Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Physalia spp"

The main objective of this mini-review was to synthesize recent data about the phytochemical composition, the nutritional properties, and the biological and pharmacological activities of a now cosmopolitan genus, Physalis (Solanaceae), being in the focus of intensive research over the last two decades. Six Physalis species with nutritional and pharmacological promise are considered in particular – P. peruviana L., P. philadelphica Lam., P. ixocarpa Brot. ex Horm., P. angulata L., P. pubescens L., and P. alkekengi L. Summarized contemporary data on the metabolite profile and the biological activities of Physalis species support their century-long use in traditional medicine and human nutrition. The fruit represent a rich source of minerals, vitamins, fibers, carotenoids, proteins, fructose, sucrose esters, pectins, flavonoids, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols and many other beneficial nutrients. Individual phytochemicals and complex fractions isolated from Physalis plants demonstrate various biological and pharmacological activities, the most promising of which include antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, hepato-renoprotective, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and others. Most of these activities are associated with the presence of flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, physalins, withanolides, and other bioactive compounds. The accumulated data disclose the potential of Physalis spp. as highly functional foods, as profitable crops for many regions over the world, and as sources of valuable secondary metabolites for phytopharmacy, novel medicine and cosmetics. Information provided by this review is also important for a more intensive promotion of Physalis species in Bulgaria and for future studies on their composition and benefits.

Determining the medical properties of Physalis alkekengi L. extracts, extracting active compounds with antibacterial activity and immunostimulatory properties, that is, physalins and flavonoids, requires the development of biotechnology for the creation of virus-free, healthy medicinal plants by microclonal propagation of plants using modern biotechnological approaches. In this article, TMV-Ph strain of tobacco mosaic virus was isolated from medicinal plant Physalis alkekengi L. and its biological, morphological and physical characteristics were studied. TMV- Ph strain was identified to be belong to the Virgaviridae family of the tobamovirus group. As a result of research on this topic, virus disease symptoms were identified in the Physalis alkekengi plant, and methods for isolating and biologically purifying the virus were developed. To achieve this, viral sap prepared from the leaves of infected plants was inoculated into the Nicotiana sylvestris plant to isolate the virus. For biological purification, infectious sap was prepared and inoculated into the Nicotiana glutinosa plant. The resulting necroses were excised, and the virus was passed through the plant two more times in a mononecrotic state, thereby biologically purifying it. After that, the virus was transferred to a host plant to propagate.

O presente trabalho consiste no tratamento taxonômico das espécies de Solanaceae ocorrentes na Estação Ecológica de Tapacurá, situada no município de São Lourenço da Mata, Pernambuco, Brasil. Para isto, foram realizadas expedições de campo entre os meses de setembro de 2019 a março de 2020, além de consultas aos principais herbários da região. A ocorrência dessas espécies é discutida. Foram reconhecidas 30 espécies distribuídas entre os gêneros Brunfelsia (1 sp.), Capsicum (3 spp.), Cestrum (2 spp.), Datura (1 sp.), Dyssochroma (1 sp.), Physalis (3 spp.), Schwenckia (2 spp.), Solandra (1 sp.) e Solanum (16 sp.). Physalis peruviana, Solanum jussiaei e Solanum rugosum se configuram como novos registros para Pernambuco. Aqui relatamos os primeiros registros de Datura metel e Solanum rhytidoandrum para o domínio Mata Atlântica. São apresentadas chaves de identificação para os gêneros de Solanaceae ocorrentes na ESEC Tapacurá e de identificação para as espécies abordadas neste tratamento, além de descrições, comentários taxonômicos e de distribuição e fotografias.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a fenologia em função da temperatura do ar e a qualidade de frutos de acessos de Physalis spp. visando sua potencial utilização em programas de melhoramento genético. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul - campus Chapecó, SC. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 67 acessos de Physalis spp. Foram avaliados componenetes fenológicos em três períodos diferentes, observando o (1) número de dias decorridos desde a emissão do botão floral à antese, (2) dias decorridos da antese à fixação de frutos e (3) número de dias para a emissão de nós. Com os dados de temperatura do ar, foi calculada a soma térmica (GD) necessária para alcançar o início de cada evento fenológico. No que tange às variáveis produtivas, foram analisadas a massa de fruto com cálice (g), massa de fruto sem cálice (g), sólidos solúveis (°Brix) e o volume médio de fruto (cm3). Os dados fenológicos foram submetidos a análises descritivas enquanto que os dados produtivos, à Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA – Principal Components Analysis). O primeiro período de observação (06 a 30 de janeiro) resultou em menor número de dias necessários para o aparecimento de nós e para atingir a frutificação à partir da floração. A presença do cálice nos frutos aumentou sensivelmente a massa média do fruto em aproximadamente 0,45 g. A temperatura influencia o ciclo fenológico dos 67 acessos de Physalis os quais, por sua vez, se diferenciam no que diz respeito à qualidade de frutos.

Abstract Twelve selected cultivated or wild solanaceae (Solanum dulcamara, Solanum nigrum, Solanum villosum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum muricatum, Solanum melongena, Datura innoxia, Datura metel, Physalis spp., Capsicum annuum, Nicotiana alata, and Petunia spp.) (all species Solanales: Solanaceae) were tested as potential alternative host plants against Solanum tuberosum for a local population of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (CPB) in Estonia. Some CPB populations in America and southern Europe accept most of these plants. However, geographically isolated populations of beetles can differ in their acceptance of new host plants. Migrants from the southern Europe supplement Estonian beetle population regularly, so individuals may differ in their host plant preferences. S. melongena and S. dulcamara were well accepted by the beetles, Lycopersicum spp. (Solanales: Solanaceae) and N. alata were intermediate, and S. villosum and S. nigrum were least accepted. The beetles rejected S. muricatum, Physalis spp., C. annuum, Petunia spp., and D. metel. First-instar larvae completed a full life cycle only on S. dulcamara, N. alata, S. lycopesicum, S. melongena, although their development rate was slower, mortality was higher and emerging adults were underweight relative to those that fed on S. tuberosum. The fourth-instar larvae were less sensitive in relation to food. We found that S. dulcamara as a native plant could provide resources for CPB during early and late season. At the same time, the cultivated S. melongena would be suitable plant species for further testing as dead-end crop for integrated pest management.

The objectives of this research were to 1) evaluate and characterize existing accessions and commercial varieties of Physalis and 2) select desirable germplasm for future breeding attempts. Twenty-eight accessions of Physalis obtained from the Plant Genetic Resources Unit at Geneva, N.Y., and 11 cultivars from commercial seed companies (five tomatillos, P. ixocarpa; six other species) were used. Seed was sown in a greenhouse on 1 May 1997, and 20 seedlings per genotype were transplanted on 6 June at Kingman Research Farm, Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham. Two replicated plots of 10 plants each were used in a completely randomized design, with 1.8-m rows and 0.6-m spacing between plants. Plots were broadcast fertilized prior to planting, and black plastic mulch and drip irrigation were used. No pesticides were used except one application of Carbaryl early in the season to control Japanese beetle. The plants grew very vigorously and showed practically no symptoms of disease or pest problems. Manual harvests were performed continuously from 20 Aug. until 25 Sept., taking data on total weight and number of fruits per plot. After the first harvest, it was decided to limit the harvest to 12 genotypes of tomatillo with highest yields. Yields and flavor of fruits from other species were not considered satisfactory and were not harvested. A total of three harvests were performed. Average yields ranged from 16.1 to 57.7 mT·ha-1. Among the commercial cultivars, the tomatillo obtained from Burpee showed the highest yields and uniformity within plots. Six accessions (two identified as P. ixocarpa, four as Physalis sp.) had yields comparable to that of commercial varieties. Selected genotypes were propagated by cuttings and are being maintained in a greenhouse. E-mail rf@hopper.unh.edu; phone (603) 862-1912.

Individuals of the cnidarian genus Physalia are a common sight at New Zealand beaches and are the primary cause of jellyfish stings to beachgoers each year. The identity of the species and the environmental factors that determine its presence are unknown. Lack of knowledge of many marine species is not unusual, as pelagic invertebrates often lack detailed taxonomic descriptions as well as information about their dispersal mechanisms such that meaningful patterns of distribution and dispersal are almost impossible to determine. Molecular systematics has proven to be a powerful tool for species identification and for determining geographical distributions. However, other techniques are needed to indicate the causal mechanisms that may result in a particular species distribution. The aim of this study was to apply molecular techniques to the cnidarian genus Physalia to establish which species occur in coastal New Zealand, and to apply models to attempt to forecast its occurrence and infer some mechanisms of dispersal. Physalia specimens were collected from New Zealand, Australia and Hawaii and sequenced for Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and the Internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). Three clans were found: a Pacific-wide clan, an Australasian clan and New Zealand endemic clan with a distribution confined to the Bay of Plenty and the East Coast of the North Island. Forecasting Physalia occurrence directly from presence data using artificial neural networks (ANN) proved unsuccessful and it was necessary to pre-process the presence data using a variable sliding window to reduce noise and improve accuracy. This modelling approach outperformed the time lagged based networks giving improved forecasts in both regions that were assessed. The ANN models were able to indicated significant trends in the data but would require more data at higher resolution to give more accurate forecasts of Physalia occurrence suitable for decision making on New Zealand beaches. To determine possible causal mechanisms of recorded occurrences and to identify possible origins of Physalia the presence and absence of Physalia on swimming beaches throughout the summer season was modelled using ANN and Naϊve Bayesian Classifier (NBC). Both models were trained on the same data consisting of oceanographic variables. The modelling carried out in this study detected two dynamic systems, which matched the distribution of the molecular clans. One system was centralised in the Bay of Plenty matching the New Zealand endemic clan. The other involved a dynamic system that encompassed four other regions on both coasts of the country that matched the distribution of the other clans. By combining the results it was possible to propose a framework for Physalia distribution including a mechanism that has driven clan divergence. Moreover, potential blooming areas that are notoriously hard to establish for jellyfish were hypothesised for further study and/or validation.

Les courants de bords, caractérisés par de fortes vitesses et de nombreuses interactions dynamiques avec les marges continentales, sont les principaux moteurs de la variabilité océanique dans les régions côtières qu’ils traversent. La première partie de cette thèse se concentre sur les observations Radar Haute-Fréquence du Courant Nord dans la Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale et du courant est-australien dans l’océan Pacifique Sud. Nous étudions la variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle du courant et le développement de tourbillons de (sous) méso-échelle dans le système du Courant Nord. Concernant le courant est-Australien, nous examinons plus particulièrement sa dynamique de séparation, ses caractéristiques frontales et son impact sur la concentration de chlorophylle-a en surface.Les courants de bord, de par leur grande étendue et leur position le long du plateau continental,sont importants car ils agissent à la fois comme des barrières et des courroies de transport de matière passive. La deuxième partie se concentre sur Physalia spp., un organisme urticant pseudo-passif flottant à la surface de l’océan qui atteint régulièrement les côtes australiennes. Nous avons pu estimer l’impact relatif des variables météo-marines sur leur échouage. A partir d’expériences en laboratoire, nous établissons une paramétrisation de la dérive de maquettes 3D de Physalia spp. induite par le vent. Ce résultat,intégré dans une modélisation de suivi lagrangien selon des scénarios typiques du courant est-Australien nous permet de déterminer l’influence cumulée du vent et du courant sur les trajectoires des Physalia spp. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse contribuent à la connaissance de deux courants de bord, caractérisés par des échelles et des modes de variabilité différents, et illustrent leur rôle dans le transport de matière passive à travers l’étude de la dérive de Physalia spp
Boundary currents, characterized by strong velocities and dynamic interactions with continental margins are the main drivers of ocean variability in the adjacent coastal regions. The first part of the thesis focuses on High-Frequency RADAR observations of the Northern Current in the North Western Mediterranean Sea and of the East Australian Current in the South Pacific Ocean. In the Northern Current system, we investigate the seasonal and inter-annual variability of the current and the occurrence of (sub) mesoscale eddies, while we focus on the study of the separation dynamics of the East Australian Current, its frontal characteristics and overall impact on surface chlorophyll-a concentration. Boundary currents, by their spatial extent and position along the continental shelf, are important in acting both as barriers and conveyers of transport of passive matter. The second part of the thesis focuses on Physalia spp., a pseudo-passive stinging organism floating at the ocean surface which regularly reaches Australian shores. We are able to estimate the relative impact of atmospheric and oceanic variables on Physalia spp. beaching. From laboratory experiments, we establish a parametrization of the wind-induced drift of 3D-printed replicas of Physalia spp. This result is then incorporated into a Lagrangian tracking model based on the most recurrent East Australian Current separation scenarios to assess the combined effects of winds and currents on the pathways of Physalia spp. The results presented in this thesis contribute to the knowledge of two boundary currrents characterized by different scales and modes of variability, giving insights in their role in transport of passive material through the study of Physalia spp journey

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The use of different environments can be a limiting factor for the development of seedlings of species of Cape gooseberry. Given the above, the objective of the present study to evaluate the initial development of species of physalis, subjected to different environments. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in 3 x 3 factorial schemes, containing four repetitions. The experiment conducted in the period from February to May 2012 in Horticultural and Biological Control Station "Professor Mário César Lopes", belonging to Unioeste, Campus, in Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR. Treatments were composed of three species of Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana, p. angulata and p. pubescens) x three environments (greenhouse/EST-colorless plastic coated 150 microns; sombrite/SBT-75% of the light permeability and full sun/PLS-local fully open), being monitored the emergency speed index of seedlings in 30 days. To 76 days after sowing evaluated the leaf area, dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots and counting the number of leaves, plant height and stem diameter. For the determination of biochemical levels of chlorophyll a and b, anthocyanin, carotenoids polifenoloxidase, peroxidase and proteins. Collected into plant tissue of leaves, before sunrise, between the 05:00 and 6:30 hs, having been put up in aluminum foil, properly identified the treatments, which is stored in the container with ice and then frozen. The environment sombrite provides highest rate for the species of Physalis angulata, p. peruviana and p. pubescens. The environments and sombrite were very similar in initial development to Physalis angulata, p. peruviana and p. pubescens and may be used for the production of seedlings of these species. The Physalis peruviana has the largest average levels of all photosynthetic pigments, compared to p. angulata. The Physalis peruviana has been greater than p. pubescens, in relation to carotenoids. The average levels of total protein of p. angulata overcame the other species. In General, species of physalis plants kept in the EST and SBT, outweigh the environment PLS
A utilização de diferentes ambientes pode ser um fator limitante para o desenvolvimento de mudas de espécies de physalis. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar desenvolvimento inicial de espécies de physalis, submetidas a diferentes ambientes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, contendo quatro repetições. Conduziu-se o experimento no período de fevereiro a maio de 2012, na Estação de Horticultura e Controle Biológico Professor Mário César Lopes , pertencente à Unioeste, Campus Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. Os tratamentos foram compostos de três espécies de physalis (Physalis peruviana, P. angulata e P. pubescens) x três ambientes (estufa/EST - com cobertura plástica incolor de 150 micras; sombrite/SBT - 75% de permeabilidade à luz e pleno sol/PLS - local totalmente aberto), sendo monitorado o índice de velocidade de emergência das plântulas nos 30 dias iniciais. Aos 76 dias após a semeadura avaliaram-se a área foliar, matéria seca das folhas, caules, raízes e a contagem do número de folhas, altura de planta e diâmetro do caule. Para a determinação dos teores bioquímicos de clorofila a e b, antocianina, carotenóides, polifenoloxidase, peroxidase e proteínas. Coletou-se parte de tecido vegetal das folhas, antes do nascer do sol, entre as 5:00 e 6:30 hs da manhã, tendo sido acondicionado em papel alumínio, devidamente identificado os tratamentos, armazenado em recipiente com gelo e, em seguida congelado. O ambiente sombrite propicia maior taxa de emergência para as espécies de Physalis angulata, P. peruviana e P. pubescens. Os ambientes, estufa e sombrite foram muito similares no desenvolvimento inicial para Physalis angulata, P. peruviana e P. pubescens podendo ser utilizados na produção de mudas destas espécies. A Physalis peruviana apresentou maiores níveis médios de todos os pigmentos fotossintetizantes, comparados a P. angulata. A Physalis peruviana foi superior a P. pubescens, em relação aos carotenóides. Os níveis médios de proteína total de P. angulata superou as demais espécies. De modo geral, as mudas espécies de physalis mantidas no ambiente EST e SBT, superam o ambiente PLS

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The main methods of obtaining quality seedlings of cape gooseberry involve propagation by seed, softwood and micropropagation, being one of the most important factors for the establishment of new orchards. Given the above, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the soaking of seeds, germination temperature and asexual propagation of cape gooseberry, the production of quality seedlings. The experiments were conducted during the period from October/2011 to May/2012, the Station of Horticulture and Biological Control "Mário César Lopes," at the State University of West Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon Brazil. The experimental design used in the experiment with seeds was randomized with the following treatments 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C. The absorption curve was performed using three methods; paper soaked in water, seed submerged in water and paper roll chamber at 30 °C for 72 hours). In asexual propagation experiments used the experimental design in randomized blocks, factorial 3x3 (cutting length of 5, 10 and 15 cm x three species of cape gooseberry, Physalis angulate, P. peruviana and P. pubescens) and a 3x3 factorial (hardwood cuttings, semi-woody and herbaceous x three species of cape gooseberry, Physalis angulata, P. peruviana and P. pubescens), with four replications and 10 cuttings per replicate. At 60 days after implantation of the experiments were carried out assessments phytotechnical. To seeds of P. angulata, are considered optimum temperature for germination in the range 22 to 32 °C, minimum and maximum to 15 °C and 35 °C respectively. Seed imbibition present cape gooseberry raised to 10 ° hour, and early germination from the 48th hour. The size and type of cuttings affect the asexual propagation of cape gooseberry. Cuttings of 15 cm are suitable for the production of seedlings propagated asexually cape gooseberry. Hardwood cuttings show better results in the propagation of cape gooseberry
Os principais métodos de obtenção de mudas de qualidade de fisális envolvem a propagação por sementes, estacas herbáceas e micropropagação, sendo um dos fatores mais importantes para a implantação de novos pomares. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a embebição de sementes, temperatura na germinação e propagação assexual de fisális, na produção de mudas de qualidade. Os experimentos foram conduzidos durante o período de outubro/2011 a maio/2012, na Estação de Horticultura e Controle Biológico Professor Mário César Lopes , da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), Campus Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado no experimento com sementes foi inteiramente casualizado, com os seguintes tratamentos 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40°C. A curva de embebição foi realizada empregando-se três métodos, sendo papel embebido em água, semente submersa em água e rolo de papel em BOD a 30°C por 72 horas). Nos experimentos de propagação assexuada utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, fatorial 3x3 (comprimento de estacas de 5, 10 e 15 cm x três espécies de fisális, sendo Physalis angulata, P. peruviana e P. pubescens) e fatorial 3x3 (estacas lenhosas, semi-lenhosas e herbáceas x três espécies de fisális, sendo Physalis angulata, P. peruviana e P. pubescens), contendo quatro repetições e 10 estacas por repetição. Aos 60 dias após a implantação dos experimentos, realizaram-se as avaliações fitotécnicas. Para sementes de P. angulata, são consideradas como temperatura ótima para a germinação na faixa de 22 a 32°C, mínima e máxima como 15°C e 35°C respectivamente. Sementes de fisális apresentam embebição elevada até à 10° hora, e início de germinação a partir da 48° hora. O tamanho e o tipo das estacas afetam a propagação assexual de fisális. Estacas de 15 cm são apropriadas para a produção de mudas de fisális propagadas assexuadamente. Estacas lenhosas apresentam melhores resultados na propagação vegetativa de fisális

Tesis donde se describe y compara el cultivo a cielo abierto e invernadero de especies de Physalis
En México, los frutos de especies silvestres de Physalis se cosechan para el consumo humano, estas especies de uso local no han sido evaluadas lo suficiente para el mejoramiento de su adaptación al cultivo e incluirse como una nueva especie hortícola. El estudio de los aspectos fisiológicos de la planta, son variables importantes en los estudios agrícolas, porque involucran el crecimiento vegetal, la captación de luz y la eficiencia fotosintética; que se relacionan directamente con el rendimiento de los cultivos. En esta investigación fueron sembradas ocho especies silvestres de Physalis en un ambiente de invernadero en Toluca, mientras que, en Tenango del Valle y Zumpango, los experimentos se establecieron en condiciones de campo abierto para comparar dichos ambientes; desde el punto de vista fisiológico y su rendimiento. Las variables evaluadas fueron número de hojas verdes (NHV), área foliar (AF), índice de área foliar (IAF), número de frutos (NFR), rendimiento de fruto (REN) y biomasa total (BT). Los datos se procesaron mediante la técnica de análisis de varianza y las medias de los tratamientos se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (P=0.05).Los 24 tratamientos resultaron de la combinación de tres localidades y ocho genotipos. El diseño experimental fue en bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial con 4 repeticiones en cada localidad. Para entender la relación causa – efecto entre el rendimiento de Physalis con el índice de área foliar y con el número de frutos planta-1 se estimaron regresiones lineales simples. Los resultados indicaron que la producción de fruto fue mayor en invernadero (Toluca) con 655.5 g planta-1 seguido de Tenango del Valle y Zumpango con 550.5 y 467.7 g planta-1 respectivamente, lo anterior fue consecuencia de las condiciones ambientales que prevalecieron en el invernadero y que se reflejaron en un mejor desarrollo del tejido foliar. El rendimiento promedio de P. philadelphica (1502 g m-2) se debió a su índice de área foliar (2.1) y al mayor número de frutos planta-1. Las ecuaciones de regresión REN = 640 (IAF) + 170.7 (R2 = 0.96**) y REN = 11.7 (NFR) - 157 (R2 = 0.62**), demuestran que el índice de área foliar y el número de frutos afectan positivamente el rendimiento de Physalis. Palabras clave: Physalis spp., número de hojas verdes, área foliar, sinantropía, análisis de crecimiento

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The use of shading levels may be an important factor for the development of seedlings of fisális species. Knowing the appropriate levels is essential for the decision making of the nurseryman. Based on the above, the aim with this work was to evaluate the vegetative development of four species of fisális cultivated at different levels in shading. Two experiments were conducted, one in nursery and another in the field. In the first experiment, the treatments were arranged in plots by four levels of shading (25, 50, 75% and cultivation at full sun) and the subplots consisting of four species of Fisális (Physalis peruviana, p. angulata, P. pubescens and P. Minimal). The experimental units were formed of 24 tubes, for a total of 64 units. The experimental design used was random blocks, in subdivided plot diagram 4 x 4, containing four repetitions. In the first 30 days after sowing was evaluated the speed index (IVE) and at 76 days after sowing evaluated the height of plants, stem diameter, number of leaves, foliar biomass and root system and foliar area. For the field experiment plants were used coming from the first experiment, using randomized complete block design in a factorial scheme 4 x 4 (cultivation environments x species), containing four repetitions. The treatments were composed by seedlings formed in a culture environment with 25, 50, 75% shading and full sun and four species of physalis (Physalis peruviana, P. angulata, P. pubescens and P. minima). The experimental units were composed of 4 plants, totaling 64 experimental units. For the field experiment the survival index of the seedlings, number of fruit per plant, fresh fruit and fruit biomass per plant were evaluated, productivity and titratable acidity of the fruits. At the end of the production period the diameter of the stem was evaluated. It can be concluded that the IVE of the four species of fisális increased with 25% of shading. For the initial growth of species of fisalis, the range of 25 to 35% of shading becomes the most indicated. Physalis plants cultivated in the initial phase in an environment with 75% shading presented higher mortality, reaching 52%. Higher plant survival rate in the field transplant, fruit production with larger size and higher productivity occurred with plants maintained at 25% shading.
A utilização de níveis de sombreamento pode ser um fator importante para o desenvolvimento de mudas de espécies de fisális. Conhecer os níveis adequados é fundamental para a tomada de decisão do viveirista. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo de quatro espécies de fisális cultivadas em diferentes níveis de sombreamento. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo um em viveiro e outro a campo. No primeiro experimento, os tratamentos foram dispostos nas parcelas por quatro níveis de sombreamento (25, 50, 75% e cultivo a pleno sol) e as subparcelas constituídas de quatro espécies de fisális (Physalis peruviana, P. angulata, P. pubescens e P. minima). As unidades experimentais foram constituídas de 24 tubetes, totalizando 64 unidades. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcela subdividida 4 x 4, contendo quatro repetições. Nos primeiros 30 dias após a semeadura foi avaliado o índice de velocidade emergência (IVE) e, aos 76 dias após a semeadura avaliaram-se a altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, biomassa foliar e do sistema radicular e área foliar. Para o experimento a campo foram utilizadas mudas oriundas do primeiro experimento, esquematizado em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, contendo quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por mudas formadas em ambiente de cultivo com telas de 25, 50, 75% de sombreamento e cultivo a pleno sol e 4 espécies de fisális (Physalis peruviana, P. angulata, P. pubescens e P. minima). As unidades experimentais foram constituídas de 4 plantas, totalizando 64 unidades experimentais. Para o experimento a campo foram avaliados o índice de sobrevivência das mudas, número de fruto por planta, biomassa fresca de fruto e de fruto por planta, produtividade e acidez titulável dos frutos. No final do período de produção avaliou-se o diâmetro do caule. Pode-se concluir que o IVE das quatro espécies de fisális aumentou com 25% de sombreamento. Para o crescimento inicial de espécies de fisális, a faixa de 25 a 35% de sombreamento torna-se a mais indicada. Plantas de fisális cultivadas na fase inicial em ambiente com 75% de sombreamento apresentaram maior mortalidade, atingindo 52%. Maior índice de sobrevivência das plantas no transplantio à campo, produção de frutos com maior tamanho e maior produtividade ocorreram com plantas mantidas em 25% de sombreamento.