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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Phenotypic plasticity"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 agosto 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Phenotypic plasticity"

Nicotra, Adrienne B., e Amy Davidson. "Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and plant water use". Functional Plant Biology 37, n. 2 (2010): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09139.

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The emergence of new techniques in plant science, including molecular and phenomic tools, presents a novel opportunity to re-evaluate the way we examine the phenotype. Our increasing capacity for phenotyping means that not only can we consider increasing numbers of species or varieties, but also that we can effectively quantify the phenotypes of these different genotypes under a range of environmental conditions. The phenotypic plasticity of a given genotype, or the range of phenotypes, that can be expressed dependent upon environment becomes something we can feasibly assess. Of particular importance is phenotypic variation that increases fitness or survival – adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Here, we examine the case of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in plant water use traits and consider how taking an ecological and evolutionary perspective on plasticity in these traits might have relevance for agriculture, horticulture and the management of native and invasive plant species in an era of rapid climate change.

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Bibi, Zubaira, Muhammad Junaid Maqsood, Ayesha Idrees, Hafisa Rafique, Aliza Amjad Butt, Rameesha Ali, Zunaira Arif e Mutie Un Nabi. "Exploring the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plant Adaptation to Changing Climate: A Review". Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science 9, n. 1 (2 gennaio 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrcs/2024/v9i1241.

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Global ecosystems are threatened by climate change, thus understanding plant response is vital. Phenotypic plasticity allows genotypes to produce different phenotypes in response to different environmental conditions, helping plants adapt to changing climates. The reviewsynthesizes molecular, physiological, and morphological data on plant phenotypic plasticity as a dynamic and responsive survival strategy in unpredictable environments. Review analyses how phenotypic plasticity influences plant resilience and persistence under climate change using empirical data from diverse plant species and settings. The study also analyses how phenotypic plasticity influences plant community dynamics, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. Phenotypic plasticity's potential to attenuate climate change and facilitate range alterations is also explored, showing its importance in plant ranges. Study reviewsgenetic, genomic, ecological, and climatological research on plant phenotypic plasticity in climate adaptation. Findings stressplant species' resilience in reducing climate change's impact on global ecosystems and influencing conservation and management.

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Nishiura, Naoto, e Kunihiko Kaneko. "Evolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions". PLOS Computational Biology 17, n. 11 (9 novembre 2021): e1008694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008694.

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Robustness and plasticity are essential features that allow biological systems to cope with complex and variable environments. In a constant environment, robustness, i.e., insensitivity of phenotypes, is expected to increase, whereas plasticity, i.e., the changeability of phenotypes, tends to diminish. Under a variable environment, existence of plasticity will be relevant. The robustness and plasticity, on the other hand, are related to phenotypic variances. As phenotypic variances decrease with the increase in robustness to perturbations, they are expected to decrease through the evolution. However, in nature, phenotypic fluctuation is preserved to a certain degree. One possible cause for this is environmental variation, where one of the most important “environmental” factors will be inter-species interactions. As a first step toward investigating phenotypic fluctuation in response to an inter-species interaction, we present the study of a simple two-species system that comprises hosts and parasites. Hosts are expected to evolve to achieve a phenotype that optimizes fitness. Then, the robustness of the corresponding phenotype will be increased by reducing phenotypic fluctuations. Conversely, plasticity tends to evolve to avoid certain phenotypes that are attacked by parasites. By using a dynamic model of gene expression for the host, we investigate the evolution of the genotype-phenotype map and of phenotypic variances. If the host–parasite interaction is weak, the fittest phenotype of the host evolves to reduce phenotypic variances. In contrast, if there exists a sufficient degree of interaction, the phenotypic variances of hosts increase to escape parasite attacks. For the latter case, we found two strategies: if the noise in the stochastic gene expression is below a certain threshold, the phenotypic variance increases via genetic diversification, whereas above this threshold, it is increased mediated by noise-induced phenotypic fluctuation. We examine how the increase in the phenotypic variances caused by parasite interactions influences the growth rate of a single host, and observed a trade-off between the two. Our results help elucidate the roles played by noise and genetic mutations in the evolution of phenotypic fluctuation and robustness in response to host–parasite interactions.

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Karagic, Nidal, Axel Meyer e C. Darrin Hulsey. "Phenotypic Plasticity in Vertebrate Dentitions". Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, n. 3 (16 giugno 2020): 608–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa077.

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Synopsis Vertebrates interact directly with food items through their dentition, and these interactions with trophic resources could often feedback to influence tooth structure. Although dentitions are often considered to be a fixed phenotype, there is the potential for environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity in teeth to extensively influence their diversity. Here, we review the literature concerning phenotypic plasticity of vertebrate teeth. Even though only a few taxonomically disparate studies have focused on phenotypic plasticity in teeth, there are a number of ways teeth can change their size, shape, or patterns of replacement as a response to the environment. Elucidating the underlying physiological, developmental, and genetic mechanisms that generate phenotypic plasticity can clarify its potential role in the evolution of dental phenotypes.

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Kishida, Osamu, Yuuki Mizuta e Kinya Nishimura. "PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 87, n. 2 (aprile 2006): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2006)87[106:pp]2.0.co;2.

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Phillips, K. "PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY". Journal of Experimental Biology 209, n. 12 (15 giugno 2006): i—iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02324.

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Callahan, Hilary S., Heather Maughan e Ulrich K. Steiner. "Phenotypic Plasticity, Costs of Phenotypes, and Costs of Plasticity". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1133, n. 1 (giugno 2008): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1438.008.

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Fusco, Giuseppe, e Alessandro Minelli. "Phenotypic plasticity in development and evolution: facts and concepts". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, n. 1540 (27 febbraio 2010): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0267.

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This theme issue pursues an exploration of the potential of taking into account the environmental sensitivity of development to explaining the evolution of metazoan life cycles, with special focus on complex life cycles and the role of developmental plasticity. The evolution of switches between alternative phenotypes as a response to different environmental cues and the evolution of the control of the temporal expression of alternative phenotypes within an organism's life cycle are here treated together as different dimensions of the complex relationships between genotype and phenotype, fostering the emergence of a more general and comprehensive picture of phenotypic evolution through a quite diverse sample of case studies. This introductory article reviews fundamental facts and concepts about phenotypic plasticity, adopting the most authoritative terminology in use in the current literature. The main topics are types and components of phenotypic variation, the evolution of organismal traits through plasticity, the origin and evolution of phenotypic plasticity and its adaptive value.

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Zhang, Luna, Anqun Chen, Yanjiao Li, Duohui Li, Shiping Cheng, Liping Cheng e Yinzhan Liu. "Differences in Phenotypic Plasticity between Invasive and Native Plants Responding to Three Environmental Factors". Life 12, n. 12 (25 novembre 2022): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12121970.

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The phenotypic plasticity hypothesis suggests that exotic plants may have greater phenotypic plasticity than native plants. However, whether phenotypic changes vary according to different environmental factors has not been well studied. We conducted a multi-species greenhouse experiment to study the responses of six different phenotypic traits, namely height, leaf number, specific leaf area, total biomass, root mass fraction, and leaf mass fraction, of native and invasive species to nutrients, water, and light. Each treatment was divided into two levels: high and low. In the nutrient addition experiment, only the leaf mass fraction and root mass fraction of the plants supported the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis. Then, none of the six traits supported the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis in the water or light treatment experiments. The results show that, for different environmental factors and phenotypes, the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis of plant invasion is inconsistent. When using the phenotypic plasticity hypothesis to explain plant invasion, variations in environmental factors and phenotypes should be considered.

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Wang, Ye, Huigan Xie, Tiechui Yang, Dan Gao e Xiwen Li. "Primary Investigation of Phenotypic Plasticity in Fritillaria cirrhosa Based on Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses". Cells 11, n. 23 (30 novembre 2022): 3844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11233844.

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Phenotypic plasticity refers to the adaptability of an organism to a heterogeneous environment. In this study, the differential gene expression and compositional changes in Fritillaria cirrhosa during phenotypic plasticity were evaluated using transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. The annotation profiles of 1696 differentially expressed genes from the transcriptome between abnormal and normal phenotypes revealed that the main annotation pathways were related to the biosynthesis of amino acids, ABC transporters, and plant–pathogen interactions. According to the metabolome, the abnormal phenotype had 36 upregulated amino acids, including tryptophan, proline, and valine, which had a 3.77-fold higher relative content than the normal phenotype. However, saccharides and vitamins were found to be deficient in the abnormal phenotypes. The combination profiles demonstrated that phenotypic plasticity may be an effective strategy for overcoming potential stress via the accumulation of amino acids and regulation of the corresponding genes and transcription factors. In conclusion, a pathogen attack on F. cirrhosa may promote the synthesis of numerous amino acids and transport them into the bulbs through ABC transporters, which may further result in phenotypic variation. Our results provide new insights into the potential mechanism of phenotypic changes.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Phenotypic plasticity"

Al-Mazrouai, Ahmed Mohammed. "Phenotypic plasticity in marine intertidal gastropods". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1973.

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Phenotypic plasticity, the differential phenotypic expression of the same genotype in response to different environmental conditions, is a paradigm central of the study of evolution and ecology and is at the core of the "nature versus nurture" debate. Here, the marine gastropod Littorina littorea was used as a model to further our understanding of the potential role of phenotypic plasticity in intertidal systems. In the first study L. littorea was included in an investigation of induced defences across six species of intertidal marine gastropods in the families Littorinidae and Trochidae. Species differed in the magnitude and type of plastic response, which appeared to relate to their susceptibility to crab predation. Chapters three and four revealed that L. littorea was able to alter its degree of morphological plasticity depending on temporal variation in predation threat. Snails exposed to predation threat halfway through trials appeared to "catch up" snails continuously exposed to predator cues in, terms of their shell size, whereas snails experiencing a removal of predation cues showed a significant reduction in growth rate following this switch in predation environment. A further investigation suggested that Littorina littorea demonstrated no significant difference in the morphological traits under variable predator threat versus a constant predator' threat environment. Finally, the interaction between biotic (predator) and abiotic (temperature) environmental effects revealed that snails maintained at 16 and 20° C demonstrated significant induced defences by growing larger and thicker shells, but there was no significant difference in induced defences between these two temperatures. However, the expression of induced defences was much lower at 24° C with only negative significant response in two of shell traits IV between control and predator cue treatments which may indicate that induced defences was inhibited at this temperature treatment. The implications of these results are discussed as is the potential applications of induced defences.

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Gold, Leslie. "Phenotypic plasticity of wetland species of Carex". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0031/MQ64363.pdf.

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Tibbits, Matthew Alan. "Scleractinian micromorphology : taxonomic value vs. phenotypic plasticity". Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2155.

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Reef-building corals (Order: Scleractinia) are undergoing rapid taxonomic revision after molecular systematics disputed the relationships at all taxonomic levels within traditional classification. New morphological characters are being used to produce evolutionary relationships supported by molecular phylogenetics. While these characters are providing more congruent taxonomic relationships, their variation has not been fully explored. Additionally, phenotypic plasticity (changes in morphology resulting from environmental factors influencing the expressed phenotype despite a shared genotype) is prevalent amongst Scleractinia. In order to better understand the nature of these characters and explore their variation, I created a series of aquaria-based experiments designed to test the stability of these new morphological characters in response to differing environmental conditions. Light intensity and temperature were chosen as the environmental factors varied in these experiments on the basis of being a known trigger for environmentally-driven plasticity and their importance in calcification rate. In addition to aquaria-based phenotypic plasticity experiments I also examined a group (Family: Euphylliidae) within Scleractinia that had been divided by molecular phylogeny into two disparate groups. My research focused on morphological features viewed at magnifications observable by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) called micromorphology. Although variation in the skeletal micromorphology is observable, the new morphological characters that are used in taxonomy display only small amounts of variation caused by changing environmental conditions and were found to be stable for use in taxonomic studies. Additionally, I found a few micromorphological features distinguishing the two groups previously assigned to Euphylliidae including the shape of the septal margins and the fine-scale skeletal texture.

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Hooker, Oliver Edward. "The consequences of phenotypic plasticity on postglacial fishes". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7794/.

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Phenotypic differences within a species significantly contribute to the variation we see among plants and animals. Plasticity as a concept helps us to understand some of this variation. Phenotypic plasticity plays a significant role in multiple ecological and evolutionary processes. Because plasticity can be driven by the environment it is more likely to produce beneficial alternative phenotypes than rare and often deleterious genetic mutations. Furthermore, differences in phenotypes that arise in response to the environment can affect multiple individuals from the same population (or entire populations) simultaneously and are therefore of greater evolutionary significance. This allows similar, beneficial alternative phenotypes to increase quickly within a single generation and allow new environments to produce and select for new phenotypes instantly. The direction of the present thesis is to increase our understanding of how phenotypic plasticity, coupled with contrasting environmental conditions, can produce alternative phenotypes within a population. Plasticity provides a source of variation for natural selection to act upon, and may lead to genetic isolation as a by-product. For example, there are multiple cases of polymorphic populations of fish, where groups belonging to multiple isolated gene pools, have arisen in sympatry. Here it is shown that although plasticity is important in sympatric speciation events, plasticity alone is not responsible for the frequency in which sympatric polymorphic populations occur. The most frequently observed differences among sympatric polymorphic populations are morphological differences associated with parts of the anatomy used in the detection, handling and capture of prey. Moreover, it is shown here that there are physiological effects associated with foraging on alternative prey that may significantly contribute towards ecological speciation. It is also shown in this study that anthropogenic abiotic factors can disrupt developmental processes during early ontogeny, significantly influencing morphology, and therefore having ecological consequences. Phenotypic structuring in postglacial fish is most frequently based around a divergence towards either pelagic or littoral benthic foraging specialisms. Divergences that deviate from this pattern are of greater scientific interest as they increase our understanding of how evolutionary processes and selection pressures work. Here we describe a rare divergence not based around the typical pelagic/littoral benthic foraging specialisms. Finally, in this study, the effectiveness of local level conservation policy shows that species of fish which are highly variable in their life history strategies are harder to effectively manage and often poorly represented at a local level.

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Pascoal, Sónia Cristina Marques. "Nucella lapillus: imposex transcriptome analysis and phenotypic plasticity". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/4267.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
O conhecimento de mecanismos de genómica funcional tem sido maioritariamente adquirido pela utilização de organismos modelo que são mantidos em condições laboratoriais. Contudo, estes organismos não reflectem as respostas a alterações ambientais. Por outro lado, várias espécies, ecologicamente bem estudadas, reflectem bem as interacções entre genes e ambiente mas que, das quais não existem recursos genéticos disponíveis. O imposex, caracterizado pela superimposição de caracteres sexuais masculinos em fêmeas, é induzido pelo tributilestanho (TBT) e trifenilestanho (TPT) e representa um dos melhores exemplos de disrupção endócrina com causas antropogénicas no ambiente aquático. Com o intuito de elucidar as bases moleculares deste fenómeno, procedeu-se à combinação das metodologias de pirosequenciação (sequenciação 454 da Roche) e microarrays (Agilent 4*180K) de forma a contribuir para um melhor conhecimento desta interacção gene-ambiente no gastrópode Nucella lapillus, uma espécie sentinela para imposex. O trancriptoma de N. lapillus foi sequenciado, reconstruído e anotado e posteriormente utilizado para a produção de um “array” de nucleótidos. Este array foi então utilizado para explorar níveis de expressão génica em resposta à contaminação por TBT. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram as hipóteses anteriormente propostas (esteróidica, neuroendócrina, retinóica) e adicionalmente revelou a existência de potenciais novos mecanismos envolvidos no fenómeno imposex. Evidência para alvos moleculares de disrupção endócrina não relacionados com funções reprodutoras, tais como, sistema imunitário, apoptose e supressores de tumores, foram identificados. Apesar disso, tendo em conta a forte componente reprodutiva do imposex, esta componente funcional foi a mais explorada. Assim, factores de transcrição e receptores nucleares lipofílicos, funções mitocondriais e actividade de transporte celular envolvidos na diferenciação de géneros estão na base de potenciais novos mecanismos associados ao imposex em N. lapillus. Em particular, foi identificado como estando sobre-expresso, um possível homólogo do receptor nuclear “peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma” (PPARγ), cuja função na indução de imposex foi confirmada experimentalmente in vivo após injecção dos animais com Rosiglitazone, um conhecido ligando de PPARγ em vertebrados. De uma forma geral, os resultados obtidos mostram que o fenómeno imposex é um mecanismo complexo, que possivelmente envolve a cascata de sinalização envolvendo o receptor retinoid X (RXR):PPARγ “heterodimer” que, até à data não foi descrito em invertebrados. Adicionalmente, os resultados obtidos apontam para alguma conservação de mecanismos de acção envolvidos na disrupção endócrina em invertebrados e vertebrados. Finalmente, a informação molecular produzida e as ferramentas moleculares desenvolvidas contribuem de forma significativa para um melhor conhecimento do fenómeno imposex e constituem importantes recursos para a continuação da investigação deste fenómeno e, adicionalmente, poderão vir a ser aplicadas no estudo de outras respostas a alterações ambientais usando N. lapillus como organismo modelo. Neste sentido, N. lapillus foi também utilizada para explorar a adaptação na morfologia da concha em resposta a alterações naturais induzidas por acção das ondas e pelo risco de predação por caranguejos. O contributo da componente genética, plástica e da sua interacção para a expressão fenotípica é crucial para compreender a evolução de caracteres adaptativos a ambientes heterogéneos. A contribuição destes factores na morfologia da concha de N. lapillus foi explorada recorrendo a transplantes recíprocos e experiências laboratoriais em ambiente comum (com e sem influência de predação) e complementada com análises genéticas, utilizando juvenis provenientes de locais representativos de costas expostas e abrigadas da acção das ondas. As populações estudadas são diferentes geneticamente mas possuem o mesmo cariótipo. Adicionalmente, análises morfométricas revelaram plasticidade da morfologia da concha em ambas as direcções dos transplantes recíprocos e também a retenção parcial, em ambiente comum, da forma da concha nos indivíduos da F2, indicando uma correlação positiva (co-gradiente) entre heritabilidade e plasticidade. A presença de estímulos de predação por caranguejos estimulou a produção de conchas com labros mais grossos, de forma mais evidente em animais recolhidos de costas expostas e também provocou alterações na forma da concha em animais desta proveniência. Estes dados sugerem contra-gradiente em alterações provocadas por predação na morfologia da concha, na produção de labros mais grossos e em níveis de crescimento. O estudo das interacções gene-ambiente descritas acima demonstram a actual possibilidade de produzir recursos e conhecimento genómico numa espécie bem caracterizada ecologicamente mas com limitada informação genómica. Estes recursos permitem um maior conhecimento biológico desta espécie e abrirão novas oportunidades de investigação, que até aqui seriam impossíveis de abordar.
Our understanding of functional genomic mechanisms is largely acquired from model organisms through laboratory conditions of exposure. Yet, these laboratory models typically have little environmental relevance. Conversely, there are numerous “ecological” model species that present important geneenvironment interactions, but lack genomic resources. Imposex, the superimposition of male sexual characteristics in females, is caused by tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) and provides among the most widely cited ecological examples of anthropogenically-induced endocrine disruption in aquatic ecosystems. To further elucidate the functional genomic basis of imposex, combinations of 454 Roche pyrosequencing and microarray technologies (Agilent 4*180K) were employed to elucidate the nature and extent of gene-environment interactions in the prosobranch gastropod, Nucella lapillus, a recognized sentinel for TBT-induced imposex. Following transcriptome characterization (de novo sequencing, assembly and annotation), microarray fabrication and competitive hybridizations, differential gene expression analyses provided support for previously suggested hypotheses underpinning imposex (steroid, neuroendocrine, retinoid), but also revealed potential new mechanisms. Evidence for endocrine disruption (ED) targets such as the immune system, apoptosis and tumour suppressors other than reproduction-related functions were found; however, given the ED nature of imposex, primary focus was on gender-differentiation pathways. Among these, transcription factors and lipophilic nuclear receptors as transducers of TBT toxicity along with mitochondrial functions and deregulation in transport activity suggested new putative mechanisms for the TBT-induced imposex in N. lapillus. Particularly, up-regulation of a putative nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) homolog was evident, and its role was further confirmed by inducing imposex in vivo using Rosiglizatone, a well-known vertebrate PPARγ ligand. Our analyses show that TBT-induced imposex is a complex mechanism, but is likely to act through the retinoid X receptor (RXR):PPARγ heterodimer signalling pathway, hitherto not described in invertebrates. Moreover, collectively, our findings support a commonality of signalling between invertebrate and vertebrate species that has previously been overlooked in the study of endocrine disruption. The genomic resources generated here largely contribute to the molecular understanding of imposex, yielding valuable insights for further examination of responses to TBT contamination exposure. Additionally, we anticipate that the new genomic resources described herein will contribute to the further exploration of adaptive responses of dogwhelks to environmental variation. N. lapillus was also used to explore adaptive shell shape morphology in response to natural variation in wave-action and crab predation. Knowledge of the contributions of genotype, plasticity and their interaction to phenotypic expression is crucial for understanding the evolution of adaptive character traits in heterogeneous environments. We assessed contributions of the above factors by reciprocal transplantation of snails between two shores differing in exposure to wave action and predation, and rearing snails of the same provenance in a laboratory common garden experiment with crab-predation odour, complemented by genetic analysis. The two target populations are genetically different but maintain the same karyotype. Truss-length and morphometric analyses revealed plasticity of shell shape in reciprocal transplants, but also the partial retention of parental shape by F2 snails in common garden controls, indicating co-gradient variation between heritable and plasticity components. Crab-predation odour influenced shell shape of snails from exposed-site origin and stimulated the production of thicker shell lips with greater response in snails of exposed-site ancestry. We interpret these data as countergradient variation on predator-induced changes in shell shape and increased thickening of the shell lip as well as on growth rates. The above exploration of gene-environment interactions demonstrates the feasibility, insights and novel opportunities that can now be addressed in a species that is well characterised ecologically, but hitherto constrained by the general lack of genomic tools and archived resources. Notably, a greater focus on detailed responses of a single species facilitates the comparative approach, as illustrated by the apparent commonality in regulation of endocrine disruption processes in invertebrates and vertebrates.
FCT; FSE - SFRH/BD/27711/2006

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Miner, Benjamin G. "Evolution of phenotypic plasticity insights from echinoid larvae /". Connect to this title online, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0001450.

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Meyer, Aret. "Phenotypic plasticity of phages with diverse genome sizes". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26157.

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A key factor in studying evolutionary biology is an understanding of the mechanisms organisms utilise in the ongoing process of adaptation. When faced with a heterogeneous and unpredictable environment, we expect organisms to evolve either as specialists or generalists, yet a unifying theory as to which will evolve is still lacking due to conflicting hypotheses based on limited empirical evidence. Phenotypic plasticity allows a single genotype to express different phenotypes, and has been found as an adaptive response to changing environments in all major taxa. With the advent of genomics it has become possible to study the underlying genetics of this phenomenon. It is however becoming clear that there is no single principle governing the plastic response, but rather a complex set of interactions between what appears to be regulatory and structural genes. With empirical data only recently becoming more readily available, the modelling of plastic responses are often still founded on the theoretical predictions and assumptions for which there is little proof. To bridge the gap between theory and nature, the challenge facing scientists today is the construction of experimental systems where theoretical predictions can be scrutinised. Given that phenotypic plasticity is a widespread phenomenon, understanding the magnitude and constraints of this response is an important issue in the study of evolution. Models have predicted a correlation between genome size and phenotypic plasticity, with increased genome size (complexity) linked to higher levels of phenotypic plasticity. Experimental findings, however, increasingly point to plasticity being governed by complicated sets of interactions between various parts of the genome, the adaptive landscape, and environmental cues. In the work presented here, a study was designed to test for a correlation between genome size and the level of plasticity by, looking at the fitness response of phages exposed to varying temperature. Seven phages differing in genome size and genome composition were used. Genome sizes ranged from 5386 bp to 170 000 bp. Taking advantage of the short generation times of phages, fitness could be measured as the growth rate per hour, which was compared among the different phage groups. The growth of large populations within a constant, controlled environment minimized the complications of environmental heterogeneity, and allowed for quantitative measure of the response to different temperatures. This was used to gain insight into how genome size relates to the level of phenotypic plasticity. Limited generation numbers were allowed for, to ensure population growth could be directly related to the plasticity of the genome, since numerous generations would be required for the effects of selection to become apparent. Adsorption rates are influenced by temperature, and were therefore measured to determine if it had a significant effect on the resulting population density. Results showed a marginal interaction between genome size and phenotypic plasticity, with adsorption rate having no significant effect. More experimental work would be required to verify this finding.
Dissertation (MSc (Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Genetics
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Leone, Stacy E. "Predator induced plasticity in barnacle shell morphology /". Abstract Full Text (HTML) Full Text (PDF), 2008. http://eprints.ccsu.edu/archive/00000496/02/1952FT.htm.

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Thesis (M.A.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2008.
Thesis advisor: Jeremiah Jarrett. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Biology." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-29). Also available via the World Wide Web.

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Crispo, Erika. "Interplay among phenotypic plasticity, local adaptation, and gene flow". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:8881/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92201.

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Kraft, Peter G. "The evolution of predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18434.pdf.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Phenotypic plasticity"

J, DeWitt Thomas, e Scheiner Samuel M. 1956-, a cura di. Phenotypic plasticity: Functional and conceptual approaches. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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van, Gils Jan A., a cura di. The flexible phenotype: Towards a body-centred integration of ecology, physiology, and behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Douglas, Whitman, e Ananthakrishnan T. N. 1925-, a cura di. Phenotypic plasticity of insects: Mechanisms and consequences. Enfield, N.H: Science Publishers, 2008.

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Trainor, F. R. Biol ogical aspects of Scenedesmus (Chlorophyceae) - phenotypic plasticity. Berlin: J. Cramer, 1998.

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Kammenga, Jan Edward. Phenotypic plasticity and fitness consequences in nematodes exposed to toxicants. Wageningen: [s.n.], 1995.

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Reimer, Olof. Predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in the marine mussel Mytilus edulis. Stockholm: Univ., 1999.

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Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colo.), a cura di. Dynamic phenotypic plasticity in photosynthesis and biomass patterns in Douglas-fir seedlings. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2010.

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Gluckman, Peter (Peter D.), 1949- author, a cura di. Plasticity, Robustness, Development and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Krishnaraj, Rangathilakam. Phenotypic plasticity of Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and its implications for mass rearing. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.

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D, Varfolomeyev S., e Zaikov Gennadiĭ Efremovich, a cura di. Molecular polymorphism of man: Structural and functional individual multiformity of biomacromolecules. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Phenotypic plasticity"

Frank, J. Howard, J. Howard Frank, Michael C. Thomas, Allan A. Yousten, F. William Howard, Robin M. Giblin-davis, John B. Heppner et al. "Phenotypic Plasticity". In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2842. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2900.

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Snell-Rood, Emilie, e Meredith Steck. "Phenotypic Plasticity". In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 3911–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1557.

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Snell-Rood, Emilie, e Meredith Steck. "Phenotypic Plasticity". In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1557-1.

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Luzete, J., I. F. Oliveira, L. A. Ferreira e Julia Klaczko. "Phenotypic Plasticity". In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 5211–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_2118.

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Luzete, J., I. F. Oliveira, L. A. Ferreira e J. Klaczko. "Phenotypic Plasticity". In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_2118-1.

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Hughes, Kimberly A., Mary H. Burleson e F. Helen Rodd. "Is Phenotypic Plasticity Adaptive?" In The Biodemography of Human Reproduction and Fertility, 23–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1137-3_2.

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Patterson, P. H. "Phenotypic Plasticity and Neural Grafting". In Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences, 28–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84842-1_4.

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Geng, Y., L. Gao e J. Yang. "Epigenetic Flexibility Underlying Phenotypic Plasticity". In Progress in Botany, 153–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30967-0_5.

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Pigliucci, Massimo. "Phenotypic Plasticity". In Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131543.003.0009.

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Phenotypic plasticity is the property of a genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to different environmental conditions (Bradshaw 1965; Mazer and Damuth, this volume, chapter 2). Simply put, students of phenotypic plasticity deal with the way nature (genes) and nurture (environment) interact to yield the anatomy, morphology, and behavior of living organisms. Of course, not all genotypes respond differentially to changes in the environment, and not all environmental changes elicit a different phenotype given a particular genotype. Furthermore, while the distinction between genotype and phenotype is in principle very clear, several complicating factors immediately ensue. For example, the genotype can be modified by environmental action, as in the case of DNA methylation patterns (e.g., Sano et al. 1990; Mazer and Damuth, this volume, chapter 2). More intuitively, since environments are constantly changed by the organisms that live in them, the genetic constitution of a population influences the environment itself. Perhaps the most intuitive way to visualize phenotypic plasticity is through what is termed a norm of reaction. This genotype-specific function relates the phenotypes produced to the environments in which they are produced. The figure presents a simple example with a population made of three different genotypes experiencing a series of environmental conditions. Genotype 1 yields a low phenotypic value toward the left end of the environmental continuum (say, an insect with small wings at low temperature) but a high phenotypic value at the opposite environmental extreme (say, large wings at high temperature). Genotype 3, however, does the exact opposite, while genotype 2 is unresponsive to environmental changes, always producing the same phenotype regardless of the conditions (within the range of environments considered). Even though the case presented in figure 5.1 is very simple (notice, for example, that the reaction norms are linear, which is unlikely in real situations), several general principles are readily understood following a closer analysis: . . . 1. Let us consider the relationship between phenotypic plasticity and reaction norms. While the two terms are often used as synonyms, they are clearly not. A reaction norm is the trajectory in environment- phenotype space that is typical of a given genotype; plasticity is the degree to which that reaction norm deviates from a flat line parallel to the environmental axis. . . .

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Windig, Jack J., Carolien G. F. De Kovel e Gerdien De Jong. "Genetics and Mechanics of Plasticity". In Phenotypic Plasticity, 31–49. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138962.003.0003.

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Abstract All organisms function in variable environments. Each organism is plastic in at least some traits-typically in many traits-and almost all traits are plastic in at least some organisms. Plasticity is thus pervasive and exists in many different forms. The only thing that all plasticities have in common is that the phenotype is induced by the environment; in other words, the environment acts as a cue to form the phenotype. Two different processes, described by Smith-Gill (1983), may be involved in plasticity. Phenotypic modulation is the simple case. Here the environment directly influences the phenotype without active involvement of the organism, for example, when the environment simply forces a different phenotype by the laws of physics. In developmental conversion, the organism is actively involved in the production of the phenotype. Specific receptors may be present to perceive the state of the environment, and a complex “machinery” may produce dramatically different phenotypes. Although these two processes underlying phenotypic plasticity are fundamentally different, plastic phenotypes are, more often than not, shaped by both processes simultaneously. How the evolution of plasticity proceeds has been the subject of considerable debate (see chapter 2). In order to understand the evolution of plasticity, we need to understand the genetics of plasticity. Moreover, we need to identify what similarities and differences exist in the mechanisms of different plasticities, before we can generalize on the genetics of plasticity and its analysis.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Phenotypic plasticity"

Tibbits, Matthew A. "THE MORPHOMETRICS OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY". In 67th Annual Southeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018se-312174.

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Ashlock, Daniel, EunYoun Kim e Amanda Saunders. "Prisoner’s Dilemma Agents with Phenotypic Plasticity". In 2019 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cig.2019.8848067.

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Lalejini, Alexander, e Charles Ofria. "The Evolutionary Origins of Phenotypic Plasticity". In Proceedings of the Artificial Life Conference 2016. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/978-0-262-33936-0-ch063.

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Kebede, F. G., H. Komen, T. Dessie, O. Hanotte, S. Kemp, C. Pita Barros, R. Crooijmans, M. Derks, S. W. Alemu e J. W. M. Bastiaansen. "421. Exploiting phenotypic plasticity in animal breeding". In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_421.

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Ashlock, Daniel, Wendy Ashlock e James Montgomery. "Implementing Phenotypic Plasticity with an Adaptive Generative Representation". In 2019 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cibcb.2019.8791496.

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Sauder, Candice Anne Marcum, Jillian E. Koziel, MiRan Choi, Melanie J. Fox, Sunil Badve, Rachel J. Blosser, Theresa Mathieson et al. "Abstract 3322: Phenotypic plasticity in the normal breast". In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-3322.

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Sauder, CAM, JE Koziel, M. Choi, MJ Fox, S. Badve, RJ Blosser, T. Mathieson et al. "P5-05-02: Phenotypic Plasticity in the Normal Breast." In Abstracts: Thirty-Fourth Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 6‐10, 2011; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs11-p5-05-02.

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Bapat, Sharmila A., Sagar Varankar e Swapnil Kamble. "Abstract 2017: Phenotypic plasticity and class switching in ovarian cancer". In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2017.

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Richard, Gautier. "Epigenetic regulation of aphid phenotypic plasticity of the reproductive mode". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.89542.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Phenotypic plasticity"

Koehn, A. C., G. I. McDonald, D. L. Turner e D. L. Adams. Dynamic phenotypic plasticity in photosynthesis and biomass patterns in Douglas-fir seedlings. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rp-79.

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Meiri, Noam, Michael D. Denbow e Cynthia J. Denbow. Epigenetic Adaptation: The Regulatory Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Plasticity that Determine Stress-Response Set Point. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593396.bard.

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Our hypothesis was that postnatal stress exposure or sensory input alters brain activity, which induces acetylation and/or methylation on lysine residues of histone 3 and alters methylation levels in the promoter regions of stress-related genes, ultimately resulting in long-lasting changes in the stress-response set point. Therefore, the objectives of the proposal were: 1. To identify the levels of total histone 3 acetylation and different levels of methylation on lysine 9 and/or 14 during both heat and feed stress and challenge. 2. To evaluate the methylation and acetylation levels of histone 3 lysine 9 and/or 14 at the Bdnfpromoter during both heat and feed stress and challenge. 3. To evaluate the levels of the relevant methyltransferases and transmethylases during infliction of stress. 4. To identify the specific localization of the cells which respond to both specific histone modification and the enzyme involved by applying each of the stressors in the hypothalamus. 5. To evaluate the physiological effects of antisense knockdown of Ezh2 on the stress responses. 6. To measure the level of CpG methylation in the promoter region of BDNF in thermal treatments and free-fed, 12-hour fasted, and re-fed chicks during post-natal day 3, which is the critical period for feed-control establishment, and 10 days later to evaluate longterm effects. 7. The phenotypic effect of antisense “knock down” of the transmethylaseDNMT 3a. Background: The growing demand for improvements in poultry production requires an understanding of the mechanisms governing stress responses. Two of the major stressors affecting animal welfare and hence, the poultry industry in both the U.S. and Israel, are feed intake and thermal responses. Recently, it has been shown that the regulation of energy intake and expenditure, including feed intake and thermal regulation, resides in the hypothalamus and develops during a critical post-hatch period. However, little is known about the regulatory steps involved. The hypothesis to be tested in this proposal is that epigenetic changes in the hypothalamus during post-hatch early development determine the stress-response set point for both feed and thermal stressors. The ambitious goals that were set for this proposal were met. It was established that both stressors i.e. feed and thermal stress, can be manipulated during the critical period of development at day 3 to induce resilience to stress later in life. Specifically it was established that unfavorable nutritional conditions during early developmental periods or heat exposure influences subsequent adaptability to those same stressful conditions. Furthermore it was demonstrated that epigenetic marks on the promoter of genes involved in stress memory are altered both during stress, and as a result, later in life. Specifically it was demonstrated that fasting and heat had an effect on methylation and acetylation of histone 3 at various lysine residues in the hypothalamus during exposure to stress on day 3 and during stress challenge on day 10. Furthermore, the enzymes that perform these modifications are altered both during stress conditioning and challenge. Finally, these modifications are both necessary and sufficient, since antisense "knockdown" of these enzymes affects histone modifications, and as a consequence stress resilience. DNA methylation was also demonstrated at the promoters of genes involved in heat stress regulation and long-term resilience. It should be noted that the only goal that we did not meet because of technical reasons was No. 7. In conclusion: The outcome of this research may provide information for the improvement of stress responses in high yield poultry breeds using epigenetic adaptation approaches during critical periods in the course of early development in order to improve animal welfare even under suboptimum environmental conditions.

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Armstrong, Andrew J. Epithelial Plasticity in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Biology of the Lethal Phenotype. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luglio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612312.

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Armstrong, Andrew. Epithelial Plasticity in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Biology of the Lethal Phenotype. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luglio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada566209.

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