Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Petro-archeology"

The article deals with the activities of the Ukrainian Free University in Germany (UFU) during the DP period (1945–1952). The process of resumption of the UFU operation is described. The initiator of this case was the last rector of the University of Prague and historian Vadym Shcherbakіvsky. Well-known scientists Dmytro Doroshenko, Petro Kurinny, Ivan Mirchuk, Panteleimon Kovaliv and others supported his initiative. It is noted that the Bavarian authorities and the American occupation were positive about the resumption of the university. The educational process in the higher education institution began in the summer semester of 1946. The structure of the Ukrainian Free University in Germany had two faculties: philosophy from the departments of philosophy and pedagogy, philology (Ukrainian, classical, and Slavic), history, geography, archeology, ethnology and art sciences, as well as law and socio-economic sciences from various departments. It is stated that the most active in the functioning of the university was the 1947–1948 academic year. As 492 students were educated and 95 teachers worked, a significant amount of educational literature was published. The university charter of 1948, which was the basic document regulating the functioning of the institution and giving it the right to broad autonomy and free publication, is also analyzed. The article also proves that in addition to educational work in the UFU, a publishing business was developed. Among the publications of the university was mainly educational literature, in particular textbooks for students (scripts), which were printed in cyclostyle. In order to inform students about the content of academic disciplines, the number of lectures, seminars, practical classes, lecture programs were published. To facilitate the study of educational material, university teachers issued lecture notes. Among such publications are lectures by M. Andrusiak “History of the Cossacks”, I. Mirchuk “Introduction to Philosophy”, V. Kubiyovych “Geography of Ukraine” and others. The UFU played an important role in preserving the national and cultural identity of the Ukrainian people and consolidating the Ukrainian scientific forces in exile.

Review of the monograph: I. O. Demuz. Intellectual biography of Petro Yanuarovych Stebnytskyi (1862‒1923) – public figure, book publisher, publicist: monograph. Pereyaslav (Kyiv region): Dombrovska Ya. M., 2022. 356 pp. ISBN 978-617-7747-62-7

The aim of the article is to consider the change in the political culture of the revolution and the development of civil conflict through the prism of the manifestation of political violence in the elections to self-government of Petrograd in the spring and summer of 1917. Elections to the district dumas of the capital were organized by the Petrograd City Duma and the Provisional Government. The election campaign began in May 1917, and the elections themselves took place on May 27–29 and June 3–5, 1917. The elections to the district dumas were the first elections in the new Russia, summing up three months of democratic construction that began after the February Revolution. The election campaign for the Petrograd City Duma began in mid-August, and the elections took place on August 20. They marked the end of the municipal election campaigns that took place in Russia in the summer of 1917. As part of the case-study, the article reconstructs the manifestation of political violence against various actors participating in elections, and the impact of these practices on the transformation of civil conflict and the legitimization of political violence. In the elections to the district dumas of Petrograd, political violence became a traditional means of political struggle, legitimizing its use during elections in other cities of Russia. However, no political violence was used in the elections to the Petrograd City Duma. The author concludes that behind the apparent decrease in the level of political violence on the streets of Petrograd on the eve of the “Kornilov case” lies a process of even greater polarization of society and escalation of civil conflict, when one part of the society is noticeably radicalized with the tacit consent of the other, which led to the emergence of new, more tough and legitimate ultimatum forms of communication between various groups of the population and the authorities.

The petro-archaeometric study of ceramics from the Rittatore excavations, Bec Berciassa archaeological site, was carried out on pottery sherds attributed to an older phase dating back to the Late Bronze Age. This collection represents a small sampling of pottery and the chronology of most of this material is homogeneously ascribable to a period between the 6th and the beginning of the 4th century BC (Iron Age). In addition to the archaeometric study, a geological survey highlighted the resources of the area potentially useful for the development of prehistoric communities, including resources that could be used for ceramic production. A thin section study under optical microscope distinguished five ceramic mixtures. They are mostly coarse-grained, hiatal, and serial-textured, calibrated with the addition of fillers. The fine matrix is homogeneous in composition, although with compositional variations in Fe2O3. Therefore, it is possible to hypothesise a single source of supply. The different types of filler can be traced back to minerals and rocks found outcropping within the basins of the Gesso and Vermenagna rivers and thus potentially present as pebbles in their beds. Calc-schists, sparitic calcite, magmatic rocks (granites and aplites), and sericite-schists have been used since the Bronze Age; quartz sandstones and quartzites are only present in Iron Age pottery. At a macroscopic level, all these filler agents are light in colour, tending to white, almost as if the colour and homogeneity of the geological material were a criterion of choice dictated more by tradition and know-how rather than by any particular technological choice.

The article reconstructs basic ideological aspects of the image of Russia as a negative Constituent Other in the political rhetoric of the Ukrainian president P. Poroshenko. Drawing on all 315 texts of public speeches and appeals made by P. Poroshenko during his presidency, the article shows that rhetorical construction of the image of Russia relies on the basic concept of “empire”. Imperial status is presented as an essential characteristic of Russia, which does not depend on any historically defined phase of its development (including Soviet modernization and the post-Soviet period) and manifests itself in the effort of the negative Other to liquidate Ukraine’s status as subject actor of international relations and as an independent nation state. Modeling Russia’s image as a constant and atemporal aggressor and a source of threats implies casting in fixed permanent terms its influence on Ukraine as colonial policy, inclusive of the present phase of Russian-Ukrainian relations.

This paper focuses on the role played by the clay minerals and microorganisms in the deterioration process of Coptic architecture units at the church of Virgin Mary, Wadi El-Natrun region. For this purpose building materials (mainly mortars and plasters) from the studied church were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS); in order to identify their composition and were investigated petro-graphically to determine the real response of the masonry structure to the deformation imposed at the endogenous factors. Wall gypsum mortars in the church contain halloysite as a dominant clay mineral while plaster is clay free; concerning microorganisms, the fungal flora Aspergillus glaucus represent the most dominant fungi constituting (22.22%), Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus occhraceus, and Aspergillus caudidus were also isolated.

The Scientific Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine keeps the personal holding of the prominent Ukrainian archaeologist Dmytro Telehin (1919—2011), Doctor of historical sciences, Professor, who studied archeological sites from the Paleolithic to the Middle Ages. The entire home archive of the scholar whose materials are arranged according to the archeological periods was brought to the Scientific Archive. Within the thematic complex the documents are arranged by dates and content. This publication is devoted to those documents of the personal fund D. Ya. Telehin, which relate to the study of archaeological sites and history of the Ukrainian Cossacks. TThe collection contains: field diary, copies of scientific reports on archeological excavations, drawings and plans of the area and excavations, photographs and drawings of finds and other documents. Archival materials related to the study of the Sich territories where the Cossacks lived and their necropolises are located, were dated from 1990 to 1994. Dmytro Telehin inspected and researched the following Cossack Sichs: Tomakivska (1564—1593) near the town of Marhanets; Bazavlutska (1593—1630) near the village of Leninske; Mykytynska (1638—1652) in Nikopol; Chortomlytska or as it was also called Kapulivska, or «old» (1652—1709) near the village of Kapulivka; Pokrovska, which was called «new» (1734—1775), near the village of Pokrovsk in the Kherson region. The personal stock of D. Ya. Telehin contains the documents that reflect the visit of the scholar to island of Khortytsia, the research of the Oleshkivska Sich (1711—1728), as well as the camp of Severyn Nalyvaiko on Turkachivsky hill near the village of Solonitsa (in 1596), Poltava region. Of considerable interest are the documents about the journey of D.Ya. Telegin to the island of Solovky, Arkhangelsk region where Petro Kalnyshevsky, the last Hetman of the New Sich, has been exiled. The scholar’s collection also contains his lifetime publications on the topic of the Cossacks, the layout of the book «Cossack times. Sich Zaporiz`ka» and other documents concerning Ukrainian Cossacks, their places of residence and burial.

La vision classique des sociétés de la Préhistoire s’est développée dans la discipline à partir du concept de culture emprunté à l’anthropologie sociale. Dans le sud-est de la France ce terme raisonne à travers une mosaïque culturelle pour le Paléolithique supérieur récent, dont les entités sont perçues comme des traditions techniques différenciées, principalement par le biais des industries lithiques. La vallée du Rhône se place comme un carrefour d’influences et une limite à l’extension géographique des ensembles culturels reconnus d’est en ouest. Pour le Tardiglaciaire, cette « frontière » est estimée comme une zone de contact et de transferts entre la Provence occidentale et le Languedoc oriental. Parallèlement, une lacune documentaire importante pour le Paléolithique supérieur récent et des territoires de recherches dépendant de l’historiographie régionale limitent l’enquête. L’étude de plusieurs ensembles archéologiques d’Ardèche et du Gard sur la base des industries lithiques, réalisée dans le cadre de ce travail, permet de répondre à cet appel documentaire. Ces données, basées principalement sur une archéo-séquence des gorges de l’Ardèche (l’abri du Colombier II) permettent d’aborder plusieurs aspects : L’intégrité stratigraphique et chronologique des ensembles est discutée afin de restituer une base documentaire favorable pour aborder les dynamiques culturelles des sociétés humaines. Des scénarios techniques interprétés comme des phénomènes de globalisation ou au contraire à l’aune de leur diversité pour le Tardiglaciaire sont décrits à travers cette étude. Dans cette optique, l’identité technique des industries est un pivot de discussion permettant de mettre en relation les ensembles lithiques à l’échelle macro-régionale. Une modélisation des espaces liés à l’acquisition des ressources minérales est proposée pour le Tardiglaciaire sur la base d’une étude pétro-archéologique des industries lithiques. Cette approche permet de relier l’espace d’approvisionnement en matériaux siliceux des sites tardiglaciaires en rive droite du Rhône à un réseau de circulation des silicites entre le Massif central et le sud des Alpes. Cette étude permet in fine d’aborder la relation entre les ensembles archéologiques et les dynamiques culturelles des sociétés humaines, en mettant l’accent sur l’épistémologie des termes. L’approche ici appliquée propose d’abandonner les présupposés d’essentialisation des sociétés de la Préhistoire pour se concentrer sur une mise en relation des objets ; ce volet est abordé sur l’aspect méthodologique, en fin d’étude, à travers une analyse qualitative de réseau basée sur la similarité technique des industries lithiques. Il s’agit à terme de rediscuter des échelles de lecture des faits archéologiques et de proposer une approche structurelle combinée, entre distribution du fait technique et réseaux de lieux
The classical vision of prehistoric societies has been developed in the discipline from the concept of culture borrowed from social anthropology. In southeastern France, this term is used to describe a cultural mosaic for the Late Upper Palaeolithic, whose entities are perceived as differentiated technical traditions, mainly through lithic industries. The Rhône Valley is a crossroads of influences and a limit to the geographical extension of the recognised cultural groups from east to west. For the Late Glacial, this "frontier" is estimated as a zone of contact and transfers between western Provence and eastern Languedoc. At the same time, a significant documentary gap for the Late Upper Palaeolithic and research territories dependent on regional historiography limit the investigation. The study of several archaeological sites in the Ardèche and Gard departments on the basis of lithic industries, carried out within the framework of this work, enables us to respond to this call for documentation. These data, based mainly on an archaeological sequence in the Ardèche gorges (the rock shelter of Colombier II), allow us to address several aspects: The stratigraphic and chronological integrity of the assemblages is discussed in order to provide a favourable documentary basis for addressing the cultural dynamics of human societies. Technical scenarios interpreted as globalisation phenomena or to the contrary in terms of their diversity for the Late Glacial are described through this study. From this point of view, the technical identity of the industries is a pivotal point for discussion, allowing the lithic ensembles to be related to a macro-regional scale. A model of the spaces linked to the acquisition of mineral resources is proposed for the Late Glacial period on the basis of a petroarchaeological study of the lithic industries. This approach makes it possible to link the siliceous raw material supply space of the Late Glacial sites on the right bank of the Rhône to a material circulation network between the Massif Central and the southern Alps. This study ultimately allows us to address the relationship between archaeological assemblages and the cultural dynamics of human societies, with an emphasis on the epistemology of the terms. The approach applied here proposes to abandon the presuppositions of essentialization of the societies of Prehistory to concentrate on the relationship between objects; this aspect is approached on the methodological aspect, at the end of the study, through a qualitative network analysis based on the technical similarity of lithic industries. In the long term, it is a question of rediscussing the scales of reading archaeological facts and of proposing a combined structural approach, between the distribution of the technical fact and the networks of places