ribosomal peptide synthase, polyketidesynthases, lantipeptides, bacteriocins, terpenes and siderophores. While some of these genes were highly similar to documented genes, many were unique and therefore may encode for novel antagonistic compounds. Comparative genomic analysis of root-associated isolates with similar strains not isolated from root environments revealed genes encoding for several rhizospherecompetence- associated traits including urea utilization, chitin degradation, plant cell polymerdegradation, biofilm formation, mechanisms for iron, phosphorus and sulfur acquisition and antibiotic resistance. Our labs are currently writing a continuation of this feasibility study that proposes a unique pipeline for the detection of BCAs and biopesticides that can be used against phytopathogens. It will combine i) metabolomic screening of strains from our collection that contain unique secondary metabolite-encoding genes, in order to isolate novel antimicrobial compounds; ii) model plant-based experiments to assess the antagonistic capacities of selected BCAs toward selected phytopathogens; and iii) an innovative next-generation-sequencing based method to monitor the relative abundance and distribution of selected BCAs in field experiments in order to assess their persistence in natural agro-environments. We believe that this integrated approach will enable development of novel strains and compounds that can be used in large-scale operations.
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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen e Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, giugno 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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