Tesi sul tema "Plan de mélanges"
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Boulanger, Fabienne. "Plans d'expérience pour mélanges". Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU3018.
Hanna, Hanen. "Plans d’expérience pour mélanges à deux niveaux et facteurs externes". Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU3019.
Mixture experiment is applied where the response dependent only on the proportion of the mixture components. In a mixture of mixtures formulation each major component (CP) is a sub-mixture of minor components (CS). These systems are classified. Type A : CP proportions are fixed and CS proportions are variable. Type B : both CP and CS proportions are variables. In order to investigate blending properties we propose additive model for type A and B mixtures. Additive model performs well at the experimentation with many components because the number of parameter is quite lower than the number of parameters in multiplicative models proposed in previous works. We build designs verifying the orthogonality condition within each group of CS and balance condition between CP couples. The uniform optimality is verified by Orthogonal-balanced (OE) designs composed of pure sub-mixtures. Identification between orthogonal arrays and the OE experiments for pure substances makes it possible to obtain small size experiments for certain configurations of mixture systems. Identification between sub-class of OE design and the axial sub-mixtures is also established. It provides a way to obtain OE experiments where the proportions of CS and the CP are non null. Modes for the effect of both proportions and process variables are also considered through first degree polynomials and orthogonal fractions constructed from factorial jointing CS, CP and process variables
Hanna, Hanen. "Plans d'expérience pour mélanges à deux niveaux et facteurs externes". Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00564885.
Lachaud, Stéphane. "Décharge pointe-plan dans les mélanges gazeux correspondant aux effluents industriels. : Etude électrique et physico-chimique, application à la destruction du dioxyde d'azote". Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3023.
This work is a study of the atmospheric pressure positive corona discharge applied to industrial effluents (air, water, CO2 and NO2). For these mixtures, electrical study shows that water vapour and CO2 facilitate appearance of pulses regime and may reduce the inter-electrodes voltage for a fixed current. Water and CO2 electronegativity and clusterisation phenomenon are taken into account in order to offer an interpretation. Hydrodynamical aspect of discharge is observed and compared with numerical simulation results. Its mixing action makes evident. Analysis of cathode alteration by X. P. S. Was realised and shows appearance of a surfacic oxidation during discharge in wet ambience. Measurements were made by U. V. Absorption spectroscopy. It seems that the best NO2 abatement is obtained in wet atmosphere and joined with creation of a nitric acid liquid phase
Ait, Chekdid Aldjia. "Étude sur la formulation et la caractérisation de desserts fermentés à base de jus végétaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0323.
People's dietary habits are constantly changing and consumers are increasingly concerned about the impact of food on their health and the environment, as well as animal behaviour. In order to meet this societal demand, several alternative products, notably dairy substitutes, are appearing on the French market. This work is part of this approach and aims to develop a fermented dessert without additives, with high nutritional potential, based on easily accessible plants and which can be used as a substitute for dairy products such as yoghurts.The first part of this study deals with the evaluation of the chemical and physico-chemical properties of various ingredients. We demonstrated the possibility of using flours in the manufacture of vegetable desserts as well as their aptitude for fermentation using industrial ferments based on lactic bacteria. In a second part, we set up a heat treatment and fermentation process at laboratory level. The use of the design of experiments and mixtures methodology allowed us to control the manufacturing process, to define raw materials that correspond to the specifications and to optimise the formulation, in terms of physicochemical properties (acidification, colour, water retention) and texture (firmness or viscosity of the product) over its shelf life (up to 30 days of storage at 4°C). The characterisation of the products made possible the transposition to a pilot process scale the formulations developed on a laboratory scale, by taking into account the technical and industrial requirements. The information collected and the preparation protocols set up made it possible to produce two types of fermented vegetable desserts as alternatives to textured yoghurt and drinking yoghurt. The results obtained did not require the addition of additives and/or preservatives other than mechanical and thermal treatments for a product shelf life of up to 30 days. The characterisation of the nutritional, physicochemical, textural and microbiological properties of these new formulations contribute to improving technical and scientific knowledge in the field of alternatives to dairy products
Bilici, Mihai Alexandru. "Séparation électrostatique des mélanges de matériaux isolants granulaires dans des dispositifs à lit fluidisés". Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2323/document.
Several types of mechanical devices (vibratory trays, rotating drums, fluidized beds) make use of the triboelectric effect for electrically charge the constituents of insulating materials granular mixtures, in view of their separation in a high-intensity electric field. The non-uniformity of granule charge at the exit of these devices adversely affects the separation efficiency, justifying the researches aimed at the development of novel electrostatic processes, mainly for applications in the field of waste recycling. Simultaneous usage of the triboelectric effect, the Coulomb force and the electric image force is an innovative technical solution according to which four fluidized bed devices were built or improved within the framework of this thesis. The performances of these devices could be evaluated by setting up complex measurement systems that enable the continuous and simultaneous recording of the charges and masses of the separated products. Thus, the experimental design methodology could be used for modeling the separation process and identify the optimum values of the control variables of each device, such as the high voltage level of the speed of the fluidization air. The results obtained on laboratory devices as well on an semi-industrial pilot installation recommend this class of tribo-aero-electrostatic separation processes as the solution of choice for the selective sorting of plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment
Ginoux, Geoffrey. "Impression 3D et nanocomposites : Étude du comportement de mélanges PLA/argile appliquée à la fabrication additive par extrusion de matériaux". Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS016/document.
Additive manufacturing process is a preparation for the forming of a workpiece by the addition of material, by stacking successive layers. Although more and more polymers can be implemented by this technology, the filled polymers are practically absent, so they are widely used in other types of shaping methods. The scientific and technological objectives of the project are (i) a better understanding of the relationship between the rheological behavior of polymer systems and their ability to shaping by additive manufacturing technologies FDM, (ii) the development of polymer-based formulations biosourced adapted to these technologies and providing multifunctionality. The first goal will require first of all to identify the conditions (temperature, velocity gradients, nature constraints ...) imposed by the processes considered then to implement and / or adapt the means of characterization of the rheological behavior of polymer systems under these conditions. The rheological behavior in shear but also in elongation may be considered. It should in particular identify the necessary compromise between behavior adapted to the flow at the die or nozzle and meltability and consolidation layer by layer. Finally, the effect of different ways of functionalization considered on the rheological and thermal behavior and thus on the ability to formatting will be analyzed. In order to adapt the bio-sourced polymers for a wide range of applications, various routes of functionalization will be considered based on compounding with particulate fillers
Rodriguez, Ortega Edwin. "Hydrolyse de polylactides et de mélanges de polylactide/polyméthacrylate de méthyle". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11848.
Darwich, Ali. "Approche pixel de la soustraction d'arrière-plan en vidéo, basée sur un mélange de gaussiennes imprécises". Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0479/document.
Moving objects detection is a very important step for many applications such as human behavior analysis surveillance, model-based action recognition, road traffic monitoring, etc. Background subtraction is a popular approach, but difficult given that it must overcome many obstacles, such as dynamic background changes, brightness variations, occlusions, and so on. In the presented works, we focused on this problem of objects/background segmentation, using a type-2 fuzzy modeling to manage the inaccuracy of the model and the data. The proposed method models the state of each pixel using an imprecise and scalable Gaussian mixture model, which is exploited by several fuzzy classifiers to ultimately estimate the pixel class at each image. More precisely, this decision takes into account the history of its evolution, but also its spatial neighborhood and its possible displacements in the preceding images. Then we compared the proposed method with other close methods, including methods based on a gaussian mixture model, fuzzy based methods, or ACP type methods. This comparison allowed us to assess its good performances, and to propose some perspectives to this work
Druault, Philippe. "Développement d'interfaces expérience/simulation : application à l'écoulement de couche de mélange plane turbulente". Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2354.
Bellini, Stéphane. "Etude expérimentale des structures cohérentes d'une couche de mélange plane turbulente de fluide incompressible". Poitiers, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991POIT2292.
Abdollah-Shamshirsaz, Mehrdad. "Étude expérimentale et simulation numérique des écoulements de jets plans confinés instationnaires". Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT062H.
Clin, Pauline. "Modéliser les dynamiques épidémiques avec priming immunitaire au sein des mélanges variétaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARD100.
Allowing growers to get free from pesticide use and preserving cultivated genetic resources while limiting the emergence of new diseases is one of the aims of the ongoing agroecological transition. To these ends, cultivar mixtures are an effective and more sustainable solution than pure stands of resistant cultivars, but a lack of understanding persists about how they work. Plant immunity and more specifically immune priming is sometimes mentioned to explain the observed efficiency of mixtures, but its mode of action on epidemics is still poorly known. I thus developed epidemiological models to identify the effects of priming on the effectiveness of mixtures. These models evidence that priming is critical to explain the observed effectiveness of cultivar mixtures.In a mixture of susceptible and resistant cultivars, priming decreases disease prevalence compared to a pure stand of the resistant host. In a mixture of resistant cultivars, priming also reduces the number or resistance genes needed to maintain disease prevalence below an acceptable threshold. In addition, the models make it possible to evaluate in what proportions cultivars should be mixed to optimize mixture efficiency and increase the durability of the resistances used. The variety to be mixed in the greatest proportion is the one that is the least costly for the pathogen to break. These novel theoretical contributions, sometimes counter intuitive but explainable ecologically, highlight how individual immunity scales up at the population level, and encourage future research to best exploit priming in plant protection strategies
Sekkat, Najoua. "Contribution à l'étude de l'écotoxicité de produits purs et en mélanges complexes par le bioessai protozoaire Colpidium campylum". Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUES018.
Raynal, Florence. "Etude des mécanismes de mélange dans les écoulements laminaires incompressibles en configuration plane ou tridimensionnelle". Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10016.
Beer, Alexandre. "Etude par simulation numérique temporelle des effets de compressibilité en couche de mélange plane turbulente". Grenoble INPG, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPG0031.
Thomas, Lionel. "Contribution à l'étude et au contrôle passif du mélange d'un jet d'air plan, immergé, en régime de convection mixte favorable". Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2267.
This thesis presents an experimental study of a plane jet in aiding mixed convection regime. A method to modify in a passive way the dynamical mixing in the establishing region is proposed: it consists in introducing small cylinders where the mixing layers are just born, generating a periodical wake. The mean velocity fields, obtained through LDV allow a global characterisation of the jet. The laser tomography visualisations, associated with personal image processing, give access to the instantaneous edge of the jet. Its dynamical behaviour is studied, by detection of the spirals responsible for entrainment and by frequential analysis. The coherent structures are extracted from the instantaneous velocity fields, resulting from PIV. A statistical study of this vortices population is carried out. With all these analyzing tools, it is possible to quantify the impact of obstacles on the global and local mixing: their presence reduces the transverse rollers, amplifies the longitudinal ribs, without modifying notably the mixing
Heitz, Dominique. "Etude expérimentale du sillage d'un barreau cylindrique se développant dans une couche de mélange plane turbulente". Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2271.
Ronasi, Sara. "Étude d'élaboration des mélanges de matériaux bio-sourcés à base d'amidon plastifié et de poly (acide lactique) et de leur compatibilisation". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0264/document.
This study dealt with the development and the compatibilization of the blends of plasticized starch and polylactic acid. The transformation of native to plasticized starch is possible by extrusion in the presence of plasticizers. In this work, the final properties of plasticized starch are controlled by changing process parameters (temperature, extrusion time, screw's rotation speed) and nature and quantity of plasticizers. Plasticization of starch by water, glycerol, sorbitol and citric acid is studied. The blends of plasticized starch and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) are prepared and characterized in the second part of this work. To improve the compatibility of the blend, one way is the addition of a copolymer to the mixture to stabilize the dispersed phase in the matrix. The copolymer used in this work (Amylose-g-PLA) is constituted of amylose backbone and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) grafts. The number and the size of the grafted chains of PLA have been controlled by a three step process polymerization. Two copolymer structures have been prepared: type1, containing high numbers of low molar weight PLA grafts and type 2, lower numbers of high molar weight PLA grafts. In the final part, efficiency of these copolymers (Amylose-g-PLA) in these blends is studied. The comparison between morphology and mechanical properties of blends prepared with these copolymers, demonstrate the higher efficiency of type1 copolymer
Gérard, Thibaut. "Elaboration et caractérisation de matériaux multiphasiques à base de polylactide (PLA) et de polyhydroxyalcanoates (PHA)". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00874861.
Nguyen, Trong Dai. "Influences des propriétés non-Newtoniennes sur un mélange de scalaire passif". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0084.
This thesis presents an experimental study of the mixing in complex fluids which is conducted in partnership with Sanofi Pasteur. The mixture is one of the most common act in everyday life and also in industrial activities. We found in the literature many studies focusing on the mixing tanks with objective to improve performance based on observation of large scale. By cons, in our knowledge, there is few or no research on the hydrodynamics of a mixture in complex fluides. In our work, we study non-Newtonian fluids formed of diluted solution of polymer which characterized by their viscoelastic and shear thinning properties. We used in this study aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide (PAA) or xanthan gum (XG). To identify the difference in behavior with Newtonian fluid, an experimental study with water is carried out under the same conditions as those non-Newtonian fluids. At first, this study was on a reduced mixing tank of Sanofi Pasteur. The results, which not shown in this thesis, led us to develop a fundamental study of flow in a mixer with a simple geometry. The objective is to be able to control the initial conditions and to avoid the side effects of agitation to focus on the mixture. For this, we chose a mixer in a T shape with two perpendicular inputs. Exploring 2D velocity and scalar concentration fields in this T-junction is provided simultaneously of optical techniques (PIV and PLIF). Observations show a significant effect on the hydodynamic and mixture related to the presence of polymers in the flow. In addition, results are used to calculate the Reynolds stress uv and the scalar flux vc and uc. They will be used to check their compliance with the k epsilon model that commonly used in industry
Geron, Michel. "Contribution à l'étude de la structure tourbillonnaire au sein d'une couche de mélange plane : développement de la tridimensionnalité". Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2291.
Khemakhem, Marwa. "Valorisation du grignon d’olives : Utilisation comme charge dans des mélanges à matrice polymère". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI002.
This study is a contribution to the valorization of Olive Solid Waste (OSW) which displays a Lignocellulosic nature. The proposed approach consists in using the OSW as a filler in commodity polymers namely the poly (ethylene/propylene) [CEP] of fossil origin and the poly (lactic acid), derived from renewable resources. The different formulations, CEP/GO and PLA/GO, processed in the molten state in a twin screw extruder were studied from the side of rheological, thermal, mechanical properties and morphology. Different copolymers of various structures were used in order to promote the adhesion in the interface of the components and/or to reduce the polymer matrix degradation and to improve the composite systems performances. Morphological observations corroborated perfectly the studied properties
Gomes, Charles. "Contribution de la planification expérimentale à la modélisation de phénomènes complexes en formulation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0735.
In some domains of formulation, as cosmetics, the phenomena can be very chaotic with discontinuities or not linear zones. In the cosmetic field, the formulator has to propose the optimal experimental strategy which must be well adapted to the constraints imposed by the experimenters. For such phenomena, classical designs of experiments, such as Scheffé simplexes lattices or the D-optimal designs, are proving insufficient because the experimental points do not uniformly cover the experimental space. Indeed, it is essential in these studies to explore the whole experimental domain and to uniformly distribute points in the space. For that purpose, the Space-Filling Designs (SFD), frequently used in the case of orthogonal variables, but less in the case of the mixture variables, are particularly interesting. The objective of this thesis is to adapt the algorithms for construction of uniform designs in the case of mixture designs and to propose guidelines for the choice of the nature and the number of points of the experimental design
Brahami, Yacine. "Mélange à scalaire actif dans les écoulements de jets turbulents". Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR093.
Active scalar mixing, which modifies the velocity field through variations of either density or viscosity, received much less attention than passive scalars. This thesis aims at unravelling some open questions pertaining to active scalar mixing. Whilst some results point to the facts that mixing occurs faster for i) light jets than for heavy jets, and ii) more viscous fluid released in a less viscous environment. This simple example reveals the necessity of a systematic study of the problem. We focus on two aspects of these very vast questions. I. Variable density round jet. We designed an experimental set-up, which allows measuring both velocity and scalar fields, using simultaneous Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence. The first question concerns mixing immediately after injection. Therefore, the very near field of the jet was particularly sought. One-point statistics were used to evaluate the large-scale effect of momentum and density variations on the initiation of turbulence. Also, two-point turbulent statistics for velocity and scalar have been appraised. Through this approach, the effects on transition were assessed through scales of turbulent motion. Mixing was also evaluated at the edge of the flow, in the vicinity of the Turbulent/Non-Turbulent Interface. We found additional specificity to variable density mixing, that is inaccessible by averaging on a cylindrical frame of reference. II. Temporally evolving turbulent jet flow with variable viscosity and mass diffusivity. The data consists in Direct Numerical Simulation performed in our group by Dr. M. Gauding. The purpose of these simulations is to study the kinetic energy and scalar dissipation rates in flows with variable momentum and mass diffusivities. We focused on conditional averaging in the vicinity of Turbulent/Non-Turbulent Interface. This data is confronted to one-and-two point transport equations for the momentum and scalar. It is shown that initial gradients of both viscosity and mass diffusivity have an intense and persistent impact on both kinetic energy and scalar dissipation rates, in the vicinity of the Turbulent/Non-Turbulent Interface, albeit a rapidly trend of the jet core towards self-preservation
Léonard, Sébastien. "Simulation des grandes échelles en maillage adaptatif". Paris 6, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01570183.
Gomes, Charles. "Contribution de la planification expérimentale à la modélisation de phénomènes complexes en formulation". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0735.
In some domains of formulation, as cosmetics, the phenomena can be very chaotic with discontinuities or not linear zones. In the cosmetic field, the formulator has to propose the optimal experimental strategy which must be well adapted to the constraints imposed by the experimenters. For such phenomena, classical designs of experiments, such as Scheffé simplexes lattices or the D-optimal designs, are proving insufficient because the experimental points do not uniformly cover the experimental space. Indeed, it is essential in these studies to explore the whole experimental domain and to uniformly distribute points in the space. For that purpose, the Space-Filling Designs (SFD), frequently used in the case of orthogonal variables, but less in the case of the mixture variables, are particularly interesting. The objective of this thesis is to adapt the algorithms for construction of uniform designs in the case of mixture designs and to propose guidelines for the choice of the nature and the number of points of the experimental design
Rasselet, Damien. "Etude de nanocomposites basés sur des alliages PLA/PA11". Thesis, IMT Mines Alès, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAL0001/document.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the biobased polymers that generates the most interest, but its thermomechanical properties need to be improved. To do that, the most used and studied methods consist of blending PLA with other polymers or adding nanoscaled mineral fillers (nanoparticles) to get a PLA based nanocomposite. This PhD work is dedicated to the elaboration and properties characterization of nanocomposites based on a filled PLA and polyamide 11 80/20 wt/wt blend. The aim is to obtain a biobased material with improved thermal, mechanical and fire reaction properties by controlling its morphology through the addition of nanoparticles and flame retardants additives.To achieve that, two compatibilization techniques, aiming to improve PLA-PA11 interfacial adhesion, were evaluated. The first one consisted of adding silica nanoparticles. Important changes of the blend morphology and rheological properties were noticed, depending on the localization of the two different silica nanoparticles used into the polymer blend phases. The second one consisted of introducing a reactive multifunctional epoxy copolymer, named Joncryl. The reactivity of this copolymer with PLA and PA11 allowed to compatibilize the blend, leading to a fine morphology and higher mechanical properties compared to those of the pristine blend. Samples of compatibilized blends obtained through this method were processed using FDM additive manufacturing process. A study of the influence of this process on the morphology and mechanical properties obtained for these samples was performed. Finally, a better fire reaction of compatibilized polymer blend with 3%wt Joncryl was obtained by the combined addition of phyllosilicates nanoparticles and flame retardants
Panyoo, Akdowa Emmanuel. "Optimisation de l'utilisation du taro (Colocasia esculenta) variété lamba en panification par l'usage de la gomme Grewia mollis. Juss (Famille Tiliaceae)". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0303/document.
The problem in this study is the incorporation of Grewia gum in the wheat-taro mixture in order to improve the level of substitution of wheat flour by taro flour which, according to the literature, cannot exceed 10-15% without deteriorating in a considerable manner the quality of the bread paste. The objective defined in this study is threefold : (1) to know the properties of the flour of taro Lamba variety which, before this study have not been the object for research (2) to determine the optimum conditions for extraction of the Grewia gum, with known physico-chemical and functional characteristics but no standard for conditions extraction. (3) To study the effect of the percentage of gum, taro flour and wheat flour on the rheological and sensory properties of the paste and the bread using a mixture designs with three components. In this study the usual methods of characterization were used. For objective 1, the experimental device takes into account sizes of tuber (4 weight) like factors, and the measured parameters are: the proximate composition, the granulometry and the shape of particles, thermal and rheological properties of the flour. For objective 2, the gum is extracted using a central composite design with faces centered with factors like the flour water ratio (w / w), the temperature, extraction time and pH, the response were the viscosity of the solution and the yield of extraction. A characterization of the sugar profile of gum was made. For objective 3, a ternary mixture design Grewia - taro-wheat with constraints was carried out. The volume of dough, the rheology of paste, the double bite test, the creep-recovering test were measured on the dough, whereas a double compression test analysis and acceptability were carried out on the bread. The results of objective 1 showed that the physico-chemical composition of the taro varies as a function of the mass and peeling type, the amino acid profile reveals the absence of sulphur amino acids. The results of the extraction of gum showed that only the ratio significantly increases the viscosity and the yield of the gum.The optimum conditions for extraction of the Grewia gum are as follows:pH: 7.1 times : 1h temperature: 73 °C water / powder ratio: 55.4 / 1, for a viscosity of 0.98 Pa.s and and yield of 0.32 %. The results of objective 3 show that the incorporation of gum increase the water absorption capacity, viscoelasticity of the dough, volume of the dough and even volume of bread. However the sensory analysis showed that the addition of gum up to 5% contributed to the rejection of the breads
Benkhedja, Houaria. "Extraction au point de trouble de substances organiques et électrolytes à l'aide de mélangeurs-décanteurs". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14245/1/BENKHEDJA.pdf.
El, Barrak Maher. "Contribution à l'étude de l'aptitude à l'écoulement des bétons autoplaçants à l'état frais". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30080.
Copani, Giuseppe. "Benefit of including bioactive legumes (sainfoin, red clover) in grass-based silages on ruminant production and pollutant emissions". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22594/document.
Fodder legume species allow to reduce inputs in livestock breeding systems (fertilizer, concentrates) notably because they contain high levels of crude proteins which are of primary importance in ruminant nutrition. However, during both silage and rumen fermentation processes, proteins are submitted to degradation which affects forage nutritive value and leads to nitrogen (N) losses notably via urine. Some specific legumes can then be of particular interest as they produce plant secondary compounds that can positively affect silage and digestive processes. Condensed tannins (CTs) present in sainfoin (SF, Onobrychis viciifolia) are able to bind with proteins thereby reducing their degradation in the silo and the rumen, resulting in a shift in N excretion from urine to faeces. Red clover (RC, Trifolium pratense) contains polyphenol oxidase (PPO), an enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of different phenolics into quinones. As CTs, quinones are able to form complexes with proteins that will similarly reduce their degradation in the silo and the rumen. The aim of this thesis was to investigate and quantify the potential benefits of using these two bioactive legume species on i) quality and conservation of silages, ii) rumen fermentation, digestive efficiency and sheep performance, and iii) environmental footprint (N excretion and CH4 emissions). We conducted two in vitro and two in vivo trials which were based on silages of pure legumes or of different mixtures with the grass species (timothy T, Phleum pratense L.), which served as control. In the in vitro trials, we focussed on silage quality, silage conservation and rumen fermentation, while in the in vivo trials, we focussed on lambs' performance, digestion efficiency, N balance and CH4 emissions. Including bioactive legumes in mixtures with grass improved, compared to pure grass, forage quality and fermentation during the silage making process, as well as proteins' protection from degradation within both the silos and the rumen. Lambs fed with the mixtures involving legumes responded with an increase in DM intake compared to their counterparts fed with T. Nevertheless, due to a possibly different fibre composition and to the presence of CT which impaired SF digestibility, lambs that consumed T-SF showed lower intake and performance than those that received RC-containing silages. In the rumen, RC proteins appeared more protected from degradation than SF ones, while in the subsequent parts of the digestive tract, the proteins-CT complexes (from SF) might less dissociate than the proteins-quinones ones (from RC). This could partly explain the environment-friendly shift in N excretion from urine to faeces when animals are fed with T-SF. SF also allowed to slightly reduce CH4 emissions. Thus, utilizing bioactive legumes in livestock feeding practices is a promising strategy to produce animal products more sustainably. Our results show different benefits relative to the bioactive legume species involved, directed towards boosted forage quality and animals' performance for RC but towards lowered wastes for SF. Further research is thus needed to better characterize these benefits and enlarging investigations to other plant species, mixtures and potential benefits (e.g. health). This will help to determine the appropriate choice of plant species according to the objectives
Dos, Santos Matos Ana Paula. "Development of micro and nanostructured systems for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment". Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0021.
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus and affects millions of people in several countries. The current treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has many side effects. Based on this scenario, there is an intensive search of new formulations and the study of different routes mainly for CL treatment. In this way, micro and nanotechnology are important technologies, which may be useful for modulation release profile of the drugs improving its bioavailability. One the most investigate drug for CL treatment is paromomycin (PM), an aminoglycoside antibiotic administered by the intravenous and topical route. Another important drug is intravenous amphotericin B (AmB), a macrolide antibiotic used as second-choice treatment. The aims of this study were to develop an oil-water (O/W) nanoemulsion containing AmB for topical administration and spray-dried polymeric microparticles containing PM for intralesional administration for CL treatment. Formulations were characterized mainly in terms of size and morphology of particles or oil droplets, thermal properties, drug content, stability and release behavior. Biological activity was evaluated by in vitro safety in macrophages and antileishmanial activity against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. O/W nanoemulsions containing AmB, were characterized by oil droplets of around 50 nm in size, with polydispersity index lower than 0.5, and drug content of 0.5 mg/mL. Nanoemulsions showed slow and controlled AmB release kinetic, low skin permeation. However, these formulations were cytotoxicity with good antileishmanial activity. Indeed, the best formulation showed stability until 365 days, but required stored in cold chain. For PM-loaded polymeric microparticles, different carriers were investigated (PLGA alone or a mixture of PLGA-PLA). It was found that PM release kinetic was influenced by the carrier composition, with a slow release for the blend of polymers. The investigated formulations were non-toxic and revealed good antileishmanial activity. Therefore, the OW-AmB loaded nanoemulsions and the polymeric-PM loaded microparticles presented interesting results as novel alternatives for CL treatment. Nevertheless, more studies are required for their optimization as antileishmanial activity against L. amazonensis amastigotes and, further, in vivo studies in BALB/c mice
Lebarbe, Thomas. "Synthèse de nouveaux polyesters "verts" issus de ressources oléagineuses : application au renfort au choc du poly(L-lactide)". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00965638.
Nacereddine, Rabia. "Intéractions de structures localisées dans un écoulement pariétal : nouveau mécanisme de transition by-pass". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10079.
The interaction between two localized disturbances is analyzed in a subcritical channel flow through direct numerical simulations. The initial perturbations are of the form of two pairs of counter rotating vortices. One of them interacts with the wall normal vorticity layers set-up near the wall, by compressing or stretching locally part of them through the straining motion it induces. The breakdown of spanwise symmetry leads to the rapid development of a new wall normal vorticity patch that is tilted by the shear and rolls up into a new small-scale streamwise vortex. The process results in a localized turbulent spot at later stages of development. A detailed analysis is carried out to determine the role of different parameters entering in the physics of the mechanism. Several critical thresholds that trigger the interactive bypass transition process are found and analyzed. The similitude parameters resulting from the parametric investigation coincide well with those governing the self-sustaining Reynolds shear stress producing eddies in the buffer layer of a fully developed turbulent wall flow. Tt is suggested that the mechanism we propose may play some role in the regeneration cycle of the near wall turbulence generating structures by precisely bypassing the three-dimensional streak instability mechanism. Based on these results, an active micro-mixing strategy through forcing the flow by synthetic wall jets is proposed. The feasibilitv of this strategy is shown through direct numerical simulations of high spatial and temporal resolution
Déniel, Maxime. "Etude de la production de bio-huile par liquéfaction hydrothermale de résidus agroalimentaires et de leurs molécules modèles". Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMAC0009/document.
This work presents a study of hydrothermal liquefaction of food processing residues using a batch reactor, to produce bio-oil. The objective is to study the influence of operating conditions on bio-oil production, and to contribute to the understanding of the reaction mechanisms occurring during hydrothermal conversion of biomass. Hydrothermal liquefaction of food processing residues was studied using blackcurrant pomace, a berry pressing residue, as an example. A parametric study evaluated the influence of temperature, holding time, biomass concentration and the use of sodium hydroxide as additive on the yields of products. This study allowed the identification of favorable operating conditions to produce bio-oil. The bio-oil yield can in particular benefit from recycling the aqueous phase as reaction solvent (maximum bio-oil yield: 31%). Physicochemical characterization of the bio-oil showed that it has some similarities with heavy crude oil and heavy oils, especially thanks to a lower oxygen content than pyrolysis oils. The bio-oil can be considered as a bio-heavy crude oil, but it still requires significant upgrading before any potential applications. Hydrothermal conversion of model molecules, selected from the characterization of blackcurrant pomace, was studied at a temperature of 300 °C and a holding time of 60 min. Five model monomers (glucose, xylose, glutamic acid, guaiacol and linoleic acid) and two model polymers (microcrystalline cellulose and alkali lignin) were chosen for this study. A mixture design of experiments methodology was followed, to combine reactivity studies with the elaboration of correlations describing the mass yields of products as a function of the initial mixture composition. Analysis of the products shows that hydrothermal conversion of food processing residues is mainly due to degradations of individual compounds and binary interactions between components of biomass. The correlations obtained from the model compounds describe with good accuracy the mass yields of the products from hydrothermal conversion of a model mixture and several food processing residues: brewer’s spent grains, grape marc and raspberry achenes
Guidara, Rima. "Méthodes markoviennes pour la séparation aveugle de signaux et images". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/705/.
This thesis presents new Markovian methods for blind separation of instantaneous linear mixtures of one-dimensional signals and images. In the first part, we propose several improvements to an existent method for separating temporal signals. The new method exploits simultaneously non-Gaussianity, autocorrelation and non-stationarity of the sources. Excellent performance is obtained for the separation of artificial mixtures of speech signals, and we succeed to separate real mixtures of astrophysical spectra. An extension to image separation is then proposed. The dependence within the image pixels is modelled by non-symetrical half-plane Markov random fields. Very good performance is obtained for the separation of artificial mixtures of natural images and noiseless observations of the Planck satellite. The results obtained with a low level noise are acceptable
Hund-Huart, Muriel. "Etude des transferts interfaciaux en extraction liquide-liquide sous champ électrique". Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845221.
Robert, Patricia. "Étude de l’orientation par déformation de mélanges de polymères à base de polystyrène". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11228.
Planar array infrared spectroscopy (PAIRS) was used to study the fast deformation and relaxation of polymers at s draw rate of 46 cm/s, giving millisecond time resolution. Complementary measurements by polarization modulation infrared structural absorbance spectroscopy (PM-IRSAS) were conducted to probe slower deformations (0.16 to 1.6 cm/s) with a time resolution of a few hundreds of milliseconds. Our study allowed the observation, after fast deformation, of a new relaxation time (τ0), on the order of tens of milliseconds, which was not predicted in the literature. The aim of this work is to quantify this new relaxation time and to determine how it is affected by molecular weight, temperature, and blending. Measurements performed on polystyrene (PS) with two different molecular weights (210 and 900 kg/mol) at various temperatures revealed that the new relaxation time is independent of the molecular weight, but that it varies with temperature. Measurements performed on film blends of PS900 with deuterated PS of low molecular weight (21 kg/mol) indicated that this time is unaffected by blending and that the PS chain length has no impact on it. Measurements on films of PS blended with poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) revealed that it is identical for pure PS and for PS in the blends, but that it is shorter, on the order of few milliseconds, for PVME.