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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Phosphine"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 7 luglio 2024

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1

Inoue, Hidenari, Hiromi Akahori, Yuri Ohno, Katsuo Nakazawa, Yoshimune Nonomura, Naoki Yoshioka, Gernot Heckmann e Ekkehard Fluck. "Axial Coordination of Phosphine or Phosphite to Iron(III) Chlorophyll a". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 50, n. 8 (1 agosto 1995): 1222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1995-0817.

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The adduct formation of iron(III) chlorophyll a with phosphines or phosphites has been studied by spectroscopic methods. The red-shift in the Soret and Q bands caused by the axial coordination of phosphine or phosphite to iron(III) chlorophyll a is an evidence for the autoreduction of the central iron(III) ion. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of bis-adducts measured in the presence of excess phosphine or phosphite ligands gave a single peak in the down field range compared to that of the corresponding free ligand. The ESR and X-ray photoelectron spectra have revealed that the central iron atom of the bis-adduct of iron chlorophyll a with phosphines or phosphites is divalent and in the low-spin state. The axial coordination of phosphine or phosphite influences the electronic configuration of the central iron atom and the macrocyclic chlorine ligand to induce the autoreduction of the central iron(III) ion.

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2

Bains, William, Oliver Shorttle, Sukrit Ranjan, Paul B. Rimmer, Janusz J. Petkowski, Jane S. Greaves e Sara Seager. "Constraints on the Production of Phosphine by Venusian Volcanoes". Universe 8, n. 1 (17 gennaio 2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8010054.

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The initial reports of the presence of phosphine in the cloud decks of Venus have led to the suggestion that volcanism is the source of phosphine, through volcanic phosphides ejected into the clouds. Here, we examine the idea that mantle plume volcanism, bringing material from the deep mantle to the surface, could generate observed amounts of phosphine through the interaction of explosively erupted phosphide with sulfuric acid clouds. The direct eruption of deep mantle phosphide is unphysical, but a shallower material could contain traces of phosphide, and could be erupted to the surface. The explosive eruption that efficiently transports material to the clouds would require ocean:magma interactions or the subduction of a hydrated oceanic crust, neither of which occur on modern Venus. The transport of the erupted material to altitudes coinciding with the observations of phosphine is consequently very inefficient. Using the model proposed by Truong and Lunine as a base case, we estimate that an eruption volume of at least 21,600 km3/year would be required to explain the presence of 1 ppb phosphine in the clouds. This is greater than any historical terrestrial eruption rate, and would have several detectable consequences for remote and in situ observations to confirm. More realistic lithospheric mineralogy, volcano mechanics or atmospheric photochemistry require even more volcanism.

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3

Fox, Jonathan H., Brian F. Porter, Leslie Easterwood, Justin R. V. Hildenbrand, Pierre Hélie, James Smylie e Donal O’Toole. "Acute hepatic steatosis: a helpful diagnostic feature in metallic phosphide–poisoned horses". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 30, n. 2 (4 dicembre 2017): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717746707.

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Metal phosphides, particularly zinc and aluminum phosphide, occasionally poison horses and other equids following their use as rodenticides and insecticides. Grain-based aluminum phosphide baits are used to control rodents such as prairie dogs. The clinical course in intoxicated horses is short (<24–48 h), and animals may be found dead. Hepatic lesions caused by phosphine poisoning are not well described. Laboratory confirmation depends on detecting phosphine gas in gastric contents. Eight horses and a mule were exposed to zinc phosphide used to control prairie dogs on a Wyoming ranch. Three of 9 exposed equids developed some combination of sweating, ataxia, anxiety, and colic; 2 died acutely, and 1 recovered. A diagnosis of zinc phosphide was made by detecting phosphine in stomach contents from a horse and a mule. The liver was pale and swollen in the affected horse, which died after a clinical course of ~12 h. Other changes were generalized congestion and edema, pulmonary edema, and acute cerebrocortical edema. There was diffuse hepatocellular microvesicular steatosis. Similar histologic lesions were present in 7 equine livers from 2 previously published episodes of metallic phosphide poisoning. Older lesions (>24 h of clinical signs) had centrilobular hepatic necrosis with congestion and a mixture of microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis. Phosphine poisoning should be considered in horses that die acutely and are found to have steatosis, either with or without hepatocellular necrosis.

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4

Gusarova, Nina K., Svetlana N. Arbuzova e Boris A. Trofimov. "Novel general halogen-free methodology for the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds". Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, n. 3 (17 gennaio 2012): 439–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-07-11.

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The use of novel general halogen-free methodology for the synthesis of phosphines, phosphine chalcogenides, and phosphinic acids from elemental phosphorus and alkenes and alkynes in the superbase suspensions is described.

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5

Sudakin, D. L. "Occupational exposure to aluminium phosphide and phosphine gas? A suspected case report and review of the literature". Human & Experimental Toxicology 24, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327105ht496oa.

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The manufacture and application of aluminium phosphide fumigants pose risks of inhalation exposure to phosphine gas. This article presents a case report of suspected inhalation exposure to phosphine gas in a manufacturing facility for aluminium phosphide fumigants, which was associated with acute dyspnoea, hypotension, bradycardia and other signs of intoxication. These symptoms resolved within several hours after removal from exposure. A review of the data on human exposures to phosphide fumigants identifies both pesticide applicators and individuals in the vicinity of application to be at risk of accidental exposure and injury from phosphine inhalation. More recent reports have identified risks of phosphine gas inhalation in association with the clandestine production of methamphetamine. Toxicodynamic effects of phosphine result from the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase and subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species. There remain unanswered questions relating to the toxicokinetics of phosphine, as well as the assessment of human exposure utilizing biomarkers. As initial signs and symptoms of intoxication from phosphine gas may be nonspecific and transient, there is a need for improved recognition of the potential hazards associated with phosphide fumigants and phosphine gas.

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6

Trofimov, Boris, Nina Gusarova e Nataliya Chernysheva. "Catalyst- and Solvent-Free Addition of the P–H Species to Alkenes and Alkynes: A Green Methodology for C–P Bond Formation". Synthesis 49, n. 21 (28 agosto 2017): 4783–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588542.

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Traditional methods for C–P bond formation via direct addition of P–H species to unsaturated compounds are usually implemented in the presence of base and metal catalysts or radical initiators in various organic solvents. During the last five years, a novel efficient and general catalyst/initiator- and solvent-free version of the hydrophosphination and hydrophosphinylation of multiple C–C bonds with H-phosphines and their chalcogenides has begun to develop and it is attracting growing attention. This approach corresponds to the recently emerged pot-, atom-, and step-economy (PASE) green paradigm. This review covers the literature on the synthesis of useful and in-demand organophosphorus compounds via catalyst- and solvent-free addition of P–H species to alkenes and alkynes.1 Introduction2 Addition of Secondary Phosphines to Alkenes3 Hydrophosphinylation of Alkenes with Secondary Phosphine Chalcogenides3.1 Oxidative Addition of Phosphine Oxides to Vinyl Sulfides3.2 Addition of Secondary Phosphine Sulfides and Phosphine Selenides to Alkenes3.3 Addition of Secondary Phosphine Sulfides and Phosphine Selenides to Divinyl Chalcogenides3.4 Hydrophosphinylation of Alkenes with Secondary Phosphine/Chalcogen Pair (Three-Component Reactions)4 Addition of Secondary Phosphines to Alkynes5 Addition of Secondary Phosphine Chalcogenides to Alkynes6 Conclusion

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7

Ghosh, Sujit, Kinkar Biswas e Basudeb Basu. "Recent Advances in Microwave Promoted C-P Cross-coupling Reactions". Current Microwave Chemistry 7, n. 2 (6 agosto 2020): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213335607666200401144724.

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: Organophosphorous compounds are of potential importance in diverse fields. They are often used as intermediates for making functionalized phosphine ligands as well as find vast applications in the areas of industrial, agricultural and biological chemistry. The microwave-assisted synthesis of C-P bonds has become increasingly popular because of its various advantages over conventional heating in the perspectives of green chemistry. : This review article has primarily focused on the synthesis of various organophosphorous molecules via microwave promoted C-P cross-coupling reactions under metal-catalyzed or metal–free conditions over the last two decades. The synthesis of phosphine ligands on 4,4′-bisquinolone structural framework, disubstituted phosphinic acid esters, vinyl phosphines, aryl- and vinylphosphonates, sugar and nucleoside phosphonates, aminobisphosphonates, triphenyl phosphines, water-soluble tertiary phosphine oxides and many other potentially useful organophosphorous compounds have been illustrated critically. The Hirao reaction, Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction and Sandmeyer type of reactions are generally involved in creating C-P bonds. The role of various metal catalysts, solvents, bases, additives and temperature in different literatures are carefully discussed.

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8

A Farrar, Ross, Angelo B Justus, Vikram A Masurkar e Peter M Garrett. "Unexpected survival after deliberate phosphine gas poisoning: An Australian experience of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation rescue in this setting". Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 50, n. 3 (6 dicembre 2021): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x211047603.

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Phosphine poisoning is responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths per year in countries where access to this pesticide is unrestricted. Metal phosphides release phosphine gas on contact with moisture, and ingestion of these tablets most often results in death despite intensive support. A 36-year-old woman presented to a regional hospital after ingesting multiple aluminium phosphide pesticide tablets and rapidly developed severe cardiogenic shock. In this case, serendipitous access to an untested Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) service of a regional hospital effected a successful rescue and prevented the predicted death. We discuss the toxicology, management and the evidence for and against using ECMO in this acute poisoning.

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9

Thomas, Ananya, Malavika Arun, Khalid Moinuddin e Paul Joseph. "Mechanistic Aspects of Condensed- and Gaseous-Phase Activities of Some Phosphorus-Containing Fire Retardants". Polymers 12, n. 8 (11 agosto 2020): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081801.

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As a part of our ongoing investigations on passively fire protecting polymeric materials, we have been employing both reactive and additive routes involving phosphorus-containing compounds. These included inorganic and organic substances, and in the latter case, the phosphorus-bearing groups differed in terms of the chemical environments (phosphite, phosphate, phosphine, phosphine oxide and phosphonate ester) and oxidation state of the P atom (i.e., III, or V). The overall flammability profiles of wood substrates coated with the phosphorus-containing compounds were obtained through cone calorimetric measurements. The elemental composition, morphology and chemical natures of the char residues, obtained from the cone tests, were analysed through a variety of spectroscopic, chromatographic and spectrometric means. From the complementary information, obtained through these analyses, some probable mechanistic pathways that underpin the condensed- and gaseous-phase activities of the different additives are suggested. It was found that the inorganic solid additive, i.e., (NH4)2HPO4, underwent a two-step degradation, yielding ammonia gas and phosphoric acid. Furthermore, the liquid additives, owing to their volatility as compared to the solid ones, showed a relatively higher presence in the vapour phase than volatile fragments emanating from the latter ones (i.e., from phosphine and the phosphine oxides).

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10

Guidone, Stefano, Fady Nahra, Alexandra M. Z. Slawin e Catherine S. J. Cazin. "Ruthenium indenylidene “1st generation” olefin metathesis catalysts containing triisopropyl phosphite". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 11 (1 settembre 2015): 1520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.166.

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The reaction of triisopropyl phosphite with phosphine-based indenylidene pre-catalysts affords “1st generation” cis-complexes. These have been used in olefin metathesis reactions. The cis-Ru species exhibit noticeable differences with the trans-Ru parent complexes in terms of structure, thermal stability and reactivity. Experimental data underline the importance of synergistic effects between phosphites and L-type ligands.

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11

Das, Mrinal K., Sarbari Roy, H. Noth e A. Pidcock. "Synthesis and Characterization of Some Phosphine-Boranes and Phosphine- and Phosphite-Cyanoboranes". Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry 16, n. 1 (gennaio 1986): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00945718608055911.

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12

Fernández-Pérez, Héctor, Pablo Etayo, Armen Panossian e Anton Vidal-Ferran. "Phosphine−Phosphinite and Phosphine−Phosphite Ligands: Preparation and Applications in Asymmetric Catalysis". Chemical Reviews 111, n. 3 (9 marzo 2011): 2119–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100244e.

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13

Yan, Yongjun, Yongxiang Chi e Xumu Zhang. "Novel phosphine-phosphite and phosphine-phosphinite ligands for highly enantioselective asymmetric hydrogenation". Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 15, n. 14 (luglio 2004): 2173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.04.013.

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14

Podyacheva, Evgeniya, Ekaterina Kuchuk e Denis Chusov. "Reduction of phosphine oxides to phosphines". Tetrahedron Letters 60, n. 8 (febbraio 2019): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.12.070.

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15

Lu, Xiyan, Yishu Du e Cheng Lu. "Synthetic methodology using tertiary phosphines as nucleophilic catalysts". Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, n. 12 (1 gennaio 2005): 1985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577121985.

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Allenoates or 2-alkynoates are known to react with tertiary phosphines to form the phosphine-substituted 1,3-dipoles, which can react with various substrates with the simultaneous elimination of the tertiary phosphine. The reaction is catalytic to the tertiary phosphine used. The investigation of the appropriate dipolarophiles and the further extension of this reaction are discussed.

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16

Khabiyev, A. T., e B. S. Selenova. "Palladium(II)-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions of Arylboronic Acid with Aryl Halide in the Presence of Aryl-Ferrocenyl-Phosphines". Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 16, n. 1 (22 dicembre 2013): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj172.

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<p>This study examined investigation of catalytic activity of aryl-ferrocenyl-phosphine (2-methoxyphenyl diferrocenyl phosphine (cat. 1), 2-tert-butyloxyphenyl diferrocenyl phosphine (cat. 2), 2-methoxynaphtyl diferrocenyl phosphine (cat. 3), 1,1’-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene (cat. 4), phenyl diferrocenyl phosphine (cat. 5)) ligands with palladium salts as precursors in Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Suzuki–Miyaura reaction is one of the important cross-coupling reactions and extremely powerful in forming C–C bonds. Aryl-ferrocenyl-phosphine ligands confer unprecedented activity for these processes, allowing reactions to be performed at low catalyst levels, to prepare extreme This study examined investigation of catalytic activity of aryl-ferrocenyl-phosphine (2-methoxyphenyl diferrocenyl phosphine (cat. 1), 2-tert-butyloxyphenyl diferrocenyl phosphine (cat. 2), 2-methoxynaphtyl diferrocenyl phosphine (cat. 3), 1,1’-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene (cat. 4), phenyl diferrocenyl phosphine (cat. 5)) ligands with palladium salts as precursors in Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Suzuki–Miyaura reaction is one of the important cross-coupling reactions and extremely powerful in forming C–C bonds. Aryl-ferrocenyl-phosphine ligands confer unprecedented activity for these processes, allowing reactions to be performed at low catalyst levels, to prepare extremely hindered biaryls and to be carried out, in general, also for reactions of aryl chlorides by temperature 100 ºC and pressure 1 atm. Sterically demanding and strongly Lewis-basic ferrocene-based phosphines are water- and oxygen-resistant. The Suzuki–Miyaura reaction is also an important reaction in the ground and fine organic synthesis, in the production of drugs and intermediates. To analyze the conversion of halogen aryl compounds the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy was used. The advantage of Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in comparison with other cross-coupling reactions (Kumada-, Heck-, Heck-Carbonylation-, Murahashi-, Sonogashira-, Negishi-, Stille-reaktion, etc.) is in the usage of low toxic, water- and oxygen-insensitive thermostable organoboron compounds. As boronic acid was used phenylboronic acid and as weak base – potassium phosphate. Catalyst, precursor and weak base were dissolved in toluene. All reactions were performed under an atmosphere of nitrogen or argon. The catalytic cycle of Suzuki–Miyaura reaction typically includes three main steps: oxidative addition of the haloaromatic to catalytic active palladium (0) species, transmetalation, and reductive elimination of the product under back formation of catalytically active species. All used catalysts showed good activity with aryl bromides and weak activity with aryl chlorides.</p>

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17

Elsayed, Sherif, Mark E. Casada, Ronaldo G. Maghirang e Mingjun Wei. "Evolution of Phosphine from Aluminum Phosphide Pellets". Transactions of the ASABE 64, n. 2 (2021): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14326.

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HighlightsThis study developed a mathematical relationship accounting for the production rate of phosphine.The effect of temperature on phosphine sorption into wheat is described mathematically.A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was built to predict the phosphine concentration in fumigated grain.Experiments were conducted to validate the CFD model.Abstract. Phosphine gas (PH3) is widely used as a fumigant for stored product insect infestations due to its relatively low price and the near absence of residual chemical on the grain. Understanding the behavior of phosphine gas inside the fumigated space is crucial to maintaining a lethal dosage and protecting stored grain from subsequent insect damage. Phosphine is available either in gas form or is produced from a solid material, as pellets or tablets, that reacts with water in the air. The solid form is the most commonly used; however, limited information is available on the rate of phosphine gas generated from the solid material. In this study, a mathematical equation was formulated, based on previous studies in the literature, to describe the gas generation rate. This equation was incorporated into a computational model using ANSYS Fluent 19.1, a commercial software for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The computational model developed here allows prediction of the phosphine concentration within a fumigated grain bulk. The PH3 sorption was included in the model. The effect of temperature on the sorption rate was investigated based on published data, and the rate change due to temperature was characterized. The gas generated by a single pellet was measured in laboratory experiments in a 0.208 m3 sealed barrel. The measurements confirmed the CFD results with an error of 0.3%, 0.9%, and 7.2% for three different configurations. The deviations seen between the experimental replicates increased the error and show the need for further investigation of the effects of temperature, grain age and history, leakage, and other factors. Keywords: CFD, Evolution rate, Phosphine, Sorption.

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18

Alonso, Concepción, Endika Martín-Encinas, Gloria Rubiales e Francisco Palacios. "Reliable Synthesis of Phosphino- and Phosphine Sulfide-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinolines and Phosphine Sulfide Quinolines". European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2017, n. 20 (26 maggio 2017): 2916–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201700258.

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19

Mehrpour, Omid, Mostafa Jafarzadeh e Mohammad Abdollahi. "A Systematic Review of Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning". Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63, n. 1 (1 marzo 2012): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2182.

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A Systematic Review of Aluminium Phosphide PoisoningEvery year, about 300,000 people die because of pesticide poisoning worldwide. The most common pesticide agents are organophosphates and phosphides, aluminium phosphide (AlP) in particular. AlP is known as a suicide poison that can easily be bought and has no effective antidote. Its toxicity results from the release of phosphine gas as the tablet gets into contact with moisture. Phosphine gas primarily affects the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. Poisoning signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, restlessness, abdominal pain, palpitation, refractory shock, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary oedema, dyspnoea, cyanosis, and sensory alterations. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, positive silver nitrate paper test to phosphine, and gastric aspirate and viscera biochemistry. Treatment includes early gastric lavage with potassium permanganate or a combination with coconut oil and sodium bicarbonate, administration of charcoal, and palliative care. Specific therapy includes intravenous magnesium sulphate and oral coconut oil. Moreover, acidosis can be treated with early intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, cardiogenic shock with fluid, vasopresor, and refractory cardiogenic shock with intra-aortic baloon pump or digoxin. Trimetazidine may also have a useful role in the treatment, because it can stop ventricular ectopic beats and bigeminy and preserve oxidative metabolism. This article reviews the epidemiological, toxicological, and clinical/pathological aspects of AlP poisoning and its management.

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20

Zhai, De-Hua, Bing-Xia Yan, Zhan-Cai Li, Zhu Lin, Qiang Li, Yan-Lan Wang, Hong-Xing Zheng e Chang-Qiu Zhao. "The stereoselective conversion of epimerized alkoxyl phosphine–borane to P,C, axial-stereogenic tertiary phosphine via cleavage of P–O bond". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 20, n. 13 (2022): 2615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ob00351a.

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The epimerized alkoxyl phosphine–borane was converted to P-anions in 86 : 14 dr, and further to tertiary phosphine in 96 : 4 dr when alkylated, and was used for preparation of multi-stereogenic tertiary phosphines.

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21

Jia, Xian, Xingshu Li, Wing Sze Lam, Stanton H. L. Kok, Lijin Xu, Gui Lu, Chi-Hung Yeung e Albert S. C. Chan. "The synthesis of new chiral phosphine–phosphinites, phosphine–phosphoramidite, and phosphine–phosphite ligands and their applications in asymmetric hydrogenation". Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 15, n. 14 (luglio 2004): 2273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.05.046.

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22

Jiao, Yunzhe, William W. Brennessel e William D. Jones. "A tris(pyrazolyl)borate rhodium phosphite complex that undergoes an Arbusov-like rearrangement". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 69, n. 9 (3 agosto 2013): 939–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270113015953.

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Tp′Rh[P(OMe)3](Me)H, loses methane in pentane solution containing CH2F2to give the scorpionate complex bis(μ-dimethyl phosphito)-κ2P:O;κ2O:P-bis{methyl[tris(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)borato]rhodium(III)}, [Rh2(CH3)2(C2H6O3P)2(C15H22BN6)2], in which the phosphine O—Me bond is cleaved. The product is dimeric and resembles the Arbusov-type rearrangement product known to form from trimethyl phosphite.

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Truong, N., e J. I. Lunine. "Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n. 29 (12 luglio 2021): e2021689118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021689118.

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We hypothesize that trace amounts of phosphides formed in the mantle are a plausible abiotic source of the Venusian phosphine observed by Greaves et al. [Nat. Astron., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-1174-4 (2020)]. In this hypothesis, small amounts of phosphides (P3− bound in metals such as iron), sourced from a deep mantle, are brought to the surface by volcanism. They are then ejected into the atmosphere in the form of volcanic dust by explosive volcanic eruptions, which were invoked by others to explain the episodic changes of sulfur dioxide seen in the atmosphere [Esposito, Science 223, 1072–1074 (1984)]. There they react with sulfuric acid in the aerosol layer to form phosphine (2 P3− + 3H2SO4 = 2PH3 + 3SO42-). We take issue with the conclusion of Bains et al. [arXiv:2009.06499 (2020)] that the volcanic rates for such a mechanism would have to be implausibly high. We consider a mantle with the redox state similar to the Earth, magma originating deep in the mantle—a likely scenario for the origin of plume volcanism on Venus—and episodically high but plausible rates of volcanism on a Venus bereft of plate tectonics. We conclude that volcanism could supply an adequate amount of phosphide to produce phosphine. Our conclusion is supported by remote sensing observations of the Venusian atmosphere and surface that have been interpreted as indicative of currently active volcanism.

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Strienz, Markus, e Andreas Schnepf. "Au30(PiPr2nBu)12Cl6—An Open Cluster Provides Insight into the Influence of the Sterical Demand of the Phosphine Ligand in the Formation of Metalloid Gold Clusters". Molecules 29, n. 2 (5 gennaio 2024): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020286.

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Phosphine-stabilized gold clusters are an important subgroup of metalloid gold cluster compounds and are important model compounds for nanoparticles. Although there are numerous gold clusters with different phosphine ligands, the effect of phosphine on cluster formation and structure remains unclear. While the linear alkyl-substituted phosphine gold chlorides result in a Au32 cluster, the bulky tBu3P leads to a Au20 cluster. The reduction of (iPr2nBuP)AuCl, with the steric demand of the phosphine ligand between the mentioned phosphines, results in the successful synthesis and crystallization of a new metalloid gold cluster, Au30(PiPr2nBu)12Cl6. Its structure is similar to the Au32 cluster but with two missing AuCl units. The UV/Vis studies and quantum chemical calculations show the similarities between the two clusters and the influence of the phosphine ligand in the synthesis of metalloid gold clusters.

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Tajti, Szatmári, Perdih, Keglevich e Bálint. "Microwave-Assisted Kabachnik–Fields Reaction with Amino Alcohols as the Amine Component". Molecules 24, n. 8 (25 aprile 2019): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081640.

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In this paper, the microwave (MW)-assisted catalyst-free and mostly solvent-free Kabachnik–Fields reaction of amino alcohols, paraformaldehyde, and various >P(O)H reagents (dialkyl phosphites, ethyl phenyl-H-phosphinate, and secondary phosphine oxides) is reported. The synthesis of N-2-hydroxyethyl-αaminophosphonate derivatives was optimized in respect of the temperature, the reaction time, and the molar ratio of the starting materials. A few by-products were also identified. N,NBis(phosphinoylmethyl)amines containing a hydroxyethyl group were also prepared by the double Kabachnik–Fields reaction of ethanolamine with an excess of paraformaldehyde and secondary phosphine oxides. The crystal structure of a 2-hydroxyethyl-α-aminophosphine oxide and a bis(phosphinoylmethyl)ethanolamine was studied by X-ray analysis.

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Chahma, M'hamed, Daniel JT Myles e Robin G. Hicks. "Synthesis, characterization, and coordination chemistry of phosphines with ethylenedioxythiophene substituents". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2005): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-004.

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The preparation of several new phosphines bearing one or more 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) units as substituents linked at the 2-thienyl position is described. The phosphines were prepared by reaction of lithiated EDOT intermediates with appropriate chlorophosphines to afford (3,4-ethylenedioxy-2-thienyl)diphenylphosphine (1), (bis(3,4-ethylenedioxy-2-thienyl)phenylphosphine (2), tris(3,4-ethylenedioxy-2-thienyl)phosphine (3), 2,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (4), and 2-diphenylphosphino-5-mesitylthio-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (5). Molybdenum carbonyl complexes of compounds 13 were prepared by reaction of the phosphine ligands with cis-Mo(CO)4(pip)2. In all cases, spectroscopic evidence is fully consistent with the phosphines acting as monodentate, P-bound ligands. Electrochemical studies on the phosphines as well as their metal complexes indicate that the normal electrochemical redox robustness of the EDOT group is dramatically decreased by the presence of phosphine substituents: all compounds exhibited irreversible oxidation processes and no evidence of electropolymerization was observed for the phosphines bearing two or three EDOT groups. Key words: phosphines, thiophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, EDOT, electrochemistry, coordination complexes.

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27

Munzeiwa, Wisdom A., Bernard Omondi e Vincent O. Nyamori. "Architecture and synthesis of P,N-heterocyclic phosphine ligands". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (12 marzo 2020): 362–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.35.

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Abstract (sommario):

Diverse P,N-phosphine ligands reported to date have performed exceptionally well as auxiliary ligands in organometallic catalysis. Phosphines bearing 2-pyridyl moieties prominently feature in literature as compared to phosphines with five-membered N-heterocycles. This discussion seeks to paint a broad picture and consolidate different synthetic protocols and techniques for N-heterocyclic phosphine motifs. The introduction provides an account of P,N-phosphine ligands, and their structural and coordination benefits from combining heteroatoms with different basicity in one ligand. The body discusses the synthetic protocols which focus on P–C, P–N-bond formation, substrate and nucleophile types and different N-heterocycle construction strategies. Selected references are given in relation to the applications of the ligands.

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28

Carlson, Marvin, e Richard D. Thompson. "Determination of Phosphine Residues in Whole Grains and Soybeans by Ion Chromatography via Conversion to Phosphate". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, n. 6 (1 novembre 1998): 1190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.6.1190.

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Abstract An ion chromatographic (IC) method was developed for determining phosphine (PH3) in whole grains (barley, corn, oats, rice, rye, and wheat) and soybeans. The method converts phosphine to phosphate (i.e., orthophosphate) and isolates the phosphate by IC with eluent-suppressed conductivity detection. Recoveries of unbound phosphine by the method were similar to those obtained by an established colorimetric method for 7 different products fortified at 3 levels. Mean recoveries were low (i.e., 30-60%) and varied with product type and level of fortification. Recoveries of PH3 from previously fumigated products fortified with aluminum phosphide ranged from 19.0% for barley fortified at 0.734 ppm to 88.3% for corn fortified at 1.691 ppm. Precision data from 3 products based on replicate analyses (n = 4 or 5) gave relative standard deviations of 1.78-4.66% for mean laboratory-fumigated PH3 levels of 0.679-1.309 ppm. Estimated limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for PH3 were 0.010 μg/g (10 ppb) and 0.0275 μg/g (27.5 ppb) at signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of 4:1 and 10:1, respectively. These values were also determined for a nonchemically suppressed IC system with LOD of 0.02 μg/g (20 ppb) and LOQ of 0.055 μg/g (55 ppb) at S/N of 4:1 and 10:1, respectively. Phosphate response was linear over the concentration range equivalent to 0.30-10.0 fig P/mL, with a mean correlation coefficient of 0.9988 based on replicate standard curves. The relationship of product composition to recovery from various products was also examined.

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29

Miyajima, Yu, Kotaro Ochiai e Shinya Fujii. "Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of B-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl Phosphine–Borane Derivatives as Novel Progesterone Receptor Antagonists". Molecules 29, n. 7 (2 aprile 2024): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071587.

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Abstract (sommario):

We previously revealed that phosphine–boranes can function as molecular frameworks for biofunctional molecules. In the present study, we exploited the diversity of available phosphines to design and synthesize a series of B-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl phosphine–borane derivatives as novel progesterone receptor (PR) antagonists. We revealed that the synthesized phosphine–borane derivatives exhibited LogP values in a predictable manner and that the P–H group in the phosphine–borane was almost nonpolar. Among the synthesized phosphine–boranes, which exhibited PR antagonistic activity, B-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl tricyclopropylphosphine–borane was the most potent with an IC50 value of 0.54 μM. A docking simulation indicated that the tricyclopropylphosphine moiety plays an important role in ligand–receptor interactions. These results support the idea that phosphine–boranes are versatile structural options in drug discovery, and the developed compounds are promising lead compounds for further structural development of next-generation PR antagonists.

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30

Murai, Toshiaki, Ryota Wada, Kouji Iwata, Yuuki Maekawa, Kazuma Kuwabara e Mao Minoura. "Primary Phosphines and Phosphine Oxides with a Stereogenic Carbon Center Adjacent to the Phosphorus Atom: Synthesis and Anti-Markovnikov Radical Addition to Alkenes". Organics 2, n. 4 (16 novembre 2021): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/org2040023.

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Abstract (sommario):

Organophosphorus compounds with stereogenic phosphorus and carbon atoms have received increasing attention. In this regards, primary phosphines with a stereogenic carbon atom adjacent to the phosphorus atom were synthesized by the reduction in phosphonates and phosphonoselenoates with a binaphthyl group. Their oxidized products, i.e., phosphine oxides with a stereogenic tetrasubstituted carbon atom, were found to undergo BEt3-mediated radical addition to cyclohexene to give P-stereogenic secondary phosphine oxides with a diastereoselectivity of 91:9. The products were characterized by ordinary analytical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopies; and mass spectroscopy. Computational studies on the phosphorus-centered radical species and the obtained product implied that the thermodynamically stable radical and the adduct may be formed as a major diastereomer. The radical addition to a range of alkenes took place in an anti-Markovnikov fashion to give P-stereogenic secondary phosphine oxides. A variety of functional groups in the alkenes were tolerated under the reaction conditions to afford secondary phosphine oxides in moderate yields. Primary phosphines with an alkenyl group, which were generated in situ, underwent intramolecular cyclization to give five- and six-membered cyclic phosphines in high yields after protection by BH3.

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31

Jackson, WR, CG Lovel, P. Perlmutter e AJ Smallridge. "The Stereochemistry of Organometallic Compounds. XXXI. Hydrocyanation of Alkynols". Australian Journal of Chemistry 41, n. 7 (1988): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9881099.

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Abstract (sommario):

The regioselectivity of hydrocyanation of a range of alkynols using nickel-based catalyst systems involving either triphenyl phosphite or α,α′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-o-xylene (phmep) has been investigated. The regioselectivity of the hydrocyanations involving the phosphine catalyst reflected dominant steric effects whereas results from the phosphite catalyst system showed some evidence for chelation control. Yields of nitriles from reactions based on the phosphite system were variable, whereas moderate to good yields of distilled products could be obtained consistently by using the phosphine -based system. An explanation for this variation in yield is proposed.

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32

Pedroarena, James R., Bryan P. Nell, Lev N. Zakharov e David R. Tyler. "Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Bis(phosphine) Oxides and Their Phosphines via Secondary Phosphine Oxide Precursors". Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 30, n. 1 (21 agosto 2019): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10904-019-01288-9.

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33

Fernandez-Perez, Hector, Pablo Etayo, Armen Panossian e Anton Vidal-Ferran. "ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine-Phosphinite and Phosphine-Phosphite Ligands: Preparation and Applications in Asymmetric Catalysis". ChemInform 42, n. 29 (27 giugno 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201129230.

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34

Inoue, Hidenari, Masahiro Sasagawa e Ekkehard Fluck. "31P-NMR-und 57Fe-Mößbauer-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Pentacyano(phosphan oder phosphit)ferraten(II) / 31P NMR and 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopic Studies on Pentacyano(phosphane or phosphite)ferrates(II)". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 40, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1985): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1985-0107.

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Abstract (sommario):

The 31P{1H}NMR spectra for a series of pentacyanoferrates(II) of the type Na3[Fe(CN)5L] (L = phosphine or phosphite) have been measured. A low field chemical shift range of 48.1-88.7 ppm for phosphine complexes and of 32.5-48.4 ppm for phosphite complexes is observed when one compares free vs. coordinated ligands. The correlation between chemical shifts in the 31P NMR spectra and isomeric shifts in the Mössbauer spectra is investigated and discussed

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35

Cho, Hyungjin, Nohyun Lee e Byung Hyo Kim. "Synthesis of Highly Monodisperse Nickel and Nickel Phosphide Nanoparticles". Nanomaterials 12, n. 18 (14 settembre 2022): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183198.

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Abstract (sommario):

Nickel and nickel phosphide nanoparticles are highly useful in various fields, owing to their catalytic and magnetic properties. Although several synthetic protocols to produce nickel and nickel phosphide nanoparticles have been previously proposed, controllable synthesis of nanoparticles using these methods is challenging. Herein, we synthesized highly monodisperse nickel and nickel phosphide nanoparticles via thermal decomposition of nickel–oleylamine–phosphine complexes in organic solvents. The size and composition of the nickel and nickel phosphide nanoparticles were easily controlled by changing the aging temperature, precursor concentration, and phosphine surfactant type. Large-sized monodisperse nickel nanoparticles obtained using our method were successfully applied for the purification of histidine-tagged proteins.

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36

Bruckmann, Joachim, Carl Krüger e Frank Lutz. "Systematic Structural Investigations on Phosphines". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 50, n. 3 (1 marzo 1995): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1995-0308.

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Abstract (sommario):

This work contributes to the systematic investigation of phosphines. In an attempt to determine the nature, shape, volume and direction of the lone pairs at the phosphorus atoms in phosphines, high resolution X-ray structure analyses of triphenylphosphine, tris(p-methoxyphenyl) phosphine, bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phosphine, 1,1 -bis(diphenylphosphino)ethene and 4,5,6-triphenyl-4-phosphaspiro[2.4]hept-5-en have been carried out. New valence force field param eters (TRIPOS force field) are presented which were developed on the basis of the molecular structures of the free phosphines. The results of crystal growing experiments using zone melting techniques are summarized.

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37

Grushin, Vladimir V. "Mixed Phosphine−Phosphine Oxide Ligands". Chemical Reviews 104, n. 3 (marzo 2004): 1629–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr030026j.

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38

Nayak, Manoj K., Gregory J. Daglish, Thomas W. Phillips e Paul R. Ebert. "Resistance to the Fumigant Phosphine and Its Management in Insect Pests of Stored Products: A Global Perspective". Annual Review of Entomology 65, n. 1 (7 gennaio 2020): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025047.

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Abstract (sommario):

Development of resistance in major grain insect pest species to the key fumigant phosphine (hydrogen phosphide) across the globe has put the viability and sustainability of phosphine in jeopardy. The resistance problem has been aggravated over the past two decades, due mostly to the lack of suitable alternatives matching the major attributes of phosphine, including its low price, ease of application, proven effectiveness against a broad pest spectrum, compatibility with most storage conditions, and international acceptance as a residue-free treatment. In this review, we critically analyze the published literature in the area of phosphine resistance with special emphasis on the methods available for detection of resistance, the genetic basis of resistance development, key management strategies, and research gaps that need to be addressed.

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39

Andrade, Laize A. F., e Matheus P. Freitas. "Not all third-row elements experience the fluorine gauche effect: β-fluorinated organophosphorus compounds". New Journal of Chemistry 41, n. 20 (2017): 11672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj02463k.

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Abstract (sommario):

Conformational analyses of β-fluorinated organophosphorus compounds were theoretically carried out to probe the role of a possible fluorine–phosphorus gauche effect in conformer stabilization, specifically using a phosphine, a phosphine oxide, phosphinic and phosphonic acids, and the corresponding anions as model compounds.

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40

Yan, Hui, Hang Chen, Zhengdong Li, Min Shen, Xianyi Zhuo, Hejian Wu e Ping Xiang. "Phosphine Analysis in Postmortem Specimens Following Inhalation of Phosphine: Fatal Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning in Children". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 42, n. 5 (25 gennaio 2018): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky005.

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41

Doğan, Erdal, Abdulmenap Güzel, Taner Çiftçi, İlker Aycan, Feyzi Çelik, Bedri Çetin e Gönül Ölmez Kavak. "Zinc Phosphide Poisoning". Case Reports in Critical Care 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/589712.

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Abstract (sommario):

Zinc phosphide has been used widely as a rodenticide. Upon ingestion, it gets converted to phosphine gas in the body, which is subsequently absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach and the intestines and gets captured by the liver and the lungs. Phosphine gas produces various metabolic and nonmetabolic toxic effects. Clinical symptoms are circulatory collapse, hypotension, shock symptoms, myocarditis, pericarditis, acute pulmonary edema, and congestive heart failure. In this case presentation, we aim to present the intensive care process and treatment resistance of a patient who ingested zinc phosphide for suicide purposes.

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42

Shi, Longke, Tianzi Jian, Yiming Tao, Yaqian Li, Guangcai Yu, Liwen Zhao, Zixin Wen, Baotian Kan e Xiangdong Jian. "Case Report: Acute Intoxication from Phosphine Inhalation". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n. 6 (12 marzo 2023): 5021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065021.

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Abstract (sommario):

Aluminum phosphide is a highly effective insecticide for fumigation in granaries and is often used in rural grain storage. However, people’s awareness of its toxicity is not strong. A case of acute inhalation toxicity of phosphine caused by the use of aluminum phosphide to fumigate a granary is reported here. The case presented with aspiration pneumonia and acute left heart failure. The patient was cured using comprehensive life support treatment, including respiratory support, antiarrhythmic treatment, and blood pressure maintenance with vasoactive drugs. There is no specific antidote for phosphine poisoning at present, and the comprehensive application of restricted fluid resuscitation, high-dose glucocorticoid shock, vasoactive drugs and bedside hemofiltration is significant in improving the prognosis of patients. It is also important to remind people to pay attention to their own protection in the process of using aluminum phosphide.

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43

Lehoux, Juan, Zachary Hena, Megan McCabe e Giles Peek. "Aluminium phosphide poisoning resulting in cardiac arrest, successful treatment with Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR): a case report". Perfusion 33, n. 7 (20 maggio 2018): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659118777196.

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Abstract (sommario):

Aluminium phosphide (AP) is a pesticide used against rodents and insects. Exposure of AP to water releases phosphine gas. Phosphine is a highly toxic mitochondrial poison to which there is no known antidote. We report a case of a 3-year-old female with accidental home exposure to AP, which resulted in cardiac arrest, who was successfully supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

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44

Shadnia, Shahin, Kambiz Soltaninejad, Hossein Hassan ian-Moghadam, Anahaita Sadeghi, Hormat Rahimzadeh, Nasim Zamani, Alireza Ghasemi-Toussi e Mohammad Abdollahi. "Methemoglobinemia in aluminum phosphide poisoning". Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, n. 3 (1 ottobre 2010): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110384287.

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Abstract (sommario):

Introduction. Acute aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning is one of the most common causes of acute pesticide poisoning in Iran. Hydrogen phosphide or phosphine gas is produced following reaction of AlP with water even at ambient humidity. Methemoglobinemia is a rare finding following phosphine poisoning. In this paper, two cases of fatal AlP poisoning complicated by methemoglobinemia are reported. Case Report. Two patients presented following suicidal ingestion of AlP tablets. In the Emergency Department (ED), they received gastric lavage with sodium bicarbonate and potassium permanganate. Both of them received supportive care. In each case, hematuria and hemolysis were significant events. The patients also showed a decrease in O2 saturation in spite of high FIO2. Methemoglobin levels of 40% and 30% were detected by co-oximetry. Neither patient responded to treatment (ascorbic acid in one case, methylene blue in the other). Both patients died due to systemic effects of phosphine poisoning. Discussion and conclusion. Hemolysis and methemoglobinemia may complicate the course of phosphine poisoning that seems resistant to methylene blue and ascorbic acid. Therefore, other treatments including hyperbaric oxygen therapy and exchange blood transfusion should be considered.

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45

Shadnia, S., O. Mehrpour e M. Abdollahi. "Unintentional poisoning by phosphine released from aluminum phosphide". Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, n. 1 (gennaio 2008): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107086241.

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Abstract (sommario):

Aluminum phosphide as a releaser of phosphine gas is used as a grain preservative. In this case report, we describe an accidental severe poisoning in a 35-year-old woman, her 18-year-old daughter, and 6-year-old son caused by inhalation of phosphine gas released from 20 tablets of aluminum phosphide stored in 15 rice bags. The boy died 2 days after exposure before admission to hospital and any special treatment, but the others were admitted 48 h after exposure. They had signs and symptoms of severe toxicity, and their clinical course included metabolic acidosis, electrocardiographic changes, and hypotension. They were treated by intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, and calcium gluconate. The patients were discharged after 3 days and followed up for 1 week after discharge. Rapid absorption of phosphine by inhalation, induction of hyperglycemia, and surviving of patients are interesting issues of this case report.

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46

Glindemann, Dietmar, Marc Edwards e Peter Morgenstern. "Phosphine from Rocks: Mechanically Driven Phosphate Reduction?" Environmental Science & Technology 39, n. 21 (novembre 2005): 8295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es050682w.

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47

Stará, Irena G., Angelina Andronova, Adrian Kollárovič, Štěpán Vyskočil, Sylvain Jugé, Guy C. Lloyd-Jones, Patrick J. Guiry e Ivo Starý. "Enantioselective [2+2+2] cycloisomerisation of alkynes in the synthesis of helicenes: The search for effective chiral ligands". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 76, n. 12 (2011): 2005–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2011177.

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Abstract (sommario):

The enantioselective [2+2+2] cycloisomerisation of the aromatic triynes under nickel(0) catalysis to afford nonracemic [6]- and [7]helicene derivatives has been systematically studied. A collection of mono- and bidentate phosphines, phosphites, phosphinites and phosphinous amides possessing stereogenic units such as chiral centre, axis or plane (or their combinations) has been tested and axially chiral binaphthyl-derived monodentate MOP-type phosphine ligands were the optimal class of ligands. Nickel complexes of these ligands afforded nonracemic tetrahydro[6]helicene in up to 64% ee in a model reaction.

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48

Pereira, Mariette M., Mário J. F. Calvete, Rui M. B. Carrilho e Artur R. Abreu. "Synthesis of binaphthyl based phosphine and phosphite ligands". Chemical Society Reviews 42, n. 16 (2013): 6990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60116a.

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49

Gusarova, N. K., S. N. Arbusova, S. F. Malysheva, M. Ya Khil'ko, A. A. Tatarinova, V. G. Gorokhov e B. A. Trofimov. "Synthesis of primary phosphines from phosphine and arylethylenes". Russian Chemical Bulletin 44, n. 8 (agosto 1995): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00714449.

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50

Misra, U. K., A. K. Tripathi, R. Pandey e B. Bhargwa. "Acute Phosphine Poisoning following Ingestion of Aluminium Phosphide". Human Toxicology 7, n. 4 (luglio 1988): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700408.

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Abstract (sommario):

1 Eight cases of phosphine poisoning following ingestion of aluminium phosphide tablets for suicidal attempt are described. The mean age of the patients was 23 years (range 14-25). 2 The clinical picture consisted of gastritis, altered sensorium and peripheral vascular failure in all cases, cardiac arrhythmia (3), jaundice and renal failure (1 each). Six patients died, the mean hospital stay was 19 h (range 4-72). 3 Post-mortem examination was performed in two patients, revealing pulmonary oedema, gastrointestinal mucosal congestion, petechial haemorrahages on the surface of liver and brain. Histopathological changes included pulmonary oedema, desquamation of the lining epithelium of the bronchioles; vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, dilatation and engorgement of hepatic central veins, sinusoids and areas showing nuclear fragmentation. 4 The clinical picture of aluminium phosphide poisoning is described and precaution in the distribution and use of this pesticide recommended.

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