Articoli di riviste: "Petrochemical wastewater treatment"

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Xiang, Wen Jun. "The Research on the Current Situation and Advances of Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment". Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (luglio 2012): 2416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2416.

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At present, it is so prominent in the development of the petrochemical industry in China，and it is accompanied by petrochemical wastewater, which has become a big problem need to solve urgently.Because petrochemical wastewater mainly contains benzene-compound, organic matter, high salt wastewater and oil sewage, etc. They are very damaging and highly contaminated. The composition and properties of the petrochemical wastewater were introduced firstly, the current situation of petrochemical wastewater treatment at home and abroad were reviewed in the study. Especially the development of petrochemical industry in sichuan was introduced. Based on the present situation and the existing problems, put forward some countermeasures and expect technique develop direction in the future.

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Jahanshahi, Sasan, Leila Badiefar, Mahvash Khodabandeh, Mohammad Ali Heidarnia e Bagher Yakhchali. "Bioremediation of a salty petrochemical wastewater containing bisphenol A by a novel indigenous Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes". RSC Advances 13, n. 1 (2023): 388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06206b.

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The efficient biodegradation of bisphenol A (BPA) and phenol in salty petrochemical wastewater using a novel indigenous halotolerant, Pseudomonas sp. The bacterium has potential to be used for petrochemical and similar wastewaters treatment.

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FROLOV, A. E., e O. N. KOTKOVA. "EFFECT OF TREATMENT PLANTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY". Urban construction and architecture 3, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2013): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.04.12.

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Water treatment and returning the treated water into the production is very important for refining and petrochemical industries. The technical condition of wastewater and water treatment with characteristic lesions of structural elements significantly aﬀect the ecology of the environment and the plant area with flooding possible contamination of groundwater. These issues are discussed based on a survey of individual objects petrochemicals.

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XIE, B., S. LIANG, Y. TANG, W. MI e Y. XU. "Petrochemical wastewater odor treatment by biofiltration". Bioresource Technology 100, n. 7 (aprile 2009): 2204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.10.035.

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Lahiere, Richard J., e Kenneth P. Goodboy. "Ceramic membrane treatment of petrochemical wastewater". Environmental Progress 12, n. 2 (maggio 1993): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670120204.

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Gao, Ai Hua, Shui Jiao Yang, Shang Bin Hu, Xiao Qing He e Zhi Guo Lu. "Discharge Plasma for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater". Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (luglio 2011): 3075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3075.

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The treatment of industrial wastewaters collected from petrochemical works, gypsum plant, and printing and dyeing mill, was investigated at atmospheric pressure in air discharge plasma. The degradation effects of organic contaminants in water were compared for the printing and dyeing wastewater under different discharging conditions and for the wastewater from the other two plants under the same discharging conditions. The influences of several factors on chemical oxygen demand (COD) remove rate were studied experimentally. The results showed that the treatment effects for the same industrial wastewater differed significant under different discharge conditions. There may be a suitable discharge plasma treatment to specific industrial wastewater. Due to the removal rates of COD of industrial wastewaters with discharge plasma isn’t very high, therefore the discharge plasma water treating needs to combine conventional water treating methods or addition other catalyst to effectively remove organic pollutants in wastewater and obtain the expected treatment effect.

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Goettems, Ellen M. P., Zeno Simon, Mario L. Baldasso e Edson S. Ferreira. "SITEL: A Successful Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment System". Water Science and Technology 20, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1988): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0133.

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SITEL, Integrated Wastewater Treatment System of South Petrochemical Complex, has been processing liquid wastes from this industrial area since November 1982. The Complex consists of an olefins plant and some second-generation plants that produce mainly thermoplastic resins. In this paper a comprehensive appraisal is presented of the operation of SITEL during the years 1985-1986. Data on the raw effluents produced by the individual contributors are presented, together with information on removal efficiencies of all parameters monitored throughout the different units and phases of treatment. A comparison between design characteristics and actual operational data of the system is also provided. Attention is drawn to results of bioassays and other peculiar methods of ecological and biological monitoring adopted at SITEL. This special monitoring routine shows that the tertiary treatment phase (consisting of eight waste stabilization ponds) accomplishes reduction of sublethal effects from the effluent that are not detected by conventional physico-chemical analyses. Data on priority pollutants are also presented, showing a reduction of the contents of most of these contaminants by the secondary (activated sludge) phase of treatment. Since the final effluent is applied on land, data on quality of underground water are also presented together with data on the quality of the nearest river. These are not appreciably altered by the final effluent from SITEL, except for certain parameters associated with dissolved ions that are mobile in soil, i.e., Na, Cl−, SO4−− and TDS. Comments on interesting cases of negative removal efficiencies are presented. Most of them can be ascribed to unique characteristics of the treatment system. Comparisons between operating costs of SITEL and data provided by other authors are also made. It is concluded that these costs are not high and can be reduced if more industries are installed in the South Petrochemical Complex and connected to SITEL. As a whole, the plant has been operating successfully with a high benefit/cost relationship.

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Abualhail. "Demonstration Case of Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment Plant". American Journal of Environmental Sciences 6, n. 3 (1 marzo 2010): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2010.295.298.

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Cheng, Siyu, Xiaomeng Ran, Gengbo Ren, Zizhang Wei, Zhimin Wang, Tiantong Rao, Ruixuan Li e Xiaodong Ma. "Comparison of Fenton and Ozone Oxidation for Pretreatment of Petrochemical Wastewater: COD Removal and Biodegradability Improvement Mechanism". Separations 9, n. 7 (18 luglio 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9070179.

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Cost-effective pretreatment of highly concentrated and bio-refractory petrochemical wastewater to improve biodegradability is of significant importance, but remains challenging. This study compared the pretreatment of petrochemical wastewater by two commonly used chemical advanced oxidation technologies (Fenton and ozone oxidation), and the mechanisms of biodegradability improvement of pretreated wastewater were explored. The obtained results showed that in the Fenton oxidation system, the COD removal of petrochemical wastewater was 89.8%, BOD5 decreased from 303.66 mg/L to 155.49 mg/L, and BOD5/COD (B/C) increased from 0.052 to 0.62 after 60 min under the condition of 120 mg/L Fe2+ and 500 mg/L H2O2, with a treatment cost of about 1.78 $/kgCOD. In the ozone oxidation system, the COD removal of petrochemical wastewater was 59.4%, BOD5 increased from 127.86 mg/L to 409.28 mg/L, and B/C increased from 0.052 to 0.41 after 60 min at an ozone flow rate of 80 mL/min with a treatment cost of approximately 1.96 $/kgCOD. The petrochemical wastewater treated by both processes meets biodegradable standards. The GC–MS analysis suggested that some refractory pollutants could be effectively removed by ozone oxidation, but these pollutants could be effectively degraded by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) produced by the Fenton reaction. In summary, compared with ozone oxidation, petrochemical wastewater pretreated with Fenton oxidation had high COD removal efficiency and biodegradability, and the treatment cost of Fenton oxidation was also lower than that of ozone oxidation.

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An, Dingnian, Junzhen Zhang e Yi Yuan. "Using bundle filters to process petrochemical secondary effluent for industrial reuse". Water Science and Technology 34, n. 10 (1 novembre 1996): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0248.

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The objective of this project is to study the advanced treatment technique for the secondary effluent from petrochemical wastewater treatment plants in order to meet requirements for the reuse of industrial wastewater. Based on the characteristics of the secondary effluent of petrochemical wastewater, a direct filtration process with highly effective filter is selected and designed. The test results indicate that the process can achieve good results in turbidity and COD removal. It can meet the need for the industrial reuse of the secondary effluent of petrochemical wastewater as the turbidity value of effluent is less than 3 and COD of effluent is less than 40 mg/l. A great economic efficiency is obtained. The filtration system costs low because of the longer operating cycle (14-24h). It is a creative achievement in the reuse of petrochemical wastewater, and is the pioneering study in China.

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Okawa, Y., S. Shinozuka, R. Ota e S. Matsui. "Experience of 16 Years' Operation and Maintenance of the Fukashiba Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant of the Kashima Petrochemical Complex – I. Operation and Maintenance". Water Science and Technology 20, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1988): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0137.

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The Kashima petrochemical complex and the Fukashiba industrial wastewater treatment plant are described. The complex consists of 19 core factories (petroleum, petrochemicals, and thermal power generation) and 39 other factories (including organic chemicals, foods, metals, machinery, etc.). The total amount of industrial wastewater produced is 59,800 m3/day. The treatment plant also accepts municipal wastewater from the surrounding area, totalling 1,100 m3/d. A system for charging for the industrial wastewater has been introduced. The water quality standards for the industrial wastewater discharged to the sewerage system and the effluent of the treatment plant are described. The main treatment process is activated sludge with operational conditions of high dissolved oxygen and long solids retention time (SRT). These operational conditions solved the problems of high ammonia and refractory substances in the influent. Complete nitrification occurred under the low alkalinity conditions and the effluent COD was low due to the long SRT. Successful operation and maintenance were achieved by good co-operation between the factories and the treatment plant.

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Zaffaroni, C., G. Daigger, P. Nicol e T. W. Lee. "Wastewater treatment challenges faced by the petrochemical and refinery industry, and opportunities for water reuse". Water Practice and Technology 11, n. 1 (1 marzo 2016): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.012.

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Industrial wastewater differs from municipal wastewater. The limits for treated effluent discharge and targets for re-use are typically the same, and derived from the best available technology for municipal wastewater treatment. The main treatment unitary processes are also the same; although proper adaptation to specific, different, industrial wastewater streams is needed. This paper provides some examples of the challenges presented by specific wastewater sources (high total dissolved solids, high temperature, spent caustic, etc.), lack of previous similar experience – e.g., using membrane bioreactors for refinery wastewaters, and/or absorption chillers, and plate and frame heat exchangers) or to legislation protecting sensitive environments (limits on total nitrogen or soluble metals). The methods by which these were faced and overcome to achieve treatment and/or re-use standards are described. General water cycle optimization issues around industrial facilities with appropriate use of existing wastewater treatment units are also discussed, as well as selecting between treated municipal and industrial effluents as sources for water re-use.

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Juang, Lain-Chuen, Dyi-Hwa Tseng e Shyh-Chaur Yang. "Treatment of petrochemical wastewater by UV/H2O2 photodecomposed system". Water Science and Technology 36, n. 12 (1 dicembre 1997): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0465.

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The potential advantages of the UV/H2O2 process treating petrochemical wastewater as the tertiary treatment or the direct pre-treatment were demonstrated. While the high alkalinity of wastewater was not reduced, the UV/H2O2 process as the tertiary treatment could not obtain removal efficiency of wastewater. If the system pH adjusts to 3, this process will polish the effluent of the current biological process to meet the National Effluent Standards of 1998. The results of the direct pre-treatment with the UV/H2O2 process revealed that the recalcitrant compounds presented in raw wastewater would be destroyed to small molecules and might reduce some degree of activity inhibition to bioculture. In the detoxified investigation of spiking aromatic compounds, this process could obtain a good removal efficiency, including a lot of COD removal and the complete detoxification.

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Ahmed, Mohd Elmuntasir, Andrzej Mydlarczyk e Adel Al-Haddad. "EFFICIENCY LIMITING FACTORS OF PETROCHEMICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING HYBRID BIOLOGICAL REACTOR". Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 30, n. 3 (7 ottobre 2022): 380–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2022.17633.

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The wastewater characteristics and some operational control parameters limit the efficiency of attached growth processes for petrochemical wastewater treatment. This study aims to determine the efficiency of a hybrid biological reactor treating actual petrochemical wastewater and to identify the efficiency determining factors. An up-flow biological reactor filled with bio-career was operated at two flow rates, two dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, and under anaerobic conditions. Due to the varying characteristics of actual petrochemical wastewater, efficiency limitations were manifested in many ways. However, the highest chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal efficiencies were 77.2% and 78.5%, respectively, and were achieved under aerobic operation at organic loading rates (OLRs) of 0.2 kg-COD/m3/d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 26.67 h (DO 4.0 mg/l). Anaerobically, the highest efficiency was 41.7 for both at 0.18 kg-COD/m3/d and 400 ml/min. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal stability was attributed to the presence of toxic chemicals and removal mechanisms other than biodegradation, as it tapered off at high loading. The nutrient removal efficiency was marginal, conceivably due to the high organics to nutrient ratio and toxic conditions of the wastewater promoting nutrient removal inside the biofilm.

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Lakatos, Gyula, Magdolna K. Kiss, Marianna Kiss e Péter Juhász. "Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Hungary". Water Science and Technology 35, n. 5 (1 marzo 1997): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0230.

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This paper presents a brief survey of the Hungarian constructed wetland types that have been established for wastewater treatment in the last thirty years, and gives an analysis of the design and performance of those reed ponds that have been constructed for the polishing of petrochemical wastewaters. Natural treatment processes are in great demand because they are protective of the environment and have low operation costs and satisfactory purification efficiency. Three major types of treatment wetlands are utilized in Hungary: free water surface system, subsurface flow system, and artificial floating meadow system. Since the 1970s, the petrochemical industry has utilized sewage treatment systems consisting of ponds of emergent and/or submerged macrophyte vegetation that operate as free water surface systems. In the wastewater treatment system of Nyirbogdány, the average COD removal efficiency is around 60%, while the reed-submerged weeds pond has an efficiency of 25%. In the reed pond of the TIFO post-treatment pond system, the total phosphorus removal averaged 40% for several years, while the nitrogen removal efficiency has not exceeded 35%. For both constructed wetlands, the nutrient stabilising and heavy metal accumulating role of the aquatic plant-periphyton complex has been quantified, and the biological water quality has been found to be typical of any other natural water bodies.

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Ariff, Idzham Fauzi Mohd, e Mardhiyah Bakir. "Dynamic Simulation of Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment Using Wastewater Plant Simulation Software". MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820303005.

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A dynamic simulation model was developed, calibrated and validated for a petrochemical plant in Terengganu, Malaysia. Calibration and validation of the model was conducted based on plant monitoring data spanning 3 years resulting in a model accuracy (RMSD) for effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) and total suspended solids (TSS) of ±11.7 mg/L, ±0.52 mg/L and ± 3.27 mg/L respectively. The simulation model has since been used for troubleshooting during plant upsets, planning of plant turnarounds and developing upgrade options. A case study is presented where the simulation model was used to assist in troubleshooting and rectification of a plant upset where ingress of a surfactant compound resulted in high effluent TSS and COD. The model was successfully used in the incident troubleshooting activities and provided critical insights that assisted the plant operators to quickly respond and bring back the system to normal, stable condition.

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Koshak, Natal′ia, Sergei Novikov e Ol′ga Ruchkinova. "Improvement scheme of wastewater treatment of petrochemical production". PNRPU Construction and Architecture Bulletin 7, n. 4 (2016): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9826/2016.4.05.

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Jafarzadeh, M. T., N. Mehrdadi, A. A. Azimi e S. J. Hashemian. "Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment Using an Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor". Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9, n. 6 (1 marzo 2006): 1037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2006.1037.1042.

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Kubsad, V., S. K. Gupta e S. Chaudhari. "Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater by Rotating Biological Contactor". Environmental Technology 26, n. 12 (dicembre 2005): 1317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332608618614.

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He, Qianfeng, Shihui Si, Leshan Song, Haiyan Yan, Yongge Yao, Di Zhao e Qunhuan Cai. "Refractory petrochemical wastewater treatment by K2S2O8 assisted photocatalysis". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 26, n. 4 (maggio 2019): 849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.07.009.

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Santos, Paula G., Cíntia M. Scherer, Adriano G. Fisch e Marco Antônio S. Rodrigues. "Petrochemical wastewater treatment: Water recovery using membrane distillation". Journal of Cleaner Production 267 (settembre 2020): 121985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121985.

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Ochiai, E., T. Igarashi, S. Itou, H. Seya e S. Matsui. "Operation and management of the Fukashiba treatment plant". Water Science and Technology 53, n. 11 (1 maggio 2006): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.351.

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Since the opening of the Fukashiba Treatment Plant in 1970, the number of industries and the amount of wastewater requiring treatment in the service area have been steadily increasing. In response to the recent economic downturn in Japan, these rates of increase have slowed, but are not decreasing. The pollution load in the wastewater from these industries has decreased and is now stable. Unlike the case of ordinary domestic sewage, the effects of the various types of substances contained in wastewaters delivered from the petrochemical complex to the treatment plant, for example, corrosion, are quite large. Measures to deal with corrosion problems, such as replacement or modification of the facilities, improvement of the efficiencies of facility operation and wastewater treatment, and improvement of measures against odours, are being implemented.

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Trojanowicz, Karol, e Wlodzimierz Wojcik. "Carbonaceous materials in petrochemical wastewater before and after treatment in an aerated submerged fixed-bed biofilm reactor". Chemical and Process Engineering 37, n. 3 (1 settembre 2016): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2016-0030.

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Abstract Results of the studies for determining fractions of organic contaminants in a pretreated petrochemical wastewater flowing into a pilot Aerated Submerged Fixed-Bed Biofilm Reactor (ASFBBR) are presented and discussed. The method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation consisted of physical tests and biological assays. It was found that the main part of the total COD in the petrochemical, pretreated wastewater was soluble organic substance with average value of 57.6%. The fractions of particulate and colloidal organic matter were found to be 31.8% and 10.6%, respectively. About 40% of COD in the influent was determined as readily biodegradable COD. The inert fraction of the soluble organic matter in the petrochemical wastewater constituted about 60% of the influent colloidal and soluble COD. Determination of degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the colloidal fraction of COD was also included in the paper. The estimated value of DH was about 62%. Values of the assayed COD fractions were compared with the same parameters obtained for municipal wastewater by other authors.

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Buić, Zdenko, e Bruno Zelić. "Application of Clay for Petrochemical Wastewater Pretreatment". Water Quality Research Journal 44, n. 4 (1 novembre 2009): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2009.040.

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Abstract Petrochemical industry wastewater is contaminated with nitrogen and phosphorous compounds, mainly ammonium and ammonium nitrogen, and therefore needs treatment before it is released in the watercourse. Usually, petrochemical wastewater treatment is carried out following the ion exchange principle. One of the possibilities of petrochemical wastewater pretreatment is using bentonite clays. Bentonite decreases the concentration of ions in the incoming wastewater and, as a consequence, the ion exchanger placed subsequently works more efficiently. The experiment was carried out with alkali-activated granulated bentonite and acid-activated granulated bentonite. In this work, bentonite particle size, the quantity and the type of bentonite, as well as the time of the contact of bentonite and wastewater were optimized. It was found that the highest percentage of ion removal of 83% for ammonia ions and 71% for phosphate ions was accomplished when the model solution was treated with a mixture of acid- and alkali-activated bentonite for 5 minutes.

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Wang, Song, Genwang Zhu, Zhongchen Yu, Chenxi Li, Dan Wang e Xiaoling Cao. "Mineralization of petrochemical wastewater after biological treatment by ozonation catalyzed with divalent iron tartaric acid chelate". Water Science and Technology 81, n. 10 (15 maggio 2020): 2211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.287.

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Abstract The petrochemical wastewater includes many toxic organic compounds, which are refractory substances. It is difficult for the wastewater to meet discharge standards after biological treatment, therefore, the further effective treatment of post-biochemical petrochemical wastewater has become an urgent problem to be solved. This study used iron tartaric acid chelate (ITC) catalytic ozonation to treat the petrochemical wastewater. Various key factors were investigated, such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), catalyst dosage, ozone concentration, initial pH values and oxidation efficiency. The kinetics of catalytic ozonation were established. The results indicate that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate reached a maximum of 58.5%, when the Fe2+ dosage is 0.25 mmol L−1, the initial pH value is neutral, the liquid phase ozone concentration is about 1.95 mg L−1, and HRT is equal to 180 min. In addition, when HRT is equal to 90 min, the B/C ratio of wastewater increases to 0.31, the catalytic ozone reaches maximum oxidation efficiency, and the most economical HRT was 90 min. Finally, the kinetics of ITC catalytic ozonation catalyzed with ITC is consistent with the pseudo-first-order kinetic reaction, and its rate constant is 0.00484 min−1.

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Venzke, Carla Denize, Marco Antônio Siqueira Rodrigues, Alexandre Giacobbo, Luciana Ely Bacher, Iona Souza Lemmertz, Cheila Viegas, Júlia Striving e Shaiane Pozzebon. "Application of reverse osmosis to petrochemical industry wastewater treatment aimed at water reuse". Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 28, n. 1 (9 gennaio 2017): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2015-0149.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply reverse osmosis (RO) to the treatment of industrial wastewater from a large petrochemical complex in Southern Brazil, in order to verify the conditions of liquid effluent reuse and improve them, especially to reduce the consumption of natural water by some production structures such as boilers and cooling towers. Design/methodology/approach The petrochemical wastewater was submitted to pretreatment using a sand filter and activated carbon filters. Tests were conducted using RO equipment with a production capacity of 0.25 m3h−1 composed of a spiral membrane module with a membrane area of 7.2 m². Pressures of 8, 12 and 15 bar were applied with reject flow maintained constant at 10 Lm−1. Findings The experiment results indicated optimum RO performance since more than 90 percent extraction was obtained for most of the compounds present in the petrochemical wastewater. Originality/value By checking the aspects involved, as well as providing some relevant considerations about, this study promotes the application of RO to get a satisfactory water reuse in similar industries, thereby decreasing both the volume of water extracted from wellsprings and the amount of wastewater released into water bodies.

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Rebhun, Menahem, e Noah Galil. "Technological Strategies for Protecting and Improving the Biological Treatment of Wastewater from a Petrochemical Complex". Water Science and Technology 29, n. 9 (1 maggio 1994): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0461.

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The wastewater from a petrochemical complex is characterized by a diversity of pollutants including hydrocarbons, in free and emulsified form, phenols including cresols and xylenols, mercaptans, sulfides, ammonia and cyanides. The wastewater treatment of the reported petrochemical complex is based on a multiple stage treatment approach, consisting of physico - chemical, and biological processes. The biological treatment process could be efficiently protected by preliminary wastewater flow regulation, controlling hydraulic and pollutants loads. Additional protection and improvement of the biological treatment was achieved by preliminary removal of more than 90 percent of the oil found in free and in emulsified form in the raw wastewater. Significant reliability and efficiency could be achieved by a combined biological treatment consisting of aerated ponds, lime clarification and a water cooling industrial system, recycling treated effluent as make-up.

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Wang, Xi, e Hua Zhao. "Isolation and Characterization of a Bacillus flexus Strain Used in Alkaline Wastewater Treatment". Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (agosto 2013): 1381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1381.

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Biological treatment is one of the considerable choices for removing of organic pollutants present in petrochemical wastewaters. In this study, BS5, the isolate with the highest COD removal rate, was identified asBacillus flexus, based on 16S rDNA sequences. Subsequently, the optimized COD removal conditions of BS5 were investigated. It was indicated that the optimal conditions were 35°C, pH 7.5. Under such circumstance, the removal rate of COD can reach 81.04%. The isolation ofBacillus flexusstrain BS5 provided an alternative for the bioremediation of alkaline wastewater. Lastly, the study showed that consecutive disposal process may help to reducing COD of wastewater effectively.

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Guarino, C. F., B. P. Da-Rin, A. Gazen e E. P. Goettems. "Activated Carbon as an Advanced Treatment for Petrochemical Wastewaters". Water Science and Technology 20, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1988): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0131.

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This paper presents the results of a study conducted with the purpose of establishing the feasibility of using activated carbon as an advanced treatment process for petrochemical wastewaters. Two pilot plants using Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), respectively, were operated for a period of 15 weeks, fed with the effluent of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant. The study was made using all available Brazilian carbons at the time. Isotherm tests and other carbon properties were used to select the carbons for GAC and PAC plants. The two pilot plants were operated between 8 April and 24 June 1981 at CETREL's wastewater treatment plant located at Camacari, BA, Brazil. The plant treats organic wastewaters from a petrochemical complex. During the first two GAC runs, low COD removal efficiencies were evident, and the effluent of all columns contained color due to the presence of organic colloids which were not adsorbed by the carbon. For this reason the feed to the system was pretreated to remove organic colloids. During the study period six GAC test runs were conducted using carbon GM and one using carbon HIDRO-G. Comparison of the two carbons showed that GM was the superior of the two. At all times, the GAC pilot plant using GM produced a colorless effluent from the amber-colored influent. At the same time, the PAC system, with a carbon dosage of 100 mg/l, was not capable of removing the color. One sample of carbon was regenerated to study its performance after regeneration. The analysis of the obtained data suggests that the adsorptive properties of the virgin and regenerated carbon may differ by as much as 12%. Several tests were made to determine the removal efficiency of priority pollutants in the GAC and PAC systems. These tests indicated that the GAC system is capable of reducing organic priority pollutants to below detectable limits. Metal analyses were made on several occasions on the GAC systems in addition to those conducted on priority pollutants samples. These tests indicated that metal concentrations in the GAC effluent were at or below the proposed effluent standards. The authors concluded that granular activated carbon is a sound advanced treatment process for petrochemical wastes to reduce organic priority pollutants to below detectable limits, producing an effluent with less than 150 mg/l COD.

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Hirose, K., T. Igarashi, E. Ochiai, H. Seya e S. Matsui. "Improvement of wastewater treatment performance of the Fukashiba treatment plant". Water Science and Technology 53, n. 11 (1 maggio 2006): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.345.

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The Fukashiba Treatment Plant Kashima Rinkai Specified Sewage Works has received wastewater from the petrochemical complex (90%) and public sewage of Kamisu and Hasaki town (10%). For this reason, the plant is facing many difficulties in producing good quality effluent. In order to solve these difficulties, we are reviewing the treatment performance and making efforts for its improvement with nitrification inhibition, control of bio-persistent substances and the PRTR approach.

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31

Kleerebezem, Robbert, Joost Mortier, Look W. Hulshoff Pol e Gatze Lettinga. "Anaerobic pre-treatment of petrochemical effluents: terephthalic acid wastewater". Water Science and Technology 36, n. 2-3 (1 luglio 1997): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0528.

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During petrochemical production of purified terephthalic acid (PTA, 1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid), a large quantity of concentrated effluent is produced. Main polluting compounds in this wastewater are terephthalic acid, acetic acid and benzoic acid in decreasing order of concentration. Acetic acid and benzoic acid are known to be rapidly degraded in high rate anaerobic treatment systems, such as Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) reactors. Concerning the kinetics of anaerobic mineralization of terephthalic acid, however, no information is available in literuature. Therefore our work focused on the anaerobic degradation of neutralized terephthalic acid (disodium terephthalate) in laboratory scale UASB-reactors and batch reactors. It was found that high rate anaerobic treatment of terephthalate was difficult to obtain due to the low growth rate (μ ≈ 0.04 day−1) of the terephthalate mineralizing mixed culture. The maximum removal capacity of a lab-scale UASB-reactor was found to be 3.9 g COD.1−1 .day−1 at a loading rate of 4.5 g COD.1−1 .day−1 and a hydraulic retention time of 24 hours. Terephthalate was used as sole carbon source during these experiments. Addition of small amounts of sucrose (co-substrate) to the influent, as a source of reducing equivalents, was found to have a negative influence on the anaerobic degradation of terephthalate. Also benzoate was found to inhibit the mineralization of terephthalate. Batch-toxicity experiments showed that terephthalate is not toxic to any of the species involved in its mineralization. Based on these observations, a staged anaerobic reactor system is suggested for the anaerobic pre-treatment of PTA-wastewater.

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32

Hu, Hua‐Long, Fa‐Sheng Li e Qiao‐Li Liu. "Preparation of adsorbent material from petrochemical wastewater treatment sludge". Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 70, n. 1-2 (maggio 1999): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358735.

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33

Sadeghi, Fatemeh, Mohammad Reza Mehrnia, Ramin Nabizadeh, Mohammad Bagher Bahadori e Mohammad Hossein Sarrafzadeh. "MBR technology: A practical approach for petrochemical wastewater treatment". Petroleum Science and Technology 35, n. 3 (febbraio 2017): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2011.572108.

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34

Ting, Wang-Ping, Yao-Hui Huang e Ming-Chun Lu. "Catalytic treatment of petrochemical wastewater by electroassisted Fenton technologies". Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 92, n. 1 (21 settembre 2007): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-007-5043-2.

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35

Hsu, E. H. "Treatment of a petrochemical wastewater in sequencing batch reactors". Environmental Progress 5, n. 2 (maggio 1986): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670050206.

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36

Alkenova, Gauhar T., Tatyana V. Kovrigina, Tulegen K. Chalov e Edil E. Ergozhin. "Electro and Baromembrane Methods of Petrochemical Enterprises' Wastewater Treatment". Remediation Journal 25, n. 4 (settembre 2015): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.21444.

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37

Matsui, S., Y. Okawa e R. Ota. "Experience of 16 Years' Operation and Maintenance of the Fukashiba Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant of the Kashima Petrochemical Complex – II. Biodegradability of 37 Organic Substances and 28 Process Wastewaters". Water Science and Technology 20, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1988): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0138.

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Twenty-eight process wastewaters and thirty-seven organic substances identified in the wastewater of the Kashima petrochemical complex were subjected to biodegradability tests. The tests consisted of the activated sludge degradability method and a supplementary test using the respiration meter method. Both tests utilized the activated sludge of the Fukashiba industrial wastewater treatment plant, which was acclimatized to the wastewater and organic substances. The 28 process wastewaters were classified into biodegradable, less biodegradable, and non-biodegradable according to the percentage TOC removal and the BOD5/TOC ratio of the wastewater. The 37 organic substances were also classified into biodegradable, less biodegradable and non-biodegradable according to TOC and CODMn removal. In general, chlorinated compounds, nitro-aromatics and polymerized compounds were difficult to biodegrade. From the biodegradability tests of the factory wastewaters, it was found that the refractory CODMn loads of these factories contributed to the load remaining in the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant. Various improvements were made to reduce the discharge of refractory substances from the factories.

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38

Ahmed, Mohd Elmuntasir, Adel Al-Haddad e Suad Al-Dufaileej. "Characterization and Profiling of Industrial Wastewater Toxicity in Kuwait". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 13, n. 2 (2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2022.13.2.1369.

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Toxicity reduction is a main criterion in prioritizing industrial wastewater treatment objectives. This paper utilized a comprehensive survey of 41 industrial facilities to characterize their wastewater quality parameters and to assess their wastewater toxicity. The 41 factories were grouped under eleven industrial categories. Microtox relative toxicity test results indicated that industrial wastewater in Kuwait are mostly very toxic to toxic with the exception of farms wastewater which was found to be slightly toxic. The highest ranking toxic wastewaters where found to be metal forming, printing, dairy, slaughterhouses, petrochemical, poultry, food, paper and packaging, beverage, and construction materials industries in order. Among the contributing factors to the toxicity of industrial wastewater are temperature, pH, metals, COD, TOC, NH3, TPH, phenol, and BTEX.

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39

Zhao, Li-jun, Fang Ma, Jing-bo Guo e Qing-liang Zhao. "Petrochemical wastewater treatment with a pilot-scale bioaugmented biological treatment system". Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 8, n. 11 (ottobre 2007): 1831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.a1831.

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40

El Khorassani, H., P. Trebuchon, H. Bitar e O. Thomas. "Minimisation strategy of petrochemical wastewater organic load". Water Science and Technology 42, n. 5-6 (1 settembre 2000): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0489.

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Abstract (sommario):

Industrial wastewater management is nowadays a reality in most industries and particularly in petrochemical ones. As a consequence, some treatment plants appear to be over designed because of waste minimization. Actually supplementary organic loads coming from incidents or external effluents have to be treated. As classical parameters or compound analyses are not well adapted, a new methodology based on the use of UV spectrophotometry is proposed. Starting from several samplesof wastewater in different points of sewage network, a procedure, called UVDIAG is used for the exploitation of the corresponding UV spectra. Some complementary measurements such as pH or conductivity can be carried out. This methodology allows a better characterization of wastewater including the detection of incidents and most often the determination of the major pollutant(s). Several months of application in a large petrochemical site located in the south of France have lead to a better knowledge of the waste production andthus to the reduction of organic load to be treated. At the same time, the company has decided to consider external wastes for treatment and to check the effluent conformity with the proposed procedure.

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41

Parker, W., e G. J. Farquhar. "Treatment of a Petrochemical Wastewater in an Anaerobic Packed Bed Reactor". Water Quality Research Journal 24, n. 2 (1 maggio 1989): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1989.011.

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Abstract Wastewater from a used oil rerefinery was tested in laboratory scale anaerobic packed bed reactors for TOC removal, gas production and control of volatile organic emissions. The raw wastewater had a TOC ranging from 3,250 to 5,800 mg/L of which 40 to 45% consisted of total phenolics, acetone, methanol, ethanol and volatile fatty acids. The remaining TOC was not analyzed but was expected to contain potentially harmful constituents. Treatment of the undiluted wastewater achieved acidogenisis but methane production appeared to have been inhibited. A 1:2 dilution of the wastewater produced reasonably good treatment with 52 to 67% TOC reduction, over 75% removal of acetone and total phenolics and vigorous methane production. Operational parameters were characterized by an organic loading of 1.4 kg COD/m3.d and HRT of 3.0 days. Implications for full-scale operation and airborne contaminant control are discussed

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42

Castillo, L., H. El Khorassani, P. Trebuchon e O. Thomas. "UV treatability test for chemical and petrochemical wastewater". Water Science and Technology 39, n. 10-11 (1 maggio 1999): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0625.

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There is a tendency to design biological units for chemical or petrochemical wastewater treatment. Some of these treatment plants are even sometimes used for the degradation of any external industrial sewage transported for the purpose. In this case, the decision to accept or refuse the waste must be rapid and sure. The aim of this paper is to propose a new treatability test based on a direct far UV photooxidation of the sample, coupled with a UV spectrophotometric survey of the waste quality. The test has been applied on different samples from chemical and petrochemical industries and the results have been compared to those obtained with more classical tests, as for example, biodegradation tests using either air or pure oxygen. For most of the samples, quite good correlation has been observed between the photooxidation test and biodegradation. The UV treatability test is currently used for checking up on petrochemical wastewater and chemical sewage.

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43

Eckenfelder, W. Wesley, e A. J. Englande. "Chemical/petrochemical wastewater management—past, present and future". Water Science and Technology 34, n. 10 (1 novembre 1996): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0232.

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This paper summarizes and evaluates past, current and expected actions concerning waste management in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Industrial waste management has evolved from an “end of pipe” treatment mentality to holistic environmental waste management with source reductions as the preferred option. In most cases significant costs savings have resulted and environmental and public health impacts minimized. This current thrust has resulted from recent regulatory actions. Future trends will require management changes. To be effective, the management approach selected must address the following issues: regulatory/legal considerations and trends; environmental management systems; toxicity measurement characterizations; ecotoxicity assessment evaluations; source reduction and waste minimization; treatment trends and innovative treatment techniques; residual management.

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44

Siddique, M. N. I., B. K. Zaied, S. Krishnan e M. F. Ahmad. "Improving Methane Generation by Co-Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Petrochemical Wastewater: Influence of Heat and Alkali Pretreatment". Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, n. 10 (30 agosto 2019): 2403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22195.

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With the target of amplifying methane generation from sewage sludge (SS), co-digestion with petrochemical wastewater (PWW) was examined. In addition, the use of both 165 °C heat treatment and alkali pretreatment to mixed SS/PWW wastewater was assessed. Batch tests demonstrated that refractory materials were generated from pretreatment for petrochemical wastewater at the 165 °C heat and alkali pretreatments at the 75 or 115 °C and with pH value of 8, 9 or 10 producing enhanced preliminary methane generation percentage and a little effect for generation capacity of methane of the miscellaneous waste (+3–6 %). Anaerobic reactors which were operated more than four months semi-continuously with sewage sludge and petrochemical wastewater mix with the proportion of 85:15, 55:45 and 85:15 pretreated at alkaline environments maintaining the temperature of 75 °C and pH = 8. This pretreatment enhanced the production of methane at semi-continuous anaerobic reactors to + 59 %. Finally, this investigation demonstrated the viability of the co-digestion of sewage sludge with a higher ratio of petrochemical wastewater [45 % volume, 50 % volatile solid (VS) and 74 % COD, comparable with volatile fatty acids of 8 g L–1]. The system produced an exact methane of 363 mL CH4 g–1 VS while only sewage sludge generated 117 mL CH4 g–1 VS.

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45

Zilberman, M. B., E. A. Pichugin, E. V. Zyryanova e A. S. Solovyeva. "Evaluation of the Effect of Changing the Composition of Wastewater on Biological Treatment when Adding a Mixture of Sulfide Alkali for the Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater". Ecology and Industry of Russia 26, n. 11 (2 novembre 2022): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-11-34-37.

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The influence of a pilot assessment based on the results of a change in the composition of wastewater on the quality of biological wastewater treatment when a sulfide alkali mixture is added to the feedstream of petrochemical enterprises is presented. It was found that the results of wastewater treatment at biological treatment plants are not affected by phenols in sulfide alkali wastewater. It was confirmed that activated sludge retains the ability to extract organic compounds without reference to the proportion of sulfide alkali effluents in the treated water.

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46

Trojanowicz, Karol, e Włodzimierz Wójcik. "Calibration and verification of models of organic carbon removal kinetics in Aerated Submerged Fixed-Bed Biofilm Reactors (ASFBBR): a case study of wastewater from an oil-refinery". Water Science and Technology 63, n. 10 (1 maggio 2011): 2446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.216.

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The article presents a case-study on the calibration and verification of mathematical models of organic carbon removal kinetics in biofilm. The chosen Harremöes and Wanner & Reichert models were calibrated with a set of model parameters obtained both during dedicated studies conducted at pilot- and lab-scales for petrochemical wastewater conditions and from the literature. Next, the models were successfully verified through studies carried out utilizing a pilot ASFBBR type bioreactor installed in an oil-refinery wastewater treatment plant. During verification the pilot biofilm reactor worked under varying surface organic loading rates (SOL), dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperatures. The verification proved that the models can be applied in practice to petrochemical wastewater treatment engineering for e.g. biofilm bioreactor dimensioning.

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47

Li, Hao, Xinmou Kuang, Congping Qiu, Xiaolan Shen, Botao Zhang e Hua Li. "Advanced electrochemical treatment of real biotreated petrochemical wastewater by boron doped diamond anode: performance, kinetics, and degradation mechanism". Water Science and Technology 82, n. 4 (13 agosto 2020): 773–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.387.

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Abstract Petrochemical wastewater is difficult to process because of various types of pollutants with high toxicity. With the improvement in the national discharge standard, traditional biochemical treatment methods may not meet the standards and further advanced treatment techniques would be required. In this study, electrochemical oxidation with boron doped diamond (BDD) anode as post-treatment was carried out for the treatment of real biotreated petrochemical wastewater. The effects of current density, pH value, agitation rate, and anode materials on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and current efficiency were studied. The results revealed the appropriate conditions to be a current density of 10 mA·cm−2, a pH value of 3, and an agitation rate of 400 rpm. Moreover, as compared with the graphite electrode, the BDD electrode had a higher oxidation efficiency and COD removal efficiency. Furthermore, GC-MS was used to analyze the final degradation products, in which ammonium chloride, formic acid, acetic acid, and malonic acid were detected. Finally, the energy consumption was estimated to be 6.24 kWh·m−3 with a final COD of 30.2 mg·L−1 at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 without the addition of extra substances. This study provides an alternative for the upgrading of petrochemical wastewater treatment plants.

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48

Duguet, J. P., B. Dussert, J. Mallevialle e F. Fiessinger. "Polymerization Effects of Ozone: Applications to the Removal of Phenolic Compounds from Industrial Wastewaters". Water Science and Technology 19, n. 5-6 (1 maggio 1987): 919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0270.

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Degradation of phenols by ozone has been extensively studied but the oxidative coupling pathway of ozone resulting in a phenol polymerization has not been largely investigated. Application of low ozone dose in solutions of 2.4 dichlorophenol and salicylic acid is characterized by the formation of high molecular compounds which are partially insoluble. Numerous polymers have been identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Application of the polymerization effect of ozone to petrochemical and coking wastewaters containing phenols give similar results. In each case, phenolic compounds are efficiently removed, even if a large organic content is present. In the case of petrochemical wastewater, where phenols represent only 30% of TOC, the ozone effects are not sufficient to merit an ozonation step on the present treatment line. On the other hand, when phenols represent the greater part of the organics, as in coking wastewater, an important fraction of insoluble compounds, easily removed by filtration, are formed.

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49

Echegaray, D. F., e R. F. Olivieri. "Biologically Resistant Contaminants, Primary Treatment with Ozone". Water Science and Technology 29, n. 8 (1 aprile 1994): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0420.

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Organic effluent oxidation tests were conducted in petrochemical companies, in the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex, to reduce treatment costs and improve the primary treatment efficiency in each industrial process. Ozone achieved 99.96 percent benzene reduction and 100 percent ethyl benzene and toluene reduction. Process efficiency is strongly dependent on the wastewater chemical composition and concentration. For this reason it is necessary to run pilot plant trials for each specific case. Ozone was obtained feeding commercial oxygen through a corona discharge generator and dissolved in the effluent with a bubble column. Commercial oxygen was used instead of air to increase 250 percent the ozone production, with the same ozone generator.

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50

Ahmed, Mohd Elmuntasir, Abdallah Abusam e Andrzej Mydlarczyk. "Kinetic Modeling of GAC - IFAS Chemostat for Petrochemical Wastewater Treatment". Journal of Water Resource and Hydraulic Engineering 6, n. 2 (30 giugno 2017): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5963/jwrhe0602002.

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