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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Perennial pastures"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 3 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Perennial pastures"

Li, G. D., K. R. Helyar, C. M. Evans, M. C. Wilson, L. J. C. Castleman, R. P. Fisher, B. R. Cullis e M. K. Conyers. "Effects of lime on the botanical composition of pasture over nine years in a field experiment on the south-western slopes of New South Wales". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, n. 1 (2003): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01194.

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Two permanent pastures (annual pasture v. perennial pasture) were established in 1992 as part of the long-term field experiment, MASTER — Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations. The primary objective of the experiment was to develop an agricultural system that is economically viable and environmentally sustainable on the highly acidic soils in south-eastern Australia. This paper reports on the effects of lime on the botanical composition changes of annual and perennial pastures over 9 years. In general, lime increased the proportion of the desirable species, such as phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) in perennial pasture and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in annual pastures, and decreased the proportion of the undesirable species, such as Vulpia spp., in both annual and perennial pastures, ultimately improving the quality of feed-on-offer to animals. As a result, the limed pastures carried 24% more sheep than the unlimed pastures, while maintaining individual animal performance similar for both limed and unlimed pastures. The phalaris-based perennial pasture was more stable in terms of maintaining the sown species than the annual pasture. Lime improved the persistence of phalaris and the longevity of the phalaris-based pasture should be at least 10 years. Lime changed the direction of plant succession of annual pastures. Without lime, Vulpia spp. gradually became more dominant while ryegrass and subterranean clover became less dominant in annual pastures. With lime, barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) gradually invaded the sward at the expense of ryegrass, thus reducing the benefits of lime, but this effect was less for the perennial pastures than for annual pastures. Liming perennial pastures should be more beneficial than liming annual pastures because of the beneficial effects on pasture composition. In addition, previously published work reported that liming perennial pastures improved sustainability through better use of water and nitrogen.

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White, R. E., K. R. Helyar, A. M. Ridley, D. Chen, L. K. Heng, J. Evans, R. Fisher et al. "Soil factors affecting the sustainability and productivity of perennial and annual pastures in the high rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, n. 2 (2000): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98013.

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A field study was carried out in the high rainfall zone (HRZ, >600 mm p.a.) of southern Australia from March 1994 to August 1997 to test the hypothesis that sown perennial grasses and liming could make the existing pastures more sustainable through better use of water and nitrogen. The site, on an acid duplex soil at Book Book near Wagga Wagga in southern New South Wales, was typical of much of the HRZ grazing country in southern New South Wales and north-east Victoria. The experiment consisted of 4 replicate paddocks (each 0.135 ha) of 4 treatments: annual pasture (mainly ryegrass Lolium rigidum, silver grass Vulpia spp., subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneum and broadleaf weeds) without lime, annual pasture with lime, perennial pasture (phalaris Phalaris aquatica, cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata and subterranean clover T. subterraneum) without lime, and perennial pasture with lime. Soil pH (0–10 cm) in the limed treatments was maintained at 5.5 (0.01 mol/L CaCl2), compared to 4.1 in the unlimed treatments. The pastures were rotationally grazed with Merino ewe or wether hoggets at a stocking rate which varied with the season, but was 10–25% higher on the limed pastures [14.8–17.3 dry sheep equivalent (dse)/ha] than the unlimed pastures. One replicate set of pasture treatments was intensively monitored for surface runoff, subsurface flow (at the top of the B horizon), water potential gradients and ammonium volatilisation. Other measurements of nitrogen inputs, transformations and losses were made on all paddocks. In a normal to wet year, surface runoff, subsurface flow and deep drainage (>180 cm depth) were about 40 mm less from the perennial than the annual pastures. The reduction in deep drainage under the perennials was about one-third to one-half (20–29 mm/year). The smaller loss of solution NO3– from the perennial pastures (up to 12 kg N/ha.year) suggested soil acidification under perennials was reduced by about 1 kmol H+/ha.year. Denitrification and volatilisation losses of N were small (1–12 kg N/ha.year). Nitrogen fixed by subterranean clover (above ground parts) ranged from 2–8 kg N/ha in the drought of 1994–95 to 128 kg N/ha in a normal year (1996). The soil-pasture nitrogen balance was positive for all treatments and averaged 76 kg N/ha.year over 2 years. The abundance of introduced and native earthworms increased from 85 to 250/m2 in the limed pastures between 1994 and 1997. Introduced species, such as Aporrectodea trapezoides, were especially responsive to lime. Animal production per hectare was 10–25% higher on pastures with lime. Critical gross margins per dse were lowest ($16/ha) for a long-lived perennial pasture (>15 years), and highest ($20/ha) for a short-lived perennial (5 years). Overall, there were substantial benefits in animal production, improved soil quality and water use from establishing perennial grass pastures with lime on these strongly acid soils.

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Li, G. D., K. R. Helyar, S. J. Welham, M. K. Conyers, L. J. C. Castleman, R. P. Fisher, C. M. Evans, B. R. Cullis e P. D. Cregan. "Pasture and sheep responses to lime application in a grazing experiment in a high-rainfall area, south-eastern Australia. I. Pasture production". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, n. 10 (2006): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05298.

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‘Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations (MASTER)’ is a long-term pasture–crop rotation experiment commenced in 1992. One of the objectives was to demonstrate the extent of crop, pasture, and animal responses to lime on a typical acidic soil in the 500–800 mm rainfall zone in south-eastern Australia. Two types of pastures (perennial v. annual pastures) with or without lime application were established in 1992. This paper presents the results of the pasture dry matter (DM) responses to lime application over 6 years from 1992 to 1997. Results showed that both perennial and annual pastures responded positively to lime on a highly acidic soil on the south-west slopes of New South Wales. Averaged across pasture types and 5 growing seasons, the limed pastures produced 18% more pasture DM (520 kg/ha, P < 0.05) than the unlimed pastures. Significant responses to lime were detected on perennial pastures (610 kg DM/ha, P < 0.05), but not on annual pastures, although the limed annual pastures produced more DM (420 kg/ha, P = 0.20) than the unlimed annual pastures. There was a large seasonal variation in pasture growth rate with the significant lime responses in winter and spring on both perennial pastures (P < 0.05) and annual pastures (P < 0.10 in winter and P < 0.05 in spring), but no responses in autumn and summer on either perennial or annual pastures. The extra growth in winter is of importance as winter is the period when feed is normally inadequate and limits stocking rates. It is recommended that perennial-based pastures should be promoted for the purposes of productivity, in terms of increasing pasture production and improving feed quality, and for the environmental benefits in terms of alleviating the soil acidity problem and reducing the risk of dryland salinity in the high-rainfall zone in south-eastern Australia.

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Saul, Geoffrey, Gavin Kearney e Dion Borg. "Pasture systems to improve productivity of sheep in south-western Victoria. 1. Growth, composition, nutritive value and persistence of resown pastures". Animal Production Science 49, n. 8 (2009): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06142.

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Two pasture systems were compared at five on-farm sites across south-western Victoria between 1990 and 1996. The ‘typical’ pasture treatment mimicked the pasture and grazing management common in the region, with volunteer annual-based pastures fertilised with around 5 kg/ha phosphorus (P) each year. The ‘upgraded’ pasture treatments were resown to phalaris, perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover, and higher rates of fertiliser (13–25 kg P/ha.year) plus other nutrients were applied. Both pastures were set stocked with the participating farmers breeding ewes. Stocking rate was an emergent variable on each plot. The stocking rate on the typical treatments was based on normal farm practise. Initially, the stocking rate of the upgraded pastures was 15% higher than for the typical pastures and increased over time depending if the ewes in the upgraded pastures were heavier than those in the typical pastures. Measurements included soil fertility, pasture production, nutritive value and composition, and animal production. Net annual pasture production of the upgraded pastures was 10 500 kg/ha compared with 8700 kg/ha for the typical pastures. This average difference (18%) between the treatments was greatly influenced by the large advantage (40%) of the upgraded pasture in the wet year of 1992. Upgraded pastures had higher pasture production than typical pastures in spring but the reverse occurred in autumn. In a separate small plot experiment, the response of each pasture to higher P fertiliser applications was tested. In autumn and winter, there was a significant interaction between pasture type and P rate, with higher responses on the upgraded pastures. In spring, both pastures responded to increased P applications but the upgraded pastures were more responsive at all P rates. The upgraded pastures contained significantly higher legume content (30–50%) than the typical pastures (10–20%). The proportion of sown perennial grasses in the upgraded pasture declined from around 30 to 10% after 6 years displaced by annual grasses and broad-leaf weeds. Herbage from upgraded pastures had significantly higher crude protein content (2–7 units) and digestibility (1–10 units) than the typical pastures with the difference between the treatments increasing over time. The set stocking policy used in this experiment is likely to have exacerbated the decline in sown perennial grasses and implementation of some form of strategic or rotational grazing may have improved persistence. The experiment also highlights the importance of selecting perennial grasses able to cope with the local environment and grazing conditions. Despite the decline in perennials, these results show significant potential to improve pasture productivity and quality in south-western Victoria.

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Kemp, D. R., e P. M. Dowling. "Towards sustainable temperate perennial pastures". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, n. 2 (2000): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98003.

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Naturalised pastures across the higher rainfall (>600 mm) perennial pasture zone of south-eastern Australia are less productive than they were, while sown pastures fail to maintain their initial levels of production. Several factors have contributed to this, including lack of knowledge of suitable grazing practices, weed invasion, increasing acid soils, rising water tables and poor management practices during droughts. A key issue in each case is the decline in perennial grass species which is both a cause and effect of the decline in productivity and sustainability of these ecosystems. This paper introduces a volume devoted to the largest collaborative study done to evaluate tactics for better grazing management and to improve the sustainability of perennial pasture ecosystems. Grazing practices to manage the composition of pastures have been largely neglected in pasture research, but are an important first step in improving pasture sustainability. This paper also outlines a new, open communal grazing experimental design which was developed and used across 24 sites on farms in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, to evaluate tactics for grazing management. The general aim across these experiments was to maintain (if adequate) or enhance (if degraded), the proportion of desirable perennial grasses in the sward to achieve more sustainable pastures. The results will provide the basis for building more sustainable grazing systems.

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CHEN, G., G. D. LI, M. K. CONYERS e B. R. CULLIS. "LONG-TERM LIMING REGIME INCREASES PRIME LAMB PRODUCTION ON ACID SOILS". Experimental Agriculture 45, n. 2 (aprile 2009): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708007497.

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SUMMARYPrime lamb live weight response to lime application on pasture was measured in a grazing experiment in the high rainfall zone of the southwestern slopes of New South Wales, Australia. The pastures were limed every 6 years over 15 years. First cross South African Meat Merino lambs were used as test animals. Pre- and post-grazing pasture dry matter (DM) yield, botanical composition, feed quality and lamb live weight were monitored over 12 weeks in 2007. Results showed that liming significantly increased pasture DM yield of high quality species and improved overall pasture quality due to increased digestibility and metabolic energy content. As a result, the limed perennial and annual pastures carried 24.0% (3.6 lambs ha−1) and 29.0% (4.4 lambs ha−1) more stock than the unlimed perennial and annual pastures, respectively. Averaged across pasture types, the limed pastures produced 30.6% (131 kg ha−1) more lamb live weight gain than the unlimed pastures over 12 weeks. The live weight gain varied between grazing cycles depending on the availability of feed-on-offer and feed quality, which were closely related to the rainfall pattern. The perennial pastures did not show any advantage in animal production over annual pastures during the experimental period due to lack of moisture in the deep soil profile because of severe drought in the previous year. More seasons with normal or above average rainfall are needed to compare animal production on perennial pastures and annual pastures to investigate the advantage of perennial pastures in animal production.

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Li, G. D., K. R. Helyar, M. K. Conyers, L. J. C. Castleman, R. P. Fisher, G. J. Poile, C. J. Lisle, B. R. Cullis e P. D. Cregan. "Pasture and sheep responses to lime application in a grazing experiment in a high-rainfall area, south-eastern Australia. II. Liveweight gain and wool production". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, n. 10 (2006): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05299.

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‘Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations (MASTER)’ is a long-term pasture–crop rotation experiment commenced in 1992. One of the objectives was to demonstrate the extent of crop, pasture, and animal responses to lime application on a typical acidic soil in the 500–800 mm rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Two types of pastures (perennial v. annual pastures) with or without lime application were established in 1992. Fifteen- to eighteen-month-old Merino hoggets were used as test animals and were changed annually. This paper reports the results of sheep responses to liming from the 4 continuous pasture treatments over 6 years from 1992 to 1997. The stocking rate was the same on all plots within a treatment during each rotation period, but was varied between treatments based on the pasture availability and sheep body condition. The most important findings from this study are that the limed treatments carried 29% and 27% more stock (up to 4 DSE/ha) than the unlimed treatments for perennial and annual pastures, respectively. As a result, the limed perennial pastures produced 27% more liveweight gain (62 kg/ha.year) and 28% more greasy wool (13 kg/ha.year) than unlimed perennial pastures, whereas the limed annual pastures produced 34% more liveweight gain (77 kg/ha.year) and 24% more greasy wool (11 kg/ha.year) than unlimed annual pastures. The significant responses to lime in liveweight and wool production were detected from the second growing season after the pastures were established. The increased sheep productivity on the limed treatment was due to a combination of increased pasture production and improved pasture quality. Perennial pastures showed a slight advantage in wool production, but not in liveweight gain. However, the seasonal variation of liveweight was greater on annual pastures than on perennial pastures. The larger variation in liveweight change could lead to more adverse effects on wool quality especially at high grazing pressures. Grazing management can be used to manipulate pasture and animal productivity to increase profits from lime use.

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Ward, G. N., S. G. Clark, G. A. Kearney, M. R. McCaskill, M. C. Raeside, A. R. Lawson e R. Behrendt. "Summer-active perennials in pasture systems improve seasonal pasture distribution without compromising winter-spring production". Crop and Pasture Science 64, n. 7 (2013): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13003.

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Improved dryland pastures for sheep and beef cattle production in south-western Victoria are typically based on summer-dormant cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.). These are highly productive in spring but exhibit low accumulation rates over summer–autumn. Summer-active perennial pasture species could potentially alleviate this summer–autumn feed gap. Three pasture systems that used different pastures on each of the three landscape classes (crest, slope, and valley floor) were compared over 4 years. The perennial ryegrass system (henceforth Ryegrass) had a different ryegrass cultivar on each landscape class. The Triple system used lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) (crest), perennial ryegrass (slope), and summer-active tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb) Darbysh.) (valley floor). The Novel system used chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) (crest), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or hybrid ryegrass (L. × boucheanum Kunth.) (slope), and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.) (valley floor). The pastures were grazed by either one (in the case of the Novel system) or three (in the case of the Ryegrass and Triple systems) animal systems that varied over the life of the experiment. Total annual herbage accumulation of the Ryegrass and Triple systems did not differ. The Novel system consistently had lower total annual dry matter accumulation than the other two systems. Lucerne pastures generally had the highest accumulation rates over summer, followed by the chicory pastures. The kikuyu pastures responded well to summer rainfall but otherwise had similar accumulation rates to the perennial ryegrass and tall fescue pastures over summer. Tall fescue pastures grew well in autumn following wet summers. In spring the perennial ryegrass pastures based on Fitzroy or Avalon were highly productive but seldom grew faster than other pastures. The results support the hypothesis that incorporating deep-rooted, summer-active perennial species will increase pasture production over summer–autumn compared with conventional pasture systems but not at the expense of winter–spring production.

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Moore, Andrew D. "The case for and against perennial forages in the Australian sheep–wheat zone: modelling livestock production, business risk and environmental interactions". Animal Production Science 54, n. 12 (2014): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14613.

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Perennial forages have been proposed as a means of ameliorating both the summer–autumn feed gap and the risks posed by soil salinity and erosion in mixed farming areas of southern Australia. Whole-farm simulation analyses using the APSIM and GRAZPLAN models at nine locations across southern Australia have evaluated the likely trade-offs among expected profitability, financial risk, soil erosion risk, deep drainage and soil carbon change as annual pastures are converted to perennial pastures based on a C3 grass, a C4 grass or lucerne. Differences between perennial and annual feedbases in total pasture growth (median –11%, range –47% to +20%) and metabolisable energy supply from pasture (median +1%, range –48% to +52%) were diverse across locations and perennial species. At some locations, improvements in the pasture feedbase were counter-balanced by lower livestock intakes from crop stubbles. The modelled farming system with the highest profit included some perennial pasture at seven of the nine locations, but no one pasture species or land-use system predominated across all locations or producer risk attitudes. Local characteristics of the soils and farming systems are as important as broad climatic factors in determining how substituting perennial for annual pastures alters the trade-off between profitability and wind erosion risk. Further expanding permanent pastures into land currently used for crops only unequivocally reduced wind erosion risk at the four locations with Mediterranean climates. Lucerne grown in long rotations provided the best trade-off between mean gross margin and financial risk at Merriwagga and Temora. Permanent C3 or C4 perennial grass pastures separated from continuous cropping may simultaneously increase profits and reduce business and erosion risk at low-rainfall locations with Mediterranean climates, as long as they can be managed to persist. Managing pastures for greater nitrogen inputs could be considered as an erosion-abatement strategy.

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Musgrave, D. J. "Non-ryegrass pastures - the science and farmer practice". NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (1 gennaio 2011): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3192.

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A review of recently published science demonstrates that relatively simple non-perennial ryegrass mixtures have performed well in environments as diverse as under deer grazing in Dunedin and the Manawatu, under sheep grazing in dryland mid-Canterbury, and under both irrigated and dryland dairy cow grazing in the Waikato and Northland. Animal productivity has been lifted by up to 30% in milk solids and 50% in deer liveweight gain in non-perennial ryegrass mixtures compared to perennial ryegrass-based pastures. In some cases, the ryegrass pasture has produced similar or more dry matter, yet animal performance has been greater on the non-perennial ryegrass pastures. In other cases, dry matter productivity from complex nonryegrass mixtures has been around 30% higher than from perennial ryegrass pastures. Interviews with farmers from South Canterbury to Northland have all reported positive experiences with non-ryegrass pastures and most have said they will not be planting perennial ryegrass-based pastures again.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Perennial pastures"

Riley, AnnMarie Christine. "FORAGE QUALITY OF COOL SEASON PERENNIAL GRASS HORSE PASTURES IN THE TRANSITION ZONE". UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/112.

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Cool season perennial grasses are the foundation of equine nutrition in the transition zone. The objective of this study was to evaluate forage quality using ADF, NDF, IVTDMD, CP, WSC, and ESC and changes in vegetative swards seasonally, diurnally, across species (Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, orchardgrass, and perennial ryegrass) and cultivar. This study was conducted in 2015 and 2017 and plots were maintained vegetatively with two to four week mowing. Morning and afternoon sample collection occurred monthly during the growing season. Samples were flash frozen; freeze dried, ground, and scanned using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict forage quality. There was a significant year effect; therefore year was analyzed separately. Generally, ADF and NDF were highest for Kentucky bluegrass (30 and 52%), lowest for perennial ryegrass (25 and 46%), and tall fescue and orchardgrass were inconsistent. Crude protein was variable across species and season, ranging 10 to 25%. ADF and NDF concentrations were higher in the morning; IVTDMD, WSC, and ESC were higher in the afternoon; and CP was similar diurnally. In conclusion, forage quality in vegetative cool season grass pastures was sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of most equines, but varied seasonally, diurnally, across species, and cultivar.

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Frost, William E. "The ecology of cereal rust mite Abacarus hystrix (Nalepa) in irrigated perennial dairy pastures in South Australia /". Title page, contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf9398.pdf.

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Labuschagne, Johan. "Nitrogen management strategies on perennial ryegrass - white clover pastures in the Western Cape Province /". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1385.

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Naujeck, Anja. "Grazing behaviour of domestic horses on perennial ryegrass pastures and the effect of sward height". Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495524.

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Grazing behaviour of domestic horses on perennial ryegrass pastures and the effect of sward height On paddocks used for horse grazing, swards are often depleted by overgrazing and patches of bare ground appear due to resting and walking behaviour of the animals. In order to improve pasture production and animal management the knowledge of grazing and social behaviour is essential. The present study therefore investigated grazing behaviour of horses and their response to different sward heights and the influence of being a herd animal on individual behaviour. The experiments performed showed that horses perceive differences in sward height and that they increase bite dimensions, such as bite depth, volume, area and mass, as sward height increases. As bite depth slightly increased when the horses' whiskers around the rilUzzle were trimmed or shaved, it was shown that the whiskers play an important role in perceiving the distance of the muzzle to the vegetation. For reasons of animal welfare, it is suggested that the practice of whisker treatment is stopped. When presented with a choice between different sward heights, horses selected tall swards (> 8.2 cm) which supply the highest bite mass. However, when young grass leaves overtop the older ones on shorter areas, horses also graze these short patches, indicating that they switch between energy maximisation per bite and quality of food. When sward height declined, a slight increase in bite rate was observed. It is therefore suggested that when bite mass is constrained by sward height horses may increase bite rate in an attempt to maintain a constant gut fill. An increase in the total time grazing per day as a response to a decrease in sward height was not detected. Due to the observed impact of gregarious behaviour on grazing and resting behaviour of individual horses, it is suggested that horses should be kept in groups of at least two animals.

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Doole, Graeme John. "Value of perennial pasture phases in dryland agricultural systems of the eastern-central wheat belt of Western Australia". University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0213.

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Over the past thirty years, price relativities and technological development have motivated an increase in the area of land allocated to cropping, as opposed to pasture production, throughout the central wheat belt of Western Australia. Nevertheless, reducing the proportion of pasture in these rotations has challenged the future productivity of farming systems in this area. First, the frequent application of selective herbicides for weed control in extended cropping rotations has promoted the development of herbicide resistance in a number of major agricultural weeds. Second, the primary use of annual plants has promoted the development of soil salinisation by allowing a significant proportion of rainfall to recharge saline water tables. The inclusion of perennial pasture phases between extended periods of cropping may mitigate or delay these constraints to production through (a) allowing the use of costeffective forms of non-selective weed control, and (b) through creating a buffer of dry soil that absorbs leakage occurring beneath subsequent crops. This study consequently explores the value of including perennial pasture phases in dryland agricultural systems in the eastern-central wheat belt of Western Australia, accounting for benefits related to herbicide resistance and water table management. A novel computational algorithm for the solution of multiple-phase optimal control problems is developed and used to conduct a conceptual analysis of the value of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pasture for managing annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin), the primary weed in wheat belt cropping systems. The competitiveness and fecundity of annual ryegrass provide strong economic incentives to maintain a low weed population, irrespective of herbicide-resistance status. Consequently, the ineffectiveness of selective herbicides primarily reduces the profitability of cropping by motivating the adoption of more costly non-selective forms of weed control. The inclusion of lucerne in land-use rotations is only optimal in the presence of severe herbicide resistance given (a) the low efficiency of alternative weed-management practices available during the pasture phase, relative to selective-herbicide application; (b) the significant cost of establishing this perennial pasture; and (c) the high relative profitability of cereal production in the absence of resistance. The value of lucerne, relative to annual pastures, for weed management is explored in greater detail through the use of compressed annealing to optimise a sophisticated simulation model. The profitability of candidate rotations is also manipulated to account for the long-term production losses accruing to the recharge of saline groundwaters that occurs beneath them. Sequences incorporating lucerne are only more profitable than those that include annual pasture at the standard set of parameter values if (a) annual ryegrass is resistant to all selective herbicides, (b) the water table is so shallow (approximately less than 3.5 m deep) that frequent rotation with perennials is required to avert soil salinisation, or (c) sheep production is highly profitable. The value of perennial pasture is sufficient under these circumstances to overcome its high establishment cost. Consistent with intuition, these benefits are reinforced by lower discount rates and higher rates of leakage occurring beneath annual-based systems. Formulation of an effective communication strategy to report these results to producers is justified given the complexity involved in determining the true magnitude of these intertemporal benefits through alternative means, such as field trials.

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Gill, Suzanne Irene. "Grazing effects on runoff and erosion in annual and perennial pastures in the parkland ecoregion of Alberta". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq21167.pdf.

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Nurjaya, I. Gusti Made Oka. "Studies on the competitive ability of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in mixtures with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) : the importance of non-structural carbohydrate reserves and plant traits /". Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09APSP/09apspi11.pdf.

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Kabine, Ezekiel Simon. "Evaluation of different temperature winter fodder species (Festulolium hybrids, dactylis species, lolium hybrids) and grass-legume mixtures in the warmer summer rainfall areas of South Africa". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1808.

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Thesis (MSc. (Pasture Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016
South Africa is regarded as a semi-arid area; only 28% of the country receives more than 600 mm rainfall recorded annually. Sustainable utilization of cool season fodder grasses in summer rainfall areas to produce winter animal feed remains a major problem. Farmers are affected by a shortage of adequate, good quality herbage for livestock during winter and dry periods on commercial farms. The study aimed to evaluate and compare the production potential of six Festulolium hybrids, three Dactylis species, and five Lolium hybrids and three grass-legume mixtures in the summer rainfall area. A total of 17 cultivars were evaluated for their DM production under the treatment of different fertilizer levels on three planting dates (16 March 2011, 21 April 2011 and 4 April 2012). The study was carried out at Hygrotech Seed Company (Experimental site), Dewagensdrift in Moloto Village outside Pretoria in the Gauteng Province. Data was collected on a monthly basis from sub-plots of 1 m x 1 m (m2) in 51 plots of 1.5 m x 6 m (9 m2), with nine rows that were 10 cm apart arranged under RCBD with three replicates per cultivar. Harvested fresh samples were taken, weighed, dried at 60ºC until they reached a constant dry weight and weighed to determine DM content. A Fischer’s protected LSD at the 5 % level was performed to compare the treatment means. Over a period of three years of study, it shows that the low fertilizer level resulted in the lowest DM production, with no significant difference occurring between medium and high fertilizer levels. To achieve optimum DM production with minimum cost medium fertilizer is recommended. The cultivars responded differently to the three different planting dates. The time of planting had an effect on DM production in winter. It is recommended that Festulolium hybrids and Lolium hybrids be planted earlier (March) for better DM production in winter.
National Research Foundation (NRF)

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Sounness, Marcus Neil. "Alternative grazing systems and pasture types for the South West of Western Australia : a bio-economic analysis". University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0054.

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Alternative grazing systems and pasture types for wool production in the south west of Western Australia were analysed using bio-economic modelling techniques in order to determine their relative productivity and profitability. After reviewing the experimental and modelling literature on perennial pastures and grazing systems, seven case studies of farmers were conducted in order to investigate the practical application of innovative grazing systems and use of perennial pastures. Together these case studies provided information for identifying relevant variables and for calibrating the modelling work which followed. The core of the work lies in a bio-economic model for investigating the comparative value of the three grazing systems and two pasture families mentioned above. A baseline scenario using currently available and reliable scientific data provides baseline results, after which a number of sensitivity analyses provide further insights using variations of four key parameters: persistence, heterogeneity, water soluble carbohydrates, and increased losses. Results show that perennial pastures are in the studied region more profitable than annual pastures. Under current baseline conditions, continuous grazing with perennial pastures is the most profitable enterprise, but this superiority is not robust under parameter variations defined by other scenarios. The more robust solution in terms of enterprise profitability is cell grazing with perennial pastures. The results indicate that intensive grazing systems such as cell grazing have the potential to substantially increase the profitability of grazing operations on perennial pasture. This result is an encouraging one in light of its implications for water uptake and salinity control. It means that economics and land care can go hand in hand, rather than be competitive. It is to be noted that it is the choice of the grazing system in combination with the pasture species, rather then the pasture species itself, that allows for such complementarity between economics and sustainable land use. This research shows that if farmers adopt practices such as cell grazing they may be able to increase the area that they can profitably plant to perennial pasture thus reducing the impacts of dryland salinity. This finding is consistent with the findings of the case studies where the farmers perceived that, provided grazing was planned, increasing the intensity of their grazing management and the perenniallity of their pastures would result in an increase in the profitability of their grazing operation. As a result this research helps to bridge a gap which has existed in this area of research, between the results of scientific research and those reported in practice.

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Pizzani, Rodrigo. "Produção e qualidade de forragens e atributos de um Argissolo vermelho". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5478.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In Brazil, most soils used in the livestock presents some fertility limitations. One of the alternatives to improve the soils quality is the introduction of perennial species, including grassy and associated legumes and correction of the soil that it will hold the cultures forage crop. There s a lack of Information and researches on soil quality improvement using perennial forages. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate different systems of forage cultures constituted by Pennisetum americanum, Arachis pintoi and Stylosanthes guianensis associated with Cynodon dactylon and both isolated species, with and without mineral fertilizer, and evaluations of the attributes of a Ultisols. In both treatments, Cynodon dactylon received 100 kg of nitrogen during a year. The crops of forage samples were accomplished at every 28 days, making botanical separation and drying the same. After the weighting to calculate the dry matter per area (ha) the samples were crushed for analyses of fiber of neutral detergent (FDN), fiber of acid detergent (FDA), rude protein (PB), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The samples collecting were taken during January, March, April and October of 2007. The best results of nutritional values were found in the legumes and in the consortium, being with inferior quality the grassy ones. The dry matter present a great variation among the cuts and the forage systems. After the winter the Stylosanthes portions were lost, due to the frosts that happened during this period. This confirms that it not has an adaptation on our conditions of winter. After a year of implantation of the experiment was collected soil to analysis: density of the soil (DS), microporosity (Mip) and macroporosity (Map) porosity and total porosity of the soil (PT) and size of aggregates. In the chemical part, were analyzed total nitrogen (NT), total organic carbon (COT) and phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). DS presented variation between the treatments and the appraised layers, since 1,40 to 1,62 Mg m-3. In Mip and PT didn't present significant differences between the treatments and layers, but Map presented significant differences. In the aggregate size there was significant differences, and the geometric medium diameter (DMG) it varied from 1,41 to 3,21 mm. In the soil chemical attributes both maintained similarities, in other words, larger concentration in the first layer (0 to 5 cm). But some treatments standing out in larger concentration in the first layer, however maintain similarities in the deep layers, unless the potassium (K), that has a distribution more constantly in the evaluated layers.
No Brasil, a maioria dos solos utilizados para pecuária apresenta algumas limitações de fertilidade. Uma das alternativas para melhorar as condições desses solos é a introdução de espécies perenes, incluindo gramíneas e leguminosas consorciadas e correção do solo que comportará as culturas forrageiras. Informações e pesquisas sobre melhorias de solos com uso de espécies forrageiras perenes são escassas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes sistemas de culturas forrageiras constituídas de milheto, amendoim forrageiro e estilosantes consorciados com tifton 85 e ambas as espécies isoladas, com e sem adubação mineral, e avaliações dos atributos de um Argissolo vermelho. Em ambas as parcelas adubadas e não adubadas, o tifton 85 recebeu 100 kg de nitrogênio ano-1. As colheitas de amostras de forragem eram realizadas a cada 28 dias, realizando-se separação botânica e secagem da mesma. Feita a pesagem para calcular matéria seca (MS) por área (ha) realizava-se a moagem das amostras para análises de fibra de detergente neutro (FDN), fibra de detergente ácido (FDA), proteína bruta (PB), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), fósforo (P) e potássio (K). Realizaram-se coletas nos meses de janeiro, março, abril e outubro de 2007. Os melhores resultados de valores de PB, FDA e FDN, foram encontrados nas leguminosas e no consórcio, ficando com qualidade inferior o tifton 85 + 100 kg ha-1 de N. Quanto à produção de MS, variou muito entre os cortes e os sistemas forrageiros. Após o inverno as parcelas de estilosantes foram perdidas, devido às geadas que ocorreram no período de inverno. Isso confirma que o mesmo não tolera frio e não se adapta a nossas condições de inverno. Após um ano de implantação do experimento realizou-se coletas para análise dos atributos do solo, sendo: densidade do solo (DS), micro (Mip) e macro (Map) porosidade e porosidade total do solo (PT) e tamanho de agregados. Na parte química, analisou-se nitrogênio total (NT), carbono orgânico total (COT) e teores de fósforo (P) e potássio (K). A DS apresentou variação entre os tratamentos e as camadas avaliadas, desde 1,40 a 1,62 Mg m-3. Na Mip e PT não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e camadas, mas o Map apresentou diferenças significativas. Nos tamanhos dos agregados houve diferenças significativas, sendo que o diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG) variou de 1,41 a 3,21 mm. Nos atributos químicos do solo, como NT, COT, P e K ambos mantiveram semelhanças, ou seja, maior concentração na primeira camada (0 a 5 cm). Mas alguns tratamentos se destacaram em maior concentração na primeira camada, mantendo semelhanças nas camadas mais profundas, exceto o K que teve uma distribuição mais uniforme nas camadas avaliadas.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Perennial pastures"

Kemp, D., e D. Michalk, a cura di. Pasture Management. CSIRO Publishing, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105508.

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This book looks at current knowledge on management of pastures and rangelands for sheep production, of problems, of practical solutions where possible, and of priority areas for research. The areas considered extend from the high rainfall perennial pastures of south-east Australia and New Zealand, through the annual pasture, cropping zones to the semi-arid rangelands. Pasture Management is the major reference on managing Australia's greatest natural resource: the resource which provides directly and indirectly a major part of Australia's export income.

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Baumeister, Nancy C. Nitrogen dynamics in western Oregon perennial grass pastures fertilized with dairy manure. 1992.

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Neumeister, John H. A comparison of vegetation suppression and sod-seeding methods using perennial ryegrass in renovation of non-irrigated permament pastures in western Oregon. 1994.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Perennial pastures"

Oram, R. N., R. A. Culvenor e A. M. Ridley. "Breeding the perennial pasture grass Phalaris aquatica for acid soils". In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition, 17–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1650-3_3.

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Rangeley, Anne, e Peter Newbould. "The response to nitrogen fertilizer from a cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pasture in the Scottish uplands relative to efficiency of fertilizer use and provision of herbage for animals". In Nitrogen Fluxes in Intensive Grassland Systems, 19–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4394-0_2.

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Fulkerson, W. J., K. F. Lowe e D. E. Hume. "Forages and Pastures: Perennial Forage and Pasture Crops—Establishment and Maintenance ☆". In Reference Module in Food Science. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.21852-0.

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Lowe, K. F., D. E. Hume e W. J. Fulkerson. "Forages and Pastures: Perennial Forage and Pasture Crops – Species and Varieties". In Reference Module in Food Science. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.00789-7.

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Lowe, K. F., D. E. Hume e W. J. Fulkerson. "Forages and Pastures | Perennial Forage and Pasture Crops – Species and Varieties". In Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 576–85. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374407-4.00195-3.

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Fulkerson, W. J., K. F. Lowe e D. E. Hume. "Forages and Pastures | Perennial Forage and Pasture Crops – Establishment and Maintenance". In Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 586–93. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374407-4.00196-5.

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Lowe, K. F., e W. J. Fulkerson. "FORAGES AND PASTURES | Perennial Forage and Pasture Crops – Species and Varieties". In Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 1115–24. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-227235-8/00372-2.

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Fulkerson, B. J., e K. F. Lowe. "FORAGES AND PASTURES | Perennial Forage and Pasture Crops – Establishment and Maintenance". In Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 1124–31. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-227235-8/00736-7.

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Fulkerson, W. J., e K. F. Lowe. "Forages and Pastures: Perennial Forage and Pasture Crops—Establishment and Maintenance". In Reference Module in Food Science. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818766-1.00075-1.

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Lowe, Kevin F., e William J. Fulkerson. "Forages and Pastures | Perennial Forage and Pasture Crops – Species and Varieties". In Reference Module in Food Science. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818766-1.00076-3.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Perennial pastures"

Grebennikov, Vadim. "Agro-energy efficiency of growing intermediate wheatgrass, elongated wheatgrass and yellow alfalfa on downed forage lands in the dry-steppe zone". In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production23 (71). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-125-129.

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The justification of agro-energy efficiency of growing new high-yielding drought-resistant varieties and types of perennial grasses, such as intermediate Wheatgrass, elongated Wheatgrass and yellow alfalfa, which provide a positive effect of interaction of legume-cereal grass mixtures and single-species crops that are resistant to abiotic factors while improving hayfields and pastures of the arid zone, is presented. All studied grass mixtures and single-species crops of yellow alfalfa had a high annual yield of gross (21.7–48.7 GJ/ha) and exchange energy (13.5–32.1 GJ/ha) and provided the production of full-fledged feed.

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"The production of perennial ryegrass and kikuyu pastures in south-eastern Australia under warmer and drier future climate scenarios". In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.b1.bell2.

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ČESONIENĖ, Laima, Daiva ŠILEIKIENĖ e Laura EIGIRDAITĖ. "CHANGE OF ECOLOGIC FARM AREAS AND CULTIVATED CULTURES WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF LITHUANIA IN 2010–2014". In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.075.

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Research objective is to evaluate the change of ecological farm areas and cultivated cultures within the territory of Lithuania within the period from 2010 to 2014. In 2010–2014 the data from certification institutions (databases) were used for the purpose of evaluation of change of ecological farm areas, which provide all ecological farm areas declared and certified in Lithuania within the whole reported period and agricultural plants cultivated on the areas within the set period. ArcGIS software was used for demonstration of layout of ecological farm areas within the territory of Lithuania. It was established that the major areas of ecological farms analysed within the period were located in the North-East of Lithuania, less areas in the Northern and Southern parts of middle Lithuania. During the whole period the major planted acreage of the ecological farms was taken by meadows, pastures, perennial grass; these cultures annually made almost a half of the declared planted acreage. Less declared planted acreage of the ecological farms within the research period was taken by root plants and vegetables; area planted with the cultures usually made 1 per cent from all declared planted acreage of the ecological farms. Strong correlation exists between the areas of ecological farms and pastures (r = 0.70, when p = 0.0001), complex agriculture (r = 0.76, when p = 0.0001), transition forest stage and bushes (r = 0.85, when p = 0,0001), broad-leaved forests (r = 0.84, when p = 0.0001), needle-leaved forests (r = 0.72, when p = 0.0001) and mixed forests (r = 0.84, when p = 0.0001). Weak correlation exists between ecological farm area and agricultural areas with natural plant insertions (r = 0.47, when p = 0.0001).

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GURSKIENĖ, Virginija, e Justina JATUŽYTĖ. "LAND USE IN ŽUVINTAS BIOSPHERE RESERVE". In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.053.

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The aim of the study – to assess the current land use and sustainable farming possibilities in the area of the Žuvintas Biosphere Reserve. Mathematical statistical analysis, graphing, interviews, induction and other methods were used during the research. Agricultural censuses, agricultural land and crop declaration (that had been carried out between the years 2012 and 2014) and some other data were analyzed. Intensive farming was established in the group of agrarian areas landscape management zones: conventional industrial farming in the landscape management zone. In the analyzed Simnas, Krosna and Igliauka subdistricts land is used quite extensively, therefore restructuring, in order to improve the ecological conditions, is possible not reducing the volume of production, but in accordance with the guidelines. In the territory of the Žuvintas Biosphere Reserve the declared crop area increased by 0.4 per cent from 2012 to 2014, perennial grass area increased by 4.01 per cent. Sustainable farming was set in the Amalvas polder and peat soils as well as in areas sensitive to surface and groundwater pollution. In the major part of the polder extensive agriculture is developed, it is mainly natural grasslands and pastures as well as cultivated grasslands. SWOT analysis was performed.

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Soroka, Andrey, Natal'ya Kostyuchenko e Andrey Gaponyuk. "Productivity of perennial herbs on peat-mineral soils in the conditions of Polesie". In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production23 (71). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-130-134.

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The results of studies on the productivity of perennial grasses on peat-mineral soil of Polesye are presented. Sowing alfalfa turned out to be the most productive crop among perennial leguminous herbs. Pasture legumes and grasses were slightly different in productivity. The introduction of an additional bean component in pasture mixtures did not contribute to a significant increase in the productivity of perennial herbs.

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Smirnova, A. V. "Effective use of perennial herbage in permanent pasture mode on peat soil". In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-121.

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Requirements for modern tomato hybrids are increasing both on the part of consumers and on the part of producers. Producers are interested in hybrids with an original fruit shape, color, taste and aroma. The aim of the research was the variety study of indeterminate F1 tomato hybrids of the breeding company "Gavrish" in JSC "Teplichnoe", Tambov region. The research was carried out in 2017-2018. in summer-autumn turnover in the conditions of JSC "Teplichnoye" in the Tambov region in accordance with generally accepted recommendations for research with vegetable crops in greenhouses. Based on the results of the study of tomato hybrids of the selection of the "Gavrish" company,the enterprise decided to increase the area in the summer-autumn turnover under the F1Panther hybrid.

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Privalova, Kira. "BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF SELF-RENEWING SPECIES OF PERENNIAL GRASSES IN THE COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT-AGED PASTURE HERBAGES". In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-24-72-14-18.

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The article presents the results of the assessment of the vegetative renewal biological mechanism for rhizomatous species populations (meadow grass and white clover) as a part of pasture herbages of different ages. The results are presented the possibility of increasing productive longevity of these herbages.

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Bezgodov, Andrey Victorovich, Alexander Vasylievich Belyaev e Anatoly Borisovich Ponomarev. "New species and sorts of perennial cereal grasses in the Middle Urals for hay and pasture use". In VIII International Research-to-practice conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-113394.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Perennial pastures"

Climate Risks in the Northeast. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6960277.ch.

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The 12 northeastern states form a diverse region producing more than $21 billion yearly in agricultural commodities. The Northeast region contains the seven most densely populated states and leads the nation in direct-to-public farm sales. Animal agriculture is important, particularly dairy and poultry. About half of the field crops and pasture grown in the Northeast are for animal feed. Horticulture and perennial fruits are also a relatively large portion of total plant production. Overall, farms in the Northeast are usually smaller in size and organic production is higher i comparison to other regions. About 21% of land in this region is farmland (6% of the national total), and 62% of land is classified as timberland.

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