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Tesi sul tema "Planeur sous marin":

1

Niewiadomska, Katarzyna. "Couplage physique-biogéochimie à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles : le cas du courant Ligure étudié par un planeur sous-marin bio-optique". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066494.

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Un planeur sous-marin autonome (autonomous underwater gliding vehicle AUGV) équipé de capteurs physiques, bio-optiques et biogéochimiques a été développé pour étudier le couplage entre forçage physique et réponse biogéochimique à des échelles spatiales ou temporelles jusqu’à présent peu ou pas abordées, faute de système d’observation adapté. Il a été utilisé pour caractériser ce couplage au niveau du courant Ligure et le système frontal qui lui est associé en méditerranée Nord occidentale. Ce planeur comprend une sonde CTD (capteurs de température, conductivité et profondeur), un capteur d’oxygène, quatre rétrodiffusiomètres (470, 532, 660, 880 nm), deux fluorimètres pour les matières organiques colorées dissoutes (CDOM) et pour la chlorophylle-a, et deux radiomètres mesurant les éclairements descendants et remontants à quatre longueurs d’ondes (412, 443, 490 et 550 nm). Dans un premier temps, les différents paramètres physiques et certaines propriétés optiques inhérentes (IOPs) obtenus par le planeur ont été calibrés et validés. Une méthode d’inversion des propriétés optiques apparentes (AOPS) utilisant les mesures du coefficient de rétrodiffusion a ensuite été développée pour quantifier le coefficient d’absorption sur la dimension verticale. L’application de cette méthode d’inversion à des données obtenues par le glider a requis la qualification et validation des données acquises par le glider, notamment en étudiant et quantifiant les biais induit par le planeur sur les mesures radiométriques (auto-ombrage de l’instrument). Une analyse rétrospective de 10 ans d’acquisition de données de courant (mesuré par ADCP) sur la radiale Nice-Dyfamed a été ensuite entreprise. Elle permet de clairement détailler l’évolution saisonnière du courant Ligure (position, largeur, magnitude) et fournir ainsi un contexte physique « local » nécessaire pour interpréter les données acquises par le planeur sur cette même radiale. Cinq transects « planeur » de 50 km ont été réalisés entre janvier et mai de 2007 au travers du courant Ligure. Les données obtenues en hiver révèlent un étroit couplage physique-biogéochimie à sub-mesoéchelle (quelques km). Une covariance cohérente des différentes variables mesurées est observée, en particulier dans la zone frontale. Des anomalies de distribution verticale de certaines variables le long du transect sont interprétées comme des signatures de convergences ou de divergences locales. Par ailleurs, lors de la transition printanière, une stratification très rapide de la colonne d’eau (quelques jours) est observée. Elle est interprétée dans le contexte de l’évolution saisonnière du couplage physique-biogéochimie, dont les mécanismes moteurs sont déterminés à partir de l'analyse de plusieurs transects. De telles signatures biogéochimiques intimement liées aux processus physiques n’ont pas été observées par d’autres technologies jusqu'à présent. Ces résultats confirment donc définitivement le besoin de mener des études couplées physique-biogéochimie à haute résolution, non seulement pour étudier les processus biogéochimiques, mais également pour commencer en retour à mieux caractériser des processus physiques (vitesses verticales) difficilement appréhendables par les méthodes actuelles.
2

Bendinger, Arne. "Marées internes autour de la Nouvelle-Calédonie : dynamique, interactions tourbillon-marée interne et challenge pour le satellite SWOT". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30336.

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L'équilibre énergétique de l'océan traduit des échanges d'énergie entre les termes sources aux échelles planétaires et la dissipation aux micro-échelles. Cette cascade d'énergie, cruciale dans la compréhension du système océanique, demande à être mieux comprise et quantifiée. La plus grande part de l'énergie dans l'océan est associée à la dynamique mésoéchelle. Les échelles spatiales correspondantes sont aussi celles des marées internes et dans les régimes océaniques où l'énergie des ondes internes est suffisamment forte celles-ci représentent un transfert d'énergie majeur vers les échelles dissipatives. La nouvelle mission satellite SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography) permettra d'observer globalement pour la première fois ces processus de fines échelles. Une motivation de cette thèse est l'observabilité du niveau de la mer SWOT avec le challenge de comprendre la part respective de la dynamique méso et sous-mésoéchelle et des ondes internes. La région d'étude se situe autour de la Nouvelle Calédonie dans le Pacifique sud-ouest et plus particulièrement dans la région sud survolée par une fauchée SWOT lors de la phase de cal-val du satellite caractérisée par une orbite à 1 jour. La thèse s'appuie sur une simulation régionale dédiée à haute résolution (1/60°) forcée ou pas par la marée barotrope en plus des forçages "classiques". Pour la première fois la dynamique des marées internes autour de la Nouvelle-Calédonie est décrite. Cette région s'avère être un hot spot de génération de marées internes associé aux principales structures bathymétriques,. La marée interne est principalement semi diurne. Elle se caractérise par un premier mode barocline très important et une forte signature dans la SSH (>6cm). Cette énergie de marée interne se propage dans l'océan ouvert à partir de deux zones localisées au nord et au sud de la Nouvelle Calédonie malgré des taux de dissipation d'énergie élevés à proximité des zones de génération. Cette propagation est majoritairement associée à de la marée interne cohérente mais l'activité méso-échelle s'avère être une source potentielle de perte de cohérence de la marée interne (marée incohérente). Cette marée interne incohérente est associée aux interactions avec les tourbillons océaniques soit par la réfraction de la propagation de l'énergie du faisceau de marée par les courants à méso-échelle lors de la propagation de l'énergie de marée, soit par les variations de la conversion de l'énergie barotrope en énergie barocline dues aux changements de stratification induits par les tourbillons à méso-échelle. Des observations in situ obtenues par des planeurs sous-marins autonomes révèlent le réalisme du modèle numérique quant à la simulation des marées internes tout en s'avérant être une plateforme in-situ appropriée pour documenter les marées internes, y compris leur signature de la SSH. Dans les régions de forte marée interne, celle-ci domine la variance de la SSH pour des longueurs d'onde jusqu'à 200 km correspondant. Une attention particulière est accordée à la marée incohérente, qui se manifeste dans la SSH à des échelles inférieures à 100 km. Cette thèse initie également l'étude de l'impact des marées internes sur la circulation à méso-échelle et sous-méso-échelle, avec des voies prometteuses pour les travaux futurs sur les échanges d'énergie entre les échelles et la fermeture du bilan énergétique océanique. Ces travaux participeront à la valorisation des données SWOT dans le cadre de SWOT-AdAC avec la campagne SWOTALIS. Enfin, ils sont une première initiative dans l'implication des marées internes en lien avec l'écosystème marin de la Nouvelle-Calédonie associée à un objectif de mise en place d'aires marines protégées au sein du parc naturel de la mer de Corail
The oceanic energy cascade and the associated redistribution of energy from planetary scales to microscales are crucial to achieve climate equilibrium, yet they remain to be fully understood and quantified. Among the submesoscale flow regime which is characterized by equal contributions from rotational (balanced) and non-rotational (unbalanced) effects, it is internal tides (internal gravity waves at tidal frequency) which have been shown to represent a major energy transfer toward dissipative scales. The Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission will push forward global sea surface height (SSH) observations of fine-scale physics of combined balanced and unbalanced motions, and their interactions. Our understanding of these processes will ultimately depend on our ability to disentangle these two different dynamical flow regimes. This thesis aims to tackle SWOT SSH observability of balanced and unbalanced motions around New Caledonia, an area with pronounced internal tide activity alongside elevated level of mesoscale to submescale eddy variability located beneath two swaths of SWOT's fast-sampling phase during which SWOT orbited on a 1-day repeat cycle to collect high-frequency measurements. As an initial step, this thesis provides the first comprehensive description of internal-tide dynamics around New Caledonia, an internal generation hot spot in the southwestern tropical Pacific that has not yet been explored in the literature, based on a tailored regional high-resolution (1/60°) numerical modeling effort. Internal tide generation around New Caledonia is associated with the main bathymetric structures, i.e. continental slope, shelf breaks, small- and large-scale ridges, and seamounts, strongly dominated by the semidiurnal tide and low-vertical modes, with a strong signature in SSH. It is found to be a major source of tidal energy propagation toward the open ocean despite enhanced energy dissipation rates close to the generation sites. Mesoscale eddy variability is shown to be a potential source for the loss of tidal coherence (or tidal incoherence) due to eddy-internal tide interactions, either through the refraction of tidal beam energy propagation by mesoscale currents toward the open ocean or by mesoscale-eddy induced variations of barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion. Important insight is provided by in-situ observations of autonomous underwater gliders. They reveal the numerical model's realism of internal-tide dynamics while proving to be a suitable in-situ platform to infer internal tides, including SSH signature. SWOT SSH observability of balanced and unbalanced motions represent a challenge around New Caledonia as the internal tide dominates SSH variance at wavelengths similar to those of balanced motion at scales less than 200~km wavelength. Particular emphasis is given to the incoherent tide, which manifests in SSH at scales less than 100~km, while restricting the observability of mesoscale and submesoscale motions. An outlook is given on the impact of internal tides on the mesoscale to submesoscale circulation with promising routes for future work on cross-scale energy exchanges and the closure of the oceanic energy budget. Finally, the comprehensive description of internal-tide dynamics conducted in this thesis has important implications for the New Caledonia marine ecosystem, with the hope of paving the way for the island's efforts in the conservation of marine protected areas
3

Lenoir, Olivier. "Diffusion acoustique impulsionelle par des multicouches planes immergées : problème inverse : détection des résonances en présence d'absorbants". Le Havre, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LEHA0003.

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La diffusion acoustique impulsionnelle par des multicouches planes immergées dans l'eau permet l'obtention d'un certain nombre de caractéristiques physiques concernant les différentes couches constituant la multicouche. Les multicouches considérées sont du type solide1/liquide/solide2, le liquide compris entre les deux solides servant uniquement au couplage entre les deux solides. A cet effet, un programme de traitement du signal mettant en jeu notamment un filtrage temporel et un algorithme de TDF (transformée de Fourier discrète) a été élaboré. Des expériences concernant tout ou partie du signal réfléchi et l'étude des ondes de Lamb guidées dans la structure ont conduit à la résolution du problème inverse: l'épaisseur, les vitesses de phase longitudinales et transversales et la masse volumique sont déterminées pour les deux solides. L'erreur reste toujours inférieure à 10 %. L'étude du spectre des résonances d'une multicouche du type absorbant/solide2, les deux matériaux étant colles, ne permet pas la détection des résonances du solide. Une nouvelle méthode utilisant les résultats obtenus par TDF de la totalité du signal a été mise en jeu. Il s'agit de tracer, en fonction de la fréquence, le rapport de la partie imaginaire a la partie réelle du spectre. Les résonances du solide sont alors clairement isolées. Cette méthode est très performante pour la détection des résonances
4

Hemming, Michael. "Implementation of novel sensors on underwater gliders". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS612.

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Aujourd’hui environ un quart des émissions globales de carbone anthropique a été absorbé par l’océan. Cet accroissement de la concentration en CO2 a fait augmenter l’acidité de l’océan ce qui peut impacter les organismes calcifiant dû à des changements dans la chimie des carbonates de l’eau de mer. Récemment des planeurs (‘gliders’) sous-marins ont été identifiés comme des outils importants pour recueillir des informations reliées au changement climatique et aux processus d’acidification.Durant l’expérience REP14-MED en juin 2014, 11 gliders ont été déployés au large de la côte de Sardaigne en mer Méditerranée nord occidentale. Un capteur expérimental ISFET (Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor) mesurant le pH a été testé sur l’un de ces gliders. Une comparaison entre les mesures de pH recueillies par le glider et par le bateau durant le déploiement témoigne de problèmes concernant la précision absolue et la stabilité de l’instrument. Un biais constant en profondeur et variable en temps a été appliqué afin de compenser la dérive multidirectionnelle du capteur et les mesures de température et pression ont été corrigées. De plus, la lumière du soleil a provoqué une diminution apparente du pH pouvant atteindre jusqu’à 0,1 près de la surface vers midi. Cela a mis en évidence l’importance de protéger le capteur de la lumière lors de futurs déploiements. Le pH corrigé présenté avec les autres variables océaniques mesurées par le glider illustrent des liens clairs avec les processus physiques et biogéochimique. En mer Méditerranée nord occidentale, la date de début du bloom phytoplanctonique printanier varie d’une année à l’autre, entre mars et avril. En mars 2016, un glider équipé d’un capteur ISFET a été déployé près des bouées BOUSSOLE / DyFAMed en mer Méditerranée nord occidentale. Ce déploiement a fourni une seconde opportunité de tester un capteur ISFET modifié visant à accroitre la stabilité et à réduire l’effet de la lumière du soleil. Comme lors de l’expérience REP14-MED, les mesures de pH de l’ISFET ont été corrigées pour tenir compte des effets de la dérive, de la température et de la pression. Le glider a mesuré la variabilité horizontale et verticale des paramètres physiques et biogéochimiques à l’approche d’un bloom printanier. La fugacité de CO2 (f CO2) mesurée par un capteur CARIOCA une bouée biogéochimique au site de la BOUSSOLE à 10 m de profondeur a décru très fortement entre le 19 mars et le 1er avril, suivant une période d’intense mélange. La fugacité du CO2 et l’alcalinité totale à la bouée BOUSSOLE ont été utilisées pour calculer les concentrations de carbone inorganique dissous. Les concentrations d’oxygène à dissous, pH et rétrodiffusion optique observés par le glider à 10m ont augmenté entre le 19 mars et le 1er avril, indiquant le démarrage du bloom phytoplanctonique. Les taux de production biologique communautaire nette moyenne (N) ont été estimés á partir des concentrations d’oxygène dissous mesurées par glider et à partir de concentrations de carbone inorganique dissous déduites des mesures ISFET (glider) et mouillage. Après mi-mars durant le déploiement. Les estimations de N varient entre -82 ± 317 mmol m−2 d−1 and 460 ± 870 mmol m−2 d−1.Les échelles spatiales de variabilité mettent en évidence l’influence des processus océaniques sur les paramètres physiques et biogéochimiques, et sont utiles pour la conception de système d’observation de l’océan. Les échelles spatiales de variabilité horizontales ont été estimées à partir de semi-variogrammes utilisant les mesures des déploiements REP14-MED et BOUSSOLE/DYFAMED. Dans l’ensemble, les échelles spatiales étaient plus petites aux profondeurs affectées par la photosynthèse (par exemple, là où se forment des patchs de chlorophylle) et plus grandes aux profondeurs affectées par des processus à grande échelle, tels que le forçage atmosphérique. Les échelles longitudinales sont en général plus longues que les échelles zonales
Around a quarter of global anthropogenic carbon emissions have been absorbed by the ocean. Underwater gliders have been identified as important tools for gathering information related to climate change and ocean acidification processes. The REP14 - MED experiment involved the deployment of eleven gliders in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea; one of these had an experimental ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) sensor attached. A comparison between pH observed by the glider and ship during the deployment indicated problems with the sensor accuracy and stability. Sunlight caused an apparent sensor pH decrease of up to 0.1 close to the surface around local noon. The pH corrected for drift, temperature, and pressure is presented with other ocean variables measured by the glider. The timing of the phytoplankton spring bloom in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea varies year-on-year. A glider with an ISFET pH sensor was deployed close to the BOUSSOLE mooring site. This deployment offered a second opportunity to test the ISFET sensor with improvements. Similarly to during the REP14 - MED experiment, ISFET pH measurements were corrected for drift, temperature and pressure effects. Measurements at the BOUSSOLE mooring indicated that the spring bloom started around March 19. Mean net community production (N) rates were estimated from the glider dissolved oxygen concentrations, as well as glider and buoy dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations derived using other parameters. N ranged between -82 ± 317 mmol m−2 d−1 and 460 ± 870 mmol m−2 d−1. Horizontal spatial scales of variability highlight physical and biogeochemical processes, and are useful for designing ocean observing systems. Spatial scales of variability were estimated from semivariograms using glider measurements. Spatial scales of variability were mostly small at depths affected by biology, and large at depths affected by large-scale processes, such as weather, although this was not true in every case. Some direction dependency was found, which may be related to ocean currents, or the density of glider meridional measurements

Libri sul tema "Planeur sous marin":

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Evener, Vincent. Enemies of the Cross. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190073183.001.0001.

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The present book argues that Martin Luther and his first allies and intra-Reformation critics (Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt and Thomas Müntzer) appealed to suffering to teach Christians to distinguish between true and false doctrine, teachers, and experiences. In so doing, they developed and deployed categories of false suffering, in which suffering was received or simply feigned in ways that hardened rather than demolished self-assertion. These ideas were nourished by the reception of teachings about annihilation of the self and union with God received from post-Eckhartian mysticism. Luther, Karlstadt, and Müntzer developed this mystical inheritance in different directions, each of which intended to shape Christians for differing forms of ecclesial-political dissent: Luther redefined union with God as a union with Christ through faith and the Word, and he counseled Christians to endure persecution as divine work under contraries; Karlstadt described union with God as “sinking into the divine will,” and he upheld this union as a postmortem goal that required, here and now, constant self-accusation and improvement on the part of the individual and the community; Müntzer looked for God to possess souls according to the created order, making Christians into actors for the execution of God’s will on the earthly plane. The democratization of mysticism that so many scholars have attributed to these reformers’ teachings involved a delimitation: mysticism joined to Reformation teaching was used to identify false experiences, false teachers, and ultimately false Christianity.

Capitoli di libri sul tema "Planeur sous marin":

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Hardin, Garrett. "Summary: Can Our Ostriches Find the Will?" In The Ostrich Factor, 141–54. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122749.003.0018.

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Abstract My plane was late getting to the New Jersey airport, so I missed my connection to California. A bad miss: now I had to wait several hours before I could catch a night flight. Having nothing else to do, I wandered into a snack bar and ordered a cup of soup. Dismally lit, the room was almost empty. I took a stool next to two sturdy young men who looked like stevedores. (There was a marine port nearby.) I am an incurable eaves­ dropper; it wasn’t long before the conversation convinced me that I had guessed the occupation of the men correctly. Once again I was amazed at how uninhibited many Americans are in discussing private matters in public.

Atti di convegni sul tema "Planeur sous marin":

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Ceresole, E., P. Fanghella e C. Galletti. "Assur’s Groups, AKCs, Basic Trusses, SOCs, etc.: Modular Kinematics of Planar Linkages". In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/mech-1027.

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Abstract The paper presents a unified point of view on modular methods of kinematic analysis of planar linkages. It is shown that various approaches adopted in different fields, such as linkage analysis, robot kinematics, variational CAD systems, are based on the common idea of decoupling complex systems of equations by solving sequences of simpler subsystems. These subsystems correspond to modules with particular topological properties. Then, the three main issues of a modular method, namely, systematic topology of the modules, solution algorithms for each module, and module recognition in a given mechanism, are discussed and solutions are provided by means of the general unifying concept of Assur Kinematic Chain (AKC).
2

Yang, Ting-Li, Fang-Hua Yao e Ming Zhang. "A Comparative Study on Some Modular Approaches for Analysis and Synthesis of Planar Linkages: Part I — Modular Structural Analysis and Modular Kinemaic Analysis". In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/mech-5920.

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Abstract This paper presents a systematical comparative study of various modular methods based on the different module types: basic kinematic chains (BKCs), single opened chains (SOCs), loops (or a tree and co-tree), links-joints, etc. for analysis and synthesis of structure, kinematics and dynamics of planar linkages. The basic idea is that any linkage can be divided into (or built up by) some modular components in sequence, and based on the component constraints and network entirty constraints of the linkage, the unified modular approaches have been used for analysis and synthesis. In the systematical comparative study, the main issues of a modular method have been discussed, such as: the topological characteristics revealed via different module types; the dimension of a set of kinematic equations; the automated generation and solution of kinematic equations; the dimension and automated generation of dynamical equations, and computation complexity for generating and solving dynamical equation; the automated generation of structural analysis and type synthesis; the generation of kinematic synthesis equations etc.. This paper gives a summary of the use of modular techniques for analyzing and synthesizing planar linkages in the recently thirty years. This comparative study includes two parts: part I — modular structural analysis and modular kinematic analysis; part II — modular dynamics analysis, modular structural synthesis and modular kinematic synthesis. This paper is the first part.
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Yang, Ting-Li, Fang-Hua Yao e Ming Zhang. "A Comparative Study on Some Modular Approaches for Analysis and Synthesis of Planar Linkages: Part II — Modular Dynamic Analysis, Modular Structural Synthesis and Modular Kinematic Synthesis". In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/mech-6058.

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Abstract This paper presents a systematical comparative study of various modular methods based on the different module types: basic kinematic chains (BKCs), single opened chains (SOCs), loops (or a tree and co-tree), links-joints, etc. for analysis and synthesis of structure, kinematics and dynamics of planar linkages. The basic idea is that any linkage can be divided into (or built up by) some modular components in sequence, and based on the component constraints and network entirty constraints of the linkage, the unified modular approaches have been used for analysis and synthesis. In systematical comparative study, the main issues of a modular method have been discussed, such as: the topological characteristics revealed via different module types; the dimension of a set of kinematic equations; the automated generation and solution of kinematic equations; the dimension and automated generation of dynamical equations, and computation complexity for generating and solving dynamical equation; the automated generation of structural analysis and type synthesis; the generation of kinematic synthesis equations etc.. This paper gives a summary of the use of modular techniques for analyzing and synthesizing planar linkages in the recently thirty years. This comparative study includes two parts: Part I-modular structural analysis and modular kinematic analysis; Part II-modular dynamic analysis, modular structural synthesis and modular kinematic synthesis. This paper is the second part.
4

Iguma, Ayaka, e Masashi Yamada. "Correspondence Analysis on the Production Staff for the Anime Series Nintama Rantaro". In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001768.

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Nintama Rantaro is a long running TV anime series in Japan, which is produced by a large number of staff members. In the present study, 228 episodes of this series were selected to analyze the relationships among the staff members and the elements in the episodes, using correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. Numbers of storyboard writers, animation directors, screenplay writers and directors, and factors of the stories, e.g., representative expressions, motions of the main characters and emotions of the main characters, were counted, and a cross-tabulation table was constructed. The results of the correspondence analysis of the table showed that a three-dimensional space illustrated the correlations in the table with the cumulative contribution ratio of 42 %. The results of the cluster analysis with Ward’s method showed four clusters. Each of the four clusters coincided to each quadrant on the plane spanned by the first two dimensions. In the first quadrant, an animation director Tsuyoshi Ichiki was plotted. In the same quadrant, fighting motions of the main characters were plotted. Tsuyoshi Ichiki is one of the most proficient anime directors for battle scenes. Therefore, this indicates that the animation of episodes which includes battle scenes is chiefly directed by Tsuyoshi Ichiki in Nintama Rantaro. In the second quadrant, experienced animation directors, Emiko Niiyama and Kazue Tamari were plotted as well as a screenplay writer, Mitsuharu Yoshida who frequently writes the screenplay for the initial episode of a season. Moreover, characteristic expressions in Nitama Rantaro, such as the escape of the soul from the body, use a regional dialect “bayai” instead of “baai”, and the appearance of a character with breaking the screen, were plotted in this quadrant. This implies that the experienced animation directors and the screenplay writer use characteristic expressions especially for the initial episode of a season. In the third quadrant, an animation director Setsuko Shibuichi, who previously directed animations with sad stories, was plotted. The sad emotion of a main character is also plotted in the same quadrant. This indicates that for a sad episode, Setsuko Shibuichi directed the animation. In the fourth quadrant, screenplay writers, Satoshi Kimura and Kazuko Iwasaki are plotted as well as an animation director, Yasuhiro Endo, and various directions of motions of the characters are also plotted. This means that they are proficient dynamic motions of characters. In this way, the relationships among the staff members and the elements of the anime episodes are clarified in the context of Nintama Rantaro.
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Vural, Deren, Iain M. Martin, Martin Dunstan e Manual Sanchez-Gestido. "Real-time Rasterization Simulation of Thermal Infrared images for spacecraft applications". In ESA 12th International Conference on Guidance Navigation and Control and 9th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques. ESA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/esa-gnc-icatt-2023-147.

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As Thermal/Infrared (TIR) sensors have become more advanced, they are being considered for Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) systems, in addition to the existing roster of sensors. A crucial step in the development of GNC systems is the testing of sensors, including analysis methods that utilise the sensor data. To expedite this process VIS image generation software like the Planet and Asteroid Natural Generation Utility (PANGU) [1] and Airbus's SurRender [2] are used to generate synthetic images representative of the kind of data that would be gathered. For spacecraft this was previously limited to the VIS spectral range and LiDAR, but as a result of the development in TIR sensors, methods of generating representative synthetic TIR images of spacecraft are now required to aid in development and testing. PANGU v6 added TIR simulations of planetary surfaces and spacecraft in 2021 [3]. This paper will summarize and review problems involved in generating representative TIR images of spacecraft using traditional rendering techniques and proposes a method of real-time image generation to simulate time-based effects. Traditional thermal analysis is performed using Lumped Parameter (LP) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) techniques that utilize standard heat transfer equations tailored for spacecraft in custom-made software tools like ESATAN-TMS. Modern engineering CAD software like SolidWorks can simulate thermal systems using modern FEA techniques, though few take into account the orbital nature of spacecraft and the resulting changes in thermal behaviour. For this reason, ESATAN's orbital module ensures it stands as one of the few tools available for directly simulating spacecraft thermal behaviour. To generate TIR images, we can adapt techniques from traditional thermal analysis software to more flexible rendering tools like PANGU, which generates representative images using efficient GPU-based rendering techniques over computationally expensive techniques like FEA. A stateless model was developed for PANGU v6.0, using traditional thermal analysis equations to compute TIR radiance in each simulated image [3]. However, there remain some discrepancies in the thermal profile, and images, generated using this technique [3], possibly because it functions without any consideration of changes that occur over more than a single frame. To more accurately simulate the thermal profile of real-world spacecraft, time and its effects on the thermal behaviour of the simulated spacecraft should be considered. While radiative and conductive properties define the ability of a material to transfer thermal energy, the thermal capacitance (a.k.a. inertia) of an object describes the rate at which it can do so. To assist in the approximation of the capacitance of a mesh CAD model, which describes the boundary surfaces of an object rather than defining the solid object itself, we can adapt traditional thermal analysis techniques. One possible method is to create a thermal mathematical model (TMM) [4] limited to the surface thermal properties, that could be used to simulate the approximate flow (conduction) of heat across the surface using node capacitance. The creation of a TMM of the surface of a model requires mesh stitching, i.e. joining together the meshes that make up a CAD model so that a point, which may be described multiple times in order to describe multiple polygons (e.g. the corner of a cube), may be represented as a single node. While not as accurate as describing the conduction of heat through a solid object, the approximation of surface conduction has the potential to increase the accuracy of generated images where conduction plays a significant effect, i.e. due to a rapid change of incoming radiation e.g. entry and exit of eclipse. This paper reports on the development of a new GPU-based renderer that aims to include the thermal behaviour of spacecraft over time in TIR image generation, in order to improve the representative quality of the images. Two techniques are being developed in the renderer: the first is a capacitance model that involves the creation of a TMM and the assignment of thermal properties to each node, to keep track of the temperature of each. The TMM created will be constructed using a mesh "stitching" technique, that creates a geometrically unique set of nodes that more accurately depicts physical properties. The second utilises the TMM to simulate conductive effects over edge nodes, calculating the conduction from one polygon to another. At each frame (i.e. time steps) the temperature and then radiance of each node is calculated using its thermal properties (i.e. emissivity, absorptivity and conductivity) and the previous temperature. The radiance is calculated in the GPU fragment shaders; ensuring that the temperatures passed to the GPU from the vertex shader are properly interpolated, allowing gradients across surfaces with differing node properties. The full paper will examine the quality of the prototype renderering system described above, and examine how valid and representative the generated images are using a traditional thermal simulation tool, ESATAN-TMS. Using this, we can create equivalent CAD models and use them to generate an overall thermal profile of a simple spacecraft in a known orbit. We can then compare this thermal profile to the surface temperature profile generated using the prototype developed, in order to evaluate how representative the images generated are compared to the stateless model currently in use within PANGU. [1] Martin, I., Dunstan, M. Parkes, S., Sanchez-Gestido, M. and Ortega, G., "Simulating planetary approach and landing to test and verify autonomous navigation and guidance systems", in: 10th International ESA Conference on Guidance, Navigation & Control Systems (ESA GNC) (May 29 -- June 02, 2017), 2017, p.15 [2] Brochard, R., Lebreton, J., Robin, C., Kanani, K., Jonniaux, G., Masson, A., Despré, N. and Berjaoui, A., "Scientific image rendering for space scenes with the SurRender software", in: arXiv preprint, 2018, DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1810.01423 [3] Martin, I., Dunstan, M., Vural, D. and Sanchez-Gestido, M, "Simulating Thermal Infrared Images of Planets, Asteroids and Spacecraft", in: 8th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques (ICATT) (June 23--25, 2021), Paper 259, Virtual, 2021, p.14 [4] Savage, C.J., "Spacecraft Systems Engineering", in: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2003, ch.11: Thermal Control of Spacecraft, pp.355-391

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