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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Piosphere"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 19 febbraio 2022

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1

Washington-Allen, Robert A., Thomas G. Van Niel, R. Douglas Ramsey e Neil E. West. "Remote Sensing-Based Piosphere Analysis". GIScience & Remote Sensing 41, n. 2 (giugno 2004): 136–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/1548-1603.41.2.136.

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2

Frank, Anke S. K., Chris R. Dickman e Glenda M. Wardle. "Habitat use and behaviour of cattle in a heterogeneous desert environment in central Australia". Rangeland Journal 34, n. 3 (2012): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12032.

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The activities of livestock in arid environments typically centre on watering points, with grazing impacts often predicted to decrease uniformly, as radial piospheres, with distance from water. In patchy desert environments, however, the spatial distribution of grazing impacts is more difficult to predict. In this study sightings and dung transects are used to identify preferred cattle habitats in the heterogeneous dune system of the Simpson Desert, central Australia. The importance of watering points as foci for cattle activity was confirmed and it was shown that patchily distributed gidgee woodland, which comprises only 16% of the desert environment, is the most heavily used habitat for cattle away from water and provides critical forage and shade resources. By contrast, dune swales and sides, which are dominated by shade- and forage-deficient spinifex grassland and comprise >70% of the available habitat, were less utilised. These results suggest that habitat use by cattle is influenced jointly by water point location and by the dispersion of woodland patches in a resource-poor matrix. The findings were used to build a modified conceptual model of cattle habitat use which was compared with an original piosphere model, and the consequences for wildlife in environments where the model applies are discussed.

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3

Hess, Bastian, Niels Dreber, Yihui Liu, Kerstin Wiegand, Marvin Ludwig, Hanna Meyer e Katrin M. Meyer. "PioLaG: a piosphere landscape generator for savanna rangeland modelling". Landscape Ecology 35, n. 9 (14 luglio 2020): 2061–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01066-w.

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4

Shahriary, Eahsan, Hossein Azarnivand, Mohammad Jafary, Mohsen Mohseni Saravi e Mohammad Reza Javadi. "Response of Landscape Function to Grazing Pressure Around Mojen Piosphere". Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 12, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2018): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2018.83.89.

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5

Landman, Marietjie, David S. Schoeman, Anthony J. Hall-Martin e Graham I. H. Kerley. "Understanding Long-Term Variations in an Elephant Piosphere Effect to Manage Impacts". PLoS ONE 7, n. 9 (17 settembre 2012): e45334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045334.

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6

Mpakairi, Kudzai S. "Waterhole distribution and the piosphere effect in heterogeneous landscapes: evidence from north-western Zimbabwe". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 74, n. 3 (1 luglio 2019): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0035919x.2019.1622607.

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7

ANDREW, MARTIN H., e ROBERT T. LANGE. "Development of a new piosphere in arid chenopod shrubland grazed by sheep. 2. Changes to the vegetation". Austral Ecology 11, n. 4 (dicembre 1986): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1986.tb01410.x.

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8

ANDREW, MARTIN H., e ROBERT T. LANGE. "Development of a new piosphere in arid chenopod shruhland grazed by sheep. 1. Changes to the soil surface". Austral Ecology 11, n. 4 (dicembre 1986): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1986.tb01409.x.

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9

Heshmatti, G. "The piosphere revisited: plant species patterns close to waterpoints in small, fenced paddocks in chenopod shrublands of South Australia". Journal of Arid Environments 51, n. 4 (agosto 2002): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(02)90969-9.

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10

Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon, Hervé Fritz e Hillary Madzikanda. "Piosphere contribution to landscape heterogeneity: a case study of remote-sensed woody cover in a high elephant density landscape". Ecography 32, n. 5 (ottobre 2009): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05785.x.

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11

Heshmatti, G. A., J. M. Facelli e J. G. Conran. "The piosphere revisited: plant species patterns close to waterpoints in small, fenced paddocks in chenopod shrublands of South Australia". Journal of Arid Environments 51, n. 4 (agosto 2002): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.2002.0969.

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12

Phelps, D. G., e O. J. H. Bosch. "A quantitative state and transition model for the Mitchell grasslands of central western Queensland". Rangeland Journal 24, n. 2 (2002): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj02014.

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Concerns of reduced productivity and land degradation in the Mitchell grasslands of central western Queensland were addressed through a range monitoring program to interpret condition and trend. Botanical and edaphic parameters were recorded along piosphere and grazing gradients, and across fenceline impact areas, to maximise changes resulting from grazing. The Degradation Gradient Method was used in conjunction with State and Transition Models to develop models of rangeland dynamics and condition. States were found to be ordered along a degradation gradient, indicator species developed according to rainfall trends and transitions determined from field data and available literature. Astrebla spp. abundance declined with declining range condition and increasing grazing pressure, while annual grasses and forbs increased in dominance under poor range condition. Soil erosion increased and litter decreased with decreasing range condition. An approach to quantitatively define states within a variable rainfall environment based upon a time-series ordination analysis is described. The derived model could provide the interpretive framework necessary to integrate on-ground monitoring, remote sensing and geographic information systems to trace states and transitions at the paddock scale. However, further work is needed to determine the full catalogue of states and transitions and to refine the model for application at the paddock scale.

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13

Sheppard, S. C., e S. Bittman. "Farm survey used to guide estimates of nitrogen intake and ammonia emissions for beef cattle, including early season grazing and piosphere effects". Animal Feed Science and Technology 166-167 (giugno 2011): 688–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.048.

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14

Trigo, Carolina B., Andrés Tálamo, Mauricio M. Núñez-Regueiro, Enrique J. Derlindati, Gustavo A. Marás, Alicia H. Barchuk e Antonio Palavecino. "A woody plant community and tree-cacti associations change with distance to a water source in a dry Chaco forest of Argentina". Rangeland Journal 39, n. 1 (2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16014.

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In semiarid regions, livestock is concentrated around water sources generating a piosphere pattern (gradients of woody vegetation degradation with increasing proximity to water). Close to the water source, livestock may affect the composition, structure and regeneration strategies of woody vegetation. We used the proximity from a water source as a proxy of grazing pressure. Our objectives were (1) to compare woody vegetation attributes (richness, diversity, species composition, density and basal area) and ground cover between sites at two distances to a water source: near (higher grazing pressure) and far from the water source (lower grazing pressure), and (2) to quantify and compare cases of spatial association among the columnar cacti Stetsonia coryne (Salm-Dyck) Britton and Rose (Cactaceae), and the dominant tree Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorentz ex Griseb. (Zygophyllaceae). We used a paired design with eight pairs of rectangular plots distributed along a large and representative natural water source. We found lower total species richness, plant density and soil cover near than far from water source, and more cases of spatial associations between the two species studied. Our results show evidence of increased livestock impacts around water sources. However, we found no difference in terms of species composition or basal area at near versus far sites. We conclude that grazing pressure might be changing some attributes of the woody plant community, and that the association of young trees with thorny plants (grazing refuge) could be a regeneration mechanism in this semiarid forest with high grazing pressure.

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15

Hoffmann, B. "Changes in ant species composition and community organisation along grazing gradients in semi-arid rangelands of the Northern Territory." Rangeland Journal 22, n. 2 (2000): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj0000171.

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The impact of cattle grazing on ant diversity, species composition and community organisation was investigated in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory, using distance from water as a surrogate of grazing intensity. Two gradients were sampled, one on red earth at Kidman Springs (5 plots), the other on black cracking clay at Mount Sanford (6 plots). Sites were sampled in April (both sites) and October (Kidman Springs only)1998. The two sites supported distinctly different ant communities, with 70 species at Kidman Springs and 36 at Mount Sanford. Species richness and total abundance did not change significantly with distance from water, although species richness was always greatest at the most distant plot. However, multivariate analysis showed that ant species composition changed markedly. Despite large changes in species composition, the abundance of only six of the 24 most common species (two at Kidman Springs and four at Mount Sanford) were significantly correlated with grazing intensity. The abundance of Bassian taxa was promoted by grazing, whereas the species richness of Torresian taxa and the abundance and species richness of Widespread taxa were suppressed. Ant functional group analysis showed community organisation was resilient, with slight changes being primarily driven by Hot Climate Specialists and dependent on the season. However, the relative richness of five functional groups correlated significantly with grazing intensity, all negatively. Ant variables suppressed by grazing were positively associated with patch cover variables and litter, and negatively correlated with annual grass and bare ground, and may serve as indicators of rangeland condition. Key words: biodiversity, cattle grazing, indicators, piosphere, rangeland management, semi-arid, tropical savannas

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16

Ludwig, JA, RW Eager, RJ Williams e LM Lowe. "Declines in Vegetation Patches, Plant Diversity, and Grasshopper Diversity Near Cattle Watering-Points in the Victoria River District, Northern Australia." Rangeland Journal 21, n. 1 (1999): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9990135.

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In this study, we quantify the density, cover and obstruction width of vegetation patches, the roughness of landscape surfaces, and the diversities of plants and grasshoppers with distance from cattle watering- points. We used distance from water as a surrogate for a gradient in grazing pressure. Fourteen study sites were located in the Victoria River District of northern Australia, seven from a water point on Kidman Springs Station on calcareous red loam soils and seven from a water point at Mount Sanford Station on craclcing-clay black soils. At each study site transect lines were oriented within the landscape to run downslope (i.e. in the direction of flows of run-off). We measured the intercept length and obstruction width of perennial vegetation patches along these lines. Plant diversity was measured in quadrats positioned along each line and grasshopper diversity was determined by species counts on each site. We also surveyed the roughness of the landscape surface along each line. A rough surface will tend to slow run-off. hence increase time for water infiltration and soil-water storage. Surface roughness declined near water, as did the density, cover and obstruction width of perennial vegetation patches. Grasshopper and plant species richness also declined near water. These declines suggest strong linkages between landscape filmtion. biodiversity and inipacts of cattle grazing and trampling. Cattle will always create 'sacrifice zones' around watering-points. However, the area of this impact on function and diversity can be minimised by managing the timing and intensity of paddock use. Key words: grazing gradients. Kidman Springs, landscape function. Mount Sanford, piosphere, surface roughness, tropical grasslands, tropical savannas

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17

Perkins, Jeremy S. "Southern Kalahari piospheres: Looking beyond the sacrifice zone". Land Degradation & Development 29, n. 9 (31 maggio 2018): 2778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2968.

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18

Sternberg, Troy. "Piospheres and Pastoralists: Vegetation and Degradation in Steppe Grasslands". Human Ecology 40, n. 6 (24 ottobre 2012): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9539-7.

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19

Shahriary, E., M. W. Palmer, D. J. Tongway, H. Azarnivand, M. Jafari e M. Mohseni Saravi. "Plant species composition and soil characteristics around Iranian piospheres". Journal of Arid Environments 82 (luglio 2012): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.02.004.

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20

Jaweed, Tasadoq H., Khalid Hussain, Ajaykumar K. Kadam, Praveen G. Saptarshi e Sunil W. Gaikwad. "Characterization of Piospheres in Northern Liddar Valley of Kashmir Himalaya". Earth Systems and Environment 2, n. 2 (28 giugno 2018): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41748-018-0056-8.

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21

Derry, JF, e AJ Dougill. "Water location, piospheres and a review of evolution in African ruminants". African Journal of Range & Forage Science 25, n. 2 (giugno 2008): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ajrfs.2008.25.2.6.485.

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22

Macchi, L., e H. R. Grau. "Piospheres in the dry Chaco. Contrasting effects of livestock puestos on forest vegetation and bird communities". Journal of Arid Environments 87 (dicembre 2012): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.06.003.

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23

Schmidt, Anton, Graham Kerley e Laurence Watson. "Threshold changes in the structure and composition of bush clumps in piospheres in an arid thicket mosaic, South Africa". Journal of Arid Environments 169 (ottobre 2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.103999.

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24

NANGULA, S., e G. OBA. "Effects of artificial water points on the Oshana ecosystem in Namibia". Environmental Conservation 31, n. 1 (marzo 2004): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001079.

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In the semi-arid rangelands of the Oshana ecosystem in Northern Namibia, there are general concerns that artificial water points for domestic use contribute to the processes that lead to desertification. The processes begin in piospheres of artificial water points. Among the processes suggested to correlate with radial distance and age of water points are loss of perennial grass species, an increase in annuals, and general loss of herbaceous species richness, herbaceous biomass and grass cover, as well as an increase in forb cover and in bare ground and litter cover. Radial distance and age of artificial water points impacts were compared using these indicators with benchmarks in saline grassland and mopane landscape at the end of the wet season. Radial distance influenced herbaceous species richness, grass cover and bare ground, while the variability of the perennial:annual grass ratio, herbaceous biomass, forb and litter cover were attributed to differences between landscape types. Age of water points influenced only herbaceous species richness, while forb cover was associated more with water points than benchmarks. Forb cover was sporadic in relation to age of water points. In the Oshana ecosystem, therefore, radial-grazing distance could not be used to explain changes in the perennial:annual grass ratio. Many of the changes were explained by differences between landscape types. The mopane landscape was more vulnerable to degradation induced by artificial water points than the grassland landscape. The implication is that, in the future, greater care should be taken to space water points in the mopane landscape.

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25

Thrash, I., e J. F. Derry. "The nature and modelling of piospheres: a review". Koedoe 42, n. 2 (19 febbraio 1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v42i2.234.

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Gradients in utilisation pressure tend to develop around watering points because water dependent herbivores are forced to congregate within a maximum distance of about 10-15 km from water in the dry season. Artificial watering points cause previously migratory or nomadic indigenous large herbivores to become sedentary, so that natural grazing patterns are disrupted. Under this altered grazing pattern, piosphere patterns tend to develop in herbaceous species composition, range condition, grass production, plant biomass, understory cover, standing crop and basal cover. In areas with large populations of elephants the density and canopy cover of trees is directly proportional to distance from watering points. In the absence of elephants an increase in woody plant density and canopy cover tends to occur in a zone just beyond a sacrifice area. Soil erosion, compaction and capping tend to occur at watering points on soils containing clay and silt. Artificial watering points are advantageous to the non-mobile water dependent large herbivore species and disadvantageous to the water independent large herbivore species. The processes underlying piosphere development and maintenance are numerous and diverse. While being parsimonious treatments of a complex system, conceptual models do provide a reasonable basis upon which to design an improved understanding. The logistic curve has been proposed as a convenient tool for estimating piosphere dimensions, but ignoring the 'best-fit' regression model for a piosphere data set may be an inaccurate practice. A large number of gradient models have been developed, each an attempt to shed some light on the behavioural response underlying what appears to be a complex grazing pattern. Several system models that take piosphere effects into account have been constructed. Some of these produce good simulations of herbaceous materi- al dynamics and especially good simulations of bush dynamics.

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26

Shahriary, Eahsan, Thomas E. Gill, Richard P. Langford, Musa Hussein, William L. Hargrove e Peter Golding. "Improving Research through Avoiding Common Statistical Errors: The Case of Piosphere". Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics, 18 dicembre 2020, 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2020/v10i230244.

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For many years scientists studied the piosphere concept- a grazing gradient around a natural/artificial watering point. As is the case for other kinds of ecological studies, the method of statistical analyses applied in many publications is not always appropriate. We note there are many statistical errors and misapplication of data analysis techniques. We reviewed 875 piosphere-related publications between 1915-2018 to find the common statistical methods and common statistical errors in the design of the study, data analyses, presentation of results, and interpretation of study findings. One-way ANOVA, multiple linear regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, canonical correspondence analysis, and mean were the most frequent statistical methods applied. Seventy-one common statistical errors in piosphere publications were found. The most common errors were not choosing the proper or appropriate statistical techniques, not checking the assumptions and diagnostics of statistical methods, partial and wrong interpretation of results, and not using informative figures and tables to help readers. Negligence to the proper application of statistics by researchers results in inaccurate interpretation and spurious conclusions. It is recommended researchers seek advice from statisticians at the early stages of research to save resources, time, and labor and to provide increased trust in recommendations and findings.

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27

Shahriary, Eahsan, Richard P. Langford, Thomas E. Gill, Musa Hussein, William L. Hargrove e Peter Golding. "Partitioning variation in vegetation communities around Lajaneh Piosphere, Iran". Arid Land Research and Management, 6 luglio 2020, 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2020.1783025.

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28

Shahriary, Eahsan, Thomas E. Gill e Richard P. Langford. "Bibliometric analysis of piosphere research: implications for conservation and scientific collaboration". International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 15 settembre 2020, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2020.1821256.

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29

Brits, J., M. W. Van Rooyen e N. Van Rooyen. "Technique to study the impact of large herbivores on woody vegetation within piospheres". Koedoe 43, n. 2 (3 luglio 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v43i2.198.

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A continuously sampled transect away from a watering point provides good results in situations where geology and soil type remain constant, but is unsuitable to apply where regular changes in soil type occur. A comparison was made between a continuously sampled transect and sampling taken at intervals along the transect. An analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in any of the variables obtained by means of the two sampling methods. The advantage of interval sampling is that, within each zone, areas with the same soil type can be selected in order to avoid environmental heterogeneity. A comparison between transects made in different directions from the watering point yielded no significant differences in any of the structural variables of the woody vegetation at the same distance from the watering point. Therefore, combining transects from different directions to attain a representative sample away from the watering point was an acceptable practice. It is recommended that the original data be smoothed and the logistic function used to model the impact of large herbivores on the structure of the woody vegetation around watering points.

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30

Jawuoro, S. O., O. K. Koech, G. N. Karuku e J. S. Mbau. "Effect of piospheres on physio-chemical soil properties in the Southern Rangelands of Kenya". Ecological Processes 6, n. 1 (5 maggio 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13717-017-0082-8.

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31

Jawuoro, S. O., O. K. Koech, G. N. Karuku e J. S. Mbau. "Plant species composition and diversity depending on piospheres and seasonality in the southern rangelands of Kenya". Ecological Processes 6, n. 1 (5 maggio 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13717-017-0083-7.

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32

Egeru, Anthony, Oliver Wasonga, Laban MacOpiyo, John Mburu, John R. S. Tabuti e Mwanjalolo G. J. Majaliwa. "Piospheric influence on forage species composition and abundance in semi-arid Karamoja sub-region, Uganda". Pastoralism 5, n. 1 (20 luglio 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13570-015-0032-y.

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