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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Phenotypage of root hairs":
1
Gajek, Katarzyna, Agnieszka Janiak, Urszula Korotko, Beata Chmielewska, Marek Marzec e Iwona Szarejko. "Whole Exome Sequencing-Based Identification of a Novel Gene Involved in Root Hair Development in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n. 24 (14 dicembre 2021): 13411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413411.
Abstract (sommario):
Root hairs play a crucial role in anchoring plants in soil, interaction with microorganisms and nutrient uptake from the rhizosphere. In contrast to Arabidopsis, there is a limited knowledge of root hair morphogenesis in monocots, including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We have isolated barley mutant rhp1.e with an abnormal root hair phenotype after chemical mutagenesis of spring cultivar ‘Sebastian’. The development of root hairs was initiated in the mutant but inhibited at the very early stage of tip growth. The length of root hairs reached only 3% of the length of parent cultivar. Using a whole exome sequencing (WES) approach, we identified G1674A mutation in the HORVU1Hr1G077230 gene, located on chromosome 1HL and encoding a cellulose synthase-like C1 protein (HvCSLC1) that might be involved in the xyloglucan (XyG) synthesis in root hairs. The identified mutation led to the retention of the second intron and premature termination of the HvCSLC1 protein. The mutation co-segregated with the abnormal root hair phenotype in the F2 progeny of rhp1.e mutant and its wild-type parent. Additionally, different substitutions in HORVU1Hr1G077230 were found in four other allelic mutants with the same root hair phenotype. Here, we discuss the putative role of HvCSLC1 protein in root hair tube elongation in barley.
2
Tian, Heyang, Hongchun Sun, Lingxiao Zhu, Ke Zhang, Yongjiang Zhang, Haina Zhang, Jijie Zhu et al. "Response of in situ root phenotypes to potassium stress in cotton". PeerJ 11 (21 giugno 2023): e15587. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15587.
Abstract (sommario):
Potassium plays a significant role in the basic functions of plant growth and development. Potassium uptake is closely associated with morphological characteristics of the roots. However, the dynamic characteristics of phenotype and lifespan of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lateral roots and root hairs under low and high potassium stress remain unclear. In this study, potassium stress experiments (low and high potassium, medium potassium as control) were conducted using RhizoPot (an in situ root observation device) to determine the response characteristics of lateral roots and root hairs in cotton under potassium stress. The plant morphology, photosynthetic characteristics, root phenotypic changes, and lifespan of lateral roots and root hairs were measured. Potassium accumulation, aboveground phenotype, photosynthetic capacity, root length density, root dry weight, root diameter, lateral root lifespan, and root hair lifespan under low potassium stress were significantly decreased compared to medium potassium treatment. However, the root hair length of the former was significantly increased than that of the latter. Potassium accumulation and the lateral root lifespan were significantly increased under high potassium treatment, while root length density, root dry weight, root diameter, root hair length, and root hair lifespan were significantly decreased compared to the medium potassium treatment. Notably, there were no significant differences in aboveground morphology and photosynthetic characters. Principal component analysis revealed that lateral root lifespan, root hair lifespan of the first lateral root, and root hair length significantly correlated with potassium accumulation. The root had similar regularity responses to low and high potassium stress except for lifespan and root hair length. The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the phenotype and lifespan of cotton’s lateral roots and root hairs under low and high potassium stress.
3
Kuběnová, Lenka, Michaela Tichá, Jozef Šamaj e Miroslav Ovečka. "ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 2 vesicular delivery to the apical plasma membrane domain during Arabidopsis root hair development". Plant Physiology 188, n. 3 (5 gennaio 2022): 1563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab595.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root hairs develop as long tubular extensions from the rootward pole of trichoblasts and exert polarized tip growth. The establishment and maintenance of root hair polarity is a complex process involving the local apical production of reactive oxygen species generated by A. thaliana nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein C/ROOT HAIR-DEFECTIVE 2 (AtRBOHC/RHD2). Loss-of-function root hair defective 2 (rhd2) mutants have short root hairs that are unable to elongate by tip growth, and this phenotype is fully complemented by GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP)-RHD2 expressed under the RHD2 promoter. However, the spatiotemporal mechanism of AtRBOHC/RHD2 subcellular redistribution and delivery to the plasma membrane (PM) during root hair initiation and tip growth are still unclear. Here, we used advanced microscopy for detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of vesicular compartments containing GFP-RHD2 and characterization of their movements in developing bulges and growing root hairs. These compartments, identified by an independent molecular marker mCherry-VTI12 as the trans-Golgi network (TGN), deliver GFP-RHD2 to the apical PM domain, the extent of which corresponds with the stage of root hair formation. Movements of TGN/early endosomes, but not late endosomes, were affected in the bulging domains of the rhd2-1 mutant. Finally, we revealed that structural sterols might be involved in the accumulation, docking, and incorporation of TGN compartments containing GFP-RHD2 to the apical PM of root hairs. These results help in clarifying the mechanism of polarized AtRBOHC/RHD2 targeting, maintenance, and recycling at the apical PM domain, coordinated with different developmental stages of root hair initiation and growth.
4
Walker, Simon A., e J. Allan Downie. "Entry of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae into Root Hairs Requires Minimal Nod Factor Specificity, but Subsequent Infection Thread Growth Requires nodO or nodE". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 13, n. 7 (luglio 2000): 754–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.7.754.
Abstract (sommario):
Using various mutant strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, we have investigated the role of nodO in stimulating infection thread development in vetch and pea. Analysis of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae nodE and nodO mutants revealed no significant difference from the wild-type infection phenotype. Conversely, an R. leguminosarum bv. viciae nodE nodO double mutant was severely impaired in its ability to form normal infection threads. This strain displayed a number of novel infection-related events, including intracellular accumulations of bacteria at the base of root hairs, distended and enlarged infection threads, and reversed threads growing up root hairs. Since normal infection was seen in a nodE mutant, nodO must suppress these abnormal infection phenomena. A deletion mutant, retaining only the nodD and nodABCIJ genes, also formed intracellular accumulations at the base of root hairs. Addition of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae nodO could alleviate this phenotype and restore some infection thread formation, although these threads appeared to be abnormal. Exogenous application of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae Nod factors could not alleviate the aberrant infection phenotype. Our results show that the most basic Nod factor structure can allow bacterial entry into the root hair, and that nodO can promote subsequent infection thread development.
5
Cajero-Sanchez, Wendy, Pamela Aceves-Garcia, María Fernández-Marcos, Crisanto Gutiérrez, Ulises Rosas, Berenice García-Ponce, Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla, Maria de la Paz Sánchez e Adriana Garay-Arroyo. "Natural Root Cellular Variation in Responses to Osmotic Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana Accessions". Genes 10, n. 12 (29 novembre 2019): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10120983.
Abstract (sommario):
Arabidopsis naturally occurring populations have allowed for the identification of considerable genetic variation remodeled by adaptation to different environments and stress conditions. Water is a key resource that limits plant growth, and its availability is initially sensed by root tissues. The root’s ability to adjust its physiology and morphology under water deficit makes this organ a useful model to understand how plants respond to water stress. Here, we used hyperosmotic shock stress treatments in different Arabidopsis accessions to analyze the root cell morphological responses. We found that osmotic stress conditions reduced root growth and root apical meristem (RAM) size, promoting premature cell differentiation without affecting the stem cell niche morphology. This phenotype was accompanied by a cluster of small epidermal and cortex cells with radial expansion and root hairs at the transition to the elongation zone. We also found this radial expansion with root hairs when plants are grown under hypoosmotic conditions. Finally, root growth was less affected by osmotic stress in the Sg-2 accession followed by Ws, Cvi-0, and Col-0; however, after a strong osmotic stress, Sg-2 and Cvi-0 were the most resilience accessions. The sensitivity differences among these accessions were not explained by stress-related gene expression. This work provides new cellular insights on the Arabidopsis root phenotypic variability and plasticity to osmotic stress.
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Robledo, Marta, José I. Jiménez-Zurdo, M. José Soto, Encarnación Velázquez, Frank Dazzo, Eustoquio Martínez-Molina e Pedro F. Mateos. "Development of Functional Symbiotic White Clover Root Hairs and Nodules Requires Tightly Regulated Production of Rhizobial Cellulase CelC2". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, n. 7 (luglio 2011): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-10-0249.
Abstract (sommario):
The establishment of rhizobia as nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts within legume root nodules requires the disruption of the plant cell wall to breach the host barrier at strategic infection sites in the root hair tip and at points of bacterial release from infection threads (IT) within the root cortex. We previously found that Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii uses its chromosomally encoded CelC2 cellulase to erode the noncrystalline wall at the apex of root hairs, thereby creating the primary portal of its entry into white clover roots. Here, we show that a recombinant derivative of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii ANU843 that constitutively overproduces the CelC2 enzyme has increased competitiveness in occupying aberrant nodule-like root structures on clover that are inefficient in nitrogen fixation. This aberrant symbiotic phenotype involves an extensive uncontrolled degradation of the host cell walls restricted to the expected infection sites at tips of deformed root hairs and significantly enlarged infection droplets at termini of wider IT within the nodule infection zone. Furthermore, signs of elevated plant host defense as indicated by reactive oxygen species production in root tissues were more evident during infection by the recombinant strain than its wild-type parent. Our data further support the role of the rhizobial CelC2 cell wall–degrading enzyme in primary infection, and show evidence of its importance in secondary symbiotic infection and tight regulation of its production to establish an effective nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis.
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Kawaguchi, Masayoshi, Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku, Hiroyuki Koiwa, Sinobu Niwa, Akira Ikuta, Kunihiko Syono e Shoichiro Akao. "Root, Root Hair, and Symbiotic Mutants of the Model Legume Lotus japonicus". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, n. 1 (gennaio 2002): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.1.17.
Abstract (sommario):
To gain an overview of plant factors controlling nodule number and organogenesis, an extensive screening using model legume Lotus japonicus was carried out. This screening involved 40,000 M2 seeds, and 32 stable mutant lines were isolated. From these, 16 mutant lines maintaining the phenotypic variation were selected and genetically analyzed. With respect to nodule number, four loci were identified, Ljsym77, Ljsym78, slippery root (slp), and radial organization1 (rdo1). The former two mutants have an increased number of nodules, while the latter two have a decreased number. Ljsym78-1 and Ljsym78-2 are hypernodulating mutants with a branched root system and were found to be allelic to Ljsym16. The phenotype of the Ljsym77 mutant was highly pleiotropic, being deficient in light and gravity responses. The slp mutant was isolated as a low-nodulating mutant lacking root hairs. Concerning nodule organogenesis, nine symbiotic loci were identified, including the two loci alb1 and fen1. Mutants affecting the developmental process of nodule organogenesis were placed in three phenotypic categories: Nod¯ (Ljsym70 to Ljsym73), Hist¯ (alb1-1, alb1-2, and Ljsym79), and Fix¯ (fen1, Ljsym75, and Ljsym81).
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Ishizawa, Miku, Kayo Hashimoto, Misato Ohtani, Ryosuke Sano, Yukio Kurihara, Hiroaki Kusano, Taku Demura, Minami Matsui e Kumi Sato-Nara. "Inhibition of Pre-mRNA Splicing Promotes Root Hair Development in Arabidopsis thaliana". Plant and Cell Physiology 60, n. 9 (1 agosto 2019): 1974–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz150.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Root hairs protruding from epidermal cells increase the surface area for water absorption and nutrient uptake. Various environmental factors including light, oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, calcium and mycorrhizal associations promote root hair formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Light regulates the expression of a large number of genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels; however, there is little information linking the light response to root hair development. In this study, we describe a novel mutant, light-sensitive root-hair development 1 (lrh1), that displays enhanced root hair development in response to light. Hypocotyl and root elongation was inhibited in the lrh1 mutant, which had a late flowering phenotype. We identified the gene encoding the p14 protein, a putative component of the splicing factor 3b complex essential for pre-mRNA splicing, as being responsible for the lrh1 phenotype. Indeed, regulation of alternative splicing was affected in lrh1 mutants and treatment with a splicing inhibitor mimicked the lrh1 phenotype. Genome-wide alterations in pre-mRNA splicing patterns including differential splicing events of light signaling- and circadian clock-related genes were found in lrh1 as well as a difference in transcriptional regulation of multiple genes including upregulation of essential genes for root hair development. These results suggest that pre-mRNA splicing is the key mechanism regulating root hair development in response to light signals.
9
Liu, Xin, Lingling Pei, Lingling Zhang, Xueying Zhang e Jing Jiang. "Regulation of miR319b-Targeted SlTCP10 during the Tomato Response to Low-Potassium Stress". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n. 8 (11 aprile 2023): 7058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087058.
Abstract (sommario):
Potassium deficiency confines root growth and decreases root-to-shoot ratio, thereby limiting root K+ acquisition. This study aimed to identify the regulation network of microRNA319 involved in low-K+ stress tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlmiR319b-OE roots demonstrated a smaller root system, a lower number of root hairs and lower K+ content under low-K+ stress. We identified SlTCP10 as the target of miR319b using a modified RLM-RACE procedure from some SlTCPs’ predictive complementarity to miR319b. Then, SlTCP10-regulated SlJA2 (an NAC transcription factor) influenced the response to low-K+ stress. CR-SlJA2 (CRISPR-Cas9-SlJA2) lines showed the same root phenotype to SlmiR319-OE compared with WT lines. OE-SlJA2(Overexpression-SlJA2) lines showed higher root biomass, root hair number and K+ concentration in the roots under low-K+ conditions. Furthermore, SlJA2 has been reported to promote abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. Therefore, SlJA2 increases low-K+ tolerance via ABA. In conclusion, enlarging root growth and K+ absorption by the expression of SlmiR319b-regulated SlTCP10, mediating SlJA2 in roots, could provide a new regulation mechanism for increasing K+ acquisition efficiency under low-K+ stress.
10
Wu, Rui, Zhixin Liu, Jiajing Wang, Chenxi Guo, Yaping Zhou, George Bawa, Jean-David Rochaix e Xuwu Sun. "COE2 Is Required for the Root Foraging Response to Nitrogen Limitation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n. 2 (13 gennaio 2022): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020861.
Abstract (sommario):
There are numerous exchanges of signals and materials between leaves and roots, including nitrogen, which is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth and development. In this study we identified and characterized the Chlorophyll A/B-Binding Protein (CAB) (named coe2 for CAB overexpression 2) mutant, which is defective in the development of chloroplasts and roots under normal growth conditions. The phenotype of coe2 is caused by a mutation in the Nitric Oxide Associated (NOA1) gene that is implicated in a wide range of chloroplast functions including the regulation of metabolism and signaling of nitric oxide (NO). A transcriptome analysis reveals that expression of genes involved in metabolism and lateral root development are strongly altered in coe2 seedlings compared with WT. COE2 is expressed in hypocotyls, roots, root hairs, and root caps. Both the accumulation of NO and the growth of lateral roots are enhanced in WT but not in coe2 under nitrogen limitation. These new findings suggest that COE2-dependent signaling not only coordinates gene expression but also promotes chloroplast development and function by modulating root development and absorption of nitrogen compounds.
Tesi sul tema "Phenotypage of root hairs":
1
Madani, Ikram. "Plasticité du système racinaire du blé en condition de carence en N, P ou K révélée par développement d'une méthodologie de phénotypage intégrant les poils absorbants". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG059.
Abstract (sommario):
Une faible disponibilité des macroéléments dans la plupart des sols cultivés limite fortement les rendements des cultures en absence de fertilisation. Une meilleure compréhension de l’adaptation des systèmes racinaires à des sols pauvres en ions nutritifs, et l’exploitation de la diversité génétique existante dans ce domaine, entre espèces et/ou variétés, sont susceptibles de contribuer au développement de nouveaux cultivars et de nouvelles pratiques agronomiques permettant de limiter les intrants de fertilisation chimique coûteux et polluants pour l’environnement. L'architecture du système racinaire et la production des poils absorbants à l'interface racine-sol, sont des déterminants majeurs de la capacité du système racinaire à explorer le sol et prélever les ions nutritifs. A ce jour, aucune méthodologie ne permettait de phénotyper les poils absorbants dans un système racinaire considéré dans sa totalité. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, j’ai développé une méthodologie de phénotypage global, intégratif, des systèmes racinaires, incluant les poils absorbants. Un dispositif original de type rhizobox a été développé, permettant d'acquérir des images à haute résolution, pour lesquelles j'ai mis au point une procédure d'analyse informatisée associant le logiciel libre Ilastik pour la segmentation des images, et les logiciels WinRHIZOTM et ImageJ pour l'analyse de traits globaux caractérisant le développement racinaire. Après validation de la méthodologie, les systèmes racinaires de deux génotypes de blé, un cultivar d’amidonnier (T.t. dicoccum, cv Escandia), ancêtre du blé dur, et une variété de pays de blé dur (T.t. durum, cv Oued Zenati) ont été comparés entre eux et par rapport à leur réponse à une faible disponibilité en phosphate (P), azote (N) ou potassium (K). Chez des plantules âgées de 15 jours (racines de ca. 30 cm de long), les carences en N, P ou K ont affecté différentiellement la croissance des plantes (allocation de la biomasse entre racines et feuilles, et développement préférentiel du système racinaire). Les trois carences se sont révélées entraîner une augmentation de la surface totale du système racinaire, qui s'est elle-même révélée comme résultant principalement d'une augmentation de la surface totale des poils absorbants sur le système racinaire entier (traduisant une augmentation de la densité et/ou longueur des poils sur tout le système). Le taux d'augmentation de la surface totale des poils absorbants était variable entre les deux variétés et selon l’élément limitant, plus fort en condition de carence en N chez l’amidonnier, et de carence en P chez la variété de pays. Toutes les réponses racinaires analysées, incluant ou non les poils absorbants, ont révélé une plus grande plasticité développementale en réponse aux carences nutritives chez la variété ancestrale. Une perspective ouverte par ce travail serait de comparer cette plasticité chez différentes variétés de blé récapitulant la domestication et l'amélioration de cette espèce. En perspective également, je montre que la méthodologie que j'ai développée peut permettre de phénotyper les réponses racinaires à des conditions biotiques (présence de bactéries de type Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria)Low macroelement availability in most cultivated soils severely limits crop yields in the absence of fertilization. A better understanding of the adaptation of root systems to nutrient-poor soils, and the exploitation of existing genetic diversity in this field, between species and/or varieties, are likely to contribute to the development of new cultivars and new agronomic practices allowing to limit costly and environmentally polluting chemical fertilization inputs. The architecture of the root system and the production of root hairs at the root-soil interface are major determinants of the capacity of the root system to explore the soil and take up nutrient ions. To date, no methodology has been available to phenotype root hairs in a root system considered entirely. In this thesis, I developed a methodology for global, integrative phenotyping of root systems, including root hairs. An original rhizobox-type device was developed, allowing to acquire high resolution images, for which I developed a computerized analysis procedure associating the free software Ilastik for image segmentation, and the softwares WinRHIZOTM and ImageJ for the analysis of global traits characterizing the root development. After validation of the methodology, the root systems of two wheat genotypes, a cultivated emmer wheat cultivar (T.t. dicoccum, cv Escandia), ancestor of durum wheat, and a landrace of durum wheat (T.t. durum, cv Oued Zenati) were compared with each other and with respect to their response to low phosphate (P), nitrogen (N) or potassium (K) availability. In 15-day-old seedlings (roots ca. 30 cm long), N, P or K deficiencies differentially affected plant growth (biomass allocation between roots and leaves, and preferential development of the root system). All three deficiencies were found to result in an increase in the total surface area of the root system, resulting primarily from an increase in the total surface area of root hairs over the entire root system (reflecting an increase in the density and/or length of hairs over the entire system). The rate of increase in total absorptive root hair area was variable between the two varieties and among limiting elements, stronger under N deficiency conditions in the emmer wheat, and P deficiency in the landrace. All the root responses analyzed, including or not the root hairs, revealed a greater developmental plasticity in response to nutrient deficiency in the ancestral variety. A perspective opened by this work would be to compare this plasticity in different wheat varieties recapitulating the domestication and improvement of this species. I also show that the methodology I have developed can be used to phenotype root responses to biotic conditions (presence of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria)
2
Jones, Angharad Ruth. "The role of auxin in the development of root hairs in arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500435.
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Brena-Medina, Victor Francisco. "Modelling initiation of plant root hairs : a reaction-diffusion system in a non-homogenous environment". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619139.
Abstract (sommario):
A reaction-diffusion system, which can be considered as a generalised Schnakenberg-like model, is studied mathematically in 1D and 2D. This system models an initiation process within a root-hair cell which involves biochemical interactions of the G-proteins, known as Rho of Plants, or ROPs. These proteins attach to the cell membrane prompting a localised patch which, in consequence, induces cell wall softening and subsequently hair growth. This model assumes that the auxin provided is the key catalyst. Auxin is a plant hormone which is known to because of many different features in plant morphogenesis. Also, this hormone is experimentally known to enter the cell including a spatially dependent gradient.. Numerical bifurcation analysis is carried on in order to explore solutions which resemble all features that the G-proteins and auxin arc known to cause. The main bifurcation parameters arc taken to be the overall auxin rate, and the cell length. The analysis is backed up by full numerical simulations and asymptotic analysis using semi-strong interaction theory. The asymptotics not only provides existence of solutions and explains numerical properties, but also sheds light on transition mechanisms via the theory of competition instability and transverse instability of homoclinic stripes. The analytical results are found to agree favourably with numerical simulations, and to give further explanation of the agreement between the model and biological data for different scenarios. From a mathematical point of view, pattern formation of non-homogeneous reaction-diffusion systems is a subject that is not yet well understood. However, upon using the theory of semi-strong interactions, light is shed on the dynamics and instabilities that. spatially dependent coefficients bring about. As a consequence, transitions between different spot-like patterns and the dynamics of their location can be explored and theoretically explained.
4
Ayling, Sarah Marian. "The role of calcium in the cytoplasmic streaming response of tomato root hairs to auxin". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386178.
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Li, Zhi [Verfasser], e Waltraud [Akademischer Betreuer] Schulze. "External nutrition stimuli induced proteome and phosphoproteome responses of maize root hairs and arabidopsis root microsomal fraction / Zhi Li ; Betreuer: Waltraud Schulze". Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236630165/34.
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Guo, Man-Yuan. "Mechanisms involved in early Nod Factor signaling in legume root hairs : electrophysiological analyses in Medicago truncatula". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG092.
Abstract (sommario):
La symbiose entre les légumineuses et les rhizobia est d'une importance majeure dans les écosystèmes terrestres du fait de sa capacité à fixer l'azote atmosphérique. Le dialogue moléculaire entre les deux partenaires, qui mène finalement au développement de nodosités hébergeant les bactéries fixatrices, peut être initié par la liaison des facteurs Nod (NF) sécrétés par les rhizobia aux récepteurs à NF de la membrane plasmatique (PM) des poils racinaires de la légumineuse. Cela déclenche un influx de Ca2+ dans la cellule, suivi d'une cascade d'événements de signalisation ionique, impliquant des changements dans les flux de H+, K+ et Cl- à travers la MP. Mon objectif a été de caractériser les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent ces premiers événements de signalisation ionique chez la légumineuse modèle Medicago truncatula. En utilisant la technique du patch-clamp sur des protoplastes obtenus par digestion enzymatique ou ablation laser assistée de la paroi cellulaire de poils en croissance, j'ai contribué à caractériser plusieurs conductances ioniques de la MP de ces cellules. Je me suis particulièrement concentrée sur une conductance cationique activée par l'hyperpolarisation membranaire (HACC), particulièrement perméable à Ca2+. Cette conductance est rapidement activée (en moins d'une minute) par l'addition de NF à une concentration physiologique et son activation est dépendante de la présence de récepteurs NFP ("Nod Factor Perception") fonctionnels. Ces résultats suggèrent que c'est cette conductance qui conduit l'influx précoce de Ca2+ déclenché par la perception des NF. Je me suis aussi intéressée à des systèmes de transport cationiques membranaires exprimés dans les poils absorbants de M. truncatula, appartenant aux familles HKT et GLR (Glutamate receptor-like), en tant qu'acteurs potentiels des premiers événements ioniques de signalisation. L'analyse par génétique inverse du rôle de 3 GLR fortement exprimés suggère que ces gènes ne jouent pas un rôle majeur dans la mise en place de la conductance HACC et ne sont pas indispensables à la nodulation. D'autre part, les transporteurs HKT, qui se sont révélés sélectifs de Na+, sont exprimés dans les nodosités, suggérant un rôle dans la symbioseSymbiosis between legumes and rhizobia is of major importance in terrestrial ecosystems due to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The molecular dialogue between the two partners, which ultimately leads to development of nodules hosting the N2 fixing bacteria, can be initiated by the binding of Nod factors (NF) secreted by the rhizobial partner on NF receptors at the legume root hair plasma membrane (PM). This triggers a Ca2+ influx through the PM, followed by a cascade of ionic signaling events, involving changes in H+, K+, and Cl- fluxes at the PM. My objective was to characterize molecular mechanisms underlying these early ionic signaling events in the legume model Medicago truncatula. By using the patch-clamp technique on protoplasts obtained either by cell wall enzymatic digestion or laser-assisted ablation from growing root hairs, I have contributed to characterize several ion conductances from this cell type. I especially focused on a cationic conductance activated by membrane hyperpolarization (HACC), uniquely found to be most permeable to Ca2+. This conductance was quickly activated (within less than 1 minute) following NF addition at physiological concentration. Its activation was dependent on the presence of functional NFP (“Nod Factor Perception”) receptors, which suggested that this conductance mediates the early Ca2+ influx triggered by NF perception. In addition, cationic transport systems expressed in M. truncatula root hairs and belonging to the HKT and Glutamate receptor-like (GLR) families were investigated as potential contributors to the early ionic signaling events. Loss-of-function mutant analysis for 3 highly expressed GLRs suggested that these genes did not play major roles in the expression/activity of the HACC conductance, and were not indispensable for nodulation. On the other hand, the HKT transporters, which were found to be Na+-selective, were expressed in nodules, which suggested a role in symbiosis
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Mueller, Margarete. "Arabidopsis root hair development in adaptation to iron and phosphate supply". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15672.
Abstract (sommario):
Pflanzenwurzeln reagieren auf Phosphat- oder Eisenmangel mit einer vermehrten Wurzelhaarbildung, was eine Vergrößerung der absorptiven Oberfläche bewirkt. Die erhöhte Anzahl an Wurzelhaaren wird dabei auf verschiedene Weise gebildet. Phosphat-defiziente Arabidopsis-Pflanzen erhöhen die Anzahl an Wurzelhaarzellen, während sich unter Eisenmangel verzweigte Wurzelhaare entwickeln. Die Fe- und P-Homöostase wird durch systemische und lokale Signalwege reguliert. Der Einfluss dieser Signale auf die Fe- bzw. Psensitive Wurzelhaarentwicklung wurde mithilfe von split-root-Experimenten untersucht, die mit einem systemischen Mangel- oder Suffizienzsignal kombiniert wurden. Die Verzweigung der Wurzelhaare Fe-defizienter Pflanzen wurde durch ein dominantes Suffizienzsignal reprimiert, unabhängig von seiner lokalen oder systemischen Herkunft. Die Erhöhung der Wurzelhaarzahl bei P-Mangelpflanzen wurde durch ein dominantes Defizienzsignal induziert. Um herauszufinden, welches Entwicklungsstadium von dem jeweiligen Nährstoff beeinflusst wird, wurden Mutanten mit Defekten in frühen und späten Wurzelhaarentwicklungsstadien untersucht. Mutanten mit beeiträchtigter Wurzelhaar-Spezifikation wichen in ihrer Wurzelhaarzahl und –lokalisation vom Wildtyp ab, zeigten aber eine Fe- oder P-sensitive Veränderung. Die Gene aus frühen Entwicklungsstadien sind demnach essentiell für die Reaktion, sind aber nicht das direkte Ziel der Mangelsignale. Frühe Zelleigenschaften in der meristematischen Region waren durch die Eisen- oder Phosphatverfügbarkeit nicht verändert, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Wurzelhaarbildung erst in einem späteren Entwicklungsstadium durch die Nährstoffe beeinflusst wird. Mutanten mit Defekten in späteren Entwicklungsstadien zeigten kurze oder verformte Wurzelhaare unabhängig von der Nährstoffversorgung. Das Fe- oder P-Signal mündet also vor der Wirkung dieser Komponenten in die Wurzelhaarbildung ein. Das heisst, nachdem die korrekte Wurzelhaar-Position und -Anzahl in Anpassung an das Fe- oder P-Angebot festgelegt wurde, werden die Wurzelhaare unter allen Wachstumsbedingungen von einer gemeinsamen Maschinerie elongiert. Zur Identifikation potentiell neuer Gene, die die Wurzelhaarbildung in Anpassung an P-Mangel regulieren, wurden sechs Mutanten isoliert, die keine Wurzelhaare bei P-Mangel bilden, aber nach dem Transfer auf P-suffizientes Medium nicht beeinträchtigt waren. Eine dieser Mutanten, per2, wurde phänotypisch und genetisch charakterisiert. Neben der veränderten Wurzelhaarbildung zeigte per2 auch eine konstitutiv erhöhte Lateralwurzelbildung und eine erhöhte Anthozyan-Akkumulation bei P-Mangel. Laut epistatischen Analysen gehört die per2 Mutante zu einem Signalweg, der unabhängig von frühen Zellspezifikationsgenen wirkt. Der per2-Locus wurde innerhalb eines 87,5 kpb großen Abschnittes auf dem oberen Arm von Chromosom 3 kartiert. Mutanten die einen per2-ähnlichen Phänotyp zeigen, wurden bisher nicht beschrieben. Daher handelt es sich bei PER2 möglicherweise um ein neues Gen, das die Wurzelhaarbildung bei Phosphatmangel reguliert und weitere P-Mangelreaktionen beeinflusst.Limitation of immobile nutrients, such as iron (Fe) and phosphate (P), induces the development of additional root hairs that lead to an increase of the absorptive surface of the root. The increased root hair frequency of Fe- and P-deficient Arabidopsis was realized by different strategies. Phosphate-deficient plants increased the number of root hairs while in Festarved plants root hairs were branched. The Fe and P starvation responses in plants are thought to be regulated by a systemic signaling mechanism that communicates the nutrient status of the shoot to the root and by a local signaling mechanism that perceives the Fe or P availability in the soil. The influence of local and systemic signals on the respective root hair phenotype was investigated in split-root experiments. This treatment was combined with either a nutrient-sufficient or -deficient shoot. The root hair branching typical of Fe-deficient plants only occured in the presence of both a local and a systemic Fe-deficiency signal. As a consequence, an Fe sufficiency signal acted dominantly to any deficiency signal, independent of its origin. The increased number of root hairs in P-deficient plants, conversely, was activated through either a local or a systemic P deficiency signal. Thus, the P deficiency signal acted dominantly to any sufficiency signal. To determine, which stage of root hair development was influenced by iron and phosphate, mutants with defects in different stages of root hair development were investigated for their root hair phenotype. Mutants affected in the early stages of root hair development, such as specification, displayed marked changes in the number and localization of root hairs. However, the nutritional signal was perceived and translated in this group of mutants. This indicates that the specification genes are involved in the nutrient-sensitive root hair formation, but may not be the direct targets. Early cell characteristics of root hairs in the late meristematic region of the root, like the expression of marker genes, were unaltered in plants adapted to Fe or P deficiency. This suggested the nutritional signal modulates root hair development after these characteristics have been established. Mutants with defects in the later stages of root hair development, such as root hair elongation, showed short or deformed root hairs in the proper position and frequency and were, thus, impaired independent of the Fe or P supply. Thus, the nutritional signal may enter the root hair developmental pathway around the stage of root hair initiation and bulge formation. Finally, six mutants were screened that did not form root hairs under P deficiency but developed normal, when the plants were transferred to P-sufficient medium. One of these mutants, per2 (phosphate deficiency root hair defective2), was characterized phenotypically and genetically. In addition to the impaired root hair growth, the per2 mutant displayed a constitutively high lateral root number and accumulated an increased amount of anthocyanins under P starvation. Epistatic analysis revealed that per2 action is independent of early cell specification genes. The per2 mutation was mapped to a 87.6 kbp region on the upper arm of chromosome 3 containing 19 genes. The per2 phenotype has not been described before. Thus, PER2 is a potential new gene involved in root hair development under phosphate deficiency.
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Ghosh, Jha Suryatapa. "Characterization Of A Novel Vps26c-Retromer Complex And Its Interaction With An Endosomal Trafficking Pathway Regulated By The Snare Vti13 In Controlling Polarized Growth And Cell Wall Organization In Arabidopsis Thaliana". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/948.
Abstract (sommario):
The endosomal trafficking system is a network of highly coordinated cellular pathways that control the growth and function of cells. The coordination of secretion and endocytosis in cells is one of the primary drivers of polarized growth, where new plasma membrane and cell wall components are deposited at the growing apex. In plants, one of the cell types exhibiting polarized growth are the root hairs. Root hairs are regulated extensions of epidermal cells called trichoblasts and are essential for anchorage, absorption of water and nutrients, and plant-microbe interactions. In this thesis, I characterize a previously undescribed protein involved in retromer function and endosomal trafficking pathways that regulate tip growth in root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana.
The large retromer complex functions in recycling receptors in endosomal trafficking pathways essential for diverse developmental programs including cell polarity, programmed cell death, and shoot gravitropism in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. I have characterized VPS26C, a novel member of the large retromer complex, that is essential in maintaining root hair growth in Arabidopsis. We used Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) analysis to demonstrate thatVPS26C interacts with previously characterized core retromer subunits VPS35A and VPS29. Genetic analysis also indicates that vps26c suppresses the root hair growth and cell wall organization phenotypes of a null mutant of the SNARE VTI13 that localizes to early endosomes and the vacuole membrane, indicating a crosstalk between the VPS26C-retromer and VTI13-dependent vesicular trafficking pathways. Phylogenetic analysis was used to show that VPS26C genes are present in most angiosperms but appear to be absent in monocot genomes. Moreover, using a genetic complementation assay, we have demonstrated that VPS26C shares deep conservation of biochemical function with its human ortholog (DSCR3/VPS26C).
We also used an affinity purification-based proteomic analysis to identify proteins associated with VTI13 in young seedlings. Preliminary results suggest that a number of proteins linked to cell plate organization in plants are associated with the VTI13 proteome, emphasizing the potential role of this pathway in new cell wall biosynthesis/organization. Additionally, we have identified endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-body proteins, involved in plant defense response pathways, suggesting that either the VTI13 endosomal trafficking pathway is functioning in plant defense responses, or the ER-body proteins have additional independent function(s) in Arabidopsis roots that depend on VTI13.
In summary, I have described a novel retromer complex essential for polarized growth in Arabidopsis. VPS26C is an ancient gene and shares sequence and functional homology between human and Arabidopsis. vps26c is a genetic suppressor of the vti13- dependent root hair growth and cell wall organization pathways. Proteomic analysis of VTI13 endosomes in young seedlings suggests that a number of proteins associated with cell plate formation are associated with VTI13 compartments, supporting the genetic analysis described here and serves as a starting point to further describe the role of this pathway in controlling polarized growth in plants.
9
Zhang, Yuan. "Functional Characterization of Beta-Glucuronosyltransferases (GLCATs) and Hydroxyproline-Galactosyltransferases (GALTs) Involved in Arabinogalactan-Protein (AGP) Glycosylation Using CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Technology In Arabidopsis". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1588687871450172.
10
Sardinha, Elissena Chinaglia Zabotto. "Respostas de pêlos radiculares de tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Micro-Tom) submetidos a estresse por pH baixo e hipo-osmolaridade". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64133/tde-06072011-110227/.
Abstract (sommario):
A acidez do solo é um dos principais fatores limitantes à produção vegetal. A toxicidade por alumínio, que ocorre apenas a pH baixo, tem sido extensamente investigada, enquanto o estresse causado pelo pH baixo tem recebido pouca atenção. Os estudos nesta área quase sempre presumem efeitos aditivos, e portanto independentes, da toxicidade por Al3+ e H+. Este provavelmente não é o caso, sendo que o pH baixo pode ser um fator de predisposição das células ao Al3+. As evidências indicam que o pH baixo causa desarranjos na parede de células em crescimento, gerando estresse que pode comprometer a sua funcionalidade e integridade. É provável que a susceptibilidade a este estresse deve ser dependente da pressão de turgor. Por sua vez, o metabolismo oxidativo e a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) na parede celular podem modular a sua extensibilidade por romper ou criar ligações dentro ou entre cadeias de polissacarídeo. Há grande interesse em se conhecer se, à semelhança do que ocorre em leveduras, as células vegetais possuem um sistema de percepção e resposta a estresse da parede. Os pêlos radiculares em crescimento são sensíveis a pH baixo e estresse hipo-osmótico e constituem um bom modelo experimental para estes estudos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) Otimizar um sistema experimental para o estudo de pêlos radiculares de tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Micro-Tom); b) Avaliar as respostas dos pêlos radiculares ao estresse por pH baixo e hipo-osmolaridade; c) Examinar o papel da modulação oxidativa da parede celular nestas respostas; e d) Avaliar a resposta de diferentes mutantes hormonais de Micro-Tom a estes fatores de estresse. Os principais parâmetros avaliados foram a taxa de alongamento (µm.min-1) e a freqüência de rompimento dos pêlos. Tanto o estresse por pH baixo quanto choques hipo-osmóticos resultaram em taxas de alongamento significativamente diminuídos e o rompimento de pêlos radiculares, mas os efeitos dos tratamentos hipo-osmóticos foram mais marcantes. Uma curva de resposta frente à osmolaridade da solução externa revelou que a taxa de alongamento aumentou com a diminuição da osmolaridade até alcançar um limiar em que houve redução drástica da taxa de alongamento e começou-se a observar o rompimento de pêlos. Também se observou uma interação entre hipo-osmolaridade e pH baixo. O emprego do inibidor difenileno iodônio não forneceu evidências do envolvimento de NADPH oxidases da membrana plasmática na resposta de pêlos radiculares a choque hipo-osmótico ou pH baixo. Já no caso do inibidor ácido salicilhidroxâmico, encontrou-se evidências do envolvimento de peroxidases da parede. Nos mutantes hormonais dgt (pouco sensível a auxina) e epi (super produtor de etileno), mas não em not (deficiente em ácido abscísico), os pêlos radiculares apresentaram uma melhor resposta de ajustamento a choque hipo-osmótico do que Micro-Tom, reduzindo o alongamento e o rompimento dos pêlos. Este trabalho fornece fortes evidências de que os pêlos radiculares possuem um mecanismo de percepção e resposta a estresse da parede visando à manutenção de sua integridade e que apresentam bom potencial como sistema modelo nesta linha de pesquisaSoil acidity is a major factor limiting plant growth worldwide. Aluminum toxicity, which occurs only at low pH, has been extensively studied, whereas low pH stress has received much less attention. Studies on Al3+ and H+ toxicity make the underlying assumption that the effects of these stress factors are additive, and, therefore independent of each other. However, this is most likely not the case and low pH may be a factor which increases susceptibility to further injury by Al3+. There is evidence that low pH causes disruption in cell wall structure of growing cells, which might jeopardize cell wall functionality and integrity. It is likely that turgor pressure plays an important role in cell wall stress caused by low pH. The apoplastic metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can modulate cell wall extensibility by making or breaking bonds within and between cell wall polysaccharides. A major question is whether, similarly to yeast, plant cells have a cell wall integrity signaling and response system. Growing root hairs are sensitive to low pH and hypo-osmotic stress and are potentially good experimental systems for such investigations. The objectives of this study were: a) Optimize an experimental system to examine tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Micro-Tom) root hairs; b) Examine the response of root hairs to low pH and hypo-osmotic stress; c) Examine the role of oxidative modulation of the cell wall in these responses; and d) Evaluate the response of different hormonal mutants of Micro-Tom to these stress factors. Root hair elongation rates (µm.min-1) and the frequency of cell bursting were the major experimental parameters which were evaluated. Both low pH and, more markedly, hypo-osmotic stress caused significant reductions in elongation rates and the bursting of root hair tips. In a response curve to varying osmolarities of the external medium, root hair elongation rates increased with decreasing osmolarities until a threshold was reached and elongation rates decreased drastically and the bursting of root hairs began to be observed. Interactions between low pH and hypo-osmolarity were observed. The use of the inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) did not provide evidence for the involvement of plasma membrane NADPH in the response of root hairs to low pH and hypo-osmotic shock. However, a role for cell wall peroxidases was provided by use of the inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). Root hairs of the hormonal mutants dgt (low sensitivity to auxin) and epi (ethylene super producer), but not not (deficient in abscisic acid), displayed a more effective response to hypo-osmotic shock than Micro-Tom, by decreasing elongation rates and cell bursting to a greater degree. This study provides strong evidence to suggest that root hairs have a cell wall integrity response system and that root hairs are potentially good cell model systems for such research
Libri sul tema "Phenotypage of root hairs":
1
Emons, Anne Mie C., e Tijs Ketelaar, a cura di. Root Hairs. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79405-9.
2
Ridge, Robert William, e Anne Mie C. Emons, a cura di. Root Hairs. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4.
3
Emons, Anne Mie C., e Tijs Ketelaar. Root hairs. Berlin: Springer, 2009.
4
Penn State Symposium in Plant Physiology (11th 1997 State College, Pa.). Radical biology: Advances and perspectives on the function of plant roots. Rockville, Md: American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1998.
5
M, Doran Pauline, a cura di. Hairy roots: Culture and application. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic, 1997.
6
Ketelaar, Tijs, e Anne Mie C. Emons. Root Hairs. Springer, 2013.
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Ridge, R. W., e A. M. C. Emons. Root Hairs: Cell and Molecular Biology. Springer, 2012.
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(Editor), R. W. Ridge, e A.M.C. Emons (Editor), a cura di. Root Hairs: Cell and Molecular Biology. Springer, 2000.
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Ridge, R. W., e A. M. C. Emons. Root Hairs: Cell and Molecular Biology. Springer London, Limited, 2012.
10
Ridge, R. W., e A. M. C. Emons. Root Hairs: Cell and Molecular Biology. Springer London, Limited, 2012.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Phenotypage of root hairs":
1
Galway, Moira E. "Root Hair Ultrastructure and Tip Growth". In Root Hairs, 1–15. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_1.
2
Felle, Hubert H., e Almut Herrmann. "pH Regulation in and by Root Hairs". In Root Hairs, 165–78. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_10.
3
Peterson, R. Larry, e Kevin J. Stevens. "Evidence for the Uptake of Non-Essential Ions and Essential Nutrient Ions by Root Hairs and Their Effect on Root Hair Development". In Root Hairs, 179–95. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_11.
4
Schiefelbein, John. "Specification of Root Hair Cells". In Root Hairs, 197–209. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_12.
5
Cavell, Alison, e Claire S. Grierson. "Genetics of Root Hair Development". In Root Hairs, 211–21. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_13.
6
Timmers, Antonius C. J. "Infection of Root Hairs by Rhizobia: Infection Thread Development with Emphasis on the Microtubular Cytoskeleton". In Root Hairs, 223–39. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_14.
7
Irving, Helen R., Nawal M. Boukli, Marilyn N. Kelly e William J. Broughton. "Nod-Factors in Symbiotic Development of Root Hairs". In Root Hairs, 241–65. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_15.
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Jahraus, Andrea, e Ton Bisseling. "Rhizobium-Induced Plant Gene Expression in Root Hairs". In Root Hairs, 267–83. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_16.
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Guinel, Frédérique C., e Ann M. Hirsch. "The Involvement of Root Hairs in Mycorrhizal Associations". In Root Hairs, 285–310. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_17.
10
Bhuvaneswari, T. V., e Bjørn Solheim. "Root Hair-Frankia Interactions in Actinorhizal Symbioses". In Root Hairs, 311–27. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_18.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Phenotypage of root hairs":
1
Chin, Sabrina. "SPIRRIG-dependent regulation of F-actin via BRICK1 in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs". In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1332308.
2
Stacey, Minviluz. "Utility of CRISPR/Cas in accelerating gene discovery in soybean". In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/rzne1660.
Abstract (sommario):
The use of CRISPR/Cas9 has been successfully applied in various plant species to induce targeted genome editing, including soybean. Soybean is recalcitrant to transformation and thus, plants with stable CRISPR gene edits are costly and take a long time to produce. Moreover, soybean is allotetraploid and editing paralogous genes are often necessary to obtain observable phenotype(s). For each gene target, we designed two gRNAs to increase editing efficiency and allow rapid genotyping by PCR. We also tested the CRISPR reagents in transient hairy root transformation to determine if the Cas9 and gRNAs would perform properly in transgenic soybean plants. Our results showed that we can indeed obtain highly efficient, cost-effective CRISPR/Cas editing in soybean to generate novel genotypes for gene discovery and downstream field propagation and breeding efforts. Examples of CRISPR-edited genes and their associated seed traits will be discussed.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Phenotypage of root hairs":
1
Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch e Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.
Abstract (sommario):
Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.
2
Katan, Jaacov, e Michael E. Stanghellini. Clinical (Major) and Subclinical (Minor) Root-Infecting Pathogens in Plant Growth Substrates, and Integrated Strategies for their Control. United States Department of Agriculture, ottobre 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568089.bard.
Abstract (sommario):
In intensive agriculture, harmful soilborne biotic agents, cause severe damage. These include both typical soilborne (clinical) major pathogens which destroy plants (e.g. Fusarium and Phytophthora pathogens), and subclinical ("minor") pathogens (e.g. Olpidium and Pythium). The latter cause growth retardation and yield decline. The objectives of this study were: (1) To study the behavior of clinical (major) and subclinical (minor) pathogens in plant growth substrate, with emphasis on zoosporic fungi, such as Pythium, Olipidium and Polymyxa. (2) To study the interaction between subclinical pathogens and plants, and those aspects of Pythium biology which are relevant to these systems. (3) To adopt a holistic-integrated approach for control that includes both eradicative and protective measures, based on a knowledge of the pathogens' biology. Zoospores were demonstrated as the primary, if not the sole propagule, responsible for pathogen spread in a recirculating hydroponic cultural system, as verified with P. aphanidermatum and Phytophthora capsici. P. aphanidermatum, in contrast to Phytophthora capsici, can also spread by hyphae from plant-to-plant. Synthetic surfactants, when added to the recirculating nutrient solutions provided 100% control of root rot of peppers by these fungi without any detrimental effects on plant growth or yield. A bacterium which produced a biosurfactant was proved as efficacious as synthetic surfactants in the control of zoosporic plant pathogens in the recirculating hydroponic cultural system. The biosurfactant was identified as a rhamnolipid. Olpidium and Polymyxa are widespread and were determined as subclinical pathogens since they cause growth retardation but no plant mortality. Pythium can induce both phenomena and is an occasional subclinical pathogen. Physiological and ultrastructural studies of the interaction between Olpidium and melon plants showed that this pathogen is not destructive but affects root hairs, respiration and plant nutrition. The infected roots constitute an amplified sink competing with the shoots and eventually leading to growth retardation. Space solarization, by solar heating of the greenhouse, is effective in the sanitation of the greenhouse from residual inoculum and should be used as a component in disease management, along with other strategies.