Articoli di riviste: "Perseverance rover"

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Abhishek, Sujith M.S., Kamalesh Pulluru, Jeevan D, Dr. Sindhu Sree M, Dr. Pavithra G e Dr. T.C.Manjunath. "Mars Exploration Perseverance Rover". international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, n. 3 (2023): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i03.56.

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In this paper, the development of chronologies for the mass exploration rover is presented in a nutshell. Over the last twenty years, a “New Space” revolution has quietly unfolded in the domain of space exploration. Previously, only select countries, space agencies, and large industries were able to design, launch, and operate satellites and spacecraft. However, this has changed with the introduction of the “CubeSat” standard in 1999, which has allowed universities and research institutes to join in the space race. In 2013, the commercial Earth Observation sector took off, with two companies launching 100+ CubeSat constellations for optical imaging and weather prediction, featuring very low revisit times. Today, a similar transformation is taking place in the fields of telecommunications and astronomical scientific missions. This chapter reviews the evolution of the space sector up until the arrival of the CubeSats, followed by a discussion of the CubeSat’s intrinsic limitations, which are crucial in understanding the development and current status of the CubeSat sector. The strategies of NASA and ESA are also presented. Finally, the chapter concludes with a summary of the technology roadmap required to enable the next generation of CubeSat-based missions, including satellite constellations or federations, formation flying, and synthetic apertures. The work done & presented in this paper is the result of the mini-project work that has been done by the first sem engineering students of the college and as such there is little novelty in it and the references are being taken from various sources from the internet, the paper is being written by the students to test their writing skills in the starting of their engineering career and also to test the presentation skills during their mini-project presentation. The work done & presented in this paper is the report of the assignment / alternate assessment tool as a part and parcel of the academic assignment of the first year subject on nanotechnology & IoT.

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Taylor, E. Jennings, e Gregory S. Jackson. "Perseverance Rover Lands on Mars". Electrochemical Society Interface 30, n. 2 (1 giugno 2021): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.f11212if.

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Johnson, Paul, e Sanjeev Gupta. "Sanjeev Gupta: Perseverance rover mission scientist". Astronomy & Geophysics 62, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2021): 1.43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/atab045.

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Zheng, Naihuan, Chunyu Ding, Yan Su e Roberto Orosei. "Water Ice Resources on the Shallow Subsurface of Mars: Indications to Rover-Mounted Radar Observation". Remote Sensing 16, n. 5 (27 febbraio 2024): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16050824.

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The planet Mars is the most probable among the terrestrial planets in our solar system to support human settlement or colonization in the future. The detection of water ice or liquid water on the shallow subsurface of Mars is a crucial scientific objective for both the Chinese Tianwen-1 and United States Mars 2020 missions, which were launched in 2020. Both missions were equipped with Rover-mounted ground-penetrating radar (GPR) instruments, specifically the RoPeR on the Zhurong rover and the RIMFAX radar on the Perseverance rover. The in situ radar provides unprecedented opportunities to study the distribution of shallow subsurface water ice on Mars with its unique penetrating capability. The presence of water ice on the shallow surface layers of Mars is one of the most significant indicators of habitability on the extraterrestrial planet. A considerable amount of evidence pointing to the existence of water ice on Mars has been gathered by previous researchers through remote sensing photography, radar, measurements by gamma ray spectroscopy and neutron spectrometers, soil analysis, etc. This paper aims to review the various approaches utilized in detecting shallow subsurface water ice on Mars to date and to sort out the past and current evidence for its presence. This paper also provides a comprehensive overview of the possible clues of shallow subsurface water ice in the landing area of the Perseverance rover, serving as a reference for the RIMFAX radar to detect water ice on Mars in the future. Finally, this paper proposes the future emphasis and direction of rover-mounted radar for water ice exploration on the Martian shallow subsurface.

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Atri, Dimitra, Nour Abdelmoneim, Dattaraj B. Dhuri e Mathilde Simoni. "Diurnal variation of the surface temperature of Mars with the Emirates Mars Mission: a comparison with Curiosity and Perseverance rover measurements". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 518, n. 1 (26 ottobre 2022): L1—L6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slac094.

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ABSTRACT For the first time, the Emirates Mars Infrared Spectrometer (EMIRS) instrument on board the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) ‘Hope’, is providing us with the temperature measurements of Mars at all local times covering most of the planet. As a result, it is now possible to compare surface temperature measurements made from orbit with those from the surface by rovers during the same time period. We use data of diurnal temperature variation from the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) suite on board the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) ‘Curiosity’ rover, and the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) suite on board the Mars 2020 ‘Perseverance’ rover, between June and August 2021 and compare them with EMIRS observations and estimates of the Mars Climate Database (MCD) model. We show that although the overall trend of temperature variation is in excellent agreement across missions, EMIRS measurements are systematically lower at night compared to Mars 2020. The lower spatial resolution of EMIRS compared to the rovers and consequently lower average thermal inertia of the observed regions in this particular case primarily contributed to this discrepancy, among other factors. We discuss the implications of these results in improving our understanding of the Martian climate which would lead to better modeling of local weather prediction, useful for future robotic and crewed missions.

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Mangold, N., S. Gupta, O. Gasnault, G. Dromart, J. D. Tarnas, S. F. Sholes, B. Horgan et al. "Perseverance rover reveals an ancient delta-lake system and flood deposits at Jezero crater, Mars". Science 374, n. 6568 (5 novembre 2021): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abl4051.

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Perseverance images of a delta on Mars The Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, Mars, in February 2021. Earlier orbital images showed that the crater contains an ancient river delta that was deposited by water flowing into a lake billions of years ago. Mangold et al . analyzed rover images taken shortly after landing that show distant cliff faces at the edge of the delta. The exposed stratigraphy and sizes of boulders allowed them to determine the past lake level and water discharge rates. An initially steady flow transitioned into intermittent floods as the planet dried out. This history of the delta’s geology provides context for the rest of the mission and improves our understanding of Mars’ ancient climate. —KTS

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Doyle, S. "News - Briefing. The Measure of: Perseverance Mars rover". Engineering & Technology 15, n. 4 (1 maggio 2020): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2020.0433.

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Jaakonaho, Iina, Maria Hieta, Maria Genzer, Jouni Polkko, Terhi Mäkinen, Agustín Sánchez-Lavega, Ricardo Hueso et al. "Pressure sensor for the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover". Planetary and Space Science 239 (dicembre 2023): 105815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2023.105815.

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Voosen, Paul. "Mars rover probes ancient shoreline for signs of life". Science 383, n. 6689 (22 marzo 2024): 1277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adp3268.

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Crane, Leah. "The Perseverance rover is on its way to Mars". New Scientist 247, n. 3294 (agosto 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)31353-1.

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Ding, Yuening, Heyang Weng, Jili You e Yuanbo Zhang. "Comparison of Different Planet Detectors: Juno Spacecraft, Akatsuki and Perseverance Mars Rover". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 38 (16 marzo 2023): 862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v38i.5971.

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In the modern society, scholars and researchers have already gained a fundamental understanding of our solar system, based on the multiple samples taken from a variety of detectors. Indeed, the detectors of planets in solar system play a vital role to investigate different planets. Therefore, with this in mind, this paper has compared with several state-of-art main-stream detectors, including Juno spacecraft, Akatsuki and Perseverance Mars Rover. According to the sample from Perseverance Mars Rover, scientists can make a progress in the understanding of Mars’s composition and whether there is the scent of ancient life on Mars. In the accordance with Akatsuki’s data, people have concluded the atmospheric structure on Venus. Based on the graphs gained by the Juno spacecraft, modern scientists can correct the theory of Jovian Lighting and understand the source of Zodiacal light. As a result, the thesis has concluded these three types of detectors ‘s characters, providing a relatively objective references about today’s detector’s features for the future development. Overall, these results shed light on guiding further exploration of planet detections.

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Madariaga, J. M., J. Aramendia, G. Arana, K. Castro, L. Gómez-Nubla, S. Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo, C. Garcia-Florentino et al. "Homogeneity assessment of the SuperCam calibration targets onboard rover perseverance". Analytica Chimica Acta 1209 (maggio 2022): 339837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.339837.

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Madariaga, J. M., J. Aramendia, G. Arana, K. Castro, L. Gómez-Nubla, S. Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo, C. Garcia-Florentino et al. "Homogeneity assessment of the SuperCam calibration targets onboard rover perseverance". Analytica Chimica Acta 1209 (maggio 2022): 339837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.339837.

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O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "NASA Perseverance rover hit by 100 dust devils on Mars". New Scientist 251, n. 3353 (settembre 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)01689-4.

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Chide, Baptiste, Ralph Lorenz, Naomi Murdoch, Alexander Stott, David Mimoun, Xavier Jacob, Tanguy Bertrand, Nina Lanza, Sylvestre Maurice e Roger Wiens. "Mars soundscape: Review of the first sounds recorded by the Perseverance microphones". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, n. 4 (aprile 2022): A184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011042.

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On February 18, 2021, NASA’s Perseverance rover landed in Jezero Crater carrying the two first microphones operating on the surface of Mars: the SuperCam microphone, positioned on top of the rotating rover’s mast and the EDL microphone fixed on the body of the rover. Working flawlessly since then, they provide the first characterization of Mars’ acoustic environment in the audible range and beyond, from 20 Hz to 50 kHz. Recorded sounds originate from three main sources: the atmosphere (turbulence, wind), the shock-waves generated by the Supercam pulsed laser ablating rocks, and hardware-induced artificial sounds such as the signal generated by the high-speed rotating blades of the Ingenuity helicopter. After one year, the Perseverance playlist features more than 5 hours of martian sounds. In addition to providing an unprecedented short timescale characterization of the wind, temperature fluctuations, and the turbulence dissipative regime, this dataset highlights the unique sound propagation properties of the low-pressure CO2-dominated Mars atmosphere: acoustic impedance varying with the season, large intrinsic attenuation of the high frequencies, and the dispersion of the sound speed in the audible range. This presentation will review these results to date.

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Fabre, Cécile, e Bruno Bousquet. "De chemcam à supercam : L’apport de la LIBS pour le spatial". Photoniques, n. 103 (luglio 2020): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/202010338.

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Suite aux succès de l’outil ChemCam, le prochain rover martien Perseverance comprend un nouvel instrument franco-américain, SuperCam, qui couple la LIBS à la spectroscopie Raman ainsi qu’à la spectroscopie infrarouge passive. Grâce à la corrélation des données atomiques et moléculaires obtenues, SuperCam permettra de caractériser la chimie des sols et des roches et d’y rechercher des bio-signatures.

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Ali, Arshad, Muhammad S. Shahid, Iffat Jabeen e Mohamed A. K. El-Ghali. "Life on Mars (LoMars): History, advances, current research, and perspectives". Earth Sciences Research Journal 26, n. 3 (29 novembre 2022): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n3.96985.

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A quest for life on Mars (LoMars) started in the early 1960s when the most prestigious scientific journals published several research articles. According to Elsevier’s Scopus database, the rise in annual literature production started in the late 1990s, most likely associated with the launch of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) first rover, Sojourner, in 1996. The number of articles on Mars will likely continue to rise sharply, given that the launch and landing of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover are critical to discovering and understanding the present or past life on the planet. Thus far, the USA has dominated in the number of citations and collaborations related to Mars research, given its facilities equipped with relevant infrastructure and researchers’ capacity to explore the Solar System beyond Earth. Most of these frequently cited papers report observational and theoretical research results. However, a highly cited article is based on analytical studies of a unique Martian meteorite (i.e., Allan Hills 84001) found in Antarctica. It is expected that the future sample return mission associated with the Perseverance Rover caching system could increase the LoMars research exponentially in the coming decades if Martian samples are successfully brought to Earth. Based on the total number of publications on LoMars, the most influential institute, the author, and the journal are Caltech, C.P. McKay, and Icarus, respectively. Both the institute and the author are directly affiliated with NASA, indicating the leadership offered by the organization in LoMars research.

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Sebastián, Eduardo, German Martínez, Miguel Ramos, Isabel Pérez-Grande, Jesús Sobrado e José A. Rodríguez Manfredi. "Thermal calibration of the MEDA-TIRS radiometer onboard NASA's Perseverance rover". Acta Astronautica 182 (maggio 2021): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.02.006.

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B, Lee. "Perseverance Has Landed! Mars Rover Begins a New Era of Exploration". Scientific American 4, n. 2 (aprile 2021): None. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican042021-wfzqfgdorikjy65vwelap.

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Stott, Alexander, Naomi Murdoch, Martin Gillier, Don Banfield, Tanguy Bertrand, Baptiste Chide, Manuel De la Torre Juarez et al. "Martian Wind and turbulence heard by the SuperCam microphone on the perseverance rover". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, n. 3_supplement (1 marzo 2023): A279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018841.

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On top of listening to laser shots, rover sounds and the Ingenuity rotorcraft, SuperCam’s Mars microphone has recorded over 7 hours of ambient background noise on Mars. These background recordings contain signal due to the Martian wind. Through a comparison to the meteorological data recorded by the MEDA (Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer), we can determine the relationships between the microphone data, the wind and the atmospheric stability. Based on these relationships, we have determined a way to estimate the wind speed using the microphone through Gaussian process regression, a machine learning technique. Owing to the sampling rate of 25 000 samples per second, the microphone data can be used to examine Mars’ atmospheric dynamics at high frequencies, as yet unexplored on Mars. We will demonstrate how the wind speed estimates from the microphone provide an assessment of turbulence at fine scales, shedding light on the dissipative regime on Mars. One particularly interesting signal recorded by the microphone was a dust devil, which had fast varying winds within the walls of its vortex and signal from dust particles hitting the rover. Combining the microphone data with information from the MEDA sensors and navigation camera (Navcam) images enabled a full parameterization of this event.

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Yingst, R. Aileen, Julie K. Bartley, Barbara A. Cohen, Brian M. Hynek, Linda C. Kah, Richard Archer, Michael Lotto et al. "Using Rover-analogous Methodology to Discriminate between Volcanic and Sedimentary Origins in Successions Dominated by Igneous Composition". Planetary Science Journal 3, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac8429.

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Abstract We tested rover science operations strategies to determine best practices for interrogating geologic sections where the bulk composition is igneous but depositional/emplacement processes range from sedimentary to volcanic. This scenario may mirror locations on Mars interrogated by mobile vehicles (e.g., Perseverance rover in Jezero crater). Two field teams studied a 60 m vertical outcrop on Iceland’s Tjörnes peninsula as an analog for a Martian site containing interleaved layers of sedimentary and volcanic units. A Rover team commanded a human rover to execute observations based on common Mars rover sequences; the resulting data were used to characterize the geologic history of the location. Results were compared to that of a Tiger team using traditional terrestrial field methods to interrogate the same site. The goal was to understand which instruments, at what resolution, are required to assess the provenance of volcanic or sedimentary layers of similar chemical composition. Results suggest that, in a succession dominated by rocks having basaltic composition, current rover-driven decision-making protocols are sufficient to support a first-order interpretation of a sequence of sedimentary and volcanic layers. Two crucial data sets in maximizing science return in this scenario are (1) handlens-scale images revealing grain morphology and relationships and (2) data sets that allow comparison between surface and bulk geochemistry. Certain sedimentary features can be difficult to confidently identify if not viewed at a specific angle and resolution, and confident interpretations appear to require lateral scanning of beds at meter scales. This work illuminates the need for strategic planning, particularly of resource-intensive observations.

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Witze, Alexandra. "A month on Mars: what NASA’s Perseverance rover has found so far". Nature 591, n. 7851 (16 marzo 2021): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00698-5.

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Fouchet, Thierry, Jean-Michel Reess, Franck Montmessin, Rafik Hassen-Khodja, Napoléon Nguyen-Tuong, Olivier Humeau, Sophie Jacquinod et al. "The SuperCam infrared spectrometer for the perseverance rover of the Mars2020 mission". Icarus 373 (febbraio 2022): 114773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114773.

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Cousin, A., V. Sautter, C. Fabre, G. Dromart, G. Montagnac, C. Drouet, P. Y. Meslin et al. "SuperCam calibration targets on board the perseverance rover: Fabrication and quantitative characterization". Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 188 (febbraio 2022): 106341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2021.106341.

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Fernando, Benjamin, Natalia Wójcicka, Ross Maguire, Simon C. Stähler, Alexander E. Stott, Savas Ceylan, Constantinos Charalambous et al. "Seismic constraints from a Mars impact experiment using InSight and Perseverance". Nature Astronomy 6, n. 1 (28 ottobre 2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01502-0.

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AbstractNASA’s InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission has operated a sophisticated suite of seismology and geophysics instruments on the surface of Mars since its arrival in 2018. On 18 February 2021, we attempted to detect the seismic and acoustic waves produced by the entry, descent and landing of the Perseverance rover using the sensors onboard the InSight lander. Similar observations have been made on Earth using data from both crewed1,2 and uncrewed3,4 spacecraft, and on the Moon during the Apollo era5, but never before on Mars or another planet. This was the only seismic event to occur on Mars since InSight began operations that had an a priori known and independently constrained timing and location. It therefore had the potential to be used as a calibration for other marsquakes recorded by InSight. Here we report that no signal from Perseverance’s entry, descent and landing is identifiable in the InSight data. Nonetheless, measurements made during the landing window enable us to place constraints on the distance–amplitude relationships used to predict the amplitude of seismic waves produced by planetary impacts and place in situ constraints on Martian impact seismic efficiency (the fraction of the impactor kinetic energy converted into seismic energy).

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O, Jonathan. "The First 100 Days on Mars: How NASA's Perseverance Rover Will Begin Its Mission". Scientific American 4, n. 2 (aprile 2021): None. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican042021-3fv1ffrx4w0qbf95fogzvw.

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Rodríguez-Sevillano, Ángel Antonio, María Jesús Casati-Calzada, Rafael Bardera-Mora, Alejandro Feliz-Huidobro, Claudia Calle-González e Jaime Fernández-Antón. "Flow Study on the Anemometers of the Perseverance Based on Towing Tank Visualization". Applied Mechanics 3, n. 4 (8 dicembre 2022): 1385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech3040079.

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Flow visualization is necessary in fields such as engineering, since it allows us to know what is happening around the element being studied by means of a preliminary method, although it is relatively close to future research and computation methodology. The present project studies the interference at the anemometers of the Mars rover Perseverance, caused by the mast holding one of its cameras. After obtaining the model, manufactured by a 3D printer, it was placed inside a hydrodynamic towing tank, and red dye was added for a visual observation of the interference during the experiment. A comparison was made between the results achieved and those seen in a wind tunnel, realizing the high correlation they have. Finally, this paper promotes the use of the hydrodynamic towing tank in preliminary studies due to its low costs, considering the adequate comparison with other higher precision methodologies.

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Mischna, Michael A., Gregory Villar, David M. Kass, Soumyo Dutta, Scot Rafkin, Daniel Tyler, Jeffrey Barnes et al. "Pre- and Post-entry, Descent and Landing Assessment of the Martian Atmosphere for the Mars 2020 Rover". Planetary Science Journal 3, n. 6 (1 giugno 2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac7148.

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Abstract This review provides an analysis of activities undertaken by the Mars 2020 Council of Atmospheres (CoA) in support of the entry, descent, and landing (EDL) of the Mars 2020 rover Perseverance in Jezero crater, Mars. The activities of the CoA were designed to evaluate the safety of early-stage landing site candidates and, later, to constrain the range of plausible conditions expected at Jezero crater during the early northern spring season of EDL, following the successful blueprint of similar councils for prior landed Mars missions. The multiyear effort of the CoA involved using a combination of numerical modeling of the local Martian atmosphere with limited-domain mesoscale models and atmospheric reanalysis using data assimilation techniques, along with atmospheric observations from multiple orbiting assets, to generate an atmospheric “forecast” for the day of landing. Here we present an overview of these activities, focusing in greater detail on those elements that depart from prior CoA activities as performed for Mars Phoenix, Mars Science Laboratory, and the InSight lander. Following the successful landing of Perseverance on 2021 February 18, reconstruction and reassessment activities were performed and are presented here, comparing prelanding predictions with actual, as-flown conditions.

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Bence, Lázár, Róbert Szabolcsi e József Menyhárt. "Preliminary Design of a Climate Controlled Environmental Test and Measurement". Recent Innovations in Mechatronics 10, n. 1 (28 dicembre 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17667/riim.2023.01.

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Climate chambers play an important role in the design and testing process. Several different chambers have been built over the years, specialising in different areas. It means there is a wide choice on the market and as a consequence, parameters necessary for us limit when choosing the ideal test chamber. Our instruments might be subjected to several environmental effects which require a lot of time and effort to be tested. An example is the Mars rover. NASA's Perseverance Mars rover was equipped with 2 pieces of Li-ion battery packs and the old solar charging was replaced by RTG (Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator) thus a generator feeds the electricity consumers of the rover. Temperature on the surface of Mars varies from -150 C° to 20 C°. In addition, there are huge storms at regular interval lasting for month sometimes. These storms cause great difficulties because, on the one hand, the main power source on older types was the solar panels, and storms can cover them with Martian dust, limiting or eliminating their power supply. On the other hand, large sandstorms can completely cover the rover, and once the sandstorm is over, the Mars rover has to free itself from its trap. In addition, there were many other factors that engineers had to consider in the design. It is a well-known fact that we are not able to consider all the possible environmental conditions in design, and it is also known that some measurements may be inaccurate, so the prototypes produced have to be tested on the ground. The ground tests must ensure that the operating conditions on Mars are maintained. Special test chambers have been developed for this purpose. [1] The aim of the authors is to design and build a prototype of a climate chamber of their own design. An important component of the chamber is a measurement data acquisition system, which allows the collection of measured data and their preliminary processing.

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Apestigue, Victor, Alejandro Gonzalo, Juan Jiménez, Justin Boland, Mark Lemmon, Jose de Mingo, Elisa García-Menendez et al. "Radiation and Dust Sensor for Mars Environmental Dynamic Analyzer Onboard M2020 Rover". Sensors 22, n. 8 (10 aprile 2022): 2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082907.

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The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars’ surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars’ surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.

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Hurowitz, Joel A., David C. Catling e Woodward W. Fischer. "High Carbonate Alkalinity Lakes on Mars and their Potential Role in an Origin of Life Beyond Earth". Elements 19, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2023): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.19.1.37.

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The exploration of Mars has revealed that its ancient surface hosted lakes with a dazzling array of chemical and physical conditions and processes. The potential habitability of surface waters has driven studies aimed at understanding whether or not Mars once hosted life. High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are probable on early Mars, which means that lakes derived from weathering fluids could have contained substantial carbonate alkalinity. Recent studies show that lakes with high carbonate alkalinity are able to concentrate the phosphate and cyanide that are critical for molecular synthesis in the origin of life. While evidence for carbonate-rich Martian lakes remains limited, NASA’s Perseverance rover may reveal clues about the past existence of such waters in Jezero Crater.

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Hoffman, Jeffrey A. "(Keynote) Electrochemistry on Mars – Two Years of MOXIE (Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment) Operations Producing Oxygen on the Surface of the Red Planet". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n. 56 (28 agosto 2023): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01562739mtgabs.

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By the time of the 243rd ECS, NASA’s Mars2020 Perseverance rover will have spent over two Earth years on the surface of Mars, during which time the MOXIE experiment (Mars OXygen ISRU Experiment) will have produced oxygen at night and in the day during both the annual maximum and minimum atmospheric density periods, as well as at many other times during the year. MOXIE is the first demonstration of the use of indigenous resources (ISRU = In Situ Resource Utilization) on the surface of another planet. This talk will explain how MOXIE works and will present a summary of what MOXIE has accomplished, how its performance on Mars has changed with time, and plans for the future. The paper will also present results from an optimization study of a human-scale MOXIE-type system capable of providing the oxidizer for a 6–person Mars Ascent Vehicle. As an experiment carried inside the rover, MOXIE had to satisfy many constraints that would not apply to an independent, full-scale system. Other potential oxygen-producing technologies should be compared to the optimized human-scale system results summarized in this paper rather than to a simple linear scaling of the mass, power consumption, and oxygen production rate of MOXIE.

33

Lemmon, M. T., J. F. Bell e A. G. Hayes. "Revised Radiative Response Coefficients for the Curiosity Rover Mastcam from Direct Solar Images and Analog Tests". Research Notes of the AAS 7, n. 2 (16 febbraio 2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/acbc11.

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Abstract We have used solar images taken by the Curiosity rover’s Mastcam to derive new radiometric response coefficients. In addition, we used calibration data from the Perseverance rover’s Mastcam-Z instrument, which used the same detector, to estimate temperature sensitivity of the radiative response. The new coefficients allow calibration of raw data to radiance using the illuminant (the Sun) as the calibration source. Compared to the original pre-flight and early in-flight calibration, the revised calibration is expected to be more consistent across instrument temperature and allow for a self-consistent conversion to radiance factor values when contemporaneous calibration target images are not available or not appropriate. The revised coefficients were incorporated in a recalibration of Mastcam radiance products.

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Hafen, Tyler, Taylor Rane, Dennis Larsen, Jenna Pike, Joseph Hartvigsen, Jessica Elwell, Christopher Coyle, Olga A. Marina e S. Elangovan. "Redox Tolerant Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cathode for CO₂ and Steam". ECS Transactions 111, n. 6 (19 maggio 2023): 1301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1301ecst.

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The OxEon team led the development of solid oxide electrolysis cell(SOEC) stacks to convert atmospheric CO2 to pure O2 for the Mars Perseverance Rover mission. The cathode material set was not redox tolerant, therefore a recycle loop was implemented to include reducing CO gas in the stack feed. Since then, OxEon has investigated a combination of materials and engineering solutions to improve redox tolerance of the cathode materials so that 100% dryCO2 (or steam without H2) could be fed directly into a stack without harm. The developed set of cathode materials exhibit remarkable robustness through extreme redox cycling and thermal cycling, as well as higher coking tolerance from preliminary testing. This enables simpler operation (no recycle) and prevents damage from unintended system changes, providing a new solution to operational challenges in SOEC systems. Steam redox tolerance was independently verified from collaboration with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).

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Lorenz, Ralph, Sylvestre Maurice e Baptiste Chide. "The sound of the ingenuity Helicopter on Mars". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, n. 3_supplement (1 marzo 2023): A279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018839.

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The sounds of the Ingenuity Helicopter flying in the Martian atmosphere are among the most notable recordings of the microphone on the SuperCam instrument on the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover. Distinct acoustic signatures of the helicopter were recorded on the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 8th flights. The detected signatures are around 84 Hz and (occasionally) at 168 Hz, at the blade crossing frequency and its first harmonic. Several higher harmonics were prominent in hover tests in short-range recordings in a test chamber on Earth; these are attenuated by CO2 absorption at the 50 m-plus ranges on Mars. Doppler shift of the 84 Hz signal can be measured and is consistent with the trajectory measured with Ingenuity’s navigation camera and inertial navigation unit, and documented by Perseverance’s cameras. A striking feature of the sound recordings is an unanticipated deep modulation of the signals with nulls spaced by around 15–20 s, superposed on the simple and expected decline in amplitude with distance. We have evaluated and rejected models of multipath sound interference as requiring implausibly strong near-surface temperature gradients. We find instead that the modulation appears to be the signature of a slight asynchrony between the rotation rates of the two coaxial rotors, such that the blade-crossing azimuth rotates slowly during flight, resulting in a “lighthouse” sweeping of the radiated sound pattern. Analysis of blade orientations seen in the shadow of the helicopter observed in down-looking navigation images supports this model.

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Hetherington, Lily R., Joshua L. Kapcsos e Victor W. Sparrow. "Acoustics on the planet Mars: Next steps, including sonic booms". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, n. 3_supplement (1 marzo 2023): A281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018847.

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We congratulate the Perseverance rover team for measuring a dust devil and other sounds on Mars. This is a great achievement, and at the same time just a beginning. The acoustics community needs to apply itself to the situations that might come up when humans visit Mars. Work in the late 1990s and early 2000s set the stage for our knowledge of the outdoor sound environment of Mars. One next step will be to understand how shock waves and sonic booms will propagate on Mars. Because of the high atmospheric absorption, the shock structures of sonic booms are expected to differ on Mars compared to those on Earth. Some of the differences in potentially using a program like NASA’s PCBoom suite of tools will be discussed. Sonic booms have been used in the past to probe the atmosphere on Earth, and the prospects seem bright for successful similar applications on Mars. [Work supported by the Penn State College of Engineering.]

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Jacob, Xavier, Baptiste Chide, Sylvestre Maurice e Tanguy Bertrand. "Modeling support to acoustic sensing at the surface of Mars". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, n. 3_supplement (1 marzo 2023): A280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018842.

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Acoustic propagation in the atmosphere of Mars is the subject of renewed interest since the presence of microphones on the surface of the red planet. The analysis of the recordings collected by the SuperCam microphone of the NASA Perseverance rover has already shown that the acoustic properties of Mars atmosphere do fit the existing models, and so far, the meteorological data have been available. On this basis, classical atmospheric propagation models have been adapted, including the effects of ground, temperature gradient, wind, and turbulence. A sensitivity study is presented, using two configurations that correspond to the main actual sources and propagation paths experienced on Mars : one similar to the point-like pulsed source that is generated by the expansion of the plasma of the LIBS technique, and the other analogue to the tonal low frequency noise emission of the ingenuity drone. Modeling results show to what extend this two configurations can be use to assess ground or atmospheric properties.

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Edgett, Kenneth S., Steven G. Banham, Kristen A. Bennett, Lauren A. Edgar, Christopher S. Edwards, Alberto G. Fairén, Christopher M. Fedo et al. "Extraformational sediment recycling on Mars". Geosphere 16, n. 6 (6 ottobre 2020): 1508–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02244.1.

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Abstract Extraformational sediment recycling (old sedimentary rock to new sedimentary rock) is a fundamental aspect of Earth’s geological record; tectonism exposes sedimentary rock, whereupon it is weathered and eroded to form new sediment that later becomes lithified. On Mars, tectonism has been minor, but two decades of orbiter instrument–based studies show that some sedimentary rocks previously buried to depths of kilometers have been exposed, by erosion, at the surface. Four locations in Gale crater, explored using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Curiosity rover, exhibit sedimentary lithoclasts in sedimentary rock: At Marias Pass, they are mudstone fragments in sandstone derived from strata below an erosional unconformity; at Bimbe, they are pebble-sized sandstone and, possibly, laminated, intraclast-bearing, chemical (calcium sulfate) sediment fragments in conglomerates; at Cooperstown, they are pebble-sized fragments of sandstone within coarse sandstone; at Dingo Gap, they are cobble-sized, stratified sandstone fragments in conglomerate derived from an immediately underlying sandstone. Mars orbiter images show lithified sediment fans at the termini of canyons that incise sedimentary rock in Gale crater; these, too, consist of recycled, extraformational sediment. The recycled sediments in Gale crater are compositionally immature, indicating the dominance of physical weathering processes during the second known cycle. The observations at Marias Pass indicate that sediment eroded and removed from craters such as Gale crater during the Martian Hesperian Period could have been recycled to form new rock elsewhere. Our results permit prediction that lithified deltaic sediments at the Perseverance (landing in 2021) and Rosalind Franklin (landing in 2023) rover field sites could contain extraformational recycled sediment.

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Tao, Yu, Susan J. Conway, Jan-Peter Muller, Alfiah R. D. Putri, Nicolas Thomas e Gabriele Cremonese. "Single Image Super-Resolution Restoration of TGO CaSSIS Colour Images: Demonstration with Perseverance Rover Landing Site and Mars Science Targets". Remote Sensing 13, n. 9 (2 maggio 2021): 1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091777.

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The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO)’s Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) provides multi-spectral optical imagery at 4–5 m/pixel spatial resolution. Improving the spatial resolution of CaSSIS images would allow greater amounts of scientific information to be extracted. In this work, we propose a novel Multi-scale Adaptive weighted Residual Super-resolution Generative Adversarial Network (MARSGAN) for single-image super-resolution restoration of TGO CaSSIS images, and demonstrate how this provides an effective resolution enhancement factor of about 3 times. We demonstrate with qualitative and quantitative assessments of CaSSIS SRR results over the Mars2020 Perseverance rover’s landing site. We also show examples of similar SRR performance over 8 science test sites mainly selected for being covered by HiRISE at higher resolution for comparison, which include many features unique to the Martian surface. Application of MARSGAN will allow high resolution colour imagery from CaSSIS to be obtained over extensive areas of Mars beyond what has been possible to obtain to date from HiRISE.

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Patel, Priya, Leslie Tamppari, Manuel de la Torre Juárez, Mark Lemmon, Andrew Coates, Michael Wolff, Daniel Toledo et al. "Geometric Properties of Water-ice Clouds as Observed from Jezero Crater in the First 600 sols with the NavCam Instrument On Board the Mars2020 Rover, Perseverance". Planetary Science Journal 4, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2023): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/acfc35.

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Abstract In the first 600 sols of the Mars2020 mission, LS 5.6o – 316.8o, 46 cloud movies and 145 cloud surveys were collected to observe clouds at Jezero Crater, the landing site of the Perseverance Rover. Cloud movies were processed using the Mean-Frame Subtraction (MFS) method for revealing cloud structures, which were subsequently analyzed using digital-image processing. Two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transforms (2D-FFT) were used to compute cloud structure sizes ranging from 2.90 to 15.25 km for clouds between 30 and 50 km altitude, based on coincident Mars Climate Sounder vertical profiles of atmospheric water-ice. Same-value thresholding was used to detect the cloud structures in MFS-processed and projected cloud movies. The resolution dependence that was needed to resolve these structures over various thresholds was examined to find multifractal scaling of Mars clouds for resolutions between 0.1 and 1.6 km. We characterize the multiscaling observed in the images and its implications for the design of cloud-tracking cameras from the surface as well as for cloud-resolving models.

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Jackson, Brian. "Vortices and Dust Devils as Observed by the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer Instruments on Board the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover". Planetary Science Journal 3, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac4586.

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Abstract An important and perhaps dominant source of dust in the Martian atmosphere, dust devils play a key role in Mars’ climate. Data sets from previous landed missions have revealed dust devil activity, constrained their structures, and elucidated their dust-lifting capacities. However, each landing site and observational season exhibits unique meteorological properties that shape dust devil activity and illuminate their dependence on ambient conditions. The recent release of data from the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) instrument suite on board the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover promises a new treasure trove for dust devil studies. In this study, we sift the time series from MEDA’s Pressure Sensor (PS) and Radiative and Dust Sensors (RDS) to look for the signals of passing vortices and dust devils. We detected 309 vortex encounters over the mission’s first 89 sols. Consistent with predictions, these encounter rates exceed InSight and Curiosity’s encounter rates. The RDS time series also allows us to assess whether a passing vortex is likely to be dusty (and therefore is a true dust devil) or dustless. We find that about one quarter of vortices show signs of dust lofting, although unfavorable encounter geometries may have prevented us from detecting dust for other vortices. In addition to these results, we discuss prospects for vortex studies as additional data from Mars 2020 are processed and made available.

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"Perseverance: The New Rover on Mars". Physics Teacher 59, n. 4 (aprile 2021): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0004170.

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Lorenz, Ralph D. "Gentle Perseverance Lifts the Veil on Martian Dust". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 9 settembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023je007843.

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AbstractObservations with sensitive photodiode detectors on the Perseverance rover (Hueso et al., 2023; Vicente‐Retortillo et al., 2023) to detect dust devils and track formation, and movies of the Ingenuity helicopter’s downwash impingement on the Martian surface (Lemmon et al., 2022), together with in‐situ meteorological data, give new insights into the important problem of dust‐lifting on Mars, a phenomenon which influenced the lifetime of recent rovers and landers. These results, together with new low‐gravity wind tunnel experiments on parabolic flights and interpretation of the large blast pattern from lander retrorockets, indicate that particle motion and visible darkening on Mars can result from aerodynamic pressures of only 1‐5 Pascals, considerably less than previously thought.

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Green, James L. "Perseverance Rover and Its Search for Life On Mars". Communications of the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, 2021, 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52526/25792776-2021.68.2-464.

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Mars orbiters, landers, and rovers have made extraordinary discoveries about the evolution of Mars and its potential for life. At this time, it is clear, that the potential of ancient life on Mars has increased based on several discoveries. There have been many observed signs of ancient liquid water: surface and underground. There are past geological environments on Mars that had reasonable potential to have preserved the evidence of life, had it existed. The detection of complex organics by Curiosity has increased the potential for preserving “fingerprints of life” that may be locked away in the rock record. These and other factors have led NASA, with the support of other space agencies, to mount a Mars sample return (MSR) campaign. The first mission of MSR is the Perseverance rover. Designed to core and store rock, soils, and atmospheric samples in sealed tubes for later return, Perseverance landed in Jezero crater in February 2021 near an extensive ancient river delta. Other missions will follow to bring these samples back to Earth for further analysis. In addition, Perseverance carried the Ingenuity helicopter as a technology demonstration which has been tremendously successful and may lead to other future ariel missions on the red planet.

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Balaram, J., MiMi Aung e Matthew P. Golombek. "The Ingenuity Helicopter on the Perseverance Rover". Space Science Reviews 217, n. 4 (25 maggio 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00815-w.

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"LIVE ON MARS". Eureka! 41, n. 4 (aprile 2021): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0261-2097(22)60093-5.

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Maki, J. N., D. Gruel, C. McKinney, M. A. Ravine, M. Morales, D. Lee, R. Willson et al. "The Mars 2020 Engineering Cameras and Microphone on the Perseverance Rover: A Next-Generation Imaging System for Mars Exploration". Space Science Reviews 216, n. 8 (24 novembre 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00765-9.

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AbstractThe Mars 2020 Perseverance rover is equipped with a next-generation engineering camera imaging system that represents an upgrade over previous Mars rover missions. These upgrades will improve the operational capabilities of the rover with an emphasis on drive planning, robotic arm operation, instrument operations, sample caching activities, and documentation of key events during entry, descent, and landing (EDL). There are a total of 16 cameras in the Perseverance engineering imaging system, including 9 cameras for surface operations and 7 cameras for EDL documentation. There are 3 types of cameras designed for surface operations: Navigation cameras (Navcams, quantity 2), Hazard Avoidance Cameras (Hazcams, quantity 6), and Cachecam (quantity 1). The Navcams will acquire color stereo images of the surface with a $96^{\circ}\times 73^{\circ}$ 96 ∘ × 73 ∘ field of view at 0.33 mrad/pixel. The Hazcams will acquire color stereo images of the surface with a $136^{\circ}\times 102^{\circ}$ 136 ∘ × 102 ∘ at 0.46 mrad/pixel. The Cachecam, a new camera type, will acquire images of Martian material inside the sample tubes during caching operations at a spatial scale of 12.5 microns/pixel. There are 5 types of EDL documentation cameras: The Parachute Uplook Cameras (PUCs, quantity 3), the Descent stage Downlook Camera (DDC, quantity 1), the Rover Uplook Camera (RUC, quantity 1), the Rover Descent Camera (RDC, quantity 1), and the Lander Vision System (LVS) Camera (LCAM, quantity 1). The PUCs are mounted on the parachute support structure and will acquire video of the parachute deployment event as part of a system to characterize parachute performance. The DDC is attached to the descent stage and pointed downward, it will characterize vehicle dynamics by capturing video of the rover as it descends from the skycrane. The rover-mounted RUC, attached to the rover and looking upward, will capture similar video of the skycrane from the vantage point of the rover and will also acquire video of the descent stage flyaway event. The RDC, attached to the rover and looking downward, will document plume dynamics by imaging the Martian surface before, during, and after rover touchdown. The LCAM, mounted to the bottom of the rover chassis and pointed downward, will acquire $90^{\circ}\times 90^{\circ}$ 90 ∘ × 90 ∘ FOV images during the parachute descent phase of EDL as input to an onboard map localization by the Lander Vision System (LVS). The rover also carries a microphone, mounted externally on the rover chassis, to capture acoustic signatures during and after EDL. The Perseverance rover launched from Earth on July 30th, 2020, and touchdown on Mars is scheduled for February 18th, 2021.

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"TOUCHDOWN ON MARS FOR THALES SUPERCAM". Engineer 302, n. 7927 (maggio 2021): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0013-7758(22)90019-4.

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Verma, Vandi, Mark W. Maimone, Daniel M. Gaines, Raymond Francis, Tara A. Estlin, Stephen R. Kuhn, Gregg R. Rabideau et al. "Autonomous robotics is driving Perseverance rover’s progress on Mars". Science Robotics 8, n. 80 (26 luglio 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adi3099.

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NASA’s Perseverance rover uses robotic autonomy to achieve its mission goals on Mars. Its self-driving autonomous navigation system (AutoNav) has been used to evaluate 88% of the 17.7-kilometer distance traveled during its first Mars year of operation. Previously, the maximum total autonomous distance evaluated was 2.4 kilometers by the Opportunity rover during its 14-year lifetime. AutoNav has set multiple planetary rover records, including the greatest distance driven without human review (699.9 meters) and the greatest single-day drive distance (347.7 meters). The Autonomous Exploration for Gathering Increased Science (AEGIS) system analyzes wide-angle imagery onboard to autonomously select targets for observations by the SuperCam instrument, a multimode sensor suite capable of millimeter-scale geochemical and mineralogical analysis. AEGIS enables observations of scientifically interesting targets during or immediately after long drives without the need for ground communication. OnBoard Planner (OBP) is a scheduling capability planned for operational use in September 2023 that has the potential to reduce energy usage by up to 20% and complete drive and arm-contact science campaigns in 25% fewer days on Mars. This paper presents an overview of the AutoNav, AEGIS, and OBP capabilities used on Perseverance.

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Kelvey, Jon. "NASA’s Perseverance Rover Records the First Sounds of a Dust Devil on Mars". Eos 103 (13 dicembre 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2022eo220569.

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