Tesi sul tema "Perception et gestion du risque sanitaire"
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Cuny, Gérard. "Les crises épidémiques de l'empire romain, 27 av. J.-C. - 476 ap. J.-C". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023MON30036.
Many sources attest to epidemics, and various stories refer to "plagues", generic names to designate serious epidemic infectious diseases that marked the Roman Empire. The stories that have come down to us do not or very rarely give any information on the epidemiology, symptoms, signs or evolution of the diseases responsible, but in the absence of being able to make a precise diagnosis, it seems plausible, taking into account our current knowledge, to put forward hypotheses on their nature. For each epidemic, the identification of potentially responsible pathogens, and their interactions with past populations, is carried out. Then, a research/understanding is carried out, in order to explain the appearance of the infectious disease, the dynamics of its temporal and spatial behavior, the critical size of the host populations, the importance and the effects of environmental or bioclimatic modifications which have contributed to its dissemination. To better explain these epidemic events, an inventory of medical knowledge of the time was essential: what were the conceptions that doctors had of diseases, their causes and their varieties, notions of the transmissibility of infectious diseases. The various demographic (population density, health status, migrations), socio-economic (poverty, nutritional deficiencies, human pressures on the environment), climatic and ecological factors which individually or in conjunction could favor the development of a epidemic. Finally, the perception of the epidemic risk, in its cognitive (knowledge and understanding of the risk) and emotional (feeling of the risk and behavior) dimensions, as well as the way in which the State and the populations endeavored to protect themselves or to suffer the epidemic outbreaks are considered. The Roman Empire was confronted with major epidemics, the first deadly pandemics described in history which will contribute to its weakening and indirectly to the rise of Christianity
Grosieux, Patrick. "Principe de précaution et sécurité sanitaire". Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010305.
Obertelli, Patrick. "Attitudes et conduites face aux risques : deux études en milieu technologique nucléaire et en milieu technologique classique". Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100084.
The current research deals with the risks of workers in the industrial plants. This research is organised around two sets of questions: - How far can a person's experiences organise or disrupt his rationality in the face of risk? Particularly, what abotu the methods of organizing his thoughts which at first seem inappropriate to the situations he encounters? Does the nature of organisational and technological structures have an influence on these attitudes and conduct and if so, in what way? Are there any noticeable constants independant of these contexts? Two studies have been carried out, one by means of questionnaires, the other through interviews. The results are structured around four major conclusions. They emphasize: 1- The existence of certain norms of risk acceptance within work-teams. 2- The necessity of a psychoemotional balance in the face of risk. The relations of individuals to their work-team and their organisation are equally examined. The phenomena of the distorsion of the perception of reality are also considered. 3- The existence of the polarisation of mental focus under time pressures. 4- The characteristics of the relationship to knowledge in a sophisticated technological universe
Heitz, Carine. "La perception du risque de coulées boueuses : analyse sociogéographique et apports à l’économie comportementale". Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/HEITZ_Carine_2009.pdf.
Alsace is one of the French regions the most affected by muddy floods. The urban occupation, physical and agricultural characteristics promote their formation (loamy soils, large crops areas). Our reflection contributes to answer to the contribution of taking into account levels of risk perception by stakeholders to determine / modify their behaviour, and to improve policies to reduce risk by insisting on the expectations of population. Eleven Alsatian municipalities were chosen to be surveyed about the perception and representation of the risk of muddy floods. The method developed four objectives: (i) allowing a detailed analysis of the behavior of population concerned by this risk, (ii) provide data for improving economic behaviors’ models, (iii) taking into account degrees of risk perception to improve the definition of preventive campaigns, (iv) creating a comparative mapping of variations in risk perception and “real” risk situations. " Our results show that the risk perception varies depending on the concerned population, its involvement in the risk management and the level of damage incurred. The economic approach insist of the use of important factors (experience, threat of the risk, etc. ) in modelling of individuals’ behaviors facing natural hazards
Berthe, Franck. "Taxinomie et épidémiologie moléculaires du parasite Marteilia refringens Grizel et al. ,1974 : intérêt pour la gestion du risque sanitaire en conchyliculture". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21353.
Nougadère, Alexandre. "Surveillance des expositions alimentaires aux résidus de pesticides : développement d’une méthode globale d’appréciation quantitative du risque pour optimiser l’évaluation et la gestion du risque sanitaire". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0031/document.
The evaluation of plant protection products, their marketing and the monitoring of pesticide residues in food are harmonized in the European Union. Nevertheless, the assessment of dietary exposure at post-regulation level is incomplete due to the small number of foods and pesticides taken into account. In addition, consumption data are often obsolete. Improving knowledge on the dietary risk of pesticide residues is one of the major challenges to public health. The aim of this thesis is to build a national system for the ex post monitoring of dietary exposure and risk to the general population in order to guide (1) risk managers in the development of their monitoring programmes and preventive and corrective measures; (2) risk assessors in guiding research and expertise in metrology, exposure assessment and toxicology. This monitoring system includes two complementary tools: (1) an annual method of quantitative risk assessment based on four chronic and acute indicators updated each year and based on the results of the latest monitoring plans and maximum residue levels; (2) multi-year total diet studies (TDS), including the first TDS on pesticide residues (TDS2). These two approaches are based on the results of ANSES’s INCA2 individual and national consumption survey. This annual method includes a 6-level risk scale that enables the prioritization of risk for 519 pesticides. The exposure levels estimated in TDS2 are in general more realistic than those of the annual method. However, for certain pesticides it was not possible to sufficiently refine exposure levels using these two tools. Consequently, the annual method was adjusted to improve management of left-censored analytical results. After adjustment, 14% of pesticides were identified as a priority in terms of risk assessment and/or risk management (levels 2 to 6), given that they exceeded the toxicological reference values. Based on priority pesticide/foodstuff pairs, a sampling plan has been established for subsequent monitoring programmes. Corrective management measures and intensified controls of production and distribution are recommended for 11 pesticides scored at maximal risk level (level 6) in association with 16 pesticide/foodstuff pairs. In the end, this national system is more comprehensive and better suited to the French population than the annual EU assessment. The results are also consistent with those of the first national biomonitoring study on pesticides. The annual method will also incorporate recent European methodological developments for cumulative risk assessment
Barkallah, Sami. "La perception du risque par l'anticipation : enjeu stratégique pour les PME". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE0024.
Why is it so difficult to anticipate? However, it is recognized that more is anticipated, it is most effective. But today, you have to practice anticipation without claiming to know the future. Therefore, the issue of anticipation is reflected in the ability to act and not the ability to predict, however without refuting approaches to forecasting and foresight that are useful to understand the decision-making process and see an angle dynamics. Our approach aims to answer our research question: Representations of the future underlying managerial decisions require a better understanding of how to analyze the risk in advance
Raytcheva, Stela. "L'impact de la culture et des changements culturels sur le comportement face au risque des individus : application aux banques françaises, bulgares et franco-bulgares". Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE0039.
This research aims to study the influence of socio-cultural factors on risk-taking behaviour. According to literature, the risk is a multidimensional concept. It has a degree and an object. The psychological works conclude that the risk perception shapes the risk-taking behaviour. The anthropological literature suggests that the risk perception and the risk-taking behaviour are influenced by the cultural characteristics of the community of actors' insertion. At the same time, the sociologists argue that the cultural changes are likely to affect the risk taking behaviour by the incertitude that they involve and by the change of the cultural characteristics. In integrating these three theoretical perspectives, we develop the research hypotheses that allow both the static and the dynamic studies of risk-taking behaviour. We test our hypotheses in the banking sector. Three types of banks are concerned: banks operating in an emergent economy, banks working in a developed economy, and two subsidiaries of the developed economy banks implanted in the emergent economy environment. The hierarchical linear models allow us studying the impact of the cultural characteristics and the cultural change degree on the bank lending officers' risk-taking behaviour. The results show that the risk-taking behaviour is more complex than its anterior works' conception. On the one hand, the cultural characteristics shape the degree and the object of the perceived and selected risks. On the other hand, it seems that the more strategic risks the organization takes (internationalisation, mergers/ acquisitions), the less operational risks employees accept
Dupuy, Philippe. "Perception du risque et perception de l'incertitude : réexamen des phénomènes de contagion sur le marché de la dette des pays émergents". Paris 9, 2003. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2003PA090063.
Marie, Cécile. "Evaluation, prévention et perception des risques en santé environnementale - Réflexions à propos de l'exposition des femmes enceintes aux phtalates et substituts". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAS019.
In utero exposure to chemicals, especially endocrine disruptors, is increasingly documented in the scientific literature. This thesis is illustrated through the example of phthalates and substitutes. Phthalates, commonly used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride (PVC), are present in many consumer products (food packaging, toys, floor and wall coverings, clothing, etc.). They are also used in cosmetics, household products, DIY and gardening. In utero exposure to certain phthalates has been associated with some effects (fetal hormonal alteration, malformations of the male reproductive system, prematurity) [Article 1]. This toxicity has led manufacturers to use alternative plasticizers. However, these substitutes are still little investigated in terms of exposure and toxicity. Part 1 of this thesis is part of the health risk assessment process. It concerned the use of PVC medical tubing, source of exposure to plasticizers little studied for pregnant women. The objectives were to identify and quantify the plasticizers (phthalates and substitutes) present in the medical devices used for hospitalized pregnant women and to describe the use of these medical devices (number, duration of use and medicines in contact) [Article 2]. These data combined with migration studies (to quantify plasticizers migrating from the tubing to the drug solution) can be used to estimate the theoretical exposure of pregnant women from the use of medical tubing. Part 2 focuses on environmental health prevention and promotion. Several international organizations have recently issued recommendations for health professionals and recognize their essential role in the prevention of pregnant women. The objectives were to assess the risk perception and preventive measures in environmental health, including exposure to phthalates, recommended by perinatal health professionals [Articles 3 and 4], and adopted by pregnant women [Article 5]. These data allowed to identify the levers and obstacles to the prevention of exposure to chemical substances in France. Keywords: , ,
Tancogne-Dejean, Manuela. "Anticiper la crise : ingénierie d'évacuation des bâtiments et management de l'évacuation, principes et éléments". Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0038.
Ensuring people’s safety in case of fire requires evacuating the building. In the current societal context, evacuation must be rethought. The objective is to propose two tools with which to anticipate crisis that could occur in people facing an emergency based on human behaviour and the evacuation process. The Accessibility law of 2005 highlighted that we will all be affected by it at one time or another. The presence of more or less toxic fumes, impeding obstacles, and confusing noises. . . Have a negative impact on our abilities and faculties and complicate the evacuation process. The approach is based on a study of the perception of risk by elderly persons and of persons with disabilities, so as to be able to transpose the experience to all, which, as it is agreed that the phase of awareness of danger is the most important in the evacuation process. Three different methods were used: a qualitative method of questionnaire analysis to understand the perception of risk, a systemic approach to understand the process of evacuation in its entirety and a cindynic approach to determine the sources of danger. The results lead to the characterisation of the structuring factors and bias engaged in risk perception, to creating a static and dynamic modelling of the evacuation process and to propose two crisis anticipation tools: Building evacuation engineering and Evacuation management
Pichon, Paul-Emmanuel. "Perception et réduction du risque lors de l'achat de produits alimentaires en grande distribution : facteurs d'influence et rôle de la confiance". Toulouse 1, 2006. http://publications.ut-capitole.fr/686/.
For about twenty years now, food-related crisis have becoming recurrent, and the list of alerts and threats keeps on growing. Recent crisis and the spreading shadow of food fears have both deeply questioned the trust relation between consumers and various direct players of the food chain (i. E. Farmers, producers, food industry executives, whole salers and retail), but also indirect ones (government, consumers'associations, media). Even though the concept of risk is portrayed in various aspects in academic literacy, it appears that physical risk is predominant whilst consuming food. This thesis emphasizes particularly on physical risk, on the long and short term. This time differentiation illustrates well the whole complexity of food risk. Based on a survey of 400- over purchasers of beef meat in hypermarkets, this research permits a better understanding of the consumer-eater behavioral specificities in his/her perception, as well as his/her strategies at the purchasing stage. This thesis identifies notably certain individual factors (i. E. Anxiety, sensitivity to food crisis, self confidence) in the perception of food risk, in the long ans short run. This thesis demonstrates as well the usefulness of food risk reductors, those generated by the food sector players, as well the role played by trust in the risk- reduction phase
Mahdjoub-Assaad, Sarah. "Les nuisances liées au trafic routier (bruit, pollution de l’air et insécurité) : de la gêne à la perception du risque sanitaire sous l’angle des inégalités sociales". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1252/document.
An important factor supporting urban growth, and the viability of the urban centers, is transportation but road transport is still a common important source of traffic accidents, noise, and air which have heavy consequences on public health such as annoyance. The main objective of our thesis was to identify the determinants of each kind of trafficrelated annoyance (sociodemographic, socioeconomic, daily mobilty). The secondary objective was to identify the determinants of health risk perception and the feelings of health effects on his own health. Then, tow cross-sectional studies have been conducted in the general population, in the Rhône Department, in France. The main finding of our study is that the socioeconomic level doesn’t play a rule neither in the expression of annoyance nor in the health risk perception. However, active travel modes and public transport users are highly annoyed by traffic air pollution and road-traffic noise more than motorized users. Moreover, annoyance related to air pollution seemed to influence the feeling of health effects of noise and air pollution. Our results should be useful for urban policies. Create a friendly environment by reducing the use of cars, promoting non-motorized or “active” travel mode use (walking, cycling), to improve public transport and to promote the use of public transport, avoiding to add noisy road infrastructure near population centers, to develop facilities for pedestrians and for cyclists - all of these measures are needed to reduce road-traffic nuisances and the feeling of annoyance
Heude, Jacques. "Les tremblements de terre dans la baie de San Francisco : perception, prévention et gestion du risque sismique : une étude géographique". Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010695.
Monneron-Gyurits, Matthias. "Bioaccessibilité et spéciation des métaux/métalloides sur d’anciens sites industriels en vue d’une gestion intégrée et d’une refonctionnalisation". Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0062.
Today, the management of polluted sites and soils appears to be a major challenge for environmental and health policies. To do this, decision support tools must be developed and validated to facilitate the identification and understanding of the risks involved. In this context, the objective of this study is to improve knowledge of the links between the nature of contaminants, their geochemical behavior, the nature of carrier phases and bioaccessibility. Ultimately, this understanding will lead to a more specific assessment of the environmental and health risks attributable to them, and to a more coherent remediation. To do this, two contaminated sites with different typologies (mining vs. industrial) were studied but with similar contamination (As, Pb, Zn and Cd). After a representative sampling in accordance with the type of site and its geomorphology, a fine physico-chemical characterization was carried out on each sample before determining their environmental and physiological stability (bioaccessibility). The coupling with environmental mineralogy made possible to explain the behavior of the elements in the various environments. In a second step, in order to overcome the constraints of a complex environment such as the soil and to define the real impact of each bearing phase on the risks, pure phases were synthesized and subjected to the same tests as the natural samples. A return to the solid is then systematically carried out, highlighting the mineralogical changes undergone by the sample. Mixtures have also been made to understand and better understand the cocktail effects of metallic and metalloid elements. This integrated, multi-analytical and multi-scale approach is then the first step in a long process of understanding and predicting risks based on geochemistry and environmental mineralogy coupling
Lalande-Markon, Marie-Pierre. "Perceptions et réponses du public aux incertitudes associées aux risques de santé publique: Une investigation par méthodes mixtes". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20258.
Samson, Mélanie. "Protection de la santé et droit international économique : la sécurité sanitaire à l'épreuve de la globalisation des échanges commerciaux". Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010289.
Lopez, Pelaez Juanita. "La construction sociale du risque à Medellin (Colombie) : gouvernance locale et représentations". Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0071.
This work analyses the process of social construction of risk in Medellin. Since the middle of the 20th century "natural" disaster due to landslides, floods and flashfloods has caused over 1,000 deaths, affecting over 50,000 people and destroying over 5,000 homes. Although the city itself has been marked by a great catastrophe, understood in its classic sense, such as Villatina in 1987, disasters are mostly "small disasters" that affect the daily lives of informal settlement inhabitants. Nevertheless, their accumulated "major effects" in time and space have historically been brushed aside by the affected people themselves as well as by local authorities. The pattern of disasters shows the way in which social segmentations have taken place resulting in particular from a heterogeneous distribution of public utilities, leading to the accelerated degradation of a geographically constraining site. This context is common to other Andean cities as well as, in general, to aIl developing cities. The main interest of this case study is that a lot of resources have been invested in the last three decades in attempting to assess and manage risk. Medellin is also the city where different urban risks at various levels coexist, particularly in regard to the Colombian political conflict, making risk assessment more difficult. Through a large field research, this study looks at the relationships that exist between public policies, actions and social representations of risk and disasters. The dissertation is organized in three main parts: first accumulated effects of disasters are analyzed from a historical point of view and in relation to the underlying causes of "vulnerability as well as the roots of the public debate about risk. Secondly, it analyses the main strategies of risk reduction that have been applied. Finally, it analyses the contradictions between risk governance and disaster response and the difficulties of achieving risk governance from a bottom-up perspective. Instead of being a framework allowing us to understand the complexity of elements that compose risk and to move towards a sustainable urban development, this work brought us to the conclusion that local public risk management policies have been used mainly as a tool to constrain informal urban development. As a consequence, this fragmented vision has inhibited the improvement of a more holistic and multi-hazard approach concerning the conurbation as a whole and, in the other hand, it has aggravated the risk conditions of the most vulnerable groups of the population
Mavoungo, Joseph. "La Vulnérabilité des populations des Petites Antilles face au risque sismique, l'exemple de la Martinique : Aspects comportementaux, cognitifs, perceptifs; gestion préventive de proximité et aménagement des espaces de vie". Antilles-Guyane, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AGUY0194.
This thesis proposes a study of the vulnerability of the insulars populations face to the seismic risks from the first example of Martinique (Lesser Antilles). This choice was made especially because of the fact that this French isle, located at the heart of the seismogen zone of the highest magnitude observed, has not yet known an important earthquake since the destructive one of 1839. This isle is also open to others Caribbean spaces as the isle of Dominica. Our approach of this vulnerability will be systemic. It takes its foundation on a long campaign of investigation which privileged the human component rather than the physic component, the first one not being enough taken into consideration in the works of preventive plannification. This work shows the importance of the consideration of perceptive and cognitive factors and of the others social, cultural, psycholosociologic and economic factors associated as fundamental elements of incline and even of determination of the components of the populations before, while and after a potential seismic crisis. In all, the thesis shows that seismic risk is not a natural thing. Depending on the connection of human behaving to their natural environment, it can be controled when the population exposed, passes from fatalism to a dynamic preventive, supported by the local and national politics. We have developed a particular methodology of evolution of the vulnerability, standing at the same time on geographic criterions and intrinsic to human, which emerge on the production of a cartography of the types and level of vulnerability, of perception and of knowledge of risk. This methodology is reproducible on others insulars territories
Kermisch, Céline. "Risques et perceptions des risques: analyse historique et critique". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210568.
Historical study of the emergence conditions of risk perception as a research field; critical analysis of the psychometric paradigm and cultural theory, as well as of the underlying risk conceptions.
Doctorat en Philosophie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Brizon, Ambre. "Compréhension et gestion des signaux faibles dans le domaine de la santé-sécurité". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00403623.
Le, Lay Yves-François. "Les hommes et le bois en rivière : représentations, pratiques et stratégies de gestion dans le cadre de l'entretien des cours d'eau". Phd thesis, Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00365849.
Dans la deuxième partie, une analyse diachronique souligne que les préoccupations liées au bois en rivière se sont considérablement renouvelées. Les communautés riveraines traditionnelles ont intensément transformé les milieux alluviaux, réduisant les stocks de bois en rivière, diminuant les entrées de bois dans l'hydrosystème et entravant la mobilité des débris ligneux. Constatant l'encombrement des rivières par de nombreux embarras, les autorités n'ont eu de cesse d'en libérer l'écoulement pour favoriser la navigation et le flottage et pour limiter les risques liés aux crues et débordements. L'analyse de la presse quotidienne régionale a également confirmé l'hypothèse selon laquelle la situation actuelle consiste en une phase d'instabilité transitionnelle, marquée notamment par un nombre accru d'embâcles.
La troisième partie révèle l'hétérogénéité des cognitions liées au bois en rivière et leur part variable d'un individu à l'autre. Une étude de perception et d'évaluation environnementale a été conduite dans le cadre du paradigme expérimental. Il existe un large consensus transculturel en termes d'évaluation des paysages fluviaux. La rivière idéale est accessible, propre et entretenue. Pour autant, les comparaisons internationales ont permis de relever des contrastes frappants. Les résultats mettent également en valeur le rôle que l'imaginaire collectif et l'éducation environnementale jouent lors de l'entretien, la réhabilitation et l'aménagement des cours d'eau.
Ponton, Martin. "Diagnostic et perspectives d'un système de gestion des déchets domestiques urbains : le cas de Santiago de los Cabaileros en République Dominicaine". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11451.
Saval, Arnaud. "Modèle temporel, spatial et sémantique pour la découverte de relations entre événements". Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2098.
The popularity of social networks and new forms of communication has led to the emergence of new sources of information that should be studied. Anyone is able to publish and highlight information of interest. Today, these behaviors appear as ways to track a topic of interest: eg H1N1. However, the automatic processing of such information needs to be improved in order to define semantically a topic of interest (the implications of the Tsunami in Myanmar). This thesis propose a semantic extension of the modeling of events in time and space to represent the evolution of these topics of interest. This report explains how to use the introduced formalism to define the methods of reasoning on a knowledge base structured to improve the representation of the situation by discovering relationships in this information
Comby, Émeline. "Pour qui l'eau ? Les contrastes spatio-temporels des discours sur le Rhône (France) et le Sacramento (Etats-Unis)". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30043/document.
A given society’s relationship with water is contextual, based on individual and public perceptions. This research investigated how public perception has been shaped by different stakeholders in two different river systems. To do so, we compared the trajectories of the Rhône River (France) and the Sacramento River (United States) by combining field observations with a principal dataset of 5,985 newspaper articles. Because the definition of social problems occurs within public arenas, this retrospective study of newspaper coverage allowed us to evaluate exogenous and endogenous discontinuities, static and dynamic constraints, and environmental and social trajectories. Media coverage was analyzed using content, quotation, and textual data analysis as well as GIS. Conflict between values entails interaction between different arenas, mobilizes spokespeople, and consolidates power relations. The Advocacy Coalition Framework promotes the hybridization between bottom-up and top-down policies and legitimizes different processes of discussion and problem-solving. Dialog between stakeholders exists in space and time between here and elsewhere, present and past, and risk and disasters. These temporal factors were addressed with a synchronic study. During the twentieth century, the Rhône River and the Sacramento River have undergone a great number of changes, primarily due to different decisions made at the national level. Nevertheless in both basins, advocacy coalitions have been key sources of political changes for thirty years: they share a set of beliefs and act in concert to address local concerns in water policy. Finally, a more detailed case study is presented for the Rhône basin, where French law and scientific knowledge require integrated river basin management. The Rhône case study demonstrates the spatial and temporal variability of opinions, debates, and discourses about water, which often embody tensions because of conflicting demands
López, Medina Fausto. "Impacts environnementaux des activités pétrolières actuelles et passées sur la qualité des eaux en Equateur". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30063.
Spills and discharges of solid and liquid residues caused by the oil industry in Ecuador have resulted in the presence of pollutants with a high content of hydrocarbons (PAHs and BTEX) and metal elements (salts), which are known for their acute and/or chronic toxicity. This study aims to assess the quality of the aquatic environment in three watersheds (Esmeraldas, Napo and Aguarico) in the extraction and refining zones in order to determine the level of environmental and human risk from different water sources. The sources analyzed are in compliance with environmental guidelines and are defined as "non-toxic". Pollution from oil activities is punctual. Urbanization and agriculture are also visualized as stress factors for water bodies. Human risk is mainly related to low water mineralization and in some cases to the presence of inorganic elements (Mn, As, Al and Zn)
Raude, Jocelyn. "La dynamique des perceptions des risques sanitaires : le cas des maladies à transmission vectorielle dans les départements français d'outre-mer". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0280.
What is the relationship between health risk perceptions and the epidemiological context - especially when it is unstable? As part of this thesis, we focused on the three main components highlighted by Stokols in the analysis of context effects on health behaviors. It is a question of the spatial dimension of the phenomenon (how does the proximity of the risk affect the perception of health risks?). On the other hand, it is the temporal or diachronic dimension of the phenomenon (what are the temporal patterns that characterize the perception of health risks?). Finally, it is the socio-cultural dimension of the phenomenon (to what extent do people's social conditions influence how they perceive risks?). On the basis of a review of the literature and a series of questionnaire surveys conducted in the French overseas departments, we proceeded to verify a series of hypotheses on the spatio-temporal and sociocultural dynamics of perceptions. the risk of vector-borne diseases (dengue, chikungunya and Zika). These data have been presented in three scientific papers that will form the empirical part of this thesis. In general, this research allows us to highlight effects of habituation and / or minimization of health risks that have been poorly documented in the psychological literature. The latter, however, seem to be modulated to a large extent by phenomena of social influence that require better characterization in future research
Zawali, Naima. "La couverture des risques extremes de catastrophes naturelles : analyse théorique et empirique". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100005.
The objective of this thesis is to better understand the determinants of natural catastrophe insurance systems in the world, as well as of individual behavior towards these risks. We also compare the efficiency of different public intervention forms in catastrophe risk management. Our data come from international organizations, research centers and one controlled experiment. From the typology of countries in terms of flood insurance that we elaborate it appears that the publicly provided flood insurance system is globally dominant and mainly applied in low-income countries with high risk exposure. Mixed public / private system are mainly applied in rich countries with low risk exposure. Concerning insurance demand, the willingness to pay for insurance is significantly lower for catastrophe risks than for other, standard risks, regardless of probability and amount of loss. Comparing different public intervention systems, we show that the most efficient measure is insurance premium subsidy but its costs can be very high for individual whose risk perception is biased
Bortoluzzi, Chiara. "La sécurité des médicaments. Législation pharmaceutique européenne et indemnisation des risques médicamenteux". Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020025.
The definition and implementation of the European Union’s policies and activities guarantee a very high level of human health protection. One of its most important policies, in accordance with the relative health and economic development issues, is that on medicinal products. Drug safety is guaranteed by a legal framework, constructed on the pharmaceutical legislation laying down rules and procedures for obtaining marketing authorisation and for post authorisation monitoring. This legal framework is supported by a special institutional system,which in particular ensures close interaction between the European Medicines Agency, the European Commission and the national competent authorities. This legal framework has recently been revised as a result of the new pharmacovigilance legislation. As such, health safety has become a key directive in managing pharmaceutical risk. Yet, whenever a risk relating directly to a particular pharmaceutical product becomes apparent, medical damages and compensation claims arise. The response of the national French and Italian legal systems to the application for compensation of the victims of such accidents, by way of the ordinary rules of civil liability and the liability for defective products as defined in Council Directive85/374/EEC, has proven ineffective: they fail to take into account the specific nature ofpharmaceutical products. Based on this observation, there is a sound case for separating liability from compensation: the latter can be guaranteed by setting up a general compensationfund for medical damages, with both public and private sector participation. This solutionwould guarantee a socialisation of risks that is justified by the social nature of therapeutic risk. It would provide a counterbalance to the dangers inherent in scientific innovation, whilst simultaneously allowing patients to benefit from future therapeutic developments. By advocating a holistic approach to drug policy, this proposed compensation fund would act as apublic health policy instrument, in the context of which compensation for medical risks would only be considered an addition to, and extension of, the security guarantee that constitutes the cornerstone of the European pharmaceutical legislation
Browne, Tara F. "La perception du risque terroriste et de ses conséquences sur la gestion de la sécurité dans le système de transport en commun de Montréal". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5250.
The research presented in this thesis aims to understand the impact of perceptions on the production and management of security in the Montreal transit system. Fifteen research interviews were conducted with police officers from the Metro Unit to identify the key elements involved in the perception of risk. The police officers are called to work in an environment where, on the one hand, there has never been any terrorist attacks, but on the other, remains a potential target according to experts, governments and popular culture. Our results show that the police officers develop a perception of risk specific to their tasks. In general, they have a pragmatic attitude which allows them to quickly sort situations and decide which ones need their attention. In addition, the police officers adopt justification and protection strategies that allow them to minimize their perception of risk. Participants insist that these strategies are necessary to enable them to perform their daily tasks. Thus, in order to escape falling into a paranoid state, the police officers avoid thinking about the terrorist threat, preferring to focus their attention on the crimes on which they believe to have an actual power. However, vigilance is still required. Although the police officers did not perceive the risk in the same way as administrators, the presence of the Metro Unit remains an important part of the production of security in the Montreal transit system.
Francès, Nathalie. "Le citoyen au coeur de la résilience dans l’agglomération de Montréal : lorsque l’adaptation au risque devient la préoccupation de chacun". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22425.