Articoli di riviste: "PCR-RFLP"

1

Karaca, Mehmet, Ayse Gul Ince, Saadet Tugrul Ay, Kenan Turgut e Ahmet Naci Onus. "PCR-RFLP and DAMD-PCR genotyping forSalviaspecies". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88, n. 14 (novembre 2008): 2508–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3372.

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Trejaut, Jean, e Heather Dunckley. "HLA-DRB5 genotyping by PCR-RFLP". Tissue Antigens 43, n. 1 (gennaio 1994): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1994.tb02300.x.

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3

MacAllister, Thomas W. "{BLR 2083} DNA Fingerprinting - PCR - RFLP". Biotechnology Law Report 14, n. 4 (luglio 1995): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.1995.14.641a.

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4

Pourzand, Charareh, e Peter Cerutti. "Genotypic mutation analysis by RFLP/PCR". Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 288, n. 1 (luglio 1993): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(93)90213-y.

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VICTOIR, K., A. L. BAÑULS, J. AREVALO, A. LLANOS-CUENTAS, R. HAMERS, S. NOËL, S. DE DONCKER, D. LE RAY, M. TIBAYRENC e J. C. DUJARDIN. "The gp63 gene locus, a target for genetic characterization of Leishmania belonging to subgenus Viannia". Parasitology 117, n. 1 (luglio 1998): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098002789.

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In the present study the gp63 gene locus was used as a target for genetic characterization of Leishmania parasites by 2 methods: (i) RFLP analysis with several restriction enzymes (gp63–RFLP), and (ii) intra-genic PCR amplification coupled with restriction analysis (PCR–RFLP). Both methods were applied to a large number of natural isolates belonging to 4 species of the subgenus Viannia, namely L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) peruviana, L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) lainsoni: reference stocks of subgenus Leishmania were included as outgroups. Multilocus isoenzyme typing (MLEE) was used as a reference. On the one hand gp63–RFLP evidenced an extensive polymorphism and revealed specific markers for subgenus, species and geographical populations: congruence with MLEE was demonstrated statistically. The particular interest of gp63–RFLP was illustrated by infra-specific polymorphism, because of the possible relationship with phenotype diversity. On the other hand intra-genic amplification was less resolutive than gp63–RFLP, but also allowed discrimination of the 2 subgenera (PCR alone) and all the species tested in the subgenus Viannia (PCR–RFLP). PCR–RFLP presents an important operational advantage as it allows genetic characterization of minute amounts of parasites, using Leishmania specific primers. The polymorphism revealed by gp63–RFLP and PCR–RFLP illustrates the very high genomic and genetic plasticity of gp63 genes.

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Ivona Djurkin, Kušec, Samac Danijela, Margeta Vladimir, Radišić Žarko, Vincek Dragutin e Kušec Goran. "Efficiency of PCR-RFLP and species-specific PCR for the identification of meat origin in dry sausages". Czech Journal of Food Sciences 35, No. 5 (20 ottobre 2017): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/243/2016-cjfs.

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The purpose of this investigation was the identification of chicken, beef and sheep meat in pork sausages using PCR-RFLP and PCR with pecies-specific primers. Six dry fermented pork sausages were produced by adding beef, sheep and chicken meat to each in the amount of 1 and 5%. DNA was extracted from five regions of each sausage and PCR-RFLP together with PCR using species-specific primers was performed. PCR-RFLP analysis was successful only for chicken meat, while species-specific PCR was effective for identification of chicken, eef and sheep meat in all ratios and from all regions of the sausages. The results of our study show that discovering adulteration using PCR-RFLP is suitable only for chicken meat in the investigated products, while for detection of beef and sheep meat use of species-specific oligonucleotides is more effective.

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Hazlianda, Cut, Kamaliah Muis e Isma Lubis. "A Comparative Study of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Fungal Culture for the Evaluation of Fungal Species in Patients with Tinea Cruris". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 5, n. 7 (21 novembre 2017): 844–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.197.

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BACKGROUND: Tinea cruris is the second most common dermatophytosis in the world and the most common in Indonesia. The conventional laboratory tests for dermatophyte infection are slow and less specific. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) is a PCR method with the addition of enzyme after amplification, therefore enabling for more specific results.AIM: This study aimed to find whether the PCR-RFLP test could yield the same fungal species result as a fungal culture.METHODS: The specimens were skin scrapings from thirty-one patients suspected tinea cruris. The tools and materials that were used were Sabaroud’s dextrose agar media, primer ITS 1 and ITS 4 and MvaI.RESULTS: The equation percentage of the test result species between PCR-RFLP and fungal culture was 50% of 12 subjects whose the test results were both positive from the fungal culture and PCR-RFLP. The percentage of the test result with fungal culture the fungal species were found, but in the PCR-RFLP test which the fungal species was not found, the percentage was 50% of 12 subjects which the test results were both positive as fungi from the culture and PCR-RFLP test.CONCLUSIONS: The species from PCR-RFLP examination was the same with the fungal culture.

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Khayyira, Amalia Sitti, Viktoria Mardhika Estepane e Amarila Malik. "RAPID PCR–BASED DETECTION OPTIMIZATION OF PORCINE DNA IN GELATIN CAPSULE SHELL". International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, n. 6 (22 novembre 2018): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i6.29346.

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Objective: This study was conducted to optimize the genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) based molecular detection of gelatin derived from porcine by performing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and duplex PCR method employing cyt B gene.Methods: Optimization was carried out for DNA extraction, PCR conditions, and the sensitivity of the PCR-RFLP method. Due to the very low DNA trace in gelatin after the various manufacturing process, the extraction was optimized to obtain sufficient DNA which was visible on the agarose gel. PCR-RFLP was carried out using universal primers and BsaJI restriction enzyme, and duplex PCR was carried out using two sets of porcine-specific primers. Porcine and bovine DNA were mixed in various concentration to confirm sensitivity of both methods, i.e. 100%, 50%, 10%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.01%Results: Both methods, PCR-RFLP, and Duplex PCR, were able to detect as low as 0.01% porcine DNA, indicated by the presence of porcine DNA amplicon bands (131 bp and 228 bp for PCR-RFLP, 212 bp and 398 bp for duplex PCR). Although DNA bands presented in low intensity, identification of porcine and bovine species and estimation of DNA quantities were possible.Conclusion: Both conventional PCR methods, i.e. PCR-RFLP and Duplex PCR, were sensitive, specific, and suitable as a rapid initial detection method for molecular detection of porcine in gelatin capsule shells.

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Bouzouita, Imen, Henda Draoui, Samia Mahdhi, Leila Essalah e Leila Slim Saidi. "Evaluation of PCR pncA-restriction fragment length polymorphism and PCR amplification of genomic regions of difference for the identification of M. bovis strains in lymph nodes cultures". African Health Sciences 21, n. 3 (27 settembre 2021): 985–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i3.4.

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Background: A rapid accurate identification of Mycobacterium bovis is essential for surveillance purposes. Objectives: A PCR pncA-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and a multiplex PCR based on the detection of 3 regions of difference (RD-PCR): RD9, RD4 and RD1 were evaluated for the identification of M. bovis in lymph nodes cultures, in Tunisia, during 2013-2015. Methods: Eighty-two M. tuberculosis complex strains were identified using the biochemical tests, GenoType MTBC assay, PCR pncA-RFLP and RD-PCR. Results: The PCR pncA-RFLP showed that 54 M. bovis strains, identified by GenoType MTBC, had a mutation at position 169 of pncA gene. Twenty-eight strains did not show any mutation at this position 27 M. tuberculosis isolates and one M. caprae. The PCR pncA-RFLP had a sensitivity of 100.0% (95%CI: 93.3 -100.0) and a specificity of 100.0% (95%CI: 87.9- 100.0) for identifying M. bovis. The RD-PCR showed that all M. bovis strains had the RD9 and RD4 deleted but presented RD1. RD-PCR also presented high sensitivity and specificity in detecting M. bovis strains (100.0%). Conclusions: PCR pncA-RFLP and RD-PCR represent very accurate and rapid tools to identify M. bovis. They can be easily implemented in each laboratory due to their low cost and easy use. Keywords: GenoType MTBC; lymph nodes; Mycobacterium bovis; PCR pncA-RFLP; RD-PCR.

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Andrini, Fauzia, Imam Supardi, Sunarjati Sudigdoadi e Sadeli Masria. "Detection of Staphylococcus aureus’s Strain Similarity on Surgical Ward Nurses’s Hand and Nose and Post Operative Wound Infection Using Coa Gene Through PCR-RFLP Method". Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran 4, n. 2 (23 novembre 2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.26891/jik.v4i2.2010.116-122.

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Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) remains to be the most important cause of post operative wound infection. Nursescould become reservoirs to transmit S.aureus through contaminated hands transiently, or through colonized nose.Strain polymorphism could be determined by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), using coa gene andrestriction endonuclease enzyme Alu1. There were 30 isolates of S.aureus’s infection, and 20 isolates taken from handsand nose of the nurses in charge. From 50 isolate positive S.aureus, PCR results showed single and multiple bandswithin 300 to 900 base pairs (bp) in length, and multiple bands within 200 to 600 bp. Five out of 30 patients (17%)showed no PCR-RFLP similarity with any of the nurses. Ten out of 15 nurses which hands were positive for S.aureus,has PCR-RFLP similarity with some patients. There was only 1 out of 5 nurses which nose was positive for S.aureus,showed PCR-RFLP similarity with some patients. Statistically, the proportion of the similar PCR-RFLP between thosesamples in this study is 0.12 (12%). Conclusion: Nurses had 12 % PCR-RFLP similarity for S.aureus with post operativewound infection.

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Lueders, Tillmann, e Michael W. Friedrich. "Evaluation of PCR Amplification Bias by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Small-Subunit rRNA and mcrA Genes by Using Defined Template Mixtures of Methanogenic Pure Cultures and Soil DNA Extracts". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, n. 1 (gennaio 2003): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.1.320-326.2003.

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ABSTRACT Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis is a widely used method for profiling microbial community structure in different habitats by targeting small-subunit (SSU) rRNA and also functional marker genes. It is not known, however, whether relative gene frequencies of individual community members are adequately represented in post-PCR amplicon frequencies as shown by T-RFLP. In this study, precisely defined artificial template mixtures containing genomic DNA of four different methanogens in various ratios were prepared for subsequent T-RFLP analysis. PCR amplicons were generated from defined mixtures targeting not only the SSU rRNA but also the methyl-coenzyme M reductase (mcrA/mrtA) genes of methanogens. Relative amplicon frequencies of microorganisms were quantified by comparing fluorescence intensities of characteristic terminal restriction fragments. SSU ribosomal DNA (rDNA) template ratios in defined template mixtures of the four-membered community were recovered absolutely by PCR-T-RFLP analysis, which demonstrates that the T-RFLP analysis evaluated can give a quantitative view of the template pool. SSU rDNA-targeted T-RFLP analysis of a natural community was found to be highly reproducible, independent of PCR annealing temperature, and unaffected by increasing PCR cycle numbers. Ratios of mcrA-targeted T-RFLP analysis were biased, most likely by PCR selection due to the degeneracy of the primers used. Consequently, for microbial community analyses, each primer system used should be evaluated carefully for possible PCR bias. In fact, such bias can be detected by using T-RFLP analysis as a tool for the precise quantification of the PCR product pool.

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Haak, Wolfgang, Joachim Burger e Kurt Werner Alt. "ABO genotyping by PCR-RFLP and cloning and sequencing". Anthropologischer Anzeiger 62, n. 4 (16 dicembre 2004): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/62/2004/397.

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Rousseaux, S., M. Olier, J. P. Lemaître, P. Piveteau e J. Guzzo. "Use of PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of inlA for Rapid Screening of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Deficient in the Ability To Invade Caco-2 Cells". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, n. 4 (aprile 2004): 2180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.4.2180-2185.2004.

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ABSTRACT A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was developed in order to screen a large number of strains for impaired adhesion to epithelial cells due to expression of truncated InlA. inlA polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-RFLP in order to correlate inlA PCR-RFLP profiles and production of truncated InlA. Thirty-seven Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from various sources, including five noninvasive and two invasive reference strains, were screened. Two endonucleases (AluI and Tsp509I) were used, and they generated five composite profiles. Thirteen L. monocytogenes isolates were characterized by two specific PCR-RFLP profiles similar to PCR-RFLP profiles of noninvasive reference strains previously described as strains that produce truncated InlA. Ten of the 13 isolates showed low abilities to invade human epithelial Caco-2 cells. However, 4 of the 13 isolates were able to invade Caco-2 cells like reference strains containing complete InlA. Sequencing of inlA and Western blot analysis confirmed that truncated InlA was expressed in the 10 L. monocytogenes strains which were isolated from food. This PCR-RFLP method allowed us to identify 10 new strains expressing a truncated internalin. Based on the results obtained in this study, the PCR-RFLP method seems to be an interesting method for rapidly screening L. monocytogenes strains deficient in the ability to invade Caco-2 cells when a sizeable number of strains are studied.

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Walker, Elaine S., Robert A. Preston, J. Christopher Post, Garth D. Ehrlich, John H. Kalbfleisch e Karin L. Klingman. "Genetic Diversity among Strains of Moraxella catarrhalis: Analysis Using Multiple DNA Probes and a Single-Locus PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Method". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, n. 7 (1998): 1977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.7.1977-1983.1998.

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Moraxella (Branhamella)catarrhalis, a causative agent of otitis media, sinusitis, and exacerbation of bronchitis, has acquired widespread ability to produce β-lactamase and can be nosocomially transmitted. The typing methods used in epidemiological analyses of M. catarrhalisare not optimal for genetic analyses. Two methods, a multiple-locus Southern blot (SB) method and a single-locus PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method, were developed and used to assess genetic diversity and potential clinical and geographic relationships in M. catarrhalis. Nine randomly cloned M. catarrhalis DNA fragments were used as probes of SBs containing DNA from 54 geographically and clinically diverse strains. For comparison, a PCR-RFLP method was developed as a quick, inexpensive, and discriminating alternative. A highly variable 3.7-kb genomic region (M46) was cloned and sequenced, and 3.5 kb of the cloned DNA was targeted for PCR amplification. DNAs from the 54 strains were subjected to PCR-RFLP. SB analysis distinguished all strains that had no apparent epidemiological linkage (40 of 54), and PCR-RFLP distinguished fewer strains (21 of 54). Epidemiologically linked strains appeared genetically identical by both methods. PCR-RFLP was compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for 8 of the 54 strains and 23 additional strains. PCR-RFLP distinguished fewer strains than PFGE typing (16 of 31 versus 20 of 31 strains), but PCR-RFLP was more useful for inferring interstrain relatedness. Separate cluster analyses of multilocus SB and single locus PCR-RFLP data showed high genetic diversity within and across geographic locations and clinical presentations. The resultant dendrograms were not entirely concordant, but both methods often gave similar strain clusters at the terminal branches. High genetic diversity, nonconcordance of cluster analyses from different genetic loci, and shared genotypes among epidemiologically linked strains support a hypothesis of high recombination relative to spread of clones. Single-locus PCR-RFLP may be suitable for short-term epidemiological studies, but the SB data demonstrate that greater strain discrimination may be obtained by sampling variation at multiple genomic sites.

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Sola, Christophe, Lionel Horgen, Jerome Maïsetti, Anne Devallois, Khye Seng Goh e Nalin Rastogi. "Spoligotyping Followed by Double-Repetitive-Element PCR as Rapid Alternative to IS6110 Fingerprinting for Epidemiological Studies of Tuberculosis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, n. 4 (1998): 1122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.4.1122-1124.1998.

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A total of 129 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis representing 91 patients were typed by a combination of direct-repeat (DR)-based spoligotyping and an inter-IS6110–PGRS (polymorphic GC-rich region)–PCR, also designated double-repetitive-element PCR (DRE-PCR). During the first phase of this investigation, 72 clinical strains representing 52 patients were initially typed by IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DR-RFLP, followed by spoligotyping and DRE-PCR. In the second phase of this investigation, the discriminating ability of spoligotyping plus DRE-PCR was studied for 57 isolates from 39 patients who were suspected to be epidemiologically linked, and the typing results were later confirmed by IS6110-RFLP and DR-RFLP analyses. The molecular clustering of the isolates remained identical irrespective of the methods used. These results show that the association of two PCR-based fingerprinting techniques for molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis has a discriminating ability similar to the IS6110-RFLP reference method.

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Wolf, Christian, Philipp Hübner e Jürg Lüthy. "Differentiation of sturgeon species by PCR-RFLP". Food Research International 32, n. 10 (dicembre 1999): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0963-9969(99)00150-7.

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Rolshausen, P. E., F. Trouillas e W. D. Gubler. "Identification of Eutypa lata by PCR-RFLP". Plant Disease 88, n. 9 (settembre 2004): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.9.925.

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Eutypa lata is a vascular canker pathogen of woody plants commonly diagnosed by isolating the pathogen from infected tissue. Related fungi from the same family, the Diatrypaceae, also have been found in association with grapevine in Californian vineyards. An in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been developed for detection of E. lata in infected wood tissue. However, our results indicate that this method also would amplify other Diatrypaceous fungi, which could potentially lead to an incorrect diagnosis. Therefore, we developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1/5.8S/ITS2 ribosomal DNA region was amplified by PCR using universal primers, and RFLP patterns were determined after digestion with AluI. The restriction profiles obtained served to distinguish E. lata from wood trunk pathogens of grapevine (Phomopsis viticola, Botryodiplodia sp., Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora), Diatrypaceous fungi (Diatrype sp., Diatrypella sp., Eutypella vitis, and Eutypa leptoplaca), and Cryptovalsa sp. found on dead wood of grapevine, and other Eutypa spp. (E.petrakii var. hederae, E. astroidea, E. crustata, and E. lejoplaca), with the exception of E. armeniacae, which we regard as a synonym for E. lata, and E. laevata, which has not been found on grapevine.

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Peng, Stanford L., e Joseph Craft. "PCR-RFLP Genotyping of Murine MHC Haplotypes". BioTechniques 21, n. 3 (settembre 1996): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/96213bm03.

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Sheikina, Olga. "PCR-RFLP analysis of rbcL chloroplast gene". BIO Web of Conferences 43 (2022): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224303007.

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To identify intergeneric, interspecific, and intraspecific polymorphisms, PCR-RFLP studies of the chloroplast rbcL gene profiles were carried out using five restriction endonucleases (AluI, HpaII, BsuRI, BstHHI, BstMBI) in 14 species belonging to 6 different genera and 7 Thuja occidentalis cultivars. For all the genera studied (Pinus sp., Abies sp., Picea sp., Microbiota sp., Syringa sp., Thuja sp.), A genus-specific restriction profile characterized by a unique combination of restriction DNA fragments was revealed. The combination of enzymes used in the study did not reveal the interspecies and intraspecific variability of the rbcL gene. Species belonging to the same genus and all varieties of western thuja were characterized by identical PCR-RFLP profiles. It is assumed that further research, with the inclusion of a larger number of species and enzymes, will reveal polymorphism at the interspecies and intraspecific levels.

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时, 天麒. "Identification of Human ALDH2 Genotype by PCR-RFLP Method". Hans Journal of Biomedicine 12, n. 02 (2022): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjbm.2022.122016.

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Ziebell, Kim A., Susan C. Read, Roger P. Johnson e Carlton L. Gyles. "Evaluation of PCR and PCR-RFLP protocols for identifying Shiga toxins". Research in Microbiology 153, n. 5 (giugno 2002): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01322-0.

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Grau, Odile, e Reêmy Griffais. "Diagnosis of mutations by the PCR double RFLP method (PCR-dRFLP)". Nucleic Acids Research 22, n. 25 (1994): 5773–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.25.5773.

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Montoro, Ernesto, José Valdivia e Sylvia Cardoso Leão. "Molecular Fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosisIsolates Obtained in Havana, Cuba, by IS6110 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis and by the Double-Repetitive-Element PCR Method". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, n. 10 (1998): 3099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.10.3099-3102.1998.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis sputum isolates from 38 patients, obtained in the first 6 months of 1997 in Havana, Cuba, were characterized by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and the double-repetitive-element PCR (DRE-PCR) method. Among 41 strains from 38 patients, 24 and 25 unique patterns, and 5 and 4 cluster patterns, were found by the RFLP and DRE-PCR methods, respectively. Patients within two of these clusters were found to be epidemiologically related, while no relation was observed in patients in the other clusters. The DRE-PCR method is rapid, and it was as discriminating as IS6110 RFLP analysis in identifying an epidemiological association. Its simplicity makes the technique accessible for subtyping of M. tuberculosisstrains in laboratories not equipped to perform RFLP analysis.

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Tripathi, Giri Raj. "A Simplified and Cheapest Method for the Diagnosis of Sickle Cell using Whole Blood PCR and RFLP in Nepal". Tribhuvan University Journal 30, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2016): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v30i2.25547.

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Sickle cell anemia is a serious genetic health problem dominated in Tharu community of western Nepal. Molecular methods like PCR and RFLP are the best method to identify Sickle c ell anemia trait. Molecular analysis needed many steps and expensive chemicals and Kits. The aim of this research was to develop a simple and cheapest method to process from whole blood sample for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) without the use of expensive reagents and Kits. In this study molecular identification of sickle cell traits is subjects using whole blood PCR and RFLP were carried out. Venous blood samples collected from 800 individuals were provided by Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC). All the obtained samples were frozen at –80°C, and then rapidly thawed at 37°C. Then the samples were transferred to 2 ml eppendrof tube and boiled for 10minutes in distilled water and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 2 minute. The supernatant was then used directly for PCR and RFLP. For comparison, purified DNA from the QIAGEN genomic DNA extraction kit was used as control. PCR/RFLP results using the whole blood boiling method was qualitatively similar to DNA extracted by using commercial Kits. The research demonstrates that whole blood PCR and RFLP method is simple and cheaper way for molecular diagnosis of sickle cell traits in human.

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王, 晨航. "ABO Genotypes Were Identified by PCR-RFLP Method". Hans Journal of Biomedicine 10, n. 02 (2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjbm.2020.102003.

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Sellyei, Boglárka, Éva Ivanics e Tibor Magyar. "Characterisation of avian Pasteurella multocida strains with PCR-RFLP analysis of the ompH gene". Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 61, n. 1 (1 marzo 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2012.048.

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The 16 somatic serotype type strains and 60 field isolates of Pasteurella multocida, representing various avian species and geographic regions in Hungary, were characterised by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the ompH gene with DraI restriction endonuclease. The type strains yielded eight different (I-VIII) profiles. Strains whose PCR fragment was uncut by DraI (profile IV) could be differentiated with HindIII and PvuII restriction endonucleases. Five of the eight PCR-RFLP profiles (I, III, V, VI and VII) were detected among the field strains. Only a correlation of limited strength was found between the classical somatic serotypes and the PCR-RFLP profiles. However, the results confirmed that molecular methods could confidently distinguish serotype A:1 strains from the other serotypes. Moreover, the specific relationship between somatic serotypes and PCR-RFLP types among isolates from turkey raises the possibility of the existence of host-specific clones within the P. multocida population.

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Zaczek, Anna, Anna Brzostek, Arkadiusz Wojtasik, Anna Sajduda e Jaroslaw Dziadek. "Comparison of Ligation-Mediated PCR Methods in Differentiation ofMycobacterium tuberculosisStrains". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/782071.

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Fast and inexpensive identification of epidemiological links between limited number ofMycobacterium tuberculosisstrains is required to initially evaluate hospital outbreaks, laboratory crosscontaminations, and family or small community transmissions. The ligation-mediated PCR methods (LM-PCR) appear sufficiently discriminative and reproducible to be considered as a good candidate for such initial, epidemiological analysis. Here, we compared the discriminative power of the recently developed in our laboratory fast ligation amplification polymorphism (FLAP) method with fast ligation-mediated PCR (FLiP). Verification of the results was based on analyzing a set of reference strains and RFLP-IS6110typing. The HGDI value was very similar for both LM-PCR methods and RFLP-IS6110typing. However, only 52% of strains were correspondingly grouped by both FLiP and FLAP methods. Differentiation by FLAP method demonstrated a limited similarity to IS6110-RFLP (37,7%). As much as 78,7% of strains were grouped identically when differentiated by FLiP and IS6110-RFLP methods. The analysis differentiated 31, 35, and 36 groups when using FLAP, FLiP, and RFLP-IS6110methods, respectively.

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Graf, Joerg. "Diverse Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Patterns of the PCR-Amplified 16S rRNA Genes in Aeromonas veronii Strains and Possible Misidentification ofAeromonas Species". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, n. 10 (1999): 3194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.10.3194-3197.1999.

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Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis after PCR amplification (RFLP-PCR) of the 16S rRNA gene has been previously proposed as a rapid method to identify Aeromonas species. In the present study, the precision of RFLP-PCR was evaluated with 62Aeromonas reference strains. The analysis revealed thatAeromonas veronii biovar sobria strains produce various patterns, possibly leading to its misidentification as an environmental species. For most other Aeromonas species little variation was noted. This study supports the usefulness of RFLP-PCR analysis to separate three clinically important species but also reveals possible misidentifications that necessitate further biochemical tests to validate the preliminary identification.

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Waleron, M., K. Waleron e E. Łojkowska. "Genotypic characterisation of the Erwinia genus by PCR-RFLP analysis of rpoS gene". Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (31 dicembre 2017): 288–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10470-pps.

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Genotypic characterisation of the members of the genus Erwinia, based on the PCR-RFLP analysis of a fragment of the rpoS gene was done. PCR primers deduced from described rpoS gene sequences of E. carotovora allowed the amplification of about 880 bp DNA fragments from all tested Erwinia species. The rpoS fragments, amplified from 20 species of the studied Erwinia genus, were compared by RFLP analysis with 4 enzymes (AluI, Hin6I, HinfI, and Tru1I). Restriction analysis allowed drawing 63 common profiles of RFLP products for all tested Erwinia. From 1 to 3 specific RFLP profiles were identified among most of the species tested. However, in two cases: E. chrysanthemi and E. c. subsp. carotovora 15 and 20 specific RFLP groups were detected, respectively. High variability of genetic profiles of the E. chrysanthemi and E. c. subsp. carotovora can be explained by the wide spectrum of plants, which they infect. The results indicated that rpoS PCR-RFLP analysis is a useful tool for identification of species and subspecies belonging to the former Erwinia genus, as well as for differentiation of strains within E. c. subsp. carotovora and E. chrysanthemi.

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Tanahashi, Toshihito, Masakazu Kita, Tadashi Kodama, Naoki Sawai, Yoshio Yamaoka, Shoji Mitsufuji, Fumitaka Katoh e Jiro Imanishi. "Comparison of PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis and PCR-Direct Sequencing Methods for Differentiating Helicobacter pylori ureB Gene Variants". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, n. 1 (gennaio 2000): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.1.165-169.2000.

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ABSTRACT A method utilizing PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the Helicobacter pylori genes is widely used to differentiate strains. However, with this typing method only a single base change at a specific restriction site can be detected. In addition, it is unclear whether the nucleotide base change recognized by RFLP is related to a substitution of encoded amino acid. To examine the validity of the PCR-RFLP method, 933-bp PCR products were obtained from 41 different clinical H. pylori isolates and were digested with Sau 3A restriction endonuclease. Furthermore, the nucleotides of the same region in the ureB gene were directly sequenced and compared. PCR-RFLP confirmed that there was genetic diversity within the ureB gene with three distinct types, one being well conserved and the other two being variations. However, the direct sequencing method revealed that there was no difference at the nucleotide level among these RFLP types. Base substitutions recognized by Sau 3A occurred in the third-base position and did not change the encoded amino acid. In addition, many nucleotide mutations, which could not be recognized by Sau 3A, were frequently found. These results suggest that the PCR-RFLP method provides for an easy typing scheme of isolates, but does not reveal the true extent of genetic diversity. It is proposed that careful observation is required for the interpretation of results when clinical isolates are differentiated.

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Hookey, John V., Judith F. Richardson e Barry D. Cookson. "Molecular Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Based on PCR Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and DNA Sequence Analysis of the Coagulase Gene". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, n. 4 (1998): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.4.1083-1089.1998.

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A typing procedure for Staphylococcus aureus was developed based on improved PCR amplification of the coagulase gene and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the product. All coagulase-positive staphylococci produced a single PCR amplification product of either 875, 660, 603, or 547 bp. Those strains of epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus 16 (EMRSA-16) studied all gave a product of 547 bp. PCR products were digested withAluI and CfoI, and the fragments were separated by gel electrophoresis. Ten distinct RFLP patterns were found among 85 isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 10 propagating strains (PS) of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus(MSSA) examined. RFLP patterns 1, 2, and 3 were specific to strains of EMRSA-3, -15, and -16, respectively. By contrast, RFLP patterns 4 and 5 were seen with a heterogeneous collection of strains, together with drug-resistant forms of S. aureus isolated in Europe and four propagating strains used for the international phage set. RFLP pattern 6 was given by the Airedale isolate and PS 95. RFLP pattern 7 encompassed EMRSA-2 (isolate 331), PS 94, and PS 96. An isolate from Germany gave RFLP pattern 8. Eight strains of MSSA gave patterns similar to those of methicillin-resistant strains (RFLP patterns 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7), but two, PS 42E and PS 71, gave unique RFLP patterns 9 and 10, respectively. The coagulase gene PCR products for 24 isolates of MRSA and two isolates of MSSA were sequenced for both strands. The sequences were aligned, and evolutionary lineages were inferred based on pairwise distances between isolates.

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Stubbs, Simon L. J., Jon S. Brazier, Paul R. Talbot e Brian I. Duerden. "PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis for Identification of Bacteroides spp. and Characterization of Nitroimidazole Resistance Genes". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, n. 9 (2000): 3209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.9.3209-3213.2000.

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Bacteroides spp. are opportunist pathogens that cause blood and soft tissue infections and are often resistant to antimicrobial agents. We have developed a combined PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique to characterize the 16S rRNA gene for identification purposes and the nitroimidazole resistance (nim) gene for detection of resistance to the major antimicrobial agent used to treat Bacteroidesinfections: metronidazole (MTZ). PCR-RFLP analysis of 16S ribosomal (rDNA) with HpaII and TaqI produced profiles that enabled discrimination of type strains and identification of 70 test strains to the species level. The 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP identification results agreed with routine phenotypic testing for 62 of the strains. The discrepancies between phenotypic and PCR-RFLP methods for eight strains were resolved by 16S rDNA sequencing in three cases, but five strains remain unidentified. The presence of nim genes was indicated by PCR in 25 of 28 strains that exhibited reduced sensitivity to MTZ. PCR-RFLP of the nim gene products identified the four reported genes (nimA, -B, -C, and -D) and indicated the presence of a previously unreported nim gene in 5 strains. This novelnim gene exhibited 75% DNA sequence similarity withnimB. These rapid, accurate, and inexpensive methods should enable improved identification ofBacteroides spp. and the detection of MTZ resistance determinants.

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Cai, Hugh Y., Hazel Alexander, Susy Carman, Dara Lloyd, Gaylan Josephson e M. Grant Maxie. "Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses Recovered from Ontario Farms, 1998–2000". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14, n. 4 (luglio 2002): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400415.

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From January 1998 to July 2000, 2,456 clinical samples, including lung, tonsil, lymph node, and serum, from 760 cases submitted to the Animal Health Laboratory, Ontario, Canada, were tested for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-PCR product restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. A total of 516 samples from 284 cases were RT-PCR positive for the PRRSV open reading frame (ORF) 7 sequence. The RT-PCR RFLP typing assay was performed using 2 different sets of primers, amplifying 716 or 933 base pairs of ORF 4, 5, and 6 of PRRSV. Samples from 254 cases were typeable, yielding 34 different RFLP types. Of these, 164 cases had 32 different RFLP types of field or intermediate strains, 86 had a pattern similar to a commercial PRRSV vaccine or VR 2332 strain of the virus, 4 had a RFLP type shared by another commercial vaccine and a field strain. In 4 cases, 2 different RFLP types were identified from tissues from different pigs that were submitted at the same time from the same farm. Of the 195 farms that submitted PRRSV PCR-positive samples, 48 submitted samples on more than 1 occasion during the specified time frame. In 23 of those 48 farms, RFLP patterns of PRRSV differed between submissions, whereas in the other 25 farms, the RFLP pattern remained unchanged. There were 34 different PRRSV patterns identified from 236 cases using the primer set amplifying 716 base pairs of PRRSV. There were 18 cases, consisting of 9 different patterns, typeable only by using the primers amplifying a 933-base pair fragment of the virus.

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Parkes, Richard, Teresa Lo, Quantine Wong, Judith L. Isaac-Renton e Sean K. Byrne. "Comparison of a nested polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method, the PATH antigen detection method, and microscopy for the detection and identification of malaria parasites". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2001): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-089.

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A nested polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method, the PATH antigen detection method, and light microscopy were compared for their capacity to detect and identify Plasmodium species. One hundred and thirty-six blood specimens obtained from patients suspected of having malaria were examined by each of the three methods. Forty-four specimens were positive for malaria using microscopy as the "gold standard". The sensitivity for nested PCR was 100%, and the specificity was 98%. For the detection of Plasmodium falciparum, the antigen detection method had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97%. Species identification obtained using PCRRFLP was identical or superior to light microscopy in 42 cases (96%). Although the nested PCRRFLP method was more sensitive and specific, the rapid turnaround time and high sensitivity of the antigen detection method makes it a useful adjunct to standard microscopy.Key words: malaria, PCRRFLP, antigen detection.

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35

Tarach, Piotr. "Application of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) in the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)". Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Biologica et Oecologica 17 (29 settembre 2021): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1730-2366.16.14.

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Abstract (sommario):

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) is a technique used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on the recognition of restriction sites by restriction enzymes. RFLP-PCR is an easy-to-perform and inexpensive tool for initial analysis of SNPs potentially associated with some monogenic diseases, as well as in genotyping, genetic mapping, lineage screening, forensics and ancient DNA analysis. The RFLP-PCR method employs four steps: (1) isolation of genetic material and PCR; (2) restriction digestion of amplicons; (3) electrophoresis of digested fragments; and (4) visualisation. Despite its obsolescence and the presence of high-throughput DNA analysis techniques, it is still applied in the analysis of SNPs associated with disease entities and in the analysis of genetic variation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). RFLP-PCR is a low-cost and low-throughput research method allowing for the analysis of SNPs in the absence of specialised equipment, and it is useful when there is a limited budget.

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Marshall, S., C. G. Clark, G. Wang, M. Mulvey, M. T. Kelly e W. M. Johnson. "Comparison of Molecular Methods for TypingVibrio parahaemolyticus". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, n. 8 (1999): 2473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.8.2473-2478.1999.

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An outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis on Canada’s west coast in 1997 emphasized the need to develop molecular methods for differentiation and typing of these organisms. Isolates were analyzed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC) PCR, detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in rRNA genes (ribotyping), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and RFLP analysis of the genetic locus encoding the polar flagellum (Fla locus RFLP analysis). ERIC PCR and ribotyping were the most informative typing methods, especially when used together, while Fla locus RFLP analysis was the least discriminatory. PFGE exhibited good discrimination but suffered from a high incidence of DNA degradation. ERIC PCR and ribotyping will be useful for the evaluation of genetic and epidemiological relationships among V. parahaemolyticus strains.

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Garcia, Flávio C. Barbosa, Sandra Silva Rodrigues dos Santos, Maria Fernanda Chociay, Ângela C. Rapela Medeiros e Ana Maria F. Roselino. "Métodos subsidiários para o diagnóstico da Leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA): comparação dos resultados do seqüenciamento de DNA e da PCR-RFLP para determinação da espécie de leishmania em amostras cutâneo-mucosas". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 80, suppl 3 (dicembre 2005): S339—S344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0365-05962005001000013.

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FUNDAMENTOS: Métodos moleculares têm-se mostrados mais eficazes para o diagnóstico da LTA. OBJETIVOS: Comparar os resultados da intradermorreação de Montenegro (IRM), presença de leishmania em biópsia (Bc), reação de imunofluorescência indireta (Rifi), seqüenciamento de DNA e PCR-RFLP (-restriction fragment lenght polymorphism) para o diagnóstico da LTA. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 152 pacientes com LTA. Para a PCR em Bc, utilizaram-se primers específicos para seqüência de 120bp do kDNA do minicírculo comum a todas as espécies de leishmanias. O produto da PCR, utilizado para seqüenciamento e para restrição enzimática com Hae III, foi comparado às culturas L. (L.) amazonensis e L. (V.) braziliensis. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (75%), da cor branca (80%) e da profissão urbana (48%). A idade variou de três a 77 anos, com 56,5% entre 21 e 50 anos. 65,8% eram do Estado de São Paulo, prevalecendo a forma cutânea (79,6%). A IRM foi positiva em 73,4%, e a Rifi em 59,7%, enquanto a Bc evidenciou presença de leishmania em 30,6%. A PCR foi positiva em 81,6%, e a PCR-RFLP identificou L. (V.) braziliensis como espécie predominante (66%), o que também ocorreu com o seqüenciamento. Comparando PCR-RFLP e seqüenciamento, houve 61% de concordância entre os resultados, mostrando significância da PCR-RFLP para L. (V.) braziliensis. CONCLUSÕES: A IRM e a PCR foram estatisticamente equivalentes como métodos subsidiários para o diagnóstico da LTA, a PCR-RFLP e o seqüenciamento também o foram na identificação das espécies de leishmania, o primeiro apresentando menores custo e tempo de execução comparado ao seqüenciamento de DNA.

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Duttweiler, K. B., G. Y. Sun, J. C. Batzer, T. C. Harrington e M. L. Gleason. "An RFLP-Based Technique for Identifying Fungi in the Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Complex on Apple". Plant Disease 92, n. 5 (maggio 2008): 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-5-0794.

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A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based technique was developed to identify members of the sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) disease complex on apple because these fungi are difficult to identify using agar-plate isolation and morphological description. The method includes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) using a fungal-specific forward primer (ITS1-F) and an SBFS-specific reverse primer (Myc1-R), followed by digestion of the PCR product by the HaeIII restriction enzyme. When applied to previously identified isolates of 24 SBFS-causing species in nine genera, the PCR-RFLP assay produced 14 unique banding patterns. Different genera never shared the same RFLP pattern. To evaluate performance in vivo, the technique was applied to DNA extracted directly from SBFS colonies on apple fruit from three Iowa orchards. The primers amplified the rDNA of only SBFS fungi, with the exception of a Cladosporium sp.; however, its RFLP banding pattern was distinct from those of SBFS fungi. The majority (60%) of SBFS colonies in the in vivo trial were identified to genus by RFLP analysis. The PCR-RFLP assay greatly streamlined the identification process by minimizing the need for culturing, indicating its value as a tool for field studies of the SBFS complex.

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Kremer, K., D. van Soolingen, R. Frothingham, W. H. Haas, P. W. M. Hermans, C. Martín, P. Palittapongarnpim et al. "Comparison of Methods Based on Different Molecular Epidemiological Markers for Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains: Interlaboratory Study of Discriminatory Power and Reproducibility". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, n. 8 (1999): 2607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.8.2607-2618.1999.

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In this study, the currently known typing methods forMycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were evaluated with regard to reproducibility, discrimination, and specificity. Therefore, 90 M. tuberculosis complex strains, originating from 38 countries, were tested in five restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing methods and in seven PCR-based assays. In all methods, one or more repetitive DNA elements were targeted. The strain typing and the DNA fingerprint analysis were performed in the laboratory most experienced in the respective method. To examine intralaboratory reproducibility, blinded duplicate samples were included. The specificities of the various methods were tested by inclusion of 10 non-M. tuberculosis complex strains. All five RFLP typing methods were highly reproducible. The reliability of the PCR-based methods was highest for the mixed-linker PCR, followed by variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) typing and spoligotyping. In contrast, the double repetitive element PCR (DRE-PCR), IS6110 inverse PCR, IS6110 ampliprinting, and arbitrarily primed PCR (APPCR) typing were found to be poorly reproducible. The 90 strains were best discriminated by IS6110 RFLP typing, yielding 84 different banding patterns, followed by mixed-linker PCR (81 patterns), APPCR (71 patterns), RFLP using the polymorphic GC-rich sequence as a probe (70 patterns), DRE-PCR (63 patterns), spoligotyping (61 patterns), and VNTR typing (56 patterns). We conclude that for epidemiological investigations, strain differentiation by IS6110 RFLP or mixed-linker PCR are the methods of choice. A strong association was found between the results of different genetic markers, indicating a clonal population structure of M. tuberculosis strains. Several separate genotype families within the M. tuberculosis complex could be recognized on the basis of the genetic markers used.

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Sharma, Deepak. "PCR-RFLP Analysis of CD18 Gene in Buffalo". Journal of Animal Health and Production 2, n. 1 (2014): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2014/2.1.5.7.

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Nakamura, Sandra Sayuri, Juliana Silveira do Valle, Ezilda Jacomassi, Giani Andrea Linde e Nelson Barros Colauto. "Molecular authentication of Maytenus sp by PCR-RFLP". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 34, n. 2 (17 maggio 2013): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n2p627.

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Aras Hisar, Sukriye, Ercument Aksakal, Olcay Hisar, Telat Yanik e Suhendan Mol. "Discrimination of Penaeid Shrimps with PCR-RFLP Analysis". Journal of Shellfish Research 27, n. 4 (agosto 2008): 917–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[917:dopswp]2.0.co;2.

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43

Trost, Anja, Barbara Graf, Jan Eucker, Orhan Sezer, Kurt Possinger, Ulf B. Göbel e Thomas Adam. "Identification of clinically relevant yeasts by PCR/RFLP". Journal of Microbiological Methods 56, n. 2 (febbraio 2004): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2003.10.007.

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Sengar, Dharmendra P. S., e Rose Goldstein. "Comprehensive typing of DQB1 alleles by PCR-RFLP". Tissue Antigens 43, n. 4 (aprile 1994): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1994.tb02332.x.

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Izumi, S., F. Aranishi e H. Wakabayashi. "Genotyping of Flavobacterium psychrophilum using PCR-RFLP analysis". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 56 (2003): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao056207.

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KOFFI, YAO FULGENCE, CAMELIA DIGUTA, MIREILLE ALLOUE-BORAUD, LOUIS BAN KOFFI, MARCELLIN DJE, EVELINA GHERGHINA e FLORENTINA MATEI. "PCR-ITS-RFLP identification of pineapple spoilage fungi". Romanian Biotechnological Letters 24, n. 3 (20 giugno 2019): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/24.3/418.424.

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Sell, S. M., F. Blasi e F. Booyse. "Automated, PCR-RFLP Genotyping of the Urokinase Gene". Genetic Testing 4, n. 3 (settembre 2000): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10906570050501551.

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Agaba, M., e S. J. Kemp. "PCR-RFLP typing of the bovine myoglobin gene". Animal Genetics 25, n. 3 (24 aprile 2009): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00109.x.

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Ray, K., L. A. Trepanier, G. M. Acland e G. D. Aguirre. "PCR/RFLP marker in the canine opsin gene". Animal Genetics 27, n. 4 (24 aprile 2009): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.1996.tb00503.x.

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Francino, O., M. Amills e A. Sánchez. "Canine Mhc DRB1 genotyping by PCR–RFLP analysis". Animal Genetics 28, n. 1 (febbraio 1997): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.1997.00062.x.

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