Tesi sul tema "Photonic crystal resonator"

Photonic crystals are optical structures that contain a periodic modulation of their refractive index, allowing them to control light in recent years of an unprecedented capacity. Photonic crystals may take on a variety of configurations, in particular the photonic crystal cavity, which may “hold” light in small volumes comparable to the light’s wavelength. This capability to spatially confine light opens up countless possibilities to explore for research in telecommunications, quantum electrodynamics experiments and high-resolution sensor applications. However, the vast functionality potentially made available by photonic crystal cavities is limited due to the difficulty in redefining photonic crystal components once they are formed in their (typically) solid material. The work presented in this thesis investigates several approaches to overcome this issue by reconfiguring photonic crystal cavities.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Photonic crystals are optical structures that contain a periodic modulation of their refractive index, allowing them to control light in recent years of an unprecedented capacity. Photonic crystals may take on a variety of configurations, in particular the photonic crystal cavity, which may “hold” light in small volumes comparable to the light’s wavelength. This capability to spatially confine light opens up countless possibilities to explore for research in telecommunications, quantum electrodynamics experiments and high-resolution sensor applications. However, the vast functionality potentially made available by photonic crystal cavities is limited due to the difficulty in redefining photonic crystal components once they are formed in their (typically) solid material. The work presented in this thesis investigates several approaches to overcome this issue by reconfiguring photonic crystal cavities.

Thesis (M.S.) -- Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Keywords: CROW; PBG; PhC; coupled resonator optical waveguide; metamaterials; photonic crystal; Bloch wave; photonic band gap;dynamic waveguide; Brillouin zone; thermal spreading. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-87).

Optical interconnects based on CMOS compatible photonic integrated circuits are regarded as a promising technique to tackle the issues traditional electronics faces, such as limited bandwidth, latency, vast energy consumption and so on. In recent years, plasmonic integrated components have gained great attentions due to the properties of nano-scale confinement, which may potentially bridge the size mismatch between photonic and electronic circuits. Based on silicon nanowire platform, this thesis work studies the design, fabrication and characterization of several integrated plasmonic components, aiming to combine the benefits of Si and plasmonics. The basic theories of surface plasmon polaritons are introduced in the beginning, where we explain the physics behind the diffraction-free confinement. Numerical methods frequently used in the thesis including finite-difference time-domain method and finite-element method are then reviewed. We summarize the device fabrication techniques such as film depositions, e-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma etching as well as characterization methods, such as direct measurement method, butt coupling, grating coupling etc. Fabrication results of an optically tunable silicon-on-insulator microdisk and III-V cavities in applications as light sources for future nanophotonics interconnects are briefly discussed. Afterwards we present in details the experimental demonstrations and novel design of plasmonic components. Hybrid plasmonic waveguides and directional couplers with various splitting ratios are firstly experimentally demonstrated. The coupling length of two 170 nm wide waveguides with a separation of 140 nm is only 1.55 µm. Secondly, an ultracompact polarization beam splitter with a footprint of 2×5.1 μm2 is proposed. The device features an extinction ratio of 12 dB and an insertion loss below 1.5 dB in the entire C-band. Thirdly, we show that plasmonics offer decreased bending losses and enhanced Purcell factor for submicron bends. Novel hybrid plasmonic disk, ring and donut resonators with radii of ~ 0.5 μm and 1 μm are experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The Q-factor of disks with 0.5 μm radii are                         , corresponding to Purcell factors of . Thermal tuning is also presented. Fourthly, we propose a design of electro-optic polymer modulator based on plasmonic microring. The figure of merit characterizing modulation efficiency is 6 times better comparing with corresponding silicon slot polymer modulator. The device exhibits an insertion loss below 1 dB and a power consumption of 5 fJ/bit at 100 GHz. At last, we propose a tightly-confined waveguide and show that the radius of disk resonators based on the proposed waveguide can be shrunk below 60 nm, which may be used to pursue a strong light-matter interaction. The presented here novel components confirm that hybrid plasmonic structures can play an important role in future inter- and intra-core computer communication systems.

QC 20140404

Dans ce manuscrit, nous présentons le développement d'un résonateur optimisé pour observer des effets quantiques du couplage entre un resonateur mécanique et le champ electromagnétique via la pression de radiation. Celui-ci doit combiner une réflectivité élevée, une faible masse, ainsi qu'un facteur de qualité mécanique élevé. Le résonateur consiste en une membrane suspendue de quelques centaines de nanomètres d’épaisseur, et de quelques dizaines de microns de côté, présentant une réflectivité importante grâce à l'utilisation de cristaux photoniques. Après une étude détaillée de la physique d'un cristal photonique en incidence normale, nous présentons les résultats expérimentaux, en bon accord avec des simulations optiques, notamment lorsque la membrane est utilisée comme miroir de fond d’une cavité Fabry-Perot. Dans un second point, nous passons en revue les mécanismes d'amortissement mécanique à l’œuvre dans les micro-résonateurs. Nous montrons ensuite comment l'introduction de contraintes peut améliorer leur facteur de qualité. Nous finissons la caractérisation mécanique par l'étude de non-linéarités apparaissant lors des grandes amplitudes de mouvement. Puis nous présentons le montage expérimental permettant l'observation du bruit thermique de ces resonateurs. Celui-ci a également permis d'obtenir des résultats préliminaires sur le refroidissement de leur bruit thermique par friction froide et par effet photothermique. Enfin, nous présentons le développement d’un système de couplage capacitif entre la membrane et un circuit électrique, constituant la première étape de la réalisation d’un transducteur optomécanique entre photons optiques et micro-ondes
The field of optomechanic consists in studying the coupling induce by the radiation pressure between a mechanical resonator and a light field, it has expended over the last fifteen years. In this memoir we present the developpement of a resonator optimised to observe quantum effect of the optomechanical coupling. On the one hand, it has to combine a high reflectivity and a low mass to enhance its coupling with the light field. On the other hand it should exhibit high mechanical quality factor in order to minimize its interaction with the environment. This resonator is a suspended membrane, whose thickness is about hundreds of nanometers, and whose reflectivity is achieved thanks to a photonic crystal. After a study of the photonic crystal physic in normal incidence, we present the experimental results including those in the end mirror of a Fabry-Pérot cavity configuration, which are in good agreement with the optical simulations. In a second point, we list the dissipation mechanisms in micro-resonator. Then we show how the stress introduction in such resonators can improve the quality factor. We finish the mechanical characterisation by studying mechanical non-linearities which appears in the case of large amplitude of motion. Then we present the experimental set-up developed to observe the thermal noise of the resonators. We also obtain some preliminary results about the cooling of the thermal noise using active cooling and photothermal effect. Last we present the development of a capacitive coupling between the membrane and a electrical circuit. This device is the first step toward the realisation of an optomechanical transducer between optical and micro-wave photons

Composite metamaterials are periodic metal-dielectric structures operating at wavelengths larger than the structure period. If properly designed these structures behave as homogeneous media described by effective permittivity and permeability parameters. These effective parameters can be designed to take values in domains that are not available in naturally occurring media; notably it is possible to design composite metamaterials with simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability, or, in other words, with a negative refractive index. However, in many experimental or numerical studies it is far from obvious that the use of a homogeneous model is justified for a given structure at a given wavelength. This issue is often glossed over in the literature.
In this work I take a detailed look at the fundamental assumptions on which effective medium models rely and put forward a method for determining frequency domains where a given structure may or may not be accurately described by homogeneous effective medium parameters. This work opens the door to a more detailed understanding of the transition between homogeneous and inhomogeneous behavior in composite metamaterials, in particular by introducing the novel notions of custom made effective medium model, and of meta-photonic crystal.

Cavity quantum electrodynamics provide a platform to form a quantum network which connects individual quantum bits (qubits) via photon. Optical cavity, a device which traps photons in a confined volume can enhance the interaction between photons and the qubits serves as fundamental building block for a quantum network. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond has emerged as one of the leading solid-state qubits because of its long spin coherence time and single photon emission properties at room temperature. Diamond optical micro-cavities are highly sought after for coupling with NV centers. Fabrication of optical cavities from nano-crystalline diamond film has been demonstrated previously. The quality factor (Q) of such devices was limited by the material properties of the nano-crystalline diamond film. Fabrication of single-crystal diamond photonic cavities is challenging because there is no trivial way to form thin diamond film with optical isolation. In this thesis, we describe an approach to fabricate high quality single-crystal diamond optical cavities for coupling to NV centers in diamond. ingle-crystal diamond membranes were generated using an ion-slicing method. Whispering gallery modes were observed for the first time from microdisk cavities made from such material. However, the cavity Q (∼ 500) was limited by the ion damage created during processing. By using an homo-epitaxial overgrowth method, a high quality diamond film can be grown on the ion damaged membranes. Microdisk cavities with Q ∼ 3,000 were fabricated on these improved materials. Diamond membranes with a delta-doped layer of NV can be made using a slow overgrowth process which demonstrate the position and density of NV centers can be controlled in these membranes. Photonic crystal cavities with Q ∼ 4,000 were fabricated from the delta-doped membranes with cavity resonance near the zero phonon line of NV centers. Different color centers can also be introduced during the overgrowth process, and optical coupling of an ensemble of silicon vacancy centers is demonstrated by coupling to a diamond microdisk cavity. We believe the techniques developed in this thesis could contribute to building of a quantum photonic network using diamond as a platform.
Engineering and Applied Sciences

Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 2019
Cataloged from PDF of thesis. "The Table of Contents does not accurately represent the page numbering"--Disclaimer page.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 45-47).
The growing demand for efficient infrared sensors for light ranging, thermal-cameras, and soon, free-space optical communications has yet to be answered. In this study, we use polycrystalline silicon in conjunction with a photonic crystal cavity (PhCC) to enhance light absorption for efficient sensing. We present a cost-effective alternative to the current III-V detectors. By adding a 2D-PhC resonator layer, surface-illuminated light can be confined within a 10 micron region with great intensity, leading to a higher effective path-length and improved detector responsivity. More than 1000 variants of this detector are designed and implemented in a 65nm CMOS process. Using a nearest neighbor method, we find the optimized designs. We validate experimental findings by simulating mode behavior of the PhCC structures using FDTD models. In addition, a numerical study on cavity parameter optimization for achieving high Q-factors and extinction ratios specifically for surface-illumination is presented. We report polysilicon PhCC-enhanced sensors with Q-factors of 6500 resulting in responsivities at 1300nm up to 0.13mA/W -a 25x improvement over non-resonant surface-illuminated Silicon detectors.
by Ebrahim Dakhil Al Johani.
S.B.
S.B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics

Les systèmes optomécaniques, dans lesquels les vibrations d'un résonateur mécanique sont couplées à un rayonnement électromagnétique, ont permis l'examen de multiples nouveaux effets physiques. Afin d'exploiter pleinement ces phénomènes dans des circuits réalistes et d'obtenir différentes fonctionnalités sur une seule puce, l'intégration des résonateurs optomécaniques est obligatoire. Ici nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour la réalisation de systèmes intégrés et hétérogènes comportant des cavités à cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels au-dessus de guides d'ondes en silicium-sur-isolant. La réponse optomécanique de ces dispositifs est étudiée et atteste d'un couplage optomécanique impliquant à la fois les mécanismes dispersifs et dissipatifs. En contrôlant le couplage optique entre le guide d'onde intégré et le cristal photonique, nous avons pu varier et comprendre la contribution relative de ces couplages. Cette plateforme évolutive permet un contrôle sans précédent sur les mécanismes de couplage optomécanique, avec un avantage potentiel dans des expériences de refroidissement et pour le développement de circuits optomécaniques multi-éléments pour des applications tels que le traitement du signal par effets optomécaniques
Optomechanical systems, in which the vibrations of a mechanical resonator are coupled to an electromagnetic radiation, have permitted the investigation of a wealth of novel physical effects. To fully exploit these phenomena in realistic circuits and to achieve different functionalities on a single chip, the integration of optomechanical resonators is mandatory. Here, we propose a novel approach to heterogeneously integrated arrays of two-dimensional photonic crystal defect cavities on top of silicon-on-insulator waveguides. The optomechanical response of these devices is investigated and evidences an optomechanical coupling involving both dispersive and dissipative mechanisms. By controlling optical coupling between the waveguide and the photonic crystal, we were able to vary and understand the relative strength of these couplings. This scalable platform allows for unprecedented control on the optomechanical coupling mechanisms, with a potential benefit in cooling experiments, and for the development of multi-element optomechanical circuits in the frame of optomechanically-driven signal-processing applications

Manipulation of light at the nanoscale has the promise to enable numerous technological advances in biomedical sensing, optical communications, nano-mechanics and quantum optics. As photons have vanishingly small interaction cross sections, their interactions have to be mitigated by matters (i.e. quantum emitters, molecules, electrons etc.). Waveguides and cavities are the fundamental building blocks of the optical circuits, which control or confine light to specific matters of interest. The first half of the thesis (Chapters 2 & 3) focuses on how to design various photonic nanostructures to manipulate light on nano- to micro- scale, especially to modify the light-matter interaction properties. Chapter 2 discusses how nano-slot waveguides and photonic crystal nanobeam waveguides are able to modify the emission of quantum emitters, in a different way that normal ridge waveguides are not able to. Chapter 3 focuses on a more complicated and powerful structure: the photonic crystal nanobeam cavity. The design, fabrication and characterization of the photonic crystal nanobeam cavities are described and demonstrated in detail, which lays out the foundation of the biomedical sensing applications in the second half of the thesis. The second half of the thesis (Chapters 4 & 5) focuses on the application of photonic crystal nanobeam cavities in the label-free sensing of biomedical substances. Chapter 4 demonstrates detection of solutions with different refractive index (aceton, methanol, IPA etc.), glucose concentration, single polystyrene nanoparticles and single streptavidin bio-molecules. Chapter 4 proposes a novel nonlinear optical method to further enhance the sensitivity. Chapter 4 also demonstrates high quality nanobeam cavities fabricated in polymers, that open up a new route to decrease the cost, as well as to achieve novel applications with functional polymers. The broader impact of this technology lies in its potential of commercialization of a new generation of biosensors with high sensitivity and high integration. Chapter 5 discusses progresses towards instrumentation of the nanobeam cavity sensing technology for research & development apparatus, as well as point-of-care diagnostic tools.
Engineering and Applied Sciences

Les systèmes micro et nanoélectromécaniques sont largement explorés pour des applications en photonique intégrée et pour sonder des phénomènes physiques fondamentaux. Un important corpus de recherches se concentre sur les dynamiques linéaires et non linéaires des résonateurs couplés ainsi que leurs comportements collectifs. Cette thèse présente la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation de membranes opto-électromécaniques nanométriques couplées, dans les régimes linéaires et non linéaires, et est divisée en trois parties principales. La première partie détaille la conception, l'optimisation et la fabrication de résonateurs à membrane couplée qui sont mis en mouvement grâce à des électrodes interdigitées placées à quelques centaines de nanomètres sous la membrane. Les déplacements mécaniques de ces membranes sont lus par des moyens optiques. Afin d'améliorer la réflectivité et donc la lecture optique, des miroirs à cristaux photoniques sont conçus au sein de chaque membrane. Sur la base de simulations numériques, les modes propres mécaniques, l'efficacité de l'excitation électromécanique et le couplage mécanique entre les membranes sont discutés et évalués. La deuxième partie se concentre sur la dynamique linéaire et non linéaire de deux résonateurs couplés. Nous présentons un modèle pour caractériser la réponse du système dans le régime linéaire, en montrant comment les forces externes ont un impact sur les dynamiques en amplitude et en phase. Les expériences démontrent un contrôle interférométrique sur les réponses mécaniques par le biais d'une double excitation, conduisant à des phénomènes de type CPA (Coherent Perfect Absorption). Dans ce cadre, l'amplification et l'annihilation de la réponse en amplitude sont démontrées. De plus, grâce à la mesure de la phase, nous démontrons la présence d'une charge topologique dans l'espace des paramètres étudiés ainsi qu'une nouvelle stratégie pour l'amplification de phase d'un petit signal. Des forces électriques plus fortes induisent des non-linéarités mises en évidence par des bistabilités et modélisées par des résonateurs de Duffing couplés. L'implémentation d'une boucle de rétroaction électrique envoyant le signal enregistré d'une membrane à l'autre permet de contrôler les bistabilités. En outre, elle permet également d'accéder à des régions de multistabilité ouvrant ainsi de nouvelles voies vers des processus physiques et dynamiques plus riches et complexes. La troisième partie étend ces recherches au cas plus complexe de trois membranes couplées. Ici, nous explorons d'abord le système dans son régime linéaire et développons des techniques pour contrôler expérimentalement les modes propres mécaniques. Pour ce faire, les actionnements électriques ainsi que les moyens de lecture optique peuvent être réglées pour ajuster les résonances mécaniques. Ainsi, dans le régime linéaire, les résonances de Fano dues aux interférences entre modes de résonance sont révélées et contrôlées par des moyens in situ. En augmentant la force d'actionnement, on atteint un régime non linéaire où des régions de verrouillage de phase sont identifiées. Cela démontre l'interaction entre les résonances de Fano et la synchronisation dans un large espace de paramètres. Enfin, nous ouvrons des perspectives de recherche sur le comportement collectif et les phénomènes plus complexes dans des réseaux de résonateurs non linéaires couplés de plus grande taille. Cela nécessite d'explorer différents schémas de couplage et de relever les défis des techniques de détection. À terme, cela pourrait contribuer à des applications prometteuses dans le domaine de la modulation optique à faible puissance, des technologies de détection et des systèmes électro-optomécaniques non linéaires avancés
Micro and nanoelectromechanical systems are widely explored for applications in integrated photonics and for probing fundamental physical phenomena. A significant body of research focuses on coupled resonators' linear and nonlinear dynamics and their collective behaviors. This thesis presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of coupled nano-opto-electromechanical membranes in both linear and nonlinear regimes and is divided into three main parts. The first part details the design, optimization, and fabrication of coupled membrane resonators, which are put into motion thanks to interdigitated electrodes placed at a few hundred nanometers underneath the membrane. The mechanical displacement of these membranes is read by optical means. In order to enhance the reflectivity and thus the optical reading, photonic crystal mirrors are designed on each membrane. Based on numerical simulation, mechanical eigenmodes, electromechanical excitation efficiency, and mechanical coupling between membranes are discussed and assessed. The second part focuses on the linear and nonlinear dynamics of two coupled resonators. We present a model for characterizing the system's response in the linear regime, showing how external forces impact the amplitude and phase dynamical responses. Experiments demonstrate interferometric control over mechanical responses through double excitation, leading to CPA-like (Coherent Perfect Absorption) phenomena. Within this framework, amplification and annihilation of amplitude response is demonstrated. Moreover, thanks to the phase dynamics, we demonstrate a topological charge in the parameter space studied as well as a new strategy for phase amplification of small signals. Stronger electrical forces induce nonlinearities highlighted by bistabilities and modeled by coupled Duffing resonators. The implementation of an electrical feedback loop by sending the recorded signal from one membrane to the other allows the control of bistabilities. Beyond this, it also allows access to multistability regions, opening new avenues towards richer physics and more complex dynamical processes. The third part expands these investigations to the more complex case of three coupled membranes. Here, we first explore the system in its linear regime and develop techniques to experimentally control mechanical eigenmodes. In order to do so, electrical actuators, as well as optical readings, can be adjusted to tune mechanical resonances. Thus, in the linear regime, Fano resonances due to interferences between resonant modes are revealed and controlled by in-situ means. By pushing towards stronger actuation, a nonlinear regime is reached where phase-locking regions are identified. This demonstrates the interplay between Fano resonances and synchronization in a large parameter space. Finally, we provide perspectives for further research on collective behavior and more complex phenomena in larger nonlinear coupled resonator arrays. This requires exploring different coupling schemes and challenges related to detection techniques. Down the line, this may contribute to promising applications in low-power optical modulation, sensing technologies, and advanced nonlinear electro-optomechanical systems

The design and characterization of both electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) and inter-coupled split-ring resonator (SRR) structures utilized in microwave frequencies were proposed and studied. A new double-stopband EBG structure with a passband region of 14 to 18 GHz was initially constructed by determining the critical structural ratios. To reduce the size of EBG structure, a novel tapered array pattern was introduced. The structural period, the number of slot, and the length of slot were examined and a strong correlation was found between the lowpass cutoff frequency and the center slot length. Non-linearly tapered configuration was applied to enhance the filter performance and its size was only 57% of the conventional EBG structure. Inter-coupled SRR was also examined and utilized as a bandpass filter when it is implemented on the microstrip line for the first time. It was found that the proposed structure can provide a fractional bandwidth of over 68% with an insertion loss of 0.81 dB in the passband region with a device size of 15.5 mm.
Chemical bath deposited Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) thin film was applied to the microwave structures to construct switchable filters. The illumination-sensitive CdS thin film's sheet resistance has been demonstrated to be able to switch from 300 to 109 O/square. With the proposed "conductive-islands" implementation, switching of EBG structure's transmission coefficient (S21) was achieved from 31.3 dB to 5.6 dB at 13 GHz. The inter-coupled SRR structure also showed a S21 switching response from 19 dB to 1.5 dB at 5 GHz. Therefore, optically controlled microwave filters were successfully constructed and realized.
Critical contributions in the field of microwave periodic structures are the characterization and the construction of double-stopband structure, linearly and non-linearly tapered array structures, and inter-coupled SRR structures. Vital characteristics and advantages discovered include wide stopband, reduced size, and large fractional bandwidth. Chemical bath deposited CdS thin films were studied to achieve an ultra low sheet resistance and high photosensitivity. Important applications associated with these structures are microwave lowpass/bandpass filters and optically controlled filters.

Les système nanomécaniques permettent d’explorer les relations physiques fondamentales entre les propriétés élastiques, thermiques and électromagnétiques des solides. Ils sont de surcroît souvent sujets à de fortes nonlinéarités – du fait de leurs dimensions nanométriques – ce qui les rend intéressants pour étudier des concepts fondamentaux tels que la synchronisation ou le chaos. Ces systèmes nanomécaniques peuvent être mis en interaction avec une cavité optiques ou couplés à des actuateurs électrostatiques. Ces deux approches sont étudiées dans le cadre de l’électro-optomécanique. Dans ce travail de thèse nous mettons à profit la versatilité des cristaux photoniques pour étudier la dynamique non linéaire optique et mécanique induite par la modulation cohérente de l’excitation de systèmes électromécaniques ou optomécaniques.Dans un premier temps nous utilisons une plateforme nanophotonique combinant une membrane d’InP suspendue au-dessus d’un guide de silicium intégré. La membrane comprend un cristal photonique bidimensionnel comprenant plusieurs cavités-défauts couplées entre elles par champ évanescent. Ces cavités constituent une molécule photonique dont les modes propres électromagnétiques peuvent être sondés par un laser, permettant ainsi d’accéder aux spectre de bruit mécanique de la membrane. L’utilisation d’une modulation cohérente du champ en entrée, nous démontrons le transfert du motif spectral depuis le domaine optique vers le domaine mécanique. La présence de nonlinéarités thermo-optiques dans le système mène à une désymétrization du spectre de bruit mécanique. L’expérience est décrite théoriquement par une approche de Floquet. Finalement, en se plaçant dans un régime de bistabilité thermo-optique, nous démontrons l’amplification d’un signal de faible amplitude dans un mode photonique par résonance vibrationnelle.Dans une seconde partie, nous étudions deux membranes à cristal photonique couplées entre elles mécaniquement. Le système est actué par un dispositif électro-capacitif et sondé par lecture optomécanique. Sous excitation suffisamment faible, le système peut être efficacement calibré au travers d’un modèle linéaire. Les fortes nonlinéarités mécaniques du système se manifestent lorsqu’une excitation plus forte est utilisée, ce qui est modélisé par un modèle impliquant deux oscillateurs de Duffing couplés et forcés. Cette fois l’utilisation d’une modulation cohérente de l’excitation induit une dynamique de route vers le chaos par doublement de périodes. L’excitation simultanée des deux modes normaux mécaniques dans leur régime non linéaire leur permet de se coupler de telle sortes que leur synchronisation en régime chaotique peut être étudiée. Le chaos pouvant être exploiter pour générer des nombres aléatoires, cette synchronisation chaotique bichromatique pourrait servir à développer de nouveaux protocoles de communication multi-spectrale.En perspective, ce travail ouvre la voie à l'étude de la dynamique collective dans de plus larges réseaux de systèmes optomécaniques
Nanomechanical systems are useful to inspect some fundamental aspects of physics such as the relations between the elastic, thermal and electromagnetic properties of solid-state objects. As many other nanometer scale systems, they are interestingly subjected to strong nonlinearities that can guide the emergence of ubiquitous phenomena - like synchronization and chaos – or be exploited for manipulating and processing information. Such nanomechanical systems can be put in interaction with an optical cavity or coupled to an electrostatic-actuator. These two approaches are embedded in the wide topic of electro-optomechanics. This work takes advantage of photonic crystal versatility to investigate the nonlinear optical and mechanical dynamics of such electro- or optomechanical systems under coherent modulation.The first experiments use a nanophotonic platform combining a suspended InP membrane and an underneath integrated silicon waveguide. The membrane is etched with a 2D photonic crystal embedding several evanescently coupled defect cavities. These latter constitute a photonic molecule whose electromagnetic eigenmodes can be driven with a laser, via the waveguide, thus enabling a sensitive access to the mechanical noise spectrum of the membrane. Using a coherent modulation of the input laser field, we show how the input modulation sidebands are transferred to the mechanical frequency domain via the optomechanical interactions. The presence of thermo-optic nonlinearities further leads to a desymmetrization of the noise spectrum features. The experiment is described theoretically via Floquet theory. Relying on thermo-optic bistability, a bistable photonic mode is finally used to amplify a small signal by vibrational resonance.In a second part, we study two mechanically coupled electro-optomechanical photonic crystal nanocavities. Here the system is probed via an optomechanical scheme and driven with an integrated electro-capacitive actuation to drive the system's mechanical normal modes. Under low-power drive, the system can be robustly studied and calibrated using simple model of coupled damping harmonic oscillators. The use of higher power excitation reveals the strong intrinsic nonlinearities of the system which can be modeled by two driven coupled Duffing oscillators. The use of coherent modulation of the input force now reveals interesting period-doubling cascade route to chaos dynamics. The simultaneous excitation of both normal modes in their nonlinear regime makes them couple such that synchronization can be studied. As chaotic system can be used to generate chaos, this bichromatic synchronized chaotic dynamics could be exploited in novel multispectral data encryption protocols.This work open the way toward the exploration of large optomechanical arrays, in which collective dynamics could be studied

The necessity of using extremely high sensitivity biosensors in certain research areas has remarkably increased during the last two decades. Optical structures, where light is used to transduce biochemical interactions into optical signals, are a very interesting approach for the development of this type of biosensors. Within optical sensors, photonic integrated architectures are probably the most promising platform to develop novel lab-on-a-chip devices. Such planar structures exhibit an extremely high sensitivity, a significantly reduced footprint and a high multiplexing potential for sensing applications. Furthermore, their compatibility with CMOS processes and materials, such as silicon, opens the route to mass production, thus reducing drastically the cost of the final devices. Optical sensors achieve their specificity and label-free operation by means of a proper chemical functionalization of their surfaces. The selective attachment of the receptors allows the detection of the target analytes within a complex matrix. This PhD Thesis is focused on the development of label-free photonic integrated sensors in which the detection is based on the interaction of the target analytes with the evanescent field that travels along the structures. Herein, we studied several photonic structures for sensing purposes, such as photonic crystals and ring resonators. Photonic crystals, where their periodicity provokes the appearance of multiple back and forth reflections, exhibits the so-called slow-light phenomenon that allows an increase of the interaction between the light and the target matter. On the other hand, the circulating nature of the resonant modes in a ring resonator offers a multiple interaction with the matter near the structure, providing a longer effective length. We have also proposed a novel approach for the interrogation of photonic bandgap sensing structures where simply the output power needs to measured, contrary to current approaches based on the spectral interrogation of the photonic structures. This novel technique consists on measuring the overlap between a broadband source and the band edge from a SOI-based corrugated waveguide, so that we can determine indirectly its spectral position in real-time. Since there is no need to employ tunable equipment, we obtain a lighter, simpler and a cost-effective platform, as well as a real-time observation of the molecular interactions. The experimental demonstration with antibody detection measurements has shown the potential of this technique for sensing purposes
García Castelló, J. (2014). A Novel Approach to Label-Free Biosensors Based on Photonic Bandgap Structures [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/35398
TESIS

This Ph.D. thesis contains experimental and theoretical analysis of nonlinear optical pattern formation in monolithic mini-cavity optical parametrical oscillators and spatial properties of linear photonic crystal resonators. The thesis consists of introduction, literature review and two chapters. In the first chapter experimental investigation of optical parametrical oscillation (OPO) in broad aperture monolithic (5x5x1.5 mm) BBO type I crystal mini-cavity is described. OPO was pumped by second harmonic (532 nm) 13 ns duration, 7 15 mJ energy pulses, of Nd:YAG laser. Optical patterns were registered in a near and far field of OPO emission. Experiments and theoretical interpretation revealed that emission of such resonator can be conical and multiconical and direction of signal and idler waves can be controlled by changing the mini-cavity orientation with respect to pump beam. It was also showed, that the stabilization of stripes (or roll) pattern can be achieved by a weak seed injection at subharmonic frequency and temporal spectrum of the stripe pattern degenerate OPO emission is 1/f – like noise spectrum . In the second chapter plane-mirror Fabry-Pérot resonators filled with a single period of photonic crystal (PhC) are introduced and analyzed. PhC resonators are realized by adding periodical 2 µm, 4 µm and 15 µm refraction index modulation on a resonator mirror surfaces (i.e. fabricating 1D or 2D phase diffraction grating). PhC resonator angular transmission measured by... [to full text]
Šioje disertacijoje teoriškai ir eksperimentiškai tiriamas erdvinių šviesos darinių formavimasis didelės apertūros monolitiniuose parametriniuose šviesos generatoriuose (PŠG), nagrinėjamos fotoninių kristalų (FK) rezonatorių erdvinės dispersijos savybės. Darbas susideda iš įvado, literatūros apžvalgos ir dviejų pagrindinių dalių. Pirmoje dalyje aprašomas PŠG tyrimas didelės apertūros (5x5x1,5 mm) BBO I fazinio sinchronizmo tipo kristalo monolitiniame mini rezonatoriuje. Generatoriui kaupinti naudojami antros Nd:IAG lazerio harmonikos (532 nm) 13 ns trukmės ir 7-15 mJ energijos impulsai. Erdviniai šviesos dariniai registruojami artimajame ir tolimajame laukuose. Eksperimentiškai parodoma ir teoriškai interpretuojama, kad tokio rezonatoriaus emisija gali būti kūginė ir daugiakūgė, o signalinės ir skirtuminės bangų kryptys gali būti valdomos keičiant kampą tarp rezonatoriaus optinės ašies ir kaupinimo pluošto. Taip pat parodoma, kad dryžių erdvinio šviesos darinio formavimasis gali būti pasiekiamas injektuojant pagrindinio dažnio užkrato signalą. Antrojoje disertacijos dalyje pristatomi ir tiriami plokščiųjų veidrodžių Fabri ir Pero tipo rezonatoriai su vidine lūžio rodiklio moduliacija, atitinkančia vieną fotoninio kristalo (FK) išilginį periodą. FK rezonatoriai sukurti veidrodžių paviršiuje suformuojant 2 µm, 4 µm ir 15 µm periodinę lūžio rodiklio moduliaciją (t.y. suformuojant vienmatę arba dvimatę fazinę difrakcinę gardelę). FK rezonatorių kampinis pralaidumas matuotas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

L'information est devenue le bien le plus précieux au monde. Ce mouvement vers la nouvelle ère de l'information a été propulsé par la capacité à transmettre l'information plus rapidement, à la vitesse de la lumière. Il est donc apparu nécessaire de mener des recherches plus poussées pour contrôler plus efficacement les supports d'information. Avec les progrès réalisés dans ce secteur, la plupart des technologies actuelles de contrôle de la lumière se heurtent à certains obstacles tels que la taille et la consommation d'énergie et sont conçues pour être passives ou sont limitées technologiquement pour être moins actives (technologie Si-back). Même si rien ne voyage plus vite que la lumière, la vitesse réelle à laquelle les informations peuvent être transportées par la lumière est la vitesse à laquelle nous pouvons la moduler ou la contrôler. Ma tâche dans cette thèse visait à étudier le potentiel du VO2, un matériau à changement de phase, pour la nano-photonique, avec un accent particulier sur la façon de contourner les inconvénients du matériau et de concevoir et démontrer des dispositifs intégrés efficaces pour une manipulation efficace de la lumière à la fois dans les télécommunications et le spectre visible. En outre, nous démontrons expérimentalement que les résonances multipolaires supportées par les nanocristaux de VO2 (NC) peuvent être réglées et commutées dynamiquement en exploitant la propriété de changement de phase du VO2. Et ainsi atteindre l'objectif d'adaptation de la propriété intrinsèque basée sur le formalisme de Mie en réduisant les dimensions des structures de VO2 comparables à la longueur d'onde de fonctionnement, créant un champ d'application pour un métamatériau accordable défini par l'utilisateur
Information has become the most valuable commodity in the world. This drive to the new information age has been propelled by the ability to transmit information faster, at the speed of light. This erupted the need for finer researches on controlling the information carriers more efficiently. With the advancement in this sector, majority of the current technology for controlling the light, face certain roadblocks like size, power consumption and are built to be passive or are restrained technologically to be less active (Si- backed technology). Even though nothing travels faster than light, the real speed at which information can be carried by light is the speed at which we can modulate or control it. My task in this thesis aimed at investigating the potential of VO2, a phase change material, for nano-photonics, with a specific emphasis on how to circumvent the drawbacks of the material and to design and demonstrate efficient integrated devices for efficient manipulation of light both in telecommunication and visible spectrum. In addition to that we experimentally demonstrate the multipolar resonances supported by VO2 nanocrystals (NCs) can be dynamically tuned and switched leveraging phase change property of VO2. And thus achieving the target tailoring of intrinsic property based on Mie formalism by reducing the dimensions of VO2 structures comparable to the wavelength of operation, creating a scope for user defined tunable metamaterial

碩士
國立中央大學
光電科學研究所
100
Photonic crystals (PCs) are periodic dielectric or metal-dielectric structures exhibiting photonic band gaps (PBG). An electromagnetic wave cannot propagate in a PC if its frequency is located in a PBG of the PC. Based on this effect, many useful photonic elements can be designed, such as photonic crystal waveguides (PCWs) and photonic crystal cavities (PCCs). Research concerning PCCs makes important progresses recently. These new achievements can be utilized to design photonic crystal semiconductor lasers and single-photon source components. The goal is to design cavities having high-quality factor (Q factor) and small structure sizes. In this study, we design high Q cavities of one-dimensional PCs (1D PCs). We calculated the band structures of these 1D PCs and simulated their optical properties such as transmission rates, and then bent them to form the annular photonic crystal cavities (APCCs), which are the candidates of the desired high-Q cavities for confining light. We discuss and analyze how to achieve the high-Q requirements through reducing the vertical and horizontal leakage of energy. By examining a lot of candidates having different refractive index/layer-thickness distributions, we found systematic ways to select the desired high-Q structures. All the simulations of field patterns in this thesis are implemented by using Comsol simulation software. The maximum Q value in the horizontal plane is found to be 8*10^5, and the vertical leakage of this cavity is very small. The diameter of this cavity is 16.6 μm, and the working wavelength is 1.2 μm.

碩士
國立交通大學
光電工程系所
95
The sizes of photonic crystal devices become smaller with the advancement of semiconductor fabrication technology. Many functional devices can be integrated on the single chip. Signals can propagate in the photonic crystal with low optical loss. Traditionally, the signal will be side-pumped into the input waveguide, the insertion loss is sensitive to the vibration. It is easy to cause large optical loss with little vibration. In this thesis, we try to change the pumping direction. Light will be vertically pumped into the cavity and the signal of interest will be extracted and propagates in the waveguide. For this idea, we design and fabricated the double hetero-structure photonic crystal waveguide-resonator. Three dimensional finite difference time domain method are used to analyze each resonance modes and the quality factor of them. Devices have been successfully fabricated. The basically in-plane and vertical emission have been obtained. This device can be served as light extraction device in optical integrated circuit and better tolerance of vibration.

Photonic bandgap structures have provided promising platform for miniaturization of modern integrated optical devices. In this thesis, a photonic crystal based ring resonator (PCRR) is proposed and optimized to exhibit high quality factor. Also, force sensing application of the optimized PC ring resonator and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) application of the PCRR are discussed. Finally fabrication and characterization of the PCRR is presented. A photonic crystal ring resonator is designed in a hexagonal lattice of air holes on a silicon slab. A novel approach is used to optimize PCRR to achieve high quality factor. The numerical analysis of the optimized photonic crystal ring resonator is presented in detail. For all electromagnetic computations Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is used. The improvement in Q factor is explained by using the physical phenomenon, multipole cancellation of the radiation held of the PCRR cavity. The corresponding mathematical frame work has been included. The forced cancellation of lower order radiation components are verified by plotting far held radiation pattern of the PCRR cavity. Then, the force sensing application of the optimized PCRR is presented. A high sensitive force sensor based on photonic crystal ring resonator integrated with silicon micro cantilever is presented. The design and modelling of the device, including the mechanics of the cantilever, FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis of the cantilever beam with PC and without PC integrated on it. The force sensing characteristics are presented for forces in the range of 0 to 1 N. For forces which are in the range of few tens of N, a force sensor with bilayer cantilever is considered. PC ring resonator on the bilayer of 220nm thick silicon and 600nm thick SiO2 plays the role of sensing element. Force sensing characteristics of the bilayer cantilever for forces in the range of 0 to 10 N are presented. Fabrication and characterization of PCRR is also carried out. This experimental work is done mainly to understand practical issues in study of photonic crystal ring resonators. It is proved that Q factor of PCRR can be signi cantly improved by varying the PCRR parameters by the proposed method. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) application of PC ring resonator is included. A novel 4-channel PC based demultiplexer is proposed and optimized in order to tolerate the fabrication errors and exhibit optimal cross talk, coupling efficiency between resonator and various channels of the device. Since the intention of this design is, to achieve the device performance that is independent of the unavoidable fabrication errors, the tolerance studies are made on the performance of the device towards the fabrication errors in the dimension of various related parameters. In conclusion we summarize major results, applications including computations and practical measurements of this work and suggest future work that may be carried out later.

Photonic bandgap structures have provided promising platform for miniaturization of modern integrated optical devices. In this thesis, a photonic crystal based ring resonator (PCRR) is proposed and optimized to exhibit high quality factor. Also, force sensing application of the optimized PC ring resonator and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) application of the PCRR are discussed. Finally fabrication and characterization of the PCRR is presented. A photonic crystal ring resonator is designed in a hexagonal lattice of air holes on a silicon slab. A novel approach is used to optimize PCRR to achieve high quality factor. The numerical analysis of the optimized photonic crystal ring resonator is presented in detail. For all electromagnetic computations Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is used. The improvement in Q factor is explained by using the physical phenomenon, multipole cancellation of the radiation held of the PCRR cavity. The corresponding mathematical frame work has been included. The forced cancellation of lower order radiation components are verified by plotting far held radiation pattern of the PCRR cavity. Then, the force sensing application of the optimized PCRR is presented. A high sensitive force sensor based on photonic crystal ring resonator integrated with silicon micro cantilever is presented. The design and modelling of the device, including the mechanics of the cantilever, FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis of the cantilever beam with PC and without PC integrated on it. The force sensing characteristics are presented for forces in the range of 0 to 1 N. For forces which are in the range of few tens of N, a force sensor with bilayer cantilever is considered. PC ring resonator on the bilayer of 220nm thick silicon and 600nm thick SiO2 plays the role of sensing element. Force sensing characteristics of the bilayer cantilever for forces in the range of 0 to 10 N are presented. Fabrication and characterization of PCRR is also carried out. This experimental work is done mainly to understand practical issues in study of photonic crystal ring resonators. It is proved that Q factor of PCRR can be signi cantly improved by varying the PCRR parameters by the proposed method. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) application of PC ring resonator is included. A novel 4-channel PC based demultiplexer is proposed and optimized in order to tolerate the fabrication errors and exhibit optimal cross talk, coupling efficiency between resonator and various channels of the device. Since the intention of this design is, to achieve the device performance that is independent of the unavoidable fabrication errors, the tolerance studies are made on the performance of the device towards the fabrication errors in the dimension of various related parameters. In conclusion we summarize major results, applications including computations and practical measurements of this work and suggest future work that may be carried out later.

碩士
淡江大學
機械與機電工程學系碩士班
100
Photonic crystals are composed of periodic dielectric that has photonic band gap. It can effectively control the light of propagation. In this thesis, we analysis the band gaps of the square lattice photonic by plane wave expansion, and design of optical power divider by using time-domain coupled-mode theory. We simulated the light wave propagation in power divider by using finite-difference time-domain method. We also discussed the relationship of the cylindrical size and the transmission coefficient in the divider. Besides, We have simulated the structure of coupled-resonator optical waveguides. Simulation results show that the double dense cubic photonic crystals have wide high-transmission bandwidths near the center of wavelength. Further, we proposed the power splitter of multimode interference in photonic crystal waveguides. It is a nanometer scale of optical component and it has the ability to guide, split and filter. The results of this study should be applied for photonic integrated circuit in the future.

Microring resonators have rapidly emerged in the past few years as a new sensing platform for miniaturization of modern integrated optical devices. Ring resonator are having advantages of compactness, stability with respect to back reflections, do not need facets or gratings for optical feedback, strong optical field enhancement inside cavities, high wavelength selectivity, narrow line width, high Q-factor and high sensitivity. These unique characteristics made microring resonator as promising platform for integrated photonics.. A generic ring resonator consists of an optical waveguide which is looped back on it self and coupled with a single or double bus waveguide. In this thesis, a compact microring resonator (MRR) is proposed and optimized to exhibit high sensitivity and quality factor. Also, force and acceleration sensing applications of MRR are discussed. Electromagnetic computations are done using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. Fabrication and characterization of microring is also carried out. While the main emphasis is on design and analysis, this experimental work supports better understanding of practical issues in study of microring resonators. Then, the force sensing application of the optimized microring resonator is presented. The design and modeling of the devices, including the mechanical properties of the microcantilever beam, are done by using a Finite Element Method (FEM). The force sensing characteristics are presented for the force range of 0 to 1 μN. The drawbacks of single MRR can be overcome by using serially coupled double microring resonator(SC-DMRR) and serially coupled double racetrack resonator (SC-DRTR) with vernier effect. They provide, high FSR, low FWHM, high Q-factor and high sensitivity. By using SC-DMRR as an optical sensing element, a novel IO MEMS SC-DMRR based force sensor is proposed, resulting in high Q-factor of 19000 and force sensitivity of 100 pm/ 1μN. Further, in order to increase the sensitivity, a novel SCDRTR based force sensor is proposed. The study is expanded to photonic crystal microring resonator (PC-MRR) structures, where a PCMRR is designed in a hexagonal lattice of air holes on a silicon slab. A novel approach is used to optimize PC-MRR to achieve high Q-factor. A high sensitive force sensor based on PC-MRR integrated with silicon micro cantilever is presented. The force sensing characteristics are presented for forces in the range of 0 to 1 μN. For forces which are in the range of few tens of μN, a force sensor with bilayer cantilever is considered. Further, the PC-MRR equivalent microring resonator is designed and analyzed for comparison between the force sensors. Finally, a novel IO MEMS serially coupled racetrack resonator based accelerometer is proposed and the required characteristics like sensitivity and dynamic range are reported. In conclusion, IO micro ring resonators are the best candidates to design and develop force and acceleration sensors in the sub-μN sensitivities.

Le missioni spaziali per osservazione della Terra o per scopi scientifici richiedono giroscopi per la misurazione della velocità angolare con performance elevate (risoluzione nell’intervallo 0.1 – 1 °/h e stabilità della polarizzazione nell’intervallo 0.001 – 0.1 °/h) per un accurato controllo dell’ assetto e dell’orbita del satellite. Affidabilità, resistenza alle radiazioni, robustezza, tolleranza agli urti, volume ridotto e basso consumo energetico sono i requisiti tipici dei sensori di velocità angolare di nuova generazione per applicazioni spaziali. In tale contesto, i risonatori ad anello fotonici stanno emergendo come elementi chiave di sistemi con elevate performance e dimensioni compatte. In particolare, per testarne l’affidabilità in ambiente spaziale, è stata dimostrata sperimentalmente un’ elevata resistenza alle radiazioni di un risonatore ad anello in InP investito da radiazioni γ. Nella tesi sono state discusse le potenzialità di un risonatore ad anello con elevato fattore di qualità Q, che funge da elemento sensibile di un giroscopio ottico risonante (RMOG) miniaturizzato con performance elevate. L'elemento chiave del giroscopio proposto è un semplice risonatore ad anello basato su Si3N4 con un cristallo fotonico monodimensionale presente lungo l’intera circonferenza del risonatore ad anello, denominato 1D-PhCRR. Il funzionamento si basa sullo sfruttamento dell'effetto di luce lenta, tipico dei cristalli fotonici, che garantisce un miglioramento del fattore di qualità di oltre 3 ordini di grandezza rispetto ad un semplice risonatore ad anello con medesimo raggio. Un PhCRR con fattore di qualità > 109, è stato teoricamente dimostrato mediante l’utilizzo di un modello matematico basato sulla teoria dei modi accoppiati (CMT). Tali performance garantiscono una risoluzione teorica del giroscopio < 0.05 °/h con un volume ridotto (< 1 cm3), conforme ai requisiti degli operatori spaziali. Lo sviluppo del 1D-PhCRR è stato condotto nell'ambito del contratto NPI dell'Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA), che sponsorizza le attività di dottorato. Oltre a risultare idoneo come elemento sensibile nei sottosistemi di controllo di assetto e orbita, il PhCRR potrebbe essere utilizzato per implementare diverse funzionalità nei payload di futura generazione per telecomunicazioni o per l’ osservazione della Terra. Negli ultimi anni, un notevole interesse è stato rivolto verso payload per telecomunicazioni in grado di essere adattati ed ottimizzati dopo il lancio, secondo le diverse esigenze degli utenti in termini di larghezza di banda, area di interesse ed allocazione delle frequenze. La fotonica nel regime delle microonde risulta essere l’approccio più adatto per soddisfare i requisiti dei payload di futura generazione per telecomunicazioni. In tale contesto, è stato proposto un filtro notch basato su PhCRR in silicio con larghezza di banda B = 10.43 GHz ed extinction ratio ER > 40 dB, con risposta in frequenza con profilo gaussiano, ottenuta mediante inserimento ed ingegnerizzazione di difetti all’interno del cristallo fotonico. Implementando giunzioni p-i-n in corrispondenza dei difetti, è stato dimostrato un ampio intervallo di variazione della frequenza centrale di filtraggio (15 GHz), in un rapido tempo di commutazione (≈ 1 ns) ed un consumo di energia pari a 47 mW. Inoltre, è stata proposta l’architettura innovativa di un’ oscillatore optoelettronico miniaturizzato in banda Ka, basata sul PhCRR progettato. È stato calcolato teoricamente un rumore di fase a 10 kHz di offset dalla portante (40 GHz) pari a circa -155 dBc/Hz con potenza elettrica in uscita> 10 dBm. Tali performance rappresentano un notevole miglioramento rispetto agli oscillatori optoelettronici riportati allo stato dell'arte. L'elevata purezza del segnale oscillante è stata sfruttata per la progettazione di un generatore di segnale chirpato, utile per i sistemi SAR (radar ad apertura sintetica) ad alta risoluzione per l'osservazione della Terra, con un prodotto tempo-larghezza di banda di 3200 e un rumore di fase di circa -116 dBc/Hz. Per sistemi SAR, è stata progettata una linea di ritardo fotonica tunabile in banda X, basata su un cristallo fotonico realizzato mediante pattern di uno strato di grafene, in grado di garantire un elevato angolo di puntamento in fase di trasmissione del segnale e la più alta figura di merito riportata allo stato dell’ arte.
Science and Earth observation missions require high-class gyroscopes, having a resolution in the range 0.1 – 1 °/hr and a bias stability in the range 0.001 – 0.1 °/hr, for an accurate control of the satellite attitude and orbit. High reliability, high radiation resistance, high robustness, high shock tolerance, small volume, low power consumption and reduced mass are typical requirements of new generation angular rate sensors for Space applications. In this context, the photonic ring resonators are emerging as key building blocks. The radiation hardness of a ring resonator useful for Space applications has been investigated, demonstrating a negligible worsening of the performance under γ radiations. In this thesis, the potentiality of an ultra-high-Q ring resonator, acting as sensitive element of a resonant micro-optic gyroscope architecture (RMOG), has been discussed, aiming to design a chip-scale, high performing gyroscope. The key element of the proposed RMOG configuration is a Si3N4-based simple ring resonator with a one-dimensional photonic crystal included along the whole optical path, called as 1D-PhCRR. Its operation is based on the exploitment of the slow light effect, typical of the PhC, providing an improvement of the Q-factor respect a simple ring resonator more than 3 order of magnitude. The Si3N4 PhCRR with Q > 109, has been theoretically demonstrated by using a self-made mathematical model, based on the Coupled Mode Theory (CMT). This performance ensures a gyro resolution < 0.05 °/hr with a small volume (< 1 cm3), compliant to the Space operators’ requirements. The development of the 1D-PhCRR has been carried out in the framework of the European Space Agency NPI contract, that sponsor the PhD activities. Besides its suitability for attitude and orbit control sub-systems, the PhCRR could be used to implement several functionalities in the next photonic-based generation telecom payloads and for Earth observation purpose. Telecom satellites are the most mature Space applications. In the last decades, Space operators require flexible telecom payload that can be adapted and optimized after the launch, according to the varying user demands in terms of bandwidth, coverage, and frequency allocation. The microwave photonic represents the most suitable approach to fulfil the next-generations telecom payloads requirements. In this context, photonic-based microwave filters have been investigated, and the design of a silicon – based PhCRR with a bandwidth B = 10.43 GHz and ER > 40 dB, acts as notch filter, has been reported. By inserting and engineering defects into the PhC section, superimposed the PhC on a ring resonator section, a Gaussian-shaped frequency response, with very steep sidewalls, has been simulated. A continuous tuning of the filtering central frequency (15 GHz), with a fast switching time (≈ 1 ns) and power consumption of 47 mW is ensured, by exploiting the free carrier plasma dispersion effect in correspondence of PhC defects. Furthermore, the theoretical feasibility of a miniaturized Ka-band optoelectronic oscillator, based on the designed PhCRR, with a phase noise at 10 kHz offset from the carrier of about -155 dBc/Hz and an output electric power > 10 dBm has been demonstrated, that represent a remarkable improvement respect to the state-of-the-art. The high purity of the oscillating signal has been exploited for the design of a linearly chirped microwave generator, useful for high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems for Earth Observation, with a time-bandwidth product of 3200 and a phase noise of about -116 dBc/Hz. The design of an ultra-compact graphene-based optical delay line useful for the beamsteering/beamforming in X-band, is reported to ensure a wide swath size of SAR systems, with high range resolution, simulating the highest figure of merit reported at the state-of-the-art.

碩士
龍華科技大學
電機工程系碩士班
100
This work is focused on the design and analysis of ring resonators in two-dimensional photonic crystal. Four configurations of ring resonators are designed, including four-channel square cavity, two-channel square cavity, two-channel 45-degree square cavity, and two-channel circular cavity. The plane wave expansion method is used to calculate the photonic bandgap and dispersion relation of line-defect waveguides. The finite-difference time-domain method is employed to simulate light propagation in the ring resonators. According to simulation results, three of the four configurations exhibit nearly 100% transmission at resonant frequencies, except for the configuration based on four-channel square cavity. These ring resonators can serve as optical filters in fiber-optic communication systems. Moreover, the cavity length can be inferred according to the wave propagation pattern and waveguide dispersion curve. The inferred cavity length is found to be highly consistent with the physical cavity length.

In this work is demonstrated how, combining soft materials and photonic structures thank to a 3D lithographic technique, is possible to create microstructured polymeric photonic devices able to reconfigure their photonic properties under a remote light stimulus.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電子工程系
97
In this thesis, it all optical devices based on 2D PCs with defect have been discussed. Photonic crystals (PCs) are nanostructured materials in which a periodic variation of the dielectric constant of the material results in a photonic band gap. Photons with wavelengths or energies in this band gap cannot travel through the crystal. By introducing defects into PCs, it is possible to build waveguides that can channel light along certain paths. It is also possible to construct microcavities that can localize photons in extremely small volumes. First, we compute the photonic crystals dispersion relations and find the bandgap out by the plane wave expansion method (PWE) in the frequency domain. Then, the finite difference time domain method (FDTD) with the perfectly matched layer boundary conditions is solved Maxwell’s equations, namely simulated the movement behavior of the Photonic crystals. By properly varying the size of the defect on the PCs, it could really drop the particular wavelength from the surface. In addition, by modulating the size of the cavity on the PCs, it introduced the particular wavelength into the waveguide. Finally, we proposed the two structures that could function as the wavelength division multiplexers (WDM) and optical delay line. It would be a potential key component in the applications of ultra-high-speed and ultra-high-capacity optical communication and optical data processing systems. Deciding that the nanofabrication improves gradually, it will demonstrate a practical breakthrough for the realization of devices based on the PC integrated circuits.

碩士
龍華科技大學
電機工程系碩士班
104
In the optical integrated circuits, wavelength-division multiplexers (WDM) optical communication system is an important element. In this paper the use of two-dimensional photonic crystal cubic lattice dielectric column is the main structure. The line defect waveguide resonant cavity filter was added, then a ring resonant cavity is arranged at the side,the two resonant cavities form the design of a ring resonant cavity type WDM;this paper presents a ring resonant cavity type WDM. The proposed structure consists of one input port and two output ports,output port 1 is a resonant cavity filter. Output port 2 is composed of ring resonant cavity. In this paper, we propose a new design of WDM with dual wavelength channels. by changing the design parameters of ring resonant cavity and resonant cavity filters, the center frequency and efficiency of the transmission spectrum can be well tuned. The transmission efficiency is 98% for 2x2 ring cavity, 92% for 3x3 ring cavity, and 83% for 4x4 ring cavity the proposed WDM has a simple structure, with a tunable center frequency and high transmission efficiency. Therefore, this device is potentially practical in the future for the application of integrated optical circuits.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
光電與材料科技研究所在職專班
102
This thesis is focused on the design of ring resonators based on two-dimensional photonic crystal slab waveguide. Two line-defect waveguides and a diamond-shaped cavity of ring resonator are designed. The proposed ring resonator devices are simulated and analyzed by numerical methods. The characteristics of the transmission spectrum of the proposed ring resonator devices are analyzed. The finite-difference time-domain method is employed to simulate light propagation in the ring resonators. According to simulation results, we find that by changing the size the air rods on the inlet end and the outlet end of the diamond-shaped resonator cavity, the characteristics of the transmission spectrum of the filter are uder controlled. In this thesis, two line-defect waveguides and a diamond-shaped cavity of ring resonators can serve as optical filters in fiber-optic communication systems. The results of this research show practical values for the optical integrated circuits in the future.

The presence of photonic band gap in an arbitrarily shaped photonic structure, particularly structures that are fabricated by exploiting rolled-up nanotechnology, can be understood from the density of optical states. In this thesis, the density of optical states and the local density of optical states in finite-sized photonic structures are calculated using the finite difference time domain method together with a parallelized message passing interface. With this approach, a software package suitable for high-performance computing on multi-platform was published under GNU GPL license. When light is guided to propagate along a rolled-up thin film, whispering gallery mode resonances can be formed in a microtubular structure. Dynamic probing and tuning via a plasmonic nanoparticle-coated glass tip are investigated to demonstrate the transition from dielectric-dielectric to dielectric-plasmonic coupling in the tubular microcavity. The competition of these two coupling mechanisms allow the tuning of the optical cavity modes towards lower and then higher energies in a single coupling system. Moreover, three dimensionally confined higher order axial modes can be selectively coupled and tuned by the glass tip due to their unique spatial distribution of the optical field along the tube axis. In addition, the interaction between sharp optical cavity modes and broad plasmonic modes supported by silver nanoparticles leads to the occurrence of Fano resonance. In particular, Fano resonances occurring at higher-order axial modes has been observed as well. The experimental results are supported by numerical simulations based on the finite difference time domain method. In photonic lattice structures, light propagation behavior can be influenced and defined by the photonic band structure. By designing the unit cell with glide mirror symmetry, topologically protected edge states operating in the visible spectral range have been proposed in two dimensional photonic crystals which can be made of feasible materials. Topological phenomena such as unidirectional waveguiding and/or effective zero refractive index are presented. In addition, a scheme to study topological phase transition in a single photonic crystal device is proposed and studied via unevenly stretching photonic lattice. Moreover, a new method is explored to distinguish the topological phase from the bulk modes. The research presented in this thesis concerns molding the flow of light in specially designed photonic devices for various potential applications. The software package can be used to design and investigate finite-sized photonic structures with an arbitrary shape, which is much faster in terms of computation than other reported techniques and software packages. The rolled-up microcavities can be employed to trap and store light in the way of whispering gallery mode resonances, and the resonant light can be tuned and modulated by a plasmonic nanoparticles-coated glass tip. This research is particularly interesting for optical signal processing, slowing light via Fano resonances, and high sensitive sensing. In addition, the topological photonic crystal design and examination scheme presented in this thesis provide a simplified yet more efficient way to obtain non-trivial topological phase from a tunable photonic crystal that can be verified not only by edge modes but also by bulk modes.:Bibliographic record 1 Abstract 1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS and Symbols 3 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Introduction and Motivation 9 1.2 Objectives 11 1.3 Organization of the thesis 12 2 Density of optical states in rolled-up photonic crystals and quasi crystals 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.1.1 background 17 2.1.2 Infinitely extended ideal photonic crystal 17 2.2 Finite-sized photonic crystal, photonic quasicrystal, and arbitrary photonics structures 20 2.2.1 Numerical algorithm 25 2.2.2 Rolled-up photonic crystals and quasi crystals 30 2.3 Software package 33 2.3.1 Computational performance 33 2.3.2 FPS User interface 35 2.3.3 Detailed tutorial 37 2.3.4 Alternative rolled-up photonic crystals 47 2.3.5 Beyond 3D photonic crystals. 48 2.4 Conclusion 49 3 Rolled-up microesonator 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Rolled-up microresonators 52 4 Tip-assisted photon-plasmon coupling in three-dimensionally confined microtube cavities 57 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Tube and plasmonic particle preparation and characterization 60 4.3 Results and discussion 62 4.4 Axial mode tuning 64 4.5 Fano resonance 65 4.5.1 Background 65 4.5.2 Fano resonance in the tip assisted coupling setup 68 4.6 Conclusion 71 5 Topological photonics 73 5.1 Introduction and motivation 73 5.2 Topological phase transition point 77 5.2.1 Fundamental phase transition point 77 5.2.2 Zero refractive index material 79 5.3 Non-trivial topology in realistic materials 80 6 Topological phase transition in stretchable photonic crystals 85 6.1 Introduction and motivation 85 6.2 SSH model 88 6.3 Photonic crystal 91 6.4 Band structure and end modes of the photonic crystal 99 6.5 Conclusion 101 7 Summary and outlook 103 7.1 Summary 103 7.2 Outlook 104 Bibliography 111 List of figures 127 Publications 133 Acknowledgments 136 Selbständigkeitserklärung 137 Curriculum Vitae 138

Στην παρούσα Διδακτορική Διατριβή διερευνώνται αριθμητικά δομές οι οποίες μπορούν να λειτουργήσουν ως φωνονικά ή φωτονικά υλικά. Βασικό χαρακτηριστικό των φωτονικών και των φωνονικών υλικών είναι η ύπαρξη χασμάτων συχνοτήτων στη διάδοση των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών και των ελαστικών κυμάτων αντίστοιχα διαμέσου των δομών αυτών. Αρχικά διερευνήθηκαν αριθμητικά δύο δομές οι οποίες έχουν ήδη χρησιμοποιηθεί ως φωτονικά υλικά και για τις οι οποίες εξετάστηκε κατά πόσο είναι εφικτή λειτουργία τους ως φωνονικά υλικά. Η πρώτη δομή είναι η πολύ γνωστή δομή κατά στρώσεις και η δεύτερη ένας ηχητικός κυματοδηγός «λωρίδα» (slot waveguide) επάνω στον οποίο δομείται ένας φωνονικός κρύσταλλος. Για τους αριθμητικούς υπολογισμούς χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μέθοδος των πεπερασμένων διαφορών στο πεδίο του χρόνου και υπολογίστηκαν το Φάσμα Μετάδοσης καθώς και το διάγραμμα Διασποράς. Στην μελέτη αυτή περιελήφθησαν αρκετά διαφορετικά υλικά όπως το πυρίτιο, η εποξειδική ρητίνη και το βολφράμιο. Διερευνήθηκε επίσης η επίδραση όλων των γεωμετρικών παραμέτρων των δομών. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι δομές αυτές φαίνεται να έχουν πολύ ελπιδοφόρα χαρακτηριστικά ως φωνονικοί κρύσταλλοι. Υπό ορισμένες προϋποθέσεις μάλιστα μπορεί να προκύψει πλήρες τρισδιάστατο χάσμα. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη ότι η συγκεκριμένες δομές είναι ήδη γνωστές για τη χρήση τους ως φωτονικοί κρύσταλλοι, η πεποίθηση για τη χρήση τους ταυτόχρονα ως φωτονικοί και φωνονικοί κρύσταλλοι καθίσταται βάσιμη. Στην συνέχεια, χρησιμοποιώντας ξανά τη μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων διαφορών στο πεδίο του χρόνου, μελετήθηκαν ενδεχόμενες εφαρμογές που θα μπορούσαν οι δομές αυτές να έχουν. Πιο συγκεκριμένα διερευνήθηκε αρχικά η ενδεχόμενη χρήση των φωνονικών κρυστάλλων ως αισθητήρες. Οι Ευαισθησίες αυτών των δομών υπολογίστηκαν από τις αλλαγές στα όρια των αντίστοιχων φωνονικών χασμάτων όταν ένα λεπτό φιλμ νερού (για την περίπτωση του αισθητήρα υγρασίας) προστεθεί στη δομή ή όταν οι δομές εμβαπτιστούν σε κάποιο υγρό (αισθητήρες υγρών). Μελετήθηκε επίσης για πρώτη φορά συγκεκριμένη ελαστοδυναμική συμπεριφορά της τρισδιάστατης δομής κατά στρώσεις. Τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν παρουσιάζουν μια υψηλή τιμή στον λόγο της διαμήκους προς την εγκάρσια ταχύτητα του ήχου και μια ιδανική συμπεριφορά pentamode σε ένα εύρος συχνοτήτων. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν σαφώς ότι η δομή κατά στρώσεις μπορεί να αποτελέσει και ένα πολύ σημαντικό ελαστοδυναμικό μεταϋλικό. Στην επόμενη ενότητα της Διδακτορικής διατριβής χρησιμοποιώντας την θεωρία συναρτησιακών πυκνότητας μελετήθηκε η φωνονική πυκνότητα καταστάσεων για υλικά τύπου γραφενίου όπως το silicene (σιλικένιο) και το germanene (γερμανένιο). Εξετάστηκαν οι περιπτώσεις στις οποίες άτομα πυριτίου ή γερμανίου στις δομές τύπου γραφενίου αντικαταστάθηκαν από άλλα άτομα της Ομάδας IV του Περιοδικού Πίνακα και διερευνήθηκε κατά πόσο οι προκύπτουσες δομές μπορούν να λειτουργήσουν ως φωνονικοί κρύσταλλοι με την εμφάνιση φωνονικών χασμάτων στην φωνονική πυκνότητα καταστάσεών τους. Εξετάστηκαν επίσης νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα και κυρίως οι ομοιότητές τους με τα υλικά τύπου γραφενίου. Βρέθηκε πως, για τις περιπτώσεις όπου η διάμετρος των νανοσωλήνων ξεπερνά το 1nm, παρουσιάζονται αρκετές ομοιότητες με τα υλικά τύπου γραφενίου. Στην τελευταία ενότητα της διατριβής διερευνώνται δομές στις οποίες μπορεί να παρατηρηθεί εντοπισμός του φωτός σε περιοχές κλίμακας νανομέτρων. Ένα σύστημα αποτελούμενο από δύο δίσκους πυριτίου με διάκενο να τους χωρίζει μερικά δέκατα του νανομέτρου μελετήθηκε πρώτο. Ο κανονικοποιημένος, αδιάστατος ενεργός όγκος καταστάσεων, V_eff, υπολογίστηκε για τους δύο χαμηλότερους συντονισμούς. Ο ενεργός όγκος καταστάσεων μειώνεται σημαντικά καθώς το χάσμα μεταξύ των δίσκων μεγαλώνει. Μελετάται επίσης μια δομή αποτελούμενη από έναν κυκλικό κυματοδηγό σχισμή ο οποίος σχηματίζεται μέσα σε έναν κυκλικό συντονιστή πυριτίου. Όπως προκύπτει από τα αριθμητικά αποτελέσματα η προτεινόμενη δομή μπορεί να εμφανίσει συντονισμούς με υψηλές τιμές του παράγοντα Q, αυξάνοντας έτσι την πεποίθηση πως η προτεινόμενη δομή μπορεί να αποτελέσει βάση για εφαρμογές σε οπτικές τηλεπικοινωνίες.
This thesis explores numerically structures that can act as phononic or photonic materials. A key feature of photonic and phononic materials is the existence of frequency gaps in propagation of electromagnetic waves and elastic waves respectively. Initially the functionality of two structures as phononic materials is numerically examined. Those structures have already been used as photonic materials. The first structure is the well-known layer-by-layer structure and the second is an acoustic strip waveguide onto which is considered one phononic crystal. For numerical calculations the Finite Difference Time Domain method was used. The transmission spectra and the band structure were calculated. Several different materials such as silicon, epoxy and tungsten were included in this study. It was also investigated the effect of all the geometric parameters of the structures. The results showed that these structures appear to have very promising features as phononic crystals. Under certain conditions it may even exists a full three-dimensional phononic band gap. Considering that those structures are already known for their use as photonic crystals, the belief for their use as both photonic crystals and phononic crystals becomes valid. Then, again using the Finite Difference Time Domain method, potential applications that these structures could have were also examined. Initially it was investigated the potential use of phononic crystals as sensors. The sensitivities of these structures were calculated from the changes in the boundaries of the respective phononic band gaps when a thin film of water (in the case of the humidity sensor) was added to the structure or when those structures immersed in a liquid (liquid sensors). Also studied for the first time the three-dimensional layer-by-layer structure for specific elastodynamic behavior. The results show a high value of the ratio of the longitudinal to the transverse speed of sound and an ideal pentamode behavior for a specific frequency range. The results clearly show that the layer-by-layer structure could be a very important elastodynamic metamaterial. In the next section of this thesis, the phonon density of states of graphene-like materials such as silicene and germanene is examined using density functional theory. Cases were silicon or germanium atoms on graphene-like structures are replaced by other group IV atoms and how these new structures could perform as nanoscale phononic crystals, creating phononic band gaps in their phonon density of states, are numerically investigated. Nanotubes were also examined and their similarities, especially for cases with diameters above 1nm, with the graphene-like materials were found. In the final section of this thesis structures which could confine light in nanometer areas were numerically examined. A system consisting of two silicon disks with in plane separation of a few tens of nanometers has been studied first. The normalized unitless effective mode volume, Veff, has been calculated for the two lowest whispering gallery modes resonances. The effective mode volume is reduced significantly as the gap between the disks decreases. It is also numerically examined a structure consisting of a circular slot waveguide which is formed into a silicon disk resonator. It is shown that the proposed structure could have high Q resonances thus raising the belief that it is a very promising candidate for optical interconnects applications.