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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Pattern languages"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 20 febbraio 2023

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1

Salingaros, Nikos A. "The structure of pattern languages." Architectural Research Quarterly 4, no. 2 (June 2000): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135500002591.

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Pattern languages help us tackle the complexity of a variety of systems ranging from computer software, to buildings and cities. Each ‘pattern’ represents a rule governing one working piece of a complex system, and the application of pattern languages can be done systematically. Design that wishes to connect to human beings needs the information contained in a pattern language. This paper describes how to validate existing pattern languages, how to develop them, and how they evolve. The connective geometry of urban interfaces is derived from the architectural patterns of Christopher Alexander.

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Barney, Christopher Aaron. "Application of Pattern Language for Game Design in Pedagogy and Design Practice." Information 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12100393.

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Existing implementations of game design patterns have largely been confined to theoretical or research settings. Weaknesses in these implementations have prevented game design patterns from being properly evaluated as an educational and practical development tool. This paper examines these weaknesses, describes a method of developing and applying patterns that overcome the weaknesses, and evaluates use of the method for game design education and practice. Weaknesses in existing pattern implementations are: the omission of design problems, presumption of functional completeness at the level of pattern languages, narrow topical focus, and lack of a concise, repeatable method for pattern production. Several features of the proposed method were specifically built to address these weaknesses, namely the pattern template, the process for connecting patterns into a language and assessing the language’s scope, a rubric for assessing pattern confidence and interconnectivity confidence, and pattern-building exercises. This method was applied in a classroom setting. Results as assessed by the evaluation of student work suggest that creating patterns/pattern languages is an effective pedagogical approach. Designs produced using designer-created patterns closely align with existing design theory and are clearly understood by students. The above results may indicate that the path to gaining wider acceptance of pattern theory as a design framework within game design is not to produce a universal pattern language, but to facilitate the creation of case-specific languages by students and professional designers that use a shared ontology, and thus can be combined easily to solve the diverse sets of problems faced by these groups.

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Kari, Lila, Alexandru Mateescu, Gheorghe Pǎun, and Arto Salomaa. "Multi-pattern languages." Theoretical Computer Science 141, no. 1-2 (April 1995): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(94)00087-y.

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4

Akmal, Saiful, Fera Busfina Zalha, Rita Hermida, Satria Juni, and Lianita Ali Nasution. "Sentence Pattern Contrastive Analysis of English and Sigulai Language." Eralingua: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Asing dan Sastra 4, no. 2 (July 27, 2020): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eralingua.v4i2.13960.

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This study focuses on analyzing and contrasting sentence pattern differences in both English and Sigulai languages. The study intends to find out the differences in sentence pattern between English and Sigulai language and how the sentence pattern of two languages are different. This current study was conducted by employing the qualitative method by using the contrastive analysis approach. Purposive sampling was used to select samples comprising two native-Simeulue students studying in Banda who speaks Sigulai. The findings show that there were contrast differences in verbal and nominal sentence patterns between English and Sigulai. Moreover, it can be concluded that Sigulai language has a non-configurational sentence pattern as many other Austronesian languages in Aceh and Indonesia in general.

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Ellaway, Rachel H., and Joanna Bates. "Exploring patterns and pattern languages of medical education." Medical Education 49, no. 12 (November 27, 2015): 1189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/medu.12836.

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Helfman, Jonathan. "Dotplot patterns: A literal look at pattern languages." Theory and Practice of Object Systems 2, no. 1 (1996): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9942(1996)2:1<31::aid-tapo3>3.0.co;2-a.

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Brugali, Davide, and Katia Sycara. "Frameworks and pattern languages." ACM Computing Surveys 32, no. 1es (March 2000): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/351936.351938.

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8

Iran Adhiti, Ida Ayu. "KAJIAN LINGUISTIK HISTORIS KOMPARATIF PADA POLA PERUBAHAN BUNYI." KULTURISTIK: Jurnal Bahasa dan Budaya 3, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kulturistik.3.2.1203.

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[Title: Linguistic Study of Comparative Historis on Sound Change Patterns] The local languages in Nusa Tenggara Timur need to be observed, analysed, constructed, and conserved. Data research phenomena is done deeply approaching especially the local languages, which exist and develop in Alor Island. The observer analyses language phenomena on pattern of sound change in the languages of Kabola, Hamap, and Klon in Alor Island. The complete data of the three language are analysed by the study of comparative historic linguistic. The observation that analyses the languages in Alor Island use the synchronous approach, to know the language development in a period. The theory is used to analyse the pattern of sound change in the languages of Kabola, Hamap, and Klon in Alor Island is Blust (2013). Hock, (1988), Crowley (1987), Chomsky (1968), Dyen (1978), Schane (1973), Bynon (1979), Antila (1972), Jeffers and Lehiste (1979), and Keraf (1996). The result of observation is hoped that the young generation as local language speaker realize and understand that their languages are the same origin of languages so they are reconstructed, developed, and conserved so that they can support national language.

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Colle, Andi Tenry Lawangen Aspat. "A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND BUGINESE DECLARATIVE SENTENCES PATTERN." JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGLISH STUDIES 3, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47354/jaes.v3i1.79.

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This study aimed at investigating the differences and similarities of sentences pattern in English and Buginese and the approach of this study used namely qualitative, where the contrastive analysis was chosen as the method of the study in comparing and analyzing sentence patterns of both languages. From the analysis, it revealed that the similarities of two languages were: (1) both languages have similar sentences pattern, especially for the verbal simple present tense and verbal and nominal future tense, (2) both languages, have the same elements to construct a sentence (S+V+O). Meanwhile, the differences between both of them were (1) declarative sentence pattern for the nominal simple present tense, and verbal and nominal past tense between two languages is different. (2) There is no such pattern S + Vlinking + Subject Complement in Buginese since Buginese has no verb tobe. (3) In making past sentences in Buginese, it would involve Ergative Pronoun, namely -na, -no, -ni, and their position attached at the end of word pura. Hopefully, these findings can predict the interference would happen during teaching English as a target language with the student who has Buginese as their mother tongue. Furthermore, it is suggested that future researchers could conduct a Buginese language study in different settings, such as pragmatics analysis, morphological system, and phonology system.

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Rouhi, Alireza, and Bahman Zamani. "Towards a formal model of patterns and pattern languages." Information and Software Technology 79 (November 2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2016.06.002.

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MARANGET, LUC. "Warnings for pattern matching." Journal of Functional Programming 17, no. 3 (February 15, 2007): 387–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796807006223.

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AbstractWe examine the ML pattern-matching anomalies of useless clauses and non-exhaustive matches. We state the definition of these anomalies, building upon pattern matching semantics, and propose a simple algorithm to detect them. We have integrated the algorithm in the Objective Caml compiler, but we show that the same algorithm is also usable in a non-strict language such as Haskell. Or-patterns are considered for both strict and non-strict languages.

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ALGharabally, Anfal, Bala Kalyanasundaram, and Mahe Velauthapillai. "Support Profile Leads to a Pattern among Natural Languages." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 2, no. 4 (December 2016): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2016.2.4.92.

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Rasche, Peter, Sabine Theis, Christina Bröhl, Matthias Wille, Christopher M. Schlick, and Alexander Mertens. "Building and Exchanging Competence Interdisciplinarily." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 5, no. 1 (June 2016): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857916051002.

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Design pattern languages are already used extensively in architecture and computer science. In 2009 we first proposed the idea of a design pattern language for the health sector and in particular the Ambient Assisted Living sector. Based on the first language, we now present a new design pattern language focusing on “mobile information and communication technology for elderly”. Addressing the increasing importance of healthcare ICT, especially for older users, the next logical step was to build upon the experience from the development of a language for “ambient assisted living”. The pattern language is proposed as a mediator to build and exchange competence interdisciplinary. Therefore, this paper introduces the idea of design pattern languages as well as the newly developed language. Furthermore, best practices in developing and applying design pattern languages are presented to enable the reader to use this as a method to exchange research results and ideas between disciplines and in laymen’s terms, even with novices of the research topic.

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Kezia, Christopher, Emerald Princess, and D. G. "P Systems Generating Pattern Languages." International Journal of Computer Applications 178, no. 6 (November 15, 2017): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2017915831.

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15

Rus, T. "Parsing languages by pattern matching." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 14, no. 4 (April 1988): 498–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/32.4672.

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Hölzl, Rupert, Sanjay Jain, and Frank Stephan. "Learning pattern languages over groups." Theoretical Computer Science 742 (September 2018): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2017.12.031.

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Bayeh, Fahimeh, Ziyuan Gao, and Sandra Zilles. "Finitely distinguishable erasing pattern languages." Theoretical Computer Science 808 (February 2020): 38–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2019.11.011.

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18

Berczuk, S. "Finding solutions through pattern languages." Computer 27, no. 12 (December 1994): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.335755.

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Day, Joel D., Daniel Reidenbach, and Markus L. Schmid. "Closure properties of pattern languages." Journal of Computer and System Sciences 84 (March 2017): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcss.2016.07.003.

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Fayad, Mohamed E., and Shivanshu K. Singh. "Pattern languages: addressing the challenges." Software: Practice and Experience 43, no. 7 (June 5, 2013): 743–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spe.2205.

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Thomas, John Charles. "Building common ground in a wildly webbed world: a pattern language approach." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 16, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-04-2018-0044.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to help bridge the digital divide that arises from people having such different viewpoints that little communication is possible, even though all have access to the internet and speak the same language. Design/methodology/approach The method is to catalog the best practices in collaboration and cooperation in the form of a pattern language. After describing pattern languages, some examples are given. Findings People have been trying to cooperate in many cultures over many centuries, and there are many the best practices that can be useful to find a common ground. Research limitations/implications The patterns suggested do not easily allow empirical and objective A/B testing. Practical implications Any pattern or guideline will be applied by most people in most contexts. There will always be practical limitations in the appropriate scope of application. Social implications A more widespread use of the patterns should help heal the divisiveness in society. Originality/value While pattern languages have been used in many fields, this is the first attempt to do so in fostering civil engagement.

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Tamrin, Tamrin. "POLA PEMILIHAN BAHASA BERDASARKAN PERISTIWA BAHASA DAN KATEGORI UMUR: KASUS PEMILIHAN BAHASA ETNIK BUGIS PERANTAU DALAM RANAH KELUARGA DI KABUPATEN DONGGALA." TELAGA BAHASA 5, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.36843/tb.v5i2.139.

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The social interaction in multilingual societies and the availability of multiple languages requires each speaker to have the ability to precisely choose the language or variety of languages which appropriate to the communication situation. By raising the case of language selection patterns based on language events and age categories in the language selection of Bugis ethnic in Donggala Regency, this study aimed to (1) describe the pattern of language selection in family domain of Bugis ethnic based on the language event and age category, and (2) analyse the factors underlying the selection of languages based on the language event and age category. The method used is a sociolinguistic approach with questionnaires, interviews, observations, and recording techniques, then the data had been analyzed based on the percentage pattern of the language selection. The result indicated that Bugisnese ethnic in Donggala Regency still chooses Bugisnese language as their communication tool n based on the event of language and age category. The Age of 28-49 and 50 years and above strongly maintain and choose to use Bugisnese language, while among the 11-15 years old and above the use of Bugis language are beginning to decline.

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Ozonova, Aiiana A. "Patterns of semantics forming for the -out component in verb-adverbial compounds." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 4 (2021): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_4_86_96.

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The current paper aims to analyze structural types of polypredicative sentences of purpose in the Altai language in comparison with Tuvan and Yakut. The material for this study was obtained by continuous sampling from folklore, fiction and Press in the Altai language. For comparison with Tuvan and Yakut, books and articles covering grammar issues of those languages, particularly syntax, were used. In the course of study, descriptive and comparative methods were applied together with the method of structural modeling. It was found that in order to express purpose, the following patterns are used: (i) monofinite (participial-case, participial-postpositional, adverbial-participial), and (ii) bifinite with conjunctions. The comparison showed that the systems of patterns expressing purpose in the languages differ in syntactic arrangement, postpositions and participial-case forms. This study enabled to identify 6 patterns of purpose in Altai compared to 8 in Tuvan described by L. A. Shamina and 14 in Yakut identified by N. N. Efremova. Clearly, Yakut demonstrates the most developed system of the patterns. It was also found that in all the three languages, monofinite patterns are dominant. Two patterns were identified as common for the three languages: (i) monofinite participial pattern with reason-purpose postposition учун / ужун / иhин 'because of, in oder to', and (ii) bifinite pattern with the common Turkic link деп / диэн 'in order to'. Another finding was that adverbial-participial patterns are mono-subject while participial-case and participial-postpositional patterns are variable-subject. The outlook for further study will include semantic types and functioning analysis of the patterns of purpose in Altai compared to other Siberian Turkic languages.

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Goutsos, Dionysis. "Sequential and interpersonal aspects of English and Greek answering machine messages." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 357–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.11.4.01gou.

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The paper studies the genre of answering machine messages (AMMs) in English and Greek from a comparative linguistic perspective. The analysis of extensive data in both languages shows that the length of most AMMs is restricted (25 to 30 words) and related to the gender of the caller rather than the language used. It is also found that Greek and English AMMs follow the same generic pattern, consisting of three main phases (opening, main body and closing) and their sub-parts. Messages in the two languages mainly differ with respect to the optional and obligatory parts they allow in the pattern, their respective order within the main phases and the particular signals used. Thus, a generic pattern for AMMs can be established across the two languages as emerges from the use of specific signals of sequential relations. At the same time, AMMs in both languages show a central interpersonal concern for creating a dialogic sphere of communication by incorporating the absent recipient’s participation. Sequential patterns in this genre are thus intimately interrelated with the interpersonal aspects of communication.

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Zunoomy, Muhammadu Sainulabdeen, and Mohammed Cassim Sithy Shathifa. "‘Anâshir al-Jumal baina al-Lughataini al-‘Arabiyyah wa at-Tâmiliyyah (Dirâsâh Taqâbuliyyah)." International Journal of Arabic Language Teaching 4, no. 01 (June 3, 2022): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/ijalt.v4i01.4679.

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Each language has a specific pattern in sentence structure. Based on this, sentence pattern in Arabic language differs from Tamil language since they are from two different linguistic families namely Semitic language family and Dravidian language family respectively. Therefore, this research focuses on studying sentence pattern in Arabic and Tamil languages by exposing similarities and dissimilarities between them. This research uses contrastive descriptive methodology. This research finds that there are more dissimilarities than similarities in sentence pattern between Arabic and Tamil languages whence use of gender, number, tense, adjective, genitive and articles. As for the similarities, they are in sentence elements, nominal sentence and interrogative sentence.

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Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona. "Who speaks what to whom? Multilingualism and language choice in Misión La Paz." Language in Society 39, no. 5 (November 2010): 617–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404510000631.

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AbstractThe multilingualism and patterns of language use in Misión La Paz, Salta Province, Argentina are described and analyzed. Three indigenous languages, Chorote, Nivaclé, and Wichí, are spoken here, but interlocutors in conversations usually do not speak the same language to one another. There is extensive linguistic exogamy, and husbands and wives typically speak different languages to one another. Individuals identify with one language, speak it to all others, and claim only to understand but not to speak the other languages spoken to them. Children in the same family very often identify with and thus speak different languages from one another. This situation is examined and explanations are offered, with comparisons to similar situations elsewhere. The pattern of language choice and multilingual use in this case is arguably unique, with implications for several general claims about language contact and multilingualism.

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Haskins, Cecilia. "11.2.2 Application of Patterns and Pattern Languages to Systems Engineering." INCOSE International Symposium 15, no. 1 (July 2005): 1619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2005.tb00776.x.

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Pulungan, Husniah Ramadhani, Chalimah Chalimah, Muhammad Roihan Daulay, Mowafg Abrahem Masuwd, and Muhammad Kristiawan. "Learning Perceptive Mental Processes in Angkola Language." Anglophile Journal 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.51278/anglophile.v2i2.327.

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This article aims to reveal the learning of patterns and cultural influences of perceptive mental processes in Angkola language with a Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) approach. This is because learning research tends to offer research related to language learning models and language learning media from various perspectives. Meanwhile, the content of the learning is still limited to be analyzed in certain grammar. This research offers perceptive mental process learning based on one of the regional languages in Indonesia, namely Angkola language which needs to be raised considering that this language still includes native speakers. Thus, the Angkola language must be included in the list of documentation of languages and oral traditions that should be preserved in order to maintain the wealth of the archipelago. The method used is descriptive qualitative with transitivity analysis. The results of the analysis show that the Angkola community in expressing perceptive mental processes produces two patterns, one sequential pattern and one non-sequential pattern. However, for non-sequential patterns, after the process is not followed by sensing but is followed by a phenomenon then sensing afterwards. The uniqueness and symptoms of this strangeness are found in the study of perceptive mental processes in the Angkola language. Therefore, according to the presentation of the analysis, it can be proven the consistency, prevalence and acceptance of this pattern in transitivity in the Angkola language. Keywords: Angkola Language, Mental Process Language, Systemic Functional Linguistics

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SIROMONEY, RANI, K. G. SUBRAMANIAN, and LISA MATHEW. "LEARNING OF PATTERN AND PICTURE LANGUAGES." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 06, no. 02n03 (August 1992): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001492000163.

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A method of learning pattern languages in time polynomial in the length of the pattern is introduced. The learning of certain picture languages can then be done by considering them as an interpretation of pattern languages. The learning of Tabled Regular k-Matrix languages describing arrays of symbols is also examined.

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Taft, S. Tucker, Stephen Baird, and Claire Dross. "Defining a Pattern Matching Language Feature for Ada." ACM SIGAda Ada Letters 42, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3577949.3577963.

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Structural pattern-matching as a language feature has become more common in programming languages over the past decade. This talk will report on the work in progress to define such a feature for the Ada language, both from a language-design point of view, and from an implementation point of view.

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Jiang, Tao, Efim Kinber, Arto Salomaa, Kai Salomaa, and Sheng Yu. "Pattern languages with and without erasing." International Journal of Computer Mathematics 50, no. 3-4 (January 1994): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207169408804252.

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Gao, Ziyuan, Zeinab Mazadi, Regan Meloche, Hans Ulrich Simon, and Sandra Zilles. "Distinguishing pattern languages with membership examples." Information and Computation 256 (October 2017): 348–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ic.2017.08.003.

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Bozapalidis, Symeon, and Antonios Kalampakas. "Recognizability of graph and pattern languages." Acta Informatica 42, no. 8-9 (February 14, 2006): 553–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00236-006-0006-z.

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Nessel, Jochen, and Steffen Lange. "Learning erasing pattern languages with queries." Theoretical Computer Science 348, no. 1 (December 2005): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2005.09.001.

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Burstler, Jurgen. "Pattern Languages o f Program Design." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 21, no. 1 (January 1996): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/381790.565679.

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Ibarra, Oscar H., Ting-Chuen Pong, and Stephen M. Sohn. "A note on parsing pattern languages." Pattern Recognition Letters 16, no. 2 (February 1995): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(94)00091-g.

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Tuan Duc, Nguyen, Danushka Bollegala, and Mitsuru Ishizuka. "Cross-Language Latent Relational Search: Mapping Knowledge across Languages." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 25, no. 1 (August 4, 2011): 1237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v25i1.8075.

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Latent relational search (LRS) is a novel approach for mapping knowledge across two domains. Given a source domain knowledge concerning the Moon, "The Moon is a satellite of the Earth," one can form a question {(Moon, Earth), (Ganymede, ?)} to query an LRS engine for new knowledge in the target domain concerning the Ganymede. An LRS engine relies on some supporting sentences such as ``Ganymede is a natural satellite of Jupiter.'' to retrieve and rank "Jupiter" as the first answer. This paper proposes cross-language latent relational search (CLRS) to extend the knowledge mapping capability of LRS from cross-domain knowledge mapping to cross-domain and cross-language knowledge mapping. In CLRS, the supporting sentences for the source pair might be in a different language with that of the target pair. We represent the relation between two entities in an entity pair by lexical patterns of the context surrounding the two entities. We then propose a novel hybrid lexical pattern clustering algorithm to capture the semantic similarity between paraphrased lexical patterns across languages. Experiments on Japanese-English datasets show that the proposed method achieves an MRR of 0.579 for CLRS task, which is comparable to the MRR of an existing monolingual LRS engine.

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S.S., M.Pd., Nursyamsi. "KERAGAMAN PENGGUNAAN BAHASA PADA MEDIA LUAR RUANG DI KOTA PALU." Multilingual 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/multilingual.v18i2.120.

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The use of Indonesian in outdoor media is increasingly worrying. This can be seen by the increasing number of Indonesian languages being transferred by foreign languages in public spaces. The Indonesians seem to be powerless in their own country and the substance of the Indonesians seems out of frame. By raising the case of the diversity of language use in outdoor media in the city of Palu, this study aims to describe patterns of diversity in language use, especially the use of foreign languages, regional languages, a mixture of Indonesian and foreign languages, as well as the full use of Indonesian in outdoor media in the city of Palu. The method used in this research is the listening method, the method used to obtain data by listening to the use of language that is in outdoor media in the city of Palu. The analysis shows that the pattern of diversity of language use in external media in the city of Palu is dominated by the use of foreign languages. Of the 280 data captured, 41% of outdoor media use foreign languages, mainly English. Furthermore, 34% of outdoor media use a mixture of Indonesian and foreign languages, 23% use Indonesian in full, and only 2% use local languages.keywords: language diversity, outdoor media

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Queen, Robin M. "Bilingual intonation patterns: Evidence of language change from Turkish-German bilingual children." Language in Society 30, no. 1 (January 2001): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404501001038.

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This article discusses Turkish-German bilingual children's intonation patterns as they relate to processes of contact-induced language change. Bilingual speakers use two distinct rises in both Turkish and German. One rise (L*HH%) resembles a characteristic German rise, while the other (L%H%) resembles a characteristic Turkish rise. The rises pattern pragmatically in ways that are non-normative for both Turkish and German. Although this pattern is not clearly attributable to language interference (either borrowing or shift-induced language change), it is certainly the result of language contact. Fusion is proposed to account for the two-way influence between the two languages.

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Epps, Patience. "Subsistence pattern and contact-driven language change." Language Dynamics and Change 7, no. 1 (2017): 47–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00602004.

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While it is well known that processes of contact-driven language change are sensitive to socio-cultural factors, the question of whether these apply differently among hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists has engendered considerable debate. These dynamics have been particularly underexplored in the Amazon basin, where high linguistic diversity has until very recently been coupled with a dearth of quality documentation. This investigation undertakes a systematic assessment of the effects of contact on fourteen languages (representing six distinct language families/isolates), spoken by northern Amazonian peoples whose subsistence practices all involve a relative emphasis on hunting and gathering. The effects of contact are assessed via an extensive survey of lexical and grammatical data from nearly a hundred languages of this region, and take into account lexical borrowing, Wanderwort distributions, and grammatical convergence. This comparative approach indicates that most Amazonian foraging-focused peoples have been heavily involved in regional interactive networks over time, as have their more horticulture-dominant neighbors, but that the linguistic effects of contact are variable across subsistence pattern. While subsistence thus does not appear to be correlated with the degree of contact-driven change experienced by the languages of this region, it is, on the other hand, a strong predictor of the direction of influence, which favors a unidirectional farmer-to-forager linguistic transmission.

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Lambert-Brétière, Renée. "Serializing languages as satellite-framed." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 7 (November 16, 2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.7.01lam.

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Languages expressing motion events through serial verb constructions are categorized in various ways according to the typology of motion events. This paper challenges the typological classification of serializing languages by proposing that a serializing language like Fon is better analyzed as a satellite-framed language, lexicalizing the core-schema of motion — Path — in a verb satellite, than as verb-framed or equipollently-framed. Semantic and syntactic arguments are presented and lead to a new definition of verbal satellite in functional terms. It is further demonstrated that there is no need for a special treatment of serializing languages like Fon when conceiving the typology of motion events as a bipolar typological continuum, with at one end the verb-framing pattern and at the other end, the satellite-framing pattern.

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Lehtinen, Jyri, Terhi Honkola, Kalle Korhonen, Kaj Syrjänen, Niklas Wahlberg, and Outi Vesakoski. "Behind Family Trees." Language Dynamics and Change 4, no. 2 (2014): 189–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00402007.

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Although it has long been recognized that the family tree model is too simplistic to account for historical connections between languages, most computational studies of language history have concentrated on tree-building methods. Here, we employ computational network methods to assess the utility of network models in comparison with tree models in studying the subgrouping of Uralic languages. We also compare basic vocabulary data with words that are more easily borrowed and replaced cross-linguistically (less basic vocabulary) in order to find out how secondary connections affect computational analyses of this language family. In general, the networks support a treelike pattern of diversification, but also provide information about conflicting connections underlying some of the ambiguous divergences in the trees. These are seen as reflections of unclear divergence patterns (either in ancestral protolanguages or between languages closely related at present), which pose problems for a tree model. The networks also show that the relationships of closely related present-day languages are more complex than what the tree models suggest. When comparing less basic with basic vocabulary, we can detect the effect of borrowing between different branches (horizontal transfer) mostly between and within the Finnic and Saami subgroups. We argue that the trees obtained with basic vocabulary provide the primary pattern of the divergence of a language family, whereas networks, especially those constructed with less basic vocabulary, add reality to the picture by showing the effect of more complicated developments affecting the connections between the languages.

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SIRRI, LOUAH, and PIA RÄMÄ. "Similar and distinct neural mechanisms underlying semantic priming in the languages of the French–Spanish bilingual children." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728917000578.

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Recent evidence demonstrates that lexical-semantic connections emerge over the second year of life for monolingual children. Yet, little is known about the developing lexical-semantic organization of children acquiring two languages simultaneously. Two- to 4 year-old French–Spanish bilingual children completed a within-language auditory semantic priming task in both of their languages, while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The results revealed that bilingual children exhibited sensitivity to taxonomic relationships between words in each of their languages, but the pattern of brain activity varied across the dominant (DL) and the non-dominant (NDL) languages. While the N2 occurred for both languages, the N400 appeared for target words in the DL only and the late anterior negativity for target words in the NDL only. These findings indicate that words are organized taxonomically in the bilinguals’ lexicons. However, the patterns of brain activity suggest that common and distinct neural resources underlie lexical-semantic processing in each language.

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Montanari, Simona, Robert Mayr, and Kaveri Subrahmanyam. "Bilingual Speech Sound Development During the Preschool Years: The Role of Language Proficiency and Cross-Linguistic Relatedness." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 10 (October 26, 2018): 2467–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0393.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate typical Spanish–English speech sound development longitudinally in a group of bilingual preschoolers enrolled in a Head Start Program and to examine the extent to which such development is linked to language proficiency. The study also aimed to identify whether speech development is related cross-linguistically and to improve our understanding of error patterns in this population. Method Thirty-five bilingual preschool children produced single-word speech samples in Spanish and English both at the beginning of their first and their second year in a Head Start Program. Conversational samples in both languages were also collected at these data points to calculate mean length of utterance in words (MLUw) and thus assess the children's linguistic proficiency. The phonetically transcribed speech samples were compared over time in terms of segmental accuracy measures and error pattern frequencies. Correlation analyses were run to examine the relation between segmental accuracy measures across languages and between speech sound production and MLUw. Results One-way within-subject analysis of variance revealed significant improvements in accuracy over time in both languages, but not always for cross-linguistically unshared segments, nor for all consonant manner classes. Overall error rates decreased over time in both languages; although, certain error types showed no change. Cross-linguistic interactions were low in both languages. The results also revealed significant cross-linguistic correlations in segmental accuracy between Spanish and English, as well as between MLUw and speech sound production in both languages on a range of measures, with language-specific differences in Year 2 of the Head Start Program, but not in Year 1. Conclusions This study is the first to document developmental changes in the speech patterns of Spanish–English bilingual preschool children over 1 year. Accuracy rates improved significantly in both languages, suggesting that enhanced exposure to the majority language at school may not impede phonological development in the home language. Bootstrapping effects were particularly pronounced on cross-linguistically shared sounds, which suggests that the same underlying skills are utilized in both languages, whereas language-specific singleton consonants and consonant clusters did not appear to benefit from exposure to the other language. The results also suggest an intricate link between phonological skills and morphosyntactic performance at the early stages of development, but a more complex pattern thereafter with differences that may be based on language-specific phonological properties.

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Meechan, Marjory, and Shana Poplack. "Orphan categories in bilingual discourse: Adjectivization strategies in Wolof-French and Fongbe-French." Language Variation and Change 7, no. 2 (July 1995): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000971.

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ABSTRACTWhen one language has a grammatical category that is rare or lacking in another, this “orphan” category may constrain the types of structures employed when the two languages are combined in bilingual discourse. We systematically examine the effect of categorial nonequivalence on language mixture in two corpora of spontaneous bilingual speech—Wolof—French and Fongbe—French—exhibiting different typological contrasts in adjectival modification structures. Focusing on lone French-origin items in otherwise Wolof or Fongbe discourse, the most frequent, if the most contentious, type of intrasentential language mixture, our method reveals that superficially identical items pattern in markedly different ways in each corpus. In Wolof, their patterns are consistent with Wolof adjectival elements (i.e., verbs), revealing them to be loanwords, while in Fongbe, they pattern with code-switches. We show that this difference is linked to the degree of categorial mismatch in the languages involved. Where categorial equivalence exists (Fongbe-French), code-switches involving French adjectives may occur, as long as structural equivalence between the two languages is maintained at the switch site. Where categorial equivalence is lacking (Wolof–French), code-switching is inhibited, and language mixture is effected via borrowing. This illustrates how, at code-switch sites, both structural and categorial equivalence are maintained.

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Thompson, Arthur Lewis, Thomas Van Hoey, and Youngah Do. "Articulatory features of phonemes pattern to iconic meanings: evidence from cross-linguistic ideophones." Cognitive Linguistics 32, no. 4 (October 25, 2021): 563–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2020-0055.

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Abstract Iconic words are supposed to exhibit imitative relationships between their linguistic forms and their referents. Many studies have worked to pinpoint sound-to-meaning correspondences for ideophones from different languages. The correspondence patterns show similarities across languages, but what makes such language-specific correspondences universal, as iconicity claims to be, remains unclear. This could be due to a lack of consensus on how to describe and test the perceptuo-motor affordances that make an iconic word feel imitative to speakers. We created and analysed a database of 1,860 ideophones across 13 languages, and found that seven articulatory features, physiologically accessible to all spoken language users, pattern according to semantic features of ideophones. Our findings pave the way for future research to utilize articulatory properties as a means to test and explain how iconicity is encoded in spoken language. The perspective taken here fits in with ongoing research of embodiment, motivation, and iconicity research, three major strands of research within Cognitive Linguistics. The results support that there is a degree of unity between the concepts of imitative communication and the spoken forms through cross-domain mappings, which involve physical articulatory movement.

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Iacob, Claudia. "Design Patterns as Tools to Support Social Creativity and Knowledge Management in Collaborative Design Processes." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 10, no. 04 (December 2011): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649211003048.

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This paper addresses the problem of knowledge creation, integration and dissemination in communities of software designers. The solution identified is represented by design patterns, tools to support social creativity providing a way of capturing and sharing knowledge related to design problems arising in creative collaborative design processes. Inter-related design problems are documented by inter-related design patterns, which form pattern languages. The paper describes design patterns and pattern languages and illustrates the ways in which they support social creativity and knowledge creation, integration and dissemination in communities of software designers.

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Brito, Daisy Ferreira, Monalessa Perini Barcellos, and Gleison Santos. "Pattern Language as Support to Software Measurement Planning for Statistical Process Control." JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science 28, no. 7 (July 28, 2022): 671–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jucs.68237.

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The growing interest of organizations in improving their software processes has led them to aim at achieving high maturity, where statistical process control (SPC) is required. One of the challenges involved in performing SPC is selecting measures suitable for it. Measures used in SPC can be found in the literature and can be reused by organizations, but the information is dispersed, not favoring reuse. From measures suggested in the literature or used in practical experiences, it is possible to identify patterns that can be used to support organizations in measurement planning. Patterns can be organized as pattern languages, which favor reuse and contribute towards increasing productivity. In this work, from the results of a systematic mapping and a survey, we identified measurement planning patterns in the Goal-Question-Metric format and organized them in a Measurement Planning Pattern Language (MePPLa). MePPLa was created by following a Systematic Approach for creating Measurement Planning Pattern Languages (SAMPPLa), also defined in this work. This paper presents SAMPPLa, MePPLa and the main results of a study carried out to evaluate MePPLa. The results showed that using MePPLa is viable and useful to aid in software measurement planning. Mainly, MePPLa contributes to increasing productivity when creating a measurement plan and the quality of the resulting measurement plan.

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Braga, Rosana T. V., and Paulo Cesar Masiero. "Finding Frameworks Hot Spots in Pattern Languages." Journal of Object Technology 3, no. 1 (2004): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5381/jot.2004.3.1.a2.

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Bilotta, Stefano, Elisabetta Grazzini, and Elisa Pergola. "Pattern Avoiding Languages and Recurrence Relations Interpretation." Fundamenta Informaticae 156, no. 1 (October 31, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2017-1595.

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