Bibliografie tematiche / Pathogenic microorganisms

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Pathogenic microorganisms"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 5 marzo 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Pathogenic microorganisms"

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Rozaik, Ehab, e Safwat Mahmoud. "Growth Inhibition of Various Pathogenic Microorganisms Using Effective Microorganisms (EM)". International Journal of Research and Engineering 4, n. 12 (4 gennaio 2018): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijre.2017.4.12.2.

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Mahmoud, Safwat, e Ehab Rozaik. "Growth Inhibition of Various Pathogenic Microorganisms Using Effective Microorganisms (EM)". International Journal of Research and Engineering 4, n. 12 (5 gennaio 2018): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijre.2018.5.1.2.

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Wackett, Lawrence P. "Plant pathogenic microorganisms". Environmental Microbiology 17, n. 10 (ottobre 2015): 4143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13067.

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Davydova, Anna, Maria Vorobjeva, Dmitrii Pyshnyi, Sidney Altman, Valentin Vlassov e Alya Venyaminova. "Aptamers against pathogenic microorganisms". Critical Reviews in Microbiology 42, n. 6 (10 agosto 2015): 847–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/1040841x.2015.1070115.

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Engelmann, Susanne, e Michael Hecker. "Pathoproteomics of pathogenic microorganisms". PROTEOMICS - Clinical Applications 10, n. 9-10 (ottobre 2016): 895–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prca.201600101.

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Chaudhary, Renu, Meenakshi Balhara, Mrridula Dangi, Mehak Dangi e Anil K. Chhillar. "RHIZOSPHERE MICROBIOME: AN EMERGING FRONTIER IN CAUSING AND CURING INFECTIOUS DISEASES". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, n. 6 (7 giugno 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.25299.

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Abstract (sommario):
Prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in the rhizosphere causing infectious diseases in plants and humans has increased considerably due to a high content of nutrients. Such pathogenic infections are of huge concern in agriculture, health care, and medical arenas. Rhizosphere microbiome is a “microbial hotspot,” not only for pathogenic microorganism but also for unlimited beneficial microorganisms. Therefore, this microbiome has immense potential in the shaping of earth from natural vegetation to the intense agricultural production to human health. Rhizosphere microorganism from unexplored habitats is a promising approach to overcome the escalating threat of such pathogenic infections. Hence, efforts are being made to isolate more and more rhizobacteria that are beneficial for better plant productivity and for treating human diseases. Thus, present review highlights and discusses the available literature on beneficial/pathogenic microorganisms belonging to rhizosphere and their impact on plants and human diseases. Furthermore, it sheds light on how this novel knowledge helps in deriving maximum benefits out of this naturally occurring population for the betterment of plant and human health.
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M. Daly, Karen, Paul D. Cotter, Colin Hill e R. Paul Ross. "Lantibiotic Production by Pathogenic Microorganisms". Current Protein & Peptide Science 13, n. 6 (1 ottobre 2012): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920312803582997.

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Hsu, Ih-Chang, Wai-Kuo Shih, Judith Lovchik, Yuan-Hu Wang e Dehe Kong. "Mismatch Cleavage Detects Pathogenic Microorganisms". Diagnostic Molecular Pathology 9, n. 3 (settembre 2000): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019606-200009000-00008.

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Wang, Chunsaier, e Jingnan Li. "Pathogenic Microorganisms and Pancreatic Cancer". Gastrointestinal Tumors 2, n. 1 (22 aprile 2015): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000380896.

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Martusevich, Andrew, Ivan Bocharin, Maxim Guryanov, Alexey Kochkurov, Elena Kochkurova e Marina Ivashchenko. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE PHENOMENON OF MICROORGANISM-ASSOCIATED CRYSTALLOGENESIS". Archiv Euromedica 11, n. 3 (3 luglio 2021): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35630/2199-885x/2021/11/3/5.

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Abstract (sommario):
The aim of the study was to clarify the character of the initiatory activity of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms in regard to salt solutions. We selected colonies of two microorganisms: Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (St. aureus) [106 , 108 , 1010, 1012, 1014, 1016, 1018 and 1020 CFU/ml of solution]. A 10% solution of sodium chloride was used as the initiated substance, which made it possible to perform a tezigraphic test. On the basis of model experiments with colonies of some pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, a new phenomenon was confirmed — microbial initiation of crystal formation (the phenomenon of microorganismassociated crystallogenesis). This phenomenon is universal for microagents, but it also has specific features imposed by the species of the microorganism and its current functional state.
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Tesi sul tema "Pathogenic microorganisms"

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Grasso, Elizabeth Marie. "Nonthermal intervention strategies to minimize pathogenic foodborne microorganisms". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1282076439.

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Liu, Yanling. "Electric DNA chips for determination of pathogenic microorganisms". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Bioteknologi, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9187.

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Forster, Anthony Carlyle. "Self-cleavage of plant pathogenic RNAs". Title page, contents and summary only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf7331.pdf.

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Bowman, Melissa Lynne. "Biochemical characterization of Moraxella catarrhalis strains associated with Otitis media". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25397.

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Sengupta, Atanu. "Detection of biological species by surface enhanced Raman scattering /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8523.

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Evrendilek, Gulsun Akdemir. "Inactivation kinetics of pathogenic microorganisms by pulsed electric fields /". The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488204276531811.

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Yan, Ling. "Phagocyte-pathogen interactions". [Lincoln, Neb. : University of Nebraska-Lincoln], 2004. http://www.unl.edu/libr/Dissertations/2004/YanDis.pdf.

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Mabogo, Rudzani David Lesly. "The prevalence and survival of Campylobacter, Salmonella and Listeria species in poultry processing plant". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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Abstract (sommario):
The organisms in this study were chosen due to their associations with foods and their potential as food borne pathogens. Food borne diseases are an import public health problem in most countries. Bacteria of the genera Campylobacter, Salmonella and Listeria can be transported by poultry and poultry products to humans. Gastroenteritis, typhoid fever, diarrhea, dysentery may originate from the infection. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of pathogens in a poultry processing plant using polymerase chain reaction and conventional tests and to determine the formation and survival of biofilm cells of food pathogens in trisodium phosphate.
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Cotter, Sheena C. "Trade-offs in insect disease resistance". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26688.

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The ability to mount an efficient immune response should be an important life-history trait as parasitism can impact upon an individual's fecundity and survival prospects, and hence its fitness. However, immune function is likely to be costly as resources must be divided between many important traits. Whilst many studies have examined host resistance to particular parasite types, fewer have considered general immune responses. Studies that have considered general immune responses tend to do so in vertebrate models. However, the complexity of the vertebrate immune system makes the examination of evolutionary aspects of immune function difficult. Using larvae of the genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as a model system, this study examines' genetic and phenotypic aspects of innate immunity. The aims were to assess the levels of additive genetic variation maintained in immune traits, to consider possible costs that could maintain this variation, and to assess the role of phenotypic plasticity in ameliorating those costs. A key finding of this study was that high levels of additive genetic variation were maintained in all of the measured Immune traits. Analysis of the genetic correlations between traits revealed potential trade-offs within the immune system and between immune components and body condition. In addition, it was shown that larvae living at high densities invest more in immune function than those living in solitary conditions, suggesting that larvae can minimise the costs of immune function by employing them only when the risk of pathogenesis is high.
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Mak, Yun-lok Raymond. "Profile changes of putative periodontal pathogens after non-surgical periodontal treatment". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31954236.

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Libri sul tema "Pathogenic microorganisms"

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Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (U.S.) e United States. Food and Drug Administration. State Training Branch., a cura di. Foodborne pathogenic microorganisms & natural toxins. Rockville, Md: Food and Drug Administration, State Training Branch, 1990.

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Jorgensen, James H., e Michael A. Pfaller. A Clinician's Dictionary of Pathogenic Microorganisms. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817756.

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Shafferman, Avigdor, Arie Ordentlich e Baruch Velan, a cura di. The Challenge of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9054-6.

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Lorna, Fewtrell, University of Leeds e Centre for Research into Environment and Health., a cura di. Pathogenic microorganisms in temperate environmental waters. Cardigan, Dyfed, Great Britain: Samara in association with CREH and the University of Leeds, 1994.

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Boucias, D. Principles of insect pathology. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

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Federation, International Dairy, a cura di. The Significance of pathogenic microorganisms in raw milk. Brussels: International Dairy Federation, 1994.

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Torres, Alfredo G. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Latin America. A cura di ebrary Inc. S.l.]: Bentham e Books, 2010.

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Sir Dorabji Tata Symposium (10th 2009 Bangalore, India). Mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. Bangalore: Macmillan Publishers India, 2010.

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1939-, Field Richard, e United States. Environmental Protection Agency., a cura di. Detection and disinfection of pathogens in storm-generated flows. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Wong, Hin-chung. Stress response of foodborne microorganisms. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Pathogenic microorganisms"

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Pegg, G. F. "Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Microorganisms and Insects". In Hormonal Regulation of Development III, 599–624. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67734-2_17.

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Lebaron, Philippe, Benoit Cournoyer, Karine Lemarchand, Sylvie Nazaret e Pierre Servais. "Environmental and Human Pathogenic Microorganisms". In Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications, 619–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9118-2_15.

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Hynes, Richard O. "Phagocytosis and Interactions with Pathogenic Microorganisms". In Fibronectins, 365–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3264-3_15.

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Rao, M. Subba, e Shubhangi Wankhede. "Management of Hospital Wastes with Potential Pathogenic Microbes". In Microorganisms in Environmental Management, 365–401. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2229-3_17.

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Breeuwer, Pieter. "Adaptation of Pathogenic Microorganisms to Dry Conditions". In The Microbiological Safety of Low Water Activity Foods and Spices, 37–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2062-4_3.

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Vallance, J., F. Déniel, G. Le Floch, L. Guérin-Dubrana, D. Blancard e P. Rey. "Pathogenic and Beneficial Microorganisms in Soilless Cultures". In Sustainable Agriculture Volume 2, 711–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0394-0_31.

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Nørrung, Birgit, Jens Kirk Andersen e Sava Buncic. "Main Concerns of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Meat". In Safety of Meat and Processed Meat, 3–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89026-5_1.

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Friedlander, Arthur M. "The Anthrax Capsule: Role in Pathogenesis and Target for Vaccines and Therapeutics". In The Challenge of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, 1–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9054-6_1.

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Guinet, Françoise, Patrick Avé, Louis Jones, Michel Huerre e Elisabeth Carniel. "Comparative Approaches to Identify Host Factors Specifically Targeted by Yersinia pestis During the Infectious Process". In The Challenge of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, 99–106. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9054-6_10.

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Moss, Bernard, Zain Bengali, Himani Bisht, Jason P. Laliberte e P. S. Satheskumar. "Poxvirus Entry into Host Cells". In The Challenge of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, 107–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9054-6_11.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Pathogenic microorganisms"

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Wei, Jingxuan. "Approaches to Detect Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms". In BIBE2020: The Fourth International Conference on Biological Information and Biomedical Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3403782.3403804.

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Rösch, Petra, Stephan Stöckel, Susann Meisel, Anja Boβecker, Wilm Schumacher, Jürgen Popp, P. M. Champion e L. D. Ziegler. "Micro-Raman Spectroscopic Identification of Pathogenic Microorganisms". In XXII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3482579.

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Mantareva, Vanya, Ivan Angelov, Ekaterina Borissova, Latchezar Avramov e Vesselin Kussovski. "Phthalocyanine-assisted photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms". In SPIE Proceedings, a cura di Peter A. Atanasov, Tanja N. Dreischuh, Sanka V. Gateva e Lubomir M. Kovachev. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.727717.

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Iakovlev, Alexey, Aleksandr Grishkanich, Sergey Kascheev, Julia Ruzankina, Mikhail Afanasyev e Nail Hafizov. "Inactivation pathogenic microorganisms in water by laser methods". In SPIE BiOS, a cura di Wei R. Chen. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2253435.

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Bogdan, Nina, Tamara Sirbu, Maxim Birsa, Victor Cernauteanu e Irina Cojocaru. "Application of Open Science practices for strengthening the National Collection of Nonpathogenic Microorganisms". In Open Science in the Republic of Moldova National Scientific Conference, 2nd edition. Information Society Development Institute, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57066/sdrm22.09.

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Abstract (sommario):
Microbiology is a branch of biological science that studies microorganisms, most of interest and important are includes in collections for maintenance and distribution. Since biotechnology science goes the requirements to the collections of microorganisms as a reliable and informationally associated biological material also increase. The digitalization, processing and standardization of National Collection of Non-Pathogenic Microorganisms scientific data facilitates their sharing and reuse between science and industry fields. As a project result digital tools of National Collection of Non-Pathogenic Microorganisms information system will be developed, respecting the Open Science practices regarding the management of scientific data.
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Ovchinnikov, Ilya S., e Valery V. Tuchin. "Photodynamic action on some pathogenic microorganisms of oral cavity". In European Conference on Biomedical Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ecbo.2001.4433_160.

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The work is devoted to an analysis of pre-clinical and clinical experiments on photodynamic action of HeNe laser radiation in aggregate with a cation thiazinium dye Methylene Blue (MB) on a mix of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic aerobic bacteria being activators of pyoinflammatory diseases of oral cavity. Concentration of photosensitizes at which there is no own bactericidal influence on dying microflora, and parameters of influence at which the efficiency of irradiated microflora defeat reaches 99 % are determined.
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Ovchinnikov, Ilya S., e Valery V. Tuchin. "Photodynamic action on some pathogenic microorganisms of oral cavity". In European Conference on Biomedical Optics, a cura di Reginald Birngruber e Hubert van den Bergh. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.446521.

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Ovchinnikov, Ilya S., Valery V. Tuchin, Krill I. Ivanov e Gennady M. Shoub. "Photodynamic action on some pathogenic microorganisms of oral cavity". In Low-Level Laser Therapy, a cura di Tatiana I. Solovieva. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.425520.

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Deniz Cekmecelioglu, Ali Demirci, Robert E. Graves e Nadine H. Davitt. "Optimization of Windrow Food Waste Composting to Inactivate Pathogenic Microorganisms". In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.17003.

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Savicheva, Iu N., A. V. Valieva e K. V. Vydrin. "The choice of clothing material when working with pathogenic microorganisms". In Научные тенденции: Вопросы точных и технических наук. ЦНК МОАН, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-12-03-2019-11.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Pathogenic microorganisms"

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Freeman, Stanley, Russell Rodriguez, Adel Al-Abed, Roni Cohen, David Ezra e Regina Redman. Use of fungal endophytes to increase cucurbit plant performance by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7613893.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
Major threats to agricultural sustainability in the 21st century are drought, increasing temperatures, soil salinity and soilborne pathogens, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and pesticide abolition and are burning issues related to agriculture in the Middle East. We have found that Class 2 fungal endophytes adapt native plants to environmental stresses (drought, heat and salt) in a habitat-specific manner, and that these endophytes can confer stress tolerance to genetically distant monocot and eudicot hosts. In the past, we generated a uv non-pathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) that colonized cucurbits, induced drought tolerance and enhanced growth, and protected 85% - 100% against disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi. We propose: 1) utilizing path-1 and additional endophtyic microorganisms to be isolated from stress-tolerant local, wild cucurbit watermelon, Citrulluscolocynthis, growing in the Dead Sea and Arava desert areas, 2) generate abiotic and biotic tolerant melon crop plants, colonized by the isolated endophytes, to increase crop yields under extreme environmental conditions such as salinity, heat and drought stress, 3) manage soilborne fungal pathogens affecting curubit crop species growing in the desert areas. This is a unique and novel "systems" approach that has the potential to utilize natural plant adaptation for agricultural development. We envisage that endophyte-colonized melons will eventually be used to overcome damages caused by soilborne diseases and also for cultivation of this crop, under stress conditions, utilizing treated waste water, thus dealing with the limited resource of fresh water.
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Cytryn, Eddie, Mark R. Liles e Omer Frenkel. Mining multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria for biocontrol activity and biologically-active compounds. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598174.bard.

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Control of agro-associated pathogens is becoming increasingly difficult due to increased resistance and mounting restrictions on chemical pesticides and antibiotics. Likewise, in veterinary and human environments, there is increasing resistance of pathogens to currently available antibiotics requiring discovery of novel antibiotic compounds. These drawbacks necessitate discovery and application of microorganisms that can be used as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and the isolation of novel biologically-active compounds. This highly-synergistic one year project implemented an innovative pipeline aimed at detecting BCAs and associated biologically-active compounds, which included: (A) isolation of multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria and root-associated bacteria from medicinal plants; (B) invitro screening of bacterial isolates against known plant, animal and human pathogens; (C) nextgeneration sequencing of isolates that displayed antagonistic activity against at least one of the model pathogens and (D) in-planta screening of promising BCAs in a model bean-Sclerotiumrolfsii system. The BCA genome data were examined for presence of: i) secondary metabolite encoding genes potentially linked to the anti-pathogenic activity of the isolates; and ii) rhizosphere competence-associated genes, associated with the capacity of microorganisms to successfully inhabit plant roots, and a prerequisite for the success of a soil amended BCA. Altogether, 56 phylogenetically-diverse isolates with bioactivity against bacterial, oomycete and fungal plant pathogens were identified. These strains were sent to Auburn University where bioassays against a panel of animal and human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains such as A. baumannii 3806) were conducted. Nineteen isolates that showed substantial antagonistic activity against at least one of the screened pathogens were sequenced, assembled and subjected to bioinformatics analyses aimed at identifying secondary metabolite-encoding and rhizosphere competence-associated genes. The genome size of the bacteria ranged from 3.77 to 9.85 Mbp. All of the genomes were characterized by a plethora of secondary metabolite encoding genes including non-ribosomal peptide synthase, polyketidesynthases, lantipeptides, bacteriocins, terpenes and siderophores. While some of these genes were highly similar to documented genes, many were unique and therefore may encode for novel antagonistic compounds. Comparative genomic analysis of root-associated isolates with similar strains not isolated from root environments revealed genes encoding for several rhizospherecompetence- associated traits including urea utilization, chitin degradation, plant cell polymerdegradation, biofilm formation, mechanisms for iron, phosphorus and sulfur acquisition and antibiotic resistance. Our labs are currently writing a continuation of this feasibility study that proposes a unique pipeline for the detection of BCAs and biopesticides that can be used against phytopathogens. It will combine i) metabolomic screening of strains from our collection that contain unique secondary metabolite-encoding genes, in order to isolate novel antimicrobial compounds; ii) model plant-based experiments to assess the antagonistic capacities of selected BCAs toward selected phytopathogens; and iii) an innovative next-generation-sequencing based method to monitor the relative abundance and distribution of selected BCAs in field experiments in order to assess their persistence in natural agro-environments. We believe that this integrated approach will enable development of novel strains and compounds that can be used in large-scale operations.
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Kapulnik, Yoram, e Donald A. Phillips. Isoflavonoid Regulation of Root Bacteria. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7570561.bard.

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The overall objective of this project was to develop a conceptual framework for enhancing root colonization by beneficial bacteria. To accomplish this aim we tested the hypothesis that production and excretion of the plant phytoalexin medicarpin can be used for creation of a special niche along the legume roots, where beneficial microorganism, such as rhizobium, will have a selective advantage. On the Israeli side it was shown that higher medicarpin levels are exuded following the application of Rhizobium meliloti to the rhizosphere but the specific biochemical pathway governing medicarpin production was not induced significantly enough to support a constant production and excretion of this molecule to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, pathogenic bacteria and chemical elicitors were found to induce higher levels of this phytoalexin and it became important to test its natural abundance in field grown plants. On the US side, the occurrence of flavonoids and nucleosides in agricultural soils has been evaluated and biologically significant quantities of these molecules were identified. A more virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain was isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which forms tumors on a wide range of plant species. This isolate contains genes that increase competitive colonization abilities on roots by reducing the accumulation of alfalfa isoflavonoids in the bacterial cells. Following gene tagging efforts the US lab found that mutation in the bacterial efflux pump operons of this isolate reduced its competitive abilities. This results support our original hypothesis that detoxification activity of isoflavenoids molecules, based on bacterial gene(s), is an important selection mechanism in the rhizosphere. In addition, we focused on biotin as a regulatory element in the rhizosphere to support growth of some rhizosphere microorganisms and designed a bacterial gene construct carrying the biotin-binding protein, streptavidin. Expressing this gene in tobacco roots did not affect the biotin level but its expression in alfalfa was lethal. In conclusion, the collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward the understanding of rhizosphere activity yielded new knowledge related to the colonization of roots by beneficial microorganisms in the presence of biological active molecules exuded from the plant roots.
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4

Phillips, Donald, e Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions
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5

Yogev, David, Ricardo Rosenbusch, Sharon Levisohn e Eitan Rapoport. Molecular Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae and its Application in Diagnosis and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, aprile 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573073.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
Mycoplasma bovis and M. agalactiae are two phylogenetically related mycoplasmas which cause economically significant diseases in their respective bovine or small ruminant hosts. These organisms cause persistent asymptomatic infections that can result in severe outbreaks upon introduction of carrier animals into susceptible herds. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying mycoplasma-host interaction, variation in virulence, or of the factors enabling avoidance of the host immune system. In recent years it has become apparent that the ability of pathogenic microorganisms to rapidly alter surface antigenic structures and to fine tune their antigenicity, a phenomena called antigenic variation, is one of the most effective strategies used to escape immune destruction and to establish chronic infections. Our discovery of a novel genetic system, mediating antigenic variation in M. bovis (vsp) as well as in M. agalactiae (avg) served as a starting point for our proposal which included the following objectives: (i) Molecular and functional characterization of the variable surface lipoproteins (Vsp) system of M. bovis and comparison with the Vsp-counterpart in M. agalactiae (ii) Determination of the role of Vsp proteins in the survival of M. bovis when confronted by host defense factors, (iii) Assessment of Vsp-based genetic and antigenic typing of M. bovis and M. agalactiae for epidemiology of infection and (iv) Improvement of diagnostic tests for M. bovis and M. agalactiae based on the vsp-and vsp-analogous systems. We have carried out an extensive molecular characterization of the vsp system and unravelled the precise molecular mechanism responsible for the generation of surface antigenic variation in M. bovis. Our data clearly demonstrated that the two pathogenic mycoplasma species possess large gene families encoding variable lipoprotein antigens that apparently play an important role in immune evasion and in pathogen-host interaction during infection. Phase variable production of these antigens was found to be mediated by a novel molecular mechanism utilizing double site-specific DNA inversions via an intermediate vsp configuration. Studies in model systems indicate that phase variation of VspA is relevant in interaction between M. bovis and macrophages or monocytes, a crucial stage in pathogenesis. Using an ELISA test with captured VspA as an antigen, phase variation was shown to occur in vivo and under field conditions. Genomic rearrangements in the avg gene family of M. agalactiae were shown to occur in vivo and may well have a role in evasion of host defences and establishment of chronic infection. An epidemiological study indicated that patterns of vsp-related antigenic variation diverge rapidly in an M. bovis infected herd. Marked divergence was also found with avg-based genomic typing of M. agalactiae in chronically infected sheep. However, avg-genomic fingerprints were found to be relatively homogeneous in different animals during acute stages of an outbreak of Contagious Agalactiae, and differ between unrelated outbreaks. These data support the concept of vsp-based genomic typing but indicate the necessity for further refinement of the methodology. The molecular knowledge on these surface antigens and their encoding genes provides the basis for generating specific recombinant tools and serological methods for serodiagnosis and epidemiological purposes. Utilization of these methods in the field may allow differentiating acutely infected herds from chronic herds and disease-free herds. In addition the highly immunogenic nature of these lipoproteins may facilitate the design of protective vaccine against mycoplasma infections.
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6

Gillor, Osnat, Stefan Wuertz, Karen Shapiro, Nirit Bernstein, Woutrina Miller, Patricia Conrad e Moshe Herzberg. Science-Based Monitoring for Produce Safety: Comparing Indicators and Pathogens in Water, Soil, and Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, maggio 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613884.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
Using treated wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation represents an important opportunity for ensuring adequate food production in light of growing freshwater scarcity worldwide. However, the environmentally sustainable approach of using TWW for irrigation can lead to contamination of produce with fecal pathogens that may remain in treated water. The overall goal of this research was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and that of a suite of human pathogens in TWW, the irrigated soil, and crops. Field experiments were conducted to compare secondary and tertiary TWW with dechlorinated tap water for irrigation of tomatoes, a typical commercial crop, in Israel, a semi-arid country. Human pathogens including bacteria (Salmonella), protozoa (Cryptosporidiumand Giardia), and viruses (Adenovirus [AV Types A, B, C & 40/41] and Enterovirus [EV71 subtypes]) were monitored in two field trials using a combination of microscopic, cultivation-based, and molecular (qPCR) techniques. Results from the field trials indicate that microbial contamination on the surface of tomatoes did not appear to be associated with the source of irrigated waters; FIB contamination was not statistically different on tomatoes irrigated with TWW as compared to tomatoes irrigated with potable water. In fact, Indicator bacteria testing did not predict the presence of pathogens in any of the matrices tested. High concentrations of FIB were detected in water and on tomato surfaces from all irrigation treatment schemes, while pathogen contamination on tomato surfaces (Cryptosporidiumand Salmonella) was only detected on crops irrigated with TWW. These results suggest that regular monitoring for pathogens should take place to accurately detect presence of harmful microorganisms that could threaten consumer safety. A notable result from our study is that the large numbers of FIB in the water did not appear to lead to FIB accumulation in the soil. With the exception of two samples, E. coli that was present at 10³ to 10⁴ cells/100 mL in the water, was not detected in the soil. Other bacterial targets associated with the enteric environment (e. g., Proteusspp.) as well as protozoal pathogens were detected in the TWW, but not in the soil. These findings suggest that significant microbial transfer to the soil from TWW did not occur in this study. The pattern of FIB contamination on the surfaces of tomatoes was the same for all treatment types, and showed a temporal effect with more contamination detected as the duration of the field trial increased. An important observation revealed that water quality dramatically deteriorated between the time of its release from the wastewater treatment plant and the time it was utilized for irrigation, highlighting the importance of performing water quality testing throughout the growing season at the cultivation site.
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7

Wilson, Charles, e Edo Chalutz. Biological Control of Postharvest Diseases of Citrus and Deciduous Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, settembre 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1991.7603518.bard.

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The objectives of this research were to develop control measures of postharvest diseases of citrus and deciduous fruits by using naturally-occurring, non-antibiotic-producing antagonists; study the mode of action of effective antagonists and optimize their application methods. Several antagonists were found against a variety of diseases of fruits and vegetables. One particularly effective yeast antagonist (US-7) was chosen for more in-depth studies. This antagonist outcompetes rot pathogens at the wound site for nutrients and space; it is better adapted than the pathogen to extreme environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and osmotic changes, and is relatively resistant to common postharvest fungicides. Our data suggests that other modes of action may also be involved. These are induction of host resistance by the antagonists or its products, and direct interaction between the antagonists and the pathogen with the possible involvement of an extracellular material and/or cell wall degrading enzymes produced by the antagonist. However, these interactions were not fully elucidated. The antagonistic activity of US-7 and other biocontrol agents isolated, was enhanced by calcium salts. While the mode of action is not known, the addition of these salts had a significant effect both in laboratory experiments and in large-scale tests. Compatibility of the yeast antagonist with present packinghouse treatments and procedures was determined. An integrated control procedure was developed, utilizing the antagonists together with ultra-low dosages of fungicides and activity-enhancing additives. This cooperative research resulted in numerous publications describing the antagonistic agents. their mode of action and possible commercial application. Patents were developed from this research and a commercial company is pursuing the licensing of these patents and the testing of the procedure on a commercial scale. Our research findings have expanded the potential for using non-antibiotic-producing antagonistic microorganisms in the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables; thus meeting a critical need to find alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides on food products.
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8

Lindow, Steven E., Shulamit Manulis, Dan Zutra e Dan Gaash. Evaluation of Strategies and Implementation of Biological Control of Fire Blight. United States Department of Agriculture, luglio 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568106.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
The main objective of this study was to develop data that would facilitate a consistently effective method of biological control of fire blight disease to be developed and to enable its implementation for disease control by ensuring its compatibility with variations in the biological, environmental, and chemical conditions present in pear orchards. As considerable information on the pathogen and biological control of fire blight was already gathered from studies in California and elsewhere, an emphasis was placed on investigating the genetics and ecology of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight in Israel. Studies of plasmid profile, virulence on several host, serological characteristics, as well as DNA fingerprints with selected primers all revealed E. amylovora strains in Israel to be homogeneous. Strains did vary in their resistance to streptomycin, with those from more northern locations being resistant while those in the southern costal plain were all sensitive to streptomycin. Resistance appeared to be conferred by chromosomal mutations as in streptomycin-resistant strains in California. The biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 colonized flowers of both the Costia and Spodona pear cultivars in Israel as well as Bartlett pear in California. Flowers that were open at the time of spray inoculation of trees subsequently harbored from 105 to 107 cells of strain A506 per flower, while those that opened subsequent to spraying developed population sizes of about 105 cells/flower within 5 days. The incidence of fire blight infections were reduced about 3-fold in several trials in which moderate amounts of disease occurred in the plot areas; this degree of biological control is similar to that observed in California and elsewhere. On two occasions warm and moist weather that favored disease led to epidemics in which nearly all flowers became infected and which was so severe that neither P. fluorescens strain A506 nor chemical bactericides reduced disease incidence. A novel method for identifying antagonistic microorganisms for biological control of fire blight and other diseases was developed. A bacterial ice nucleation gene was introduced into E. amylovora to confer an Ice+ phenotype and the population sizes of this modified pathogen on flowers that had been pre-treated with potential control agents was estimated by measuring the freezing temperature of colonized flowers. Antagonistic strains that prevented the growth of E. amylovora in flowers were readily detected as those in which flowers froze at a low temperature. The method is both rapid and unbiased and several bacterial strains with substantial biological control potential have been identified using this method.
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9

VanderGheynst, Jean, Michael Raviv, Jim Stapleton e Dror Minz. Effect of Combined Solarization and in Solum Compost Decomposition on Soil Health. United States Department of Agriculture, ottobre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594388.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
In soil solarization, moist soil is covered with a transparent plastic film, resulting in passive solar heating which inactivates soil-borne pathogen/weed propagules. Although solarization is an effective alternative to soil fumigation and chemical pesticide application, it is not widely used due to its long duration, which coincides with the growing season of some crops, thereby causing a loss of income. The basis of this project was that solarization of amended soil would be utilized more widely if growers could adopt the practice without losing production. In this research we examined three factors expected to contribute to greater utilization of solarization: 1) investigation of techniques that increase soil temperature, thereby reducing the time required for solarization; 2) development and validation of predictive soil heating models to enable informed decisions regarding soil and solarization management that accommodate the crop production cycle, and 3) elucidation of the contributions of microbial activity and microbial community structure to soil heating during solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays, and samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial communities. Amendment of soil with 10% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2oC to 4oC higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization. The sequencing data obtained from field samples revealed similar microbial species richness and evenness in both solarized amended and non-amended soil. However, amendment led to enrichment of a community different from that of non-amended soil after solarization. Moreover, community structure varied by soil depth in solarized soil. Coupled with temperature data from soil during solarization, community data highlighted how thermal gradients in soil influence community structure and indicated microorganisms that may contribute to increased soil heating during solarization. Reliable predictive tools are necessary to characterize the solarization process and to minimize the opportunity cost incurred by farmers due to growing season abbreviation, however, current models do not accurately predict temperatures for soils with internal heat generation associated with the microbial breakdown of the soil amendment. To address the need for a more robust model, a first-order source term was developed to model the internal heat source during amended soil solarization. This source term was then incorporated into an existing “soil only” model and validated against data collected from amended soil field trials. The expanded model outperformed both the existing stable-soil model and a constant source term model, predicting daily peak temperatures to within 0.1°C during the critical first week of solarization. Overall the results suggest that amendment of soil with compost prior to solarization may be of value in agricultural soil disinfestations operations, however additional work is needed to determine the effects of soil type and organic matter source on efficacy. Furthermore, models can be developed to predict soil temperature during solarization, however, additional work is needed to couple heat transfer models with pathogen and weed inactivation models to better estimate solarization duration necessary for disinfestation.
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10

Microbes and Climate Change - Science, People & Impacts. American Society for Microbiology, aprile 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.nov.2021.

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Abstract (sommario):
Climate change is unarguably a critical existential threat to humanity in the 21st century. As the most abundant organisms on Earth, microorganisms make considerable contributions to and are greatly affected by a changing climate. Microbes are major drivers of elemental cycles (such are carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus), important producers and consumers of greenhouse gases, and pertinent pathogens of humans, animals and plants. While the threat of climate change looms large, conversations about the relationship between it and microorganisms are still rare outside of the microbial sciences community. To understand fully how our climate may change in the future, it is important to learn how a changing climate will impact microbes and their relationships with humans and their environment, as well as incorporate microbial processes into climate models. This report is based on the deliberations of experts who participated in a colloquium on Nov. 5, 2021 organized by the American Academy of Microbiology, the honorific leadership group and think tank within the American Society for Microbiology. These experts came from diverse disciplines and sectors and provided multifaceted perspectives and insights. Over the course of the discussion, the group made several major recommendations for academic, policy, and market partners to drive innovation for microbe-driven climate change solutions that support human well-being.
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