Articoli di riviste: "Physical therapists"

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Ernst, E. "Complementary Therapies for Physical Therapists". Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 5, n. 3 (14 giugno 2010): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7166.2000.tb02565.x.

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Hopwood, Val. "Complementary Therapies for Physical Therapists". Physiotherapy 86, n. 8 (agosto 2000): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)60839-5.

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Chevan, Julia, e Esther M. Haskvitz. "Do As I Do: Exercise Habits of Physical Therapists, Physical Therapist Assistants, and Student Physical Therapists". Physical Therapy 90, n. 5 (1 maggio 2010): 726–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090112.

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BackgroundPhysical therapy practitioners are among the many health care professionals who can counsel their patients to address the public health care concern of physical inactivity. Health care providers who are physically active themselves are more likely to counsel patients on the benefits of activity.ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were: (1) to examine the leisure-time physical activity habits of physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and student physical therapists in the United States using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine (CDC-ACSM) recommendations and (2) to compare these habits with those of the general population and other health care professionals.DesignA cross-sectional survey design was used.MethodsThere were 2 data sources. A random sample of American Physical Therapy Association members completed an online survey that included questions about physical activity habits worded in same manner as the leisure-time activities section of the 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The final study sample comprised 1,238 participants: 923 physical therapists, 210 student physical therapists, and 105 physical therapist assistants. The 2005 NHIS public use data files were the source for the same information about the general US population and for a subset of health care professionals. Rates of participation in vigorous and moderate physical activity were analyzed.ResultsPhysical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and student physical therapists exercised at higher rates than adults and health-diagnosing professionals in the 2005 NHIS.LimitationsThe study may be limited by sampling and response bias.ConclusionsThis study identified that physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and student physical therapists are meeting CDC-ACSM physical activity guidelines at higher rates than the US adult population and health-diagnosing professionals. These rates exceed the physical activity targets set for adults in Healthy People 2010.

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Shirley, Debra, Hidde P. van der Ploeg e Adrian E. Bauman. "Physical Activity Promotion in the Physical Therapy Setting: Perspectives From Practitioners and Students". Physical Therapy 90, n. 9 (1 settembre 2010): 1311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090383.

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Background Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for chronic disease. Primary health care practitioners are well placed to promote a physically active lifestyle. The perceptions and practice of physical therapists on their role in physical activity promotion are not well known. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, confidence, role perception, barriers, feasibility, and counseling practice of physical therapists and physical therapist students regarding the promotion of nontreatment physical activity for better health. Design A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Methods In 2008, 321 (54%) of a random sample of all physical therapists registered in New South Wales, Australia, responded to a survey on their knowledge, confidence, role perception, barriers, feasibility, and counseling practice with regard to promoting a physically active lifestyles to their patients. Physical therapist students (n=279) completed the same survey but without the questions on barriers and counseling practice. Results Physical therapists and physical therapist students consider that it is part of their role to give their patients nontreatment physical activity advice. Overall, they reported having adequate knowledge and skills to undertake this role. Incorporating advice into normal consultations is deemed the most feasible form of lifestyle physical activity promotion in physical therapist practice. Limitations The cross-sectional nature of this study makes it difficult to determine cause and effect relationships. Some selection bias may have occurred, as the physical therapists who completed the questionnaires may have been those most interested in physical activity promotion. Conclusions Physical therapist practice appears to be an excellent avenue for promoting a physically active lifestyle and could potentially play an important public health role.

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Blackwood, Jennifer, Christina Sweet e Alison Martin. "Attitudes Toward Aging of Physical Therapists and Student Physical Therapists". Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics 32, n. 4 (11 novembre 2014): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02703181.2014.934943.

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Smith, R. "Physical agents for physical therapists". British Journal of Sports Medicine 22, n. 4 (1 dicembre 1988): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.22.4.140.

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Watts, G. "Physical Agents for Physical Therapists". Physiotherapy 75, n. 7 (luglio 1989): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)62611-9.

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Robinson, Andrew J., Michael McCall, Mary T. DePalma, Debra Clayton-Krasinski, Shannon Tingley, Suzann Simoncelli e Lisa Harnish. "Physical Therapists' Perceptions of the Roles of the Physical Therapist Assistant". Physical Therapy 74, n. 6 (1 giugno 1994): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/74.6.571.

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Nielsen, Mandy, Francis J. Keefe, Kim Bennell e Gwendolen A. Jull. "Physical Therapist–Delivered Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: A Qualitative Study of Physical Therapists' Perceptions and Experiences". Physical Therapy 94, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2014): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130047.

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Background The importance of the biopsychosocial model in assessment and management of chronic musculoskeletal conditions is recognized. Physical therapists have been encouraged to develop psychologically informed practice. Little is known about the process of physical therapists' learning and delivering of psychological interventions within the practice context. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate physical therapists' experiences and perspectives of a cognitive-behavioral–informed training and intervention process as part of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving adults with painful knee osteoarthritis. Design A qualitative design was used. Participants were physical therapists trained to deliver pain coping skills training (PCST). Methods Eight physical therapists trained to deliver PCST were interviewed by telephone at 4 time points during the 12-month RCT period. Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim into computer-readable files, and analyzed using Framework Analysis. Results Thematic categories identified were: training, experience delivering PCST, impact on general clinical practice, and perspectives on PCST and physical therapist practice. Physical therapists reported positive experiences with PCST and program delivery. They thought that their participation in the RCT had enhanced their general practice. Although some components of the PCST program were familiar, the therapists found delivering the program was quite different from regular practice. Physical therapists believed the PCST program, a 3- to 4-day workshop followed by formal mentoring and performance feedback from a psychologist for 3 to 6 months and during the RCT, was critical to their ability to effectively deliver the PCST intervention. They identified a number of challenges in delivering PCST in their normal practice. Conclusion Physical therapists can be trained to confidently deliver a PCST program. The physical therapists in this study believed that training enhanced their clinical practice. Comprehensive training and mentoring by psychologists was crucial to ensure treatment fidelity.

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Black, Beth, Beth C. Marcoux, Christine Stiller, Xianggui Qu e Ronald Gellish. "Personal Health Behaviors and Role-Modeling Attitudes of Physical Therapists and Physical Therapist Students: A Cross-Sectional Study". Physical Therapy 92, n. 11 (1 novembre 2012): 1419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110037.

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BackgroundPhysical therapists have been encouraged to engage in health promotion practice. Health professionals who engage in healthy behaviors themselves are more apt to recommend those behaviors, and patients are more motivated to change their behaviors when their health care provider is a credible role model.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe the health behaviors and role-modeling attitudes of physical therapists and physical therapist students.DesignThis study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey.MethodsA national sample of 405 physical therapists and 329 physical therapist students participated in the survey. Participants' attitudes toward role modeling and behaviors related to physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, abstention from smoking, and maintenance of a healthy weight were measured. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to examine differences in attitudes and behaviors between physical therapists and physical therapist students.ResultsA majority of the participants reported that they engage in regular physical activity (80.8%), eat fruits and vegetables (60.3%), do not smoke (99.4%), and maintain a healthy weight (78.7%). Although there were no differences in behaviors, physical therapist students were more likely to believe that role modeling is a powerful teaching tool, physical therapist professionals should “practice what they preach,” physical activity is a desirable behavior, and physical therapist professionals should be role models for nonsmoking and maintaining a healthy weight.LimitationsLimitations of this study include the potential for response bias and social desirability bias.ConclusionsPhysical therapists and physical therapist students engage in health-promoting behaviors at similarly high rates but differ in role-modeling attitudes.

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Baker, Susan M., Helen H. Marshak, Gail T. Rice e Grenith J. Zimmerman. "Patient Participation in Physical Therapy Goal Setting". Physical Therapy 81, n. 5 (1 maggio 2001): 1118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/81.5.1118.

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Abstract Background and Purpose. An important part of treatment planning in physical therapy is effective goal setting. The Guide to Physical Therapist Practice recommends that therapists should identify the patient's goals and objectives during the initial examination in order to maximize outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether therapists seek to involve patients in goal setting and, if so, what methods they use. Therapists' attitudes toward participation and patient satisfaction with the examination were also examined. Subjects and Methods. Twenty-two physical therapists audiotaped the initial examination of 73 elderly patients (X̄=76.4 years of age, SD=7.1, range=65–94). The audiotaped examinations were then scored using the Participation Method Assessment Instrument (PMAI) to determine the frequency of attempts made by therapists to involve patients in goal setting. Therapists and patients completed surveys following the examinations. Results. Therapists' use of participation methods during examinations ranged from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 19 out of 21 possible items on the PMAI. The therapists stated that they believed that it is important to include patients in goal-setting activities and that outcomes will be improved if patients participate. Patients also indicated that participation is important to them. Discussion and Conclusion. In most cases, the therapists did not fully take advantage of the potential for patient participation in goal setting. Patient and therapist education is needed regarding methods for patient participation during initial goal-setting activities.

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Fruth, Stacie J., e Steve Wiley. "Physician Impressions of Physical Therapist Practice in the Emergency Department: Descriptive, Comparative Analysis Over Time". Physical Therapy 96, n. 9 (1 settembre 2016): 1333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150306.

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Abstract Background Emergency department (ED) use in the United States is expected to rapidly increase. Nearly half of all ED visits are classified as semiurgent or nonurgent, and many fall into the musculoskeletal category. Despite growing international evidence that patients are appropriately and safely managed by ED physical therapists in a time-efficient manner, physical therapist practice in EDs is not widely understood or utilized in the United States. To date, no studies have reported the impressions of ED physicians about this practice. Objectives The purposes of this study were: (1) to assess ED physicians' impressions of ED physical therapist practice 2 years after practice was initiated and (2) to determine whether physicians' impressions changed 7 years later. Methods All ED staff physicians and medical residents at a level I trauma hospital were invited to complete a survey in 2004 and 2011. Results In both years, a majority of physicians reported favorable impressions of ED physical therapist practice. Physical therapists were valued for educating patients about safety and injury prevention, providing appropriate gait training, assisting with disposition planning, and providing interventions as alternatives to pain medication. Many physicians supported standing physical therapist orders for certain musculoskeletal conditions. The most common concern was the additional time that patients spend in the ED for a physical therapist consult. Limitations The results of this study may not reflect the impressions of physicians in all EDs that employ physical therapists. Conclusions Emergency department physicians reported favorable impressions of ED physical therapist practice 2 years and 9 years following its implementation in this hospital. This study showed that ED physicians support standing physical therapist orders for certain musculoskeletal conditions, which suggests that direct triage to ED physical therapists for these conditions could be considered.

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Anderson, Lynley, e Clare Delany. "From Persuasion to Coercion: Responding to the Reluctant Patient in Rehabilitation". Physical Therapy 96, n. 8 (1 agosto 2016): 1234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150586.

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AbstractEarly mobilization of patients while in hospital has been demonstrated to provide better outcomes for patients and use fewer resources. Physical therapy–based rehabilitation is central to achieving those goals. Successful rehabilitation requires that patient's and therapist's goals align, and this is commonly the case. However, occasionally, physical therapists will come across patients who are competent but reluctant to mobilize. This situation leaves the physical therapist in an ethical quandary: either accept the patient's right to refuse proposed treatment or utilize other strategies to encourage the patient to adhere to treatment. Practically, physical therapists will use a range of treatment pressures, including persuasion, offering incentives, inducements, possibly threatening or coercing, and even explicitly overriding the patient's wishes (compulsion). Deciding which treatment pressure is ethically acceptable involves the physical therapist balancing his or her therapeutic view of what is in a patient's best interests against the therapist's ethical responsibility to respect patient autonomy. This article evaluates some common strategies used by physical therapists to influence, persuade, or perhaps pressure patients to adhere to rehabilitation. The work of Szmukler and Appelbaum is utilized in analyzing treatment pressures. The authors conclude that there is a spectrum of treatment pressures, with some (persuasion and incentives) being more acceptable than others (threats and compulsion). As physical therapists balance health system pressures for rapid turnover of beds with obligations to benefit patients within limited reimbursement models, while respecting the patients' autonomy, they must be mindful of the effects of treatment pressure on patient care.

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Rindflesch, Aaron B., Darren Q. Calley, Benjamin J. Dobson, Tess G. Steele, Sarah E. Yonkovich e John H. Hollman. "Student Physical Therapists Achieve Similar Patient Outcomes as Licensed Physical Therapists". Journal of Physical Therapy Education 31, n. 4 (dicembre 2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jte.0000000000000008.

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Lakke, Sandra E., Remko Soer, Wim P. Krijnen, Cees P. van der Schans, Michiel F. Reneman e Jan H. B. Geertzen. "Influence of Physical Therapists' Kinesiophobic Beliefs on Lifting Capacity in Healthy Adults". Physical Therapy 95, n. 9 (1 settembre 2015): 1224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130194.

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Background Physical therapists' recommendations to patients to avoid daily physical activity can be influenced by the therapists' kinesiophobic beliefs. Little is known about the amount of influence of a physical therapist's kinesiophobic beliefs on a patient's actual lifting capacity during a lifting test. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the influence of physical therapists' kinesiophobic beliefs on lifting capacity in healthy people. Design A blinded, cluster-randomized cross-sectional study was performed. Methods The participants (n=256; 105 male, 151 female) were physical therapist students who performed a lifting capacity test. Examiners (n=24) were selected from second-year physical therapist students. Participants in group A (n=124) were tested in the presence of an examiner with high scores on the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia for health care providers (TSK-HC), and those in group B (n=132) were tested in the presence of an examiner with low scores on the TSK-HC. Mixed-model analyses were performed on lifting capacity to test for possible (interacting) effects. Results Mean lifting capacity was 32.1 kg (SD=13.6) in group A and 39.6 kg (SD=16.4) in group B. Mixed-model analyses revealed that after controlling for sex, body weight, self-efficacy, and the interaction between the examiners' and participants' kinesiophobic beliefs, the influence of examiners' kinesiophobic beliefs significantly reduced lifting capacity by 14.4 kg in participants with kinesiophobic beliefs and 8.0 kg in those without kinesiophobic beliefs. Limitations Generalizability to physical therapists and patients with pain should be studied. Conclusions Physical therapists' kinesiophobic beliefs negatively influence lifting capacity of healthy adults. During everyday clinical practice, physical therapists should be aware of the influence of their kinesiophobic beliefs on patients' functional ability.

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Thomas, Susie, Shylie Mackintosh e Julie Halbert. "Determining Current Physical Therapist Management of Hip Fracture in an Acute Care Hospital and Physical Therapists' Rationale for This Management". Physical Therapy 91, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2011): 1490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100310.

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Background Physical therapy has an important role in hip fracture rehabilitation to address issues of mobility and function, yet current best practice guidelines fail to make recommendations for specific physical therapy interventions beyond the first 24 hours postsurgery. Objectives The aims of this study were: (1) to gain an understanding of current physical therapist practice in an Australian acute care setting and (2) to determine what physical therapists consider to be best practice physical therapist management and their rationale for their assessment and treatment techniques. Design and Methods Three focus group interviews were conducted with physical therapists and physical therapist students, as well as a retrospective case note audit of 51 patients who had undergone surgery for hip fracture. Results Beyond early mobilization and a thorough day 1 postoperative assessment, great variability in what was considered to be best practice management was displayed. Senior physical therapists considered previous clinical experience to be more important than available research evidence, and junior physical therapists modeled their behavior on that of senior physical therapists. The amount of therapy provided to patients during their acute inpatient stay varied considerably, and none of the patients audited were seen on every day of their admission. Conclusions Current physical therapist management in the acute setting for patients following hip fracture varies and is driven by system pressures as opposed to evidence-based practice.

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Johnson, Connie C., e Toby Long. "Use of the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice by Pediatric Physical Therapists". Pediatric Physical Therapy 21, n. 2 (2009): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pep.0b013e3181a349b1.

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Brooks, Barbara A. "Acceptance of Physical Therapist Assistant Course Work by Programs Preparing Physical Therapists". Physical Therapy 65, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1985): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/65.1.48.

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Resnik, Linda, e Dennis L. Hart. "Using Clinical Outcomes to Identify Expert Physical Therapists". Physical Therapy 83, n. 11 (1 novembre 2003): 990–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/83.11.990.

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Abstract Background and Purpose. Previous studies of expert physical therapists have sampled therapists based on years of clinical experience or reputation, not on their patients' clinical outcomes. The purposes of this study were to identify expert physical therapists by using patient self-reported outcomes and to describe the characteristics of clinicians whose patients with lumbar spine syndromes reported higher health-related quality of life (HRQL) following rehabilitation. Methods. Retrospective data were analyzed on 24,276 patients (mean age=47.8 years, SD=16, range=14–97) with lumbar spine syndromes treated by 930 physical therapists participating in the Focus On Therapeutic Outcomes database in 1999–2000. Physical therapists and staff answered questions concerning years of experience and practice setting when starting their participation in the outcomes system. Patient self-report HRQL data were collected at intake and discharge from outpatient rehabilitation. Discharge HRQL data were risk adjusted using patient characteristics. Data were aggregated by physical therapist. Risk-adjusted discharge HRQL scores were used to classify physical therapists whose patients reported mean HRQL improvement above the 90th percentile as experts and physical therapists whose patients reported mean HRQL improvement between the 45th and 55th percentiles as average. Results. Therapists classified as expert had fewer patients in the database than did therapists classified as average (X̄±SD) (19±17 versus 29±22). Mean treatment duration was different between groups (32±11 days for the expert group versus 31±8 days for the average group). Discussion and Conclusion. The results challenge assumptions that extensive clinical experience is necessary to achieve superior patient outcomes, and they provide information about the relationship between therapist characteristics and patient outcomes.

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I.J. Wagner, Joan, Sharon Warren, Greta Cummings, Donna L. Smith e Joanne K. Olson. "Workplace model for physical therapists and occupational therapists". Journal of Health Organization and Management 28, n. 3 (10 giugno 2014): 290–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-04-2012-0070.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test a model linking physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) practitioners’ perceptions of resonant leadership, structural empowerment and psychological empowerment to their experiences of spirit at work (SAW), job satisfaction and organizational commitment within the Canadian workplace. Design/methodology/approach – The authors tested the model using LISREL 8.80 and survey data from 101 OTs and 169 PTs, randomly selected by the Alberta professional licensing associations. Content analysis of responses to the open-ended comments section provided additional depth and insight. Findings – Analysis of results culminated in minor modifications to the original theoretical model, creating separate PT and OT models. Both models revealed a good fit with the observed data. Several SAW concepts accounted for moderate to large amounts of variance in both PT and OT models, indicating that SAW is a comprehensive workplace outcome. Research limitations/implications – Theory was derived from business and nursing research literature due to limited rehabilitation research literature. Discussion of OT results must consider the small sample size. This study is initial exploratory research. Practical implications – Each discipline-specific model provides professionals, health care leaders and policy makers with a rich body of information upon which to base beneficial workplace decisions. SAW will guide leaders in the holistic development and enrichment of the work environment. Originality/value – This research contributes to the substantive knowledge of the OT and PT disciplines, particularly in the areas of leadership, workplace structural organization and indicators of healthy work environments such as SAW, empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

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Holtgrefe, Karen. "Pharmacology for Physical Therapists". Physical Therapy 86, n. 11 (1 novembre 2006): 1569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.2006.86.11.1569.

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&NA;. "Who Consults Physical Therapists?" Back Letter 20, n. 10 (ottobre 2005): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-200510000-00011.

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Cornwall, Mark W., Mary T. Keehn e Mark Lane. "Characteristics of US-Licensed Foreign-Educated Physical Therapists". Physical Therapy 96, n. 3 (1 marzo 2016): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140569.

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Background Foreign-educated physical therapists are often viewed as one possible solution to the current shortage of physical therapists, yet there is very little research regarding these individuals. Objective The purpose of this study was to describe those physical therapists who are licensed in the United States but who were educated in another country. This description includes their country of education, their employment patterns, and the reasons they decided to emigrate and work as a physical therapist in the United States. Design A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Methods An electronic survey was sent to all physical therapists currently licensed in the United States who had been educated in another country. Those who had been licensed within the last 5 years are reported. Results The results of the survey indicated that the typical foreign-educated physical therapist is female, aged 32.2 years, and was born and trained in either the Philippines or India. A majority of foreign-educated physical therapists obtained their first license in New York, Michigan, Illinois, Texas, or Florida. The most common reasons cited as to why a particular jurisdiction was chosen for initial employment were “recruiter recommendation,” “family, spouse, partner, or friends,” “ease of the licensure process,” and “ability to secure a visa sponsor.” A majority of foreign-educated physical therapists in this study initially worked in a skilled nursing facility, a long-term care or extended care facility, or a home health setting. Limitations Only those foreign-educated physical therapists licensed within the last 5 years are reported. Conclusions This study is the first to report on foreign-educated physical therapists in the United States. The findings of this study will provide important and useful information to others dealing with physical therapy professional and workforce issues.

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Choi, Jae Kwang, e Yeon Hwan Lee. "Effects of emotional labor on musculoskeletal disorders among physical therapists in Seoul". International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 13, n. 2 (15 marzo 2023): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v13i2.44002.

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Introduction: Health care workers, including physical therapists, have some of the most important roles in the health care system as shown during the COVID-19 pandemic. Physical therapists encounter emotionally and physically vulnerable patients, experience emotional labor, and are exposed to conditions that can lead to job stress and musculoskeletal disorders. We aimed to examine the relationship between physical therapists’ emotional labor and its effect on perceived job stress and risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: We conducted a 30-day survey among 230 physical therapists working in various settings from October 2 to November 1, 2019. Questionnaires, including questions on musculoskeletal symptoms, perceived job stress, and emotional labor, were administered to the participants. Results: The physical therapist's surface behavior affected the body burden. Job burnout experienced by physical therapists had an effect on their interpersonal relationships. The physical therapist's emotional law affects the degree of compensation. Conclusion: To prevent the long-term consequences of work-related strain, physical therapists should receive support in terms of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and developing effective methods of communication with patients. Encouragement of activities for psychological rejuvenation with colleagues with whom they can share emotional difficulties is also desirable. It is also necessary to establish a communication channel that can directly convey the grievances of physical therapists to hospitals.

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Starr, Julie Ann, Mary Beth Holmes, Erin Riley, Brian McDonnell, Laura Driscoll, James Camarinos, Weronika Grabowska e Allen G. Harbaugh. "A Quantitative Measurement of Physical Therapists’ Empathy and Exploration of the Relationship With Practice Setting and Work Engagement". Evaluation & the Health Professions 43, n. 4 (22 luglio 2019): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163278719864687.

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Clinical empathy has been studied in a number of health-care disciplines suggesting that higher practitioner empathy leads to improved patient health and wellness and improved patient outcomes. While some aspects of the physical therapist–patient relationship have been described, evidence of quantitative assessment of clinical empathy in physical therapists is scarce. To investigate the level of self-reported clinical empathy in physical therapists and its relationship to practice environment and workplace engagement, the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Provider version (JSE-HP) and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) were used. Study participants were 123 physical therapists working full time at either an acute care setting, a rehabilitation hospital, or an outpatient clinic. These physical therapists demonstrated a mean JSE-HP score of 118.5 (9.1) and a mean OLBI score of 15.63 (3.5). This mean empathy score was found to be higher than reported empathy level of some health disciplines such as nursing and pharmacy yet lower than others such as mental health workers, psychiatrists, and pediatricians. Practice setting was not found to be a significant factor regarding empathy levels in physical therapists. As reported in previous studies, there was a positive correlation between being female and having higher empathy levels. A positive correlation was found between age and work disengagement. Finally, our hypothesis regarding a negative correlation between empathy and work disengagement was confirmed, suggesting that workplace disengagement may diminish a physical therapist’s empathy, which may then negatively affect patient clinical outcomes.

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Chepurna, Natalia. "THE CONCEPTUAL AND TERMINOLOGICAL APPARATUS IN THE FIELD OF REHABILITATION". Collection of Scientific Papers of Uman State Pedagogical University, n. 2 (27 aprile 2023): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2307-4906.2.2023.282523.

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The article shows the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the rehabilitation area (physical therapy, ergotherapy, speech and language therapy, physical therapist, ergotherapist) by analyzing the legislative framework and scientific sources. This analysis showed the multidirectionality of the directions of rehabilitation. Different specialists do separate rehabilitation tasks for physical therapy and separately for occupational therapy. This approach contributes to a high-quality rehabilitation process for patients (recovery from injuries – it is doing physical therapists, or acute diseases – stroke – it is doing occupational therapists).The terminological aspects in the rehabilitation area at different educational levels are formulated: physical therapy, ergotherapy, training of physical therapists, occupational therapists at the bachelor’s level, training of physical therapists, occupational therapists at the master’s level.In the structure of the training of rehabilitation specialists, the directions of rehabilitation are highlighted (227.1Physical therapy; 227.2 Ergotherapy; 227.3 Speech and language therapy), which allows universities to focus and specify the training of these specialists at the bachelor’s and master’s levels. Namely, the focus is on professional competencies for occupational therapists and physical therapists. And also, in accordance with the legislative framework, directs the professional direction of the work of physical therapists, occupational therapists and future – speech and language therapists. Keywords: physical therapy, ergotherapy, speech and language therapy, physical therapists, ergotherapists, bachelor`s level, master`s level, rehabilitation process.

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Afzal, Mamoona Tasleem, Zainab Tariq, Syeda Aiman Batool, Muhammad Shakir Khan, Saad Tariq e Mubara Rehman. "COMPARISON OF THE LEVEL OF BURNOUT AMONG THE ACADEMIC AND CLINICAL PHYSICAL THERAPISTS". Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 12, n. 2 (6 luglio 2023): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.12.2/011.

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Aims of Study: To compare the level of burnout among the academic and clinical physical therapists. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted from August 2019 to January 2020. Data was collected from physical therapists working in the universities and hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Data was collected from 278 participants. Maslach burnout inventory scale was used to measure the level of burnout which was analyzed using SPSS statistics 21. Results: The mean value of emotional exhaustion for clinical physical therapists was 20.02 ± 8.08 and for academic physical therapist was 18.6 ± 6.57 with significant p value (p˂0.05). The mean value for depersonalization for clinical physical therapists was 9.22 ± 5.17 and for academic 9.29 ± 5.07 with significant p value (p˂0.05). The mean value of personal accomplishment for clinical physical therapists and academic physical therapists was 35.43 ± 7.715 and 35.74 ± 6.49 respectively with non-significant p value (p˃0.05). Limitations and Future Implications: It was conducted for specific time period which not record the overall or yearly impact of burnout on participants. So time lapse and longitudinal study should be done. Originality: The clinical physical therapists have increased level of burnout than academic physical therapists. Conclusion: The clinical physical therapists have increased level of burnout than academic physical therapists.

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Jamil, Dr Komal. "PHYSICAL THERAPIST PARTICIPATION IN GOAL SETTINGS FOR PATIENT MANAGEMENT". Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 11, n. 2 (7 luglio 2022): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.11.2/008.

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Background and Aim: To identify physical therapist participation in goal settings for patient management. Goal setting is an effective method for serving a mentee to develop a strong foundation for future planning. Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at different physical therapy departments, clinics, and hospitals of Karachi. A total of 100 physical therapists were given a validated questionnaire to complete. The questionnaire contains 21 questions related to patient preparation, concerns, and the goal setting process. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 21. Confidentiality of the participants was maintained. Data was coded and subjects were given the rights to willingly participate. Results: Most of the physical therapists indicated that they had been participation in goal settings for patient management. 60% of the physical therapists take part in goal settings for patient management, and the rest of the physical therapists were neutral. It will help the physical therapist for making the goals for the patient recovery. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that goal setting is a very satisfactory activity for the patient management. By setting their goals physical therapists recognize their own capability and competence in accomplishing the pretensions that they have set. Goal setting is a major component for the physical therapists for planning the management of the patient and making the goals to attain it because there's a fantastic courting among the aim placing and mission performance. Objective placing consists of the development of a hobby plan deliberate to encourage and direct an person or amassing in the direction of an objectives. This study helps you to organize your time by setting their goals and you fete your own ability and proficiency in attain the goals that you have set. Goal setting helps the physical therapist to know about the history, chances of recovery of the patient and the progress about the patient.

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Kota, Munetsugu, Hiroyuki Kudo e Kazuhiko Okita. "Factors affecting physical therapists’ job satisfaction: questionnaire survey targeting first-year physical therapists". Journal of Physical Therapy Science 30, n. 4 (2018): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.563.

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Butt, S. L., S. M. Fenning, K. M. Sharkey e M. L. Fink. "PRACTICING WHAT THEY PREACH? LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS OF PHYSICAL THERAPISTS AND STUDENT PHYSICAL THERAPISTS". Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal 23, n. 4 (dicembre 2012): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01823246-201223040-00028.

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An, Qi, Yuki Ishikawa, Wen Wen, Shu Ishiguro, Koji Ohata, Hiroshi Yamakawa, Yusuke Tamura, Atsushi Yamashita e Hajime Asama. "Skill Abstraction of Physical Therapists in Hemiplegia Patient Rehabilitation Using a Walking Assist Robot". International Journal of Automation Technology 13, n. 2 (5 marzo 2019): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2019.p0271.

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Improving the walking functions of hemiplegia patients after a stroke or brain injury is an important rehabilitation challenge. Recently, walking assist robots have been introduced in advanced rehabilitation facilities as a way to improve the efficiency of patient rehabilitation and restore their walking functions. Expert therapists can apply this device on different patients; however, such application mainly depends on the therapist’s tacit knowledge. Thus, it is often harder for novice therapists to apply such devices on different types of patients. Consequently, effective use of a walking assist robot has become a new patient rehabilitation skill. Taking rehabilitation as a service provided by medical doctors or therapists to their patients, this study aims to improve the quality of the rehabilitation service. In particular, the objective of this study is to abstract the rehabilitation skill of expert therapists in using a walking assist robot by applying a service science methodology known as skill education. Skill abstraction was performed by interviewing an expert therapist. From this interview, it was found that the expert therapist classified hemiplegia patients into four different classes. Using videos of patients walking, further analysis revealed the expert’s tacit knowledge, which was indicated by differences observed among these four groups in particular phases of the patients’ walking patterns. This study shows that by successfully obtaining explicit knowledge of part of a rehabilitation skill by using a walking assist robot (which until now was a tacit knowledge of experts), and then organizing the acquired explicit knowledge, even non-experts can easily reproduce the skill of experts in new patient rehabilitation.

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Sykes, C., M. Moffat e M. Skinner. "Physical therapy counts: counting physical therapists worldwide". Physiotherapy 101 (maggio 2015): e1464-e1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.1432.

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Page, P. "PHYSICAL ACTIVITY COUNSELING BEHAVIORS OF PHYSICAL THERAPISTS." Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 29, n. 3 (dicembre 2006): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200612000-00029.

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Pattison, Kira M., Dina Brooks, Jill I. Cameron e Nancy M. Salbach. "Factors Influencing Physical Therapists' Use of Standardized Measures of Walking Capacity Poststroke Across the Care Continuum". Physical Therapy 95, n. 11 (1 novembre 2015): 1507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140267.

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Background The use of standardized assessment tools is an element of evidence-informed rehabilitation, but physical therapists report administering these tools inconsistently poststroke. An in-depth understanding of physical therapists' approaches to walking assessment is needed to develop strategies to advance assessment practice. Objectives The objective of this study was to explore the methods physical therapists use to evaluate walking poststroke, reasons for selecting these methods, and the use of assessment results in clinical practice. Design A qualitative descriptive study involving semistructured telephone interviews was conducted. Methods Registered physical therapists assessing a minimum of 10 people with stroke per year in Ontario, Canada, were purposively recruited from acute care, rehabilitation, and outpatient settings. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded line by line by the interviewer. Credibility was optimized through triangulation of analysts, audit trail, and collection of field notes. Results Study participants worked in acute care (n=8), rehabilitation (n=11), or outpatient (n=9) settings and reported using movement observation and standardized assessment tools to evaluate walking. When selecting methods to evaluate walking, physical therapists described being influenced by a hierarchy of factors. Factors included characteristics of the assessment tool, the therapist, the workplace, and patients, as well as influential individuals or organizations. Familiarity exerted the primary influence on adoption of a tool into a therapist's assessment repertoire, whereas patient factors commonly determined daily use. Participants reported using the results from walking assessments to communicate progress to the patient and health care professionals. Conclusions Multilevel factors influence physical therapists' adoption and daily administration of standardized tools to assess walking. Findings will inform knowledge translation efforts aimed at increasing the standardized assessment of walking poststroke.

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Escorpizo, Reuben, Gerold Stucki, Alarcos Cieza, Kandace Davis, Teri Stumbo e Daniel L. Riddle. "Creating an Interface Between the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and Physical Therapist Practice". Physical Therapy 90, n. 7 (1 luglio 2010): 1053–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090326.

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The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) has endorsed the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a framework to be integrated into physical therapist practice. The ICF is a universal and inclusive platform for the understanding of health and disability and a comprehensive classification system for describing functioning. The APTA's Guide to Physical Therapist Practice was designed to guide patient management, given the different settings and health conditions that physical therapists encounter in their daily clinical practice. However, physical therapists may be unclear as to how to concretely apply the ICF in their clinical practice and to translate the application in a way that is meaningful to them and to their patients. This perspective article proposes ways to integrate the ICF and the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice to facilitate clinical documentation by physical therapists.

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Sessions, Dee. "A Survey of NHS Community Occupational Therapy Services for Adult Physical Disability". British Journal of Occupational Therapy 59, n. 3 (marzo 1996): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269605900306.

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This article presents the results of an informal survey to investigate the services that are provided for adults with a physical disability by community occupational therapists within the National Health Service (NHS). The findings include a brief history of the service, staffing, location, referring agencies and range of provision. Respondents' perceptions of the division of responsibility between NHS community occupational therapists and social services occupational therapists are highlighted. Information is also provided on the input of the community occupational therapist to day hospitals for elderly care and to student placement in the community. Finally, innovative schemes provided by community occupational therapists are listed.

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Rhon, Daniel I., Gail D. Deyle e Norman W. Gill. "Clinical Reasoning and Advanced Practice Privileges Enable Physical Therapist Point-of-Care Decisions in the Military Health Care System: 3 Clinical Cases". Physical Therapy 93, n. 9 (1 settembre 2013): 1234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120148.

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Background and Purpose Physical therapists frequently make important point-of-care decisions for musculoskeletal injuries and conditions. In the Military Health System (MHS), these decisions may occur while therapists are deployed in support of combat troops, as well as in a more traditional hospital setting. Proficiency with the musculoskeletal examination, including a fundamental understanding of the diagnostic role of musculoskeletal imaging, is an important competency for physical therapists. The purpose of this article is to present 3 cases managed by physical therapists in unique MHS settings, highlighting relevant challenges and clinical decision making. Case Description Three cases are presented involving conditions where the physical therapist was significantly involved in the diagnosis and clinical management plan. The physical therapist's clinical privileges, including the ability to order appropriate musculoskeletal imaging procedures, were helpful in making clinical decisions that facilitate timely management. The cases involve patients with an ankle sprain and Maisonneuve fracture, a radial head fracture, and a pelvic neoplasm referred through medical channels as knee pain. Outcomes Clinical pathways from point of care are discussed, as well as the reasoning that led to decisions affecting definitive care for each of these patients. In each case, emergent treatment and important combat evacuation decisions were based on a combination of examination and management decisions. Discussion Physical therapists can provide important contributions to the primary management of patients with musculoskeletal conditions in a variety of settings within the MHS. In the cases described, advanced clinical privileges contributed to the success in this role.

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Kang, Min-Hyeok, Oh-Yun Kwon, Yong-Wook Kim, Ji-Won Kim, Tae-Ho Kim, Tae-Young Oh, Jong-Hyuk Weon, Tae-Sik Lee e Jae-Seop Oh. "Is there an agreement among the items of the Korean physical therapist licensing examination, learning objectives of class subjects, and physical therapists’ job descriptions?" Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 13 (12 gennaio 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2016.13.3.

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Purpose: To determine the agreement among the items of the Korean physical therapist licensing examination, learning objectives of class subjects, and physical therapists’ job descriptions. Methods: The main tasks of physical therapists were classified, and university courses related to the main tasks were also classified. Frequency analysis was used to determine the proportions of credits for the classified courses out of the total credits of major subjects, exam items related to the classified courses out of the total number of exam items, and universities that offer courses related to the Korean physical therapist licensing examination among the surveyed universities. Results: The proportions of credits for clinical decision making and physical therapy diagnosis-related courses out of the total number credits for major subjects at universities were relatively low (2.06% and 2.58%, respectively). Although the main tasks of physical therapists are related to diagnosis and evaluation, the proportion of physiotherapy intervention-related items (35%) was higher than that of examination and evaluation-related items (25%) on the Korean physical therapist licensing examination. The percentages of universities that offer physical therapy diagnosis and clinical decision making-related courses were 58.62% and 68.97%, respectively.Conclusion: Both the proportion of physiotherapy diagnosis and evaluation-related items on the Korean physical therapist licensing examination, and the number of subjects related to clinical decision making and physical therapy diagnosis in the physical therapy curriculum, should be increased to ensure that the examination items and physical therapy curriculum reflect the practical tasks of physical therapists.

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Ten Tusscher, Marieke R., Wim G. Groen, Edwin Geleijn, Dagmar Berkelaar, Neil K. Aaronson e Martijn M. Stuiver. "Education Needs of Dutch Physical Therapists for the Treatment of Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Mixed Methods Study". Physical Therapy 100, n. 3 (7 febbraio 2020): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz172.

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Abstract Background The survival rates for patients with advanced cancer have increased over time. Many patients experience symptoms and functional limitations that impair activities of daily living and limit quality of life. A number of these health problems are amenable to physical therapist treatment. However, physical therapists caring for patients with advanced cancer require special training and skills. Objective The study aimed to assess the educational needs and clinical uncertainties of Dutch physical therapists in relation to treatment of patients with advanced cancer. Design This was a mixed methods study. Methods A survey and 2 focus groups were conducted among physical therapists working in primary care who had previously received at least basic oncology training. Results A total of 162 physical therapists completed the survey. The most frequently reported educational needs were related to effective interprofessional collaboration (61.7%), knowledge of medical treatment (49.4%), and current evidence on physical therapist interventions in this population (49.4%). In the focus groups, physical therapists (n = 17) voiced uncertainties about treating patients with bone metastases, setting realistic goals, when and how to end a treatment episode, interprofessional collaboration, finding and using evidence, and using clinimetrics. Conclusion These results support the need for specific education programs for physical therapists working with advanced cancer patients to increase the availability of high-quality oncology rehabilitation for this population.

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Austin, Tricia M., e Kim C. Graber. "Variables Influencing Physical Therapists’ Perceptions of Continuing Education". Physical Therapy 87, n. 8 (1 agosto 2007): 1023–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060053.

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Background and Purpose: As of October 1, 2002, physical therapy continuing education (CE) in Illinois was mandated. Research examining the recent mandate for physical therapists to engage in CE is limited. The purposes of this study were to examine the perceptions of physical therapist clinicians and managers concerning the barriers to and facilitators of CE and to identify how physical therapists perceive the role of their department in the CE process.Subjects: Participants were 23 physical therapists at 6 hospitals.Methods: Qualitative methodology was used to analyze data.Results: Four themes were identified: negotiating and managing the variables associated with CE, providing and promoting opportunities that meet physical therapists’ CE needs, identifying the elements of employment environments that foster CE, and perceived implications of mandating CE.Discussion and Conclusion: This investigation highlights the need to identify the core set of variables associated with engaging in CE and to promote the elements of employment environments that foster CE.

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Smith, Beth A., Christina J. Fields e Natalia Fernandez. "Physical Therapists Make Accurate and Appropriate Discharge Recommendations for Patients Who Are Acutely Ill". Physical Therapy 90, n. 5 (1 maggio 2010): 693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090164.

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BackgroundAcute care physical therapists contribute to the complex process of patient discharge planning. As physical therapists are experts at evaluating functional abilities and are able to incorporate various other factors relevant to discharge planning, it was expected that physical therapists’ recommendations of patient discharge location would be both accurate and appropriate.ObjectiveThis study determined how often the therapists’ recommendations for patient discharge location and services were implemented, representing the accuracy of the recommendations. The impact of unimplemented recommendations on readmission rate was examined, reflecting the appropriateness of the recommendations.DesignThis retrospective study included the discharge recommendations of 40 acute care physical therapists for 762 patients in a large academic medical center. The frequency of mismatch between the physical therapist's recommendation and the patient's actual discharge location and services was calculated. The mismatch variable had 3 levels: match, mismatch with services lacking, or mismatch with different services. Regression analysis was used to test whether mismatch status, patient age, length of admission, or discharge location predicted patient readmittance.ResultsOverall, physical therapists’ discharge recommendations were implemented 83% of the time. Patients were 2.9 times more likely to be readmitted when the therapist's discharge recommendation was not implemented and recommended follow-up services were lacking (mismatch with services lacking) compared with patients with a match.LimitationsThis study was limited to one facility. Limited information about the patients was collected, and data on patient readmission to other facilities were not collected.ConclusionsThis study supports the role of physical therapists in discharge planning in the acute care setting. Physical therapists demonstrated the ability to make accurate and appropriate discharge recommendations for patients who are acutely ill.

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Zahid, Amna, Muhammad Rizwan, Farjad Afzal, Waqas Latif e Talha Laique. "Work Related Physical Health Challenges Faced by Physical Therapists". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, n. 11 (30 novembre 2021): 3216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115113216.

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Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Objectives: To find the prevalence of work related musculoskeletal problems among the physical therapist. Study Design: Associational, correlational, causal-comparative. Methodology: The Physical therapists from clinical setups (private and public) in Lahore, Pakistan, were enrolled taking a sample size of 131. The sample size calculated was by keeping margin of error equal to 13% and level of significance equal to 5%. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 25 as qualitative variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Results: There was a significant relation of physical problems related to work of physical therapist as per daily routine of repetitive movements while giving a treatment to the patient. Conclusion: We concluded that experts of the field either switch to the academic side or more preventive nature of job to manage the economic needs along with their profession. Keywords: Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Physical Health Problems.

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Campo, Marc A., Sherri Weiser e Karen L. Koenig. "Job Strain in Physical Therapists". Physical Therapy 89, n. 9 (1 settembre 2009): 946–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080322.

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BackgroundJob stress has been associated with poor outcomes. In focus groups and small-sample surveys, physical therapists have reported high levels of job stress. Studies of job stress in physical therapy with larger samples are needed.ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were: (1) to determine the levels of psychological job demands and job control reported by physical therapists in a national sample, (2) to compare those levels with national norms, and (3) to determine whether high demands, low control, or a combination of both (job strain) increases the risk for turnover or work-related pain.DesignThis was a prospective cohort study with a 1-year follow-up period.MethodsParticipants were randomly selected members of the American Physical Therapy Association (n=882). Exposure assessments included the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), a commonly used instrument for evaluation of the psychosocial work environment. Outcomes included job turnover and work-related musculoskeletal disorders.ResultsCompared with national averages, the physical therapists reported moderate job demands and high levels of job control. About 16% of the therapists reported changing jobs during follow-up. Risk factors for turnover included high job demands, low job control, job strain, female sex, and younger age. More than one half of the therapists reported work-related pain. Risk factors for work-related pain included low job control and job strain.LimitationsThe JCQ measures only limited dimensions of the psychosocial work environment. All data were self-reported and subject to associated bias.ConclusionsPhysical therapists’ views of their work environments were positive, including moderate levels of demands and high levels of control. Those therapists with high levels of demands and low levels of control, however, were at increased risk for both turnover and work-related pain. Physical therapists should consider the psychosocial work environment, along with other factors, when choosing a job.

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NARA, ISAO, e FUMIKO NAGATOMI. "Coaching Theories for Physical Therapists." Journal of exercise physiology 9, n. 3 (1994): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika1986.9.157.

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Hosoda, Masataka, Kouji Isozaki, Sadao Morita, Noboru Sakanoue, Keisuke Kaji e Kiyomi Takayanagi. "Interprofessional Education for Physical Therapists". Journal of Physical Therapy Science 17, n. 2 (2005): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.17.115.

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&NA;. "PHYSICAL THERAPISTS CELEBRATE SPECIAL WEEK". Pediatric Physical Therapy 4, n. 1 (1992): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001577-199200410-00011.

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Wandling, Brenda J., e Barbara S. Smith. "Burnout in Orthopaedic Physical Therapists". Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 26, n. 3 (settembre 1997): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1997.26.3.124.

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Jackson, Susan E. "Management Principles for Physical Therapists". Physiotherapy 78, n. 5 (maggio 1992): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)61516-7.

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Rotarius, Timothy, Eileen Hamby e Theresa A. Feroldi. "How Physical Therapists Perceive Physicians". Health Care Manager 20, n. 4 (giugno 2002): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00126450-200206000-00004.

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Adams, Mignon. "Physical Therapists and the Internet". Neurology Report 18, n. 4 (1994): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01253086-199418040-00014.

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