Bibliografie tematiche / Passive smoking Case studies

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Passive smoking Case studies"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 29 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Passive smoking Case studies"

1

Samet, Jonathan M., e Peter Lange. "Longitudinal Studies of Active and Passive Smoking". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 154, n. 6_pt_2 (dicembre 1996): S257—S265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/154.6_pt_2.s257.

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Uchiyama, Koji, Yasuo Haruyama, Hiromi Shiraishi, Kiyohiko Katahira, Daiki Abukawa, Takashi Ishige, Hitoshi Tajiri et al. "Association between Passive Smoking from the Mother and Pediatric Crohn’s Disease: A Japanese Multicenter Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 8 (23 aprile 2020): 2926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082926.

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Abstract (sommario):
Smoking is a risk factor for adult-onset Crohn’s disease (CD). Although passive smoking from family members is a major concern, especially in pediatric CD, the number of existing epidemiological studies is limited. This multicenter case–control study aimed to assess the effects of familial smoking on pediatric CD. We examined 22 pediatric CD cases and 135 controls. The subjects’ mothers were given a self-administered questionnaire about family smoking before disease onset in the CD group or the corresponding period in the control group. Univariable logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), whereas dose–response relationship analyses were performed for more in-depth evaluations. Univariable analyses indicated that passive smoking from the mother (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 0.61–7.10) was not a significant, but a candidate risk factor for developing pediatric CD. In contrast, the dose–response relationship analyses revealed that passive smoking from the mother (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.04–1.31) was significantly associated with pediatric CD. Therefore, passive smoking from the mother may be predominantly associated with the development of pediatric CD. Further follow-up studies comprising environmental measurements of passive smoking exposure doses and genetic factors interaction analysis are necessary.
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Zhang, Peng, Rui Wang, Zhijun Li, Yuhan Wang, Chunshi Gao, Xin Lv, Yuanyuan Song e Bo Li. "The risk of smoking on multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis based on 20,626 cases from case-control and cohort studies". PeerJ 4 (15 marzo 2016): e1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1797.

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Abstract (sommario):
Background.Multiple sclerosis (MS) has become a disease that represents a tremendous burden on patients, families, and societies. The exact etiology of MS is still unclear, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to this disease. Although some meta-analyses on the association between smoking and MS have been previously published, a number of new studies with larger population data have published since then. Consequently, these additional critical articles need to be taken into consideration.Method.We reviewed articles by searching in PubMed and EMBASE. Both conservative and non-conservative models were used to investigate the association between smoking and the susceptibility to MS. We also explored the effect of smoking on the susceptibility to MS in strata of different genders and smoking habits. The association between passive smoking and MS was also explored.Results.The results of this study suggest that smoking is a risk factor for MS (conservative model: odds ratio (OR) 1.55, 95% CI [1.48–1.62],p< 0.001; non-conservative model: 1.57, 95% CI [1.50–1.64],p< 0.001). Smoking appears to increase the risk of MS more in men than in women and in current smokers more than in past smokers. People who exposed to passive smoking have higher risk of MS than those unexposed.Conclusion.This study demonstrated that exposure to smoking is an important risk factor for MS. People will benefit from smoking cessation, and policymakers should pay attention to the association between smoking and MS.
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Reksodiputro, Lupita, Thalia Mufida, Niken Poerbonegoro e Mirta Hediyati Reksodiputro. "Association Between Active or Passive Smoking and Allergic Rhinitis: an Evidence-Based Case Report". eJournal Kedokteran Indonesia 9, n. 1 (5 maggio 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23886/ejki.9.22.56.

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This evidence-based case report (EBCR) aims to investigate the association between active or passive smoking with allergic rhinitis by summarizing existing studies on the topic. A literature search was done on major databases with keywords related to this study’s research question. The literature was appraised using CEBM University of Oxford for etiology study and systematic review sheets. The search obtained two articles for critical appraisal, includes a meta-analysis and a cohort study. The studies were appraised as valid, important, and applicable to the writer’s setting. Saulyte et al’ s2 article described RR active smoking with allergic rhinitis of 1.02 (95%CI 0.92-1.15), with no significant association. They resolved the heterogeneity by making subgroups. The cross-sectional subgroup with RR 1.09 (95%CI 1.06-1.12) is statistically significant. There was a significant association in passive smoking and obtained RR 1.10 (95%CI 1.06-1.15). In the study by Mlinaric et al4 the RR of active and passive smoking compared to non-smoker are 1.82 and 2.00; both show statistical significance. Both active and passive smoking is associated with a high risk of allergic rhinitis in adults and children. Keywords active smoking, passive smoking, allergic rhinitis. Hubungan Perokok Aktif dan Pasif dengan Rhinitis Alergi: Laporan Kasus Berbasis Bukti Abstrak Pada laporan kasus berbasis bukti ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi hubungan antara perokok aktif dan perokok pasif pada pasien dengan rinitis alergi. Dilakukan pencarian literatur menggunakan kata kunci yang berhubungan dengan kasus pada beberapa search engine, kemudian dilakukan penilaian kelayakan dengan lembar appraisal dari CEBM University of Oxford for etiology study and systematic review sheet. Dari pencarian didapatkan dua artikel yang mepresentasikan kasus tersebut, yaitu studi meta analisis dan studi cohort. Studi meta analisis oleh Saulyte et al2 menyatakan RR pada perokok aktif dengan rinitis alergi adalah 1,02 (95%CI 0,92-1,15). Pada subgrup potong lintang didapatkan perbedaan bermakna dengan RR 1,09 (95%CI 1,06-1,12). Pada studi cohort oleh Minaric et al didapatkan RR pada perokok aktif 1,82 dan pada perokok pasif 2,00, keduanya menunjukan angka yang signifikan. Pada perokok aktif dan pasif berhubungan dengan risiko tinggi pada rinitis alergi di pasien dewasa dan anak-anak. Kata kunci: perokok aktif, perokok pasif, rhinitis alergi.
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Dybing, Erik, e Tore Sanner. "Passive smoking, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and childhood infections". Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, n. 4 (aprile 1999): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032799678839914.

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1 A number of cohort and case-control studies have shown clear, dose-related associations between maternal smoking and infant death. The strongest relationships were found when the mother smoked during pregnancy as well as postnatally. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk for SIDS in most studies, whereas it appears that maternal smoking only postnatally also leads to an increase in risk. In addition, smoking only by the father appears to increase the risk for SIDS, but this is not seen in all studies. 2 Exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) increases the risk of having night cough and respiratory infections (bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia), especially during the first 2 years of life. An increased risk is also seen in studies not distinguishing between upper and lower respiratory diagnoses. Longterm breastfeeding may have a protective effect on ETS-increased risk of lower respiratory tract illness. One study of older children reports that ETS combined with allergy increased the risk of acute respiratory tract infections above that due to ETS alone. 3 The number of new episodes and duration of otitis media with effusion in young children is positively correlated with ETS exposure. Especially infants with lower birth weights had a high risk of recurrent otitis media during the first year of life when the mother was a heavy smoker. 4 Passive smoking has been reported as a risk factor in meningococcal disease and tuberculosis in young children.
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Hedström, AK, M. Bäärnhielm, T. Olsson e L. Alfredsson. "Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 17, n. 7 (3 marzo 2011): 788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458511399610.

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Background: Tobacco smoking has consistently been associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis. However, data has been inconsistent regarding the influence of passive smoking. Objective: The aim was to estimate the influence of passive smoking on the risk for multiple sclerosis. Methods: A population-based case–control study using incident cases of multiple sclerosis was performed in Sweden, and the study population was restricted to subjects who had never smoked (695 cases, 1635 controls). The incidence of multiple sclerosis among never-smokers who had been exposed to passive smoking was compared with that of never-smokers who had never been exposed by calculating the odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval employing logistic regression. Results: The risk for multiple sclerosis was increased among never-smokers who had been exposed to passive smoking (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6) compared to never-smokers who had never been exposed. The risk increased with increasing duration of exposure ( p = 0.003). Conclusions: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with an increased risk for multiple sclerosis. Since smoking, but not usage of oral tobacco in the form of moist snuff, is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis, we consider that the critical effects of passive smoking may be the result of irritations in the lungs. Hence, further studies would be valuable in order to clarify whether other forms of lung irritation, such as air pollution, contribute to the triggering of multiple sclerosis.
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Hedström, AK, T. Olsson e L. Alfredsson. "Smoking is a major preventable risk factor for multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 22, n. 8 (12 ottobre 2015): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458515609794.

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Background: Both smoking and exposure to passive smoking have repeatedly been associated with increased multiple sclerosis (MS) risk, but have never before been studied together. We assessed the public health impact of these factors. Methods: In a Swedish population-based case-control study (2455 cases, 5336 controls), we calculated odds ratios of developing MS associated with different categories of tobacco smoke exposure, together with 95% confidence intervals, by using logistic regression. The excess proportion of cases attributable to smoking and passive smoking was calculated as a percentage. Results: Both smoking and exposure to passive smoking contribute to MS risk in a dose-dependent manner. At the population level, 20.4% of all cases were attributable to smoke exposure. Among subjects carrying the genetic risk factor HLA-DRB1*15 but lacking HLA-A*02, 41% of the MS cases were attributable to smoking. Conclusions: From a public health perspective, the impact of smoking and passive smoking on MS risk is considerable. Preventive measures in order to reduce tobacco smoke exposure are, therefore, essential. In particular, individuals with a history of MS in the family should be informed regarding the impact of smoking on the risk of MS, and the importance of preventing their children from being exposed to passive smoke.
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Louie, Karly S., Xavier Castellsague, Silvia de Sanjose, Rolando Herrero, Chris J. Meijer, Keerti Shah, Nubia Munoz e F. Xavier Bosch. "Smoking and Passive Smoking in Cervical Cancer Risk: Pooled Analysis of Couples from the IARC Multicentric Case–Control Studies". Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 20, n. 7 (24 maggio 2011): 1379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0284.

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Akhavan Rezayat, Arash, Malihe Dadgar Moghadam, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Matin Shirazinia, Hamidreza Ghodsi, Mohammad Reza Rouhbakhsh Zahmatkesh, Mitra Tavakolizadeh Noghabi, Benyamin Hoseini e Kambiz Akhavan Rezayat. "Association between smoking and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis". SAGE Open Medicine 6 (1 gennaio 2018): 205031211774522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312117745223.

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Abstract (sommario):
Background/aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common chronic liver diseases. Some risk factors are known to influence the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but the effect of tobacco smoking on the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is controversial. The main goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the association between smoking and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Method: Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science) were searched to find published articles on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and smoking until December 2016. All relevant studies were screened by inclusion and exclusion criteria and compatible studies were chosen. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess the methodological quality of eligible articles. Subsequently, information was gathered based on the following: author, publication year, keywords, country, inclusion and exclusion criteria, main results, study design, conclusion, and confounder variables (age, body mass index, gender, ethnicity, and diabetes). Finally, analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software. Results: Data were extracted from 20 observational studies (9 cross-sectional, 6 case-control, 4 cohort studies, and 1 retrospective cohort study). A significant association was observed between smoking and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with a pooled odds ratio of 1.110 (95% confidence interval, 1.028–1.199), p-value = 0.008. The statistical heterogeneity was medium with an I2 of 40.012%, p-heterogeneity = 0.074. Also there was a significant relation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and passive smoking with a pooled odds ratio of 1.380 (95% confidence interval, 1.199–1.588; p-value = 0.001; I2 = 59.41; p-heterogeneity = 0.117). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis demonstrated that smoking is significantly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Further prospective studies exploring the underlying mechanisms of this association should be pursued. Also passive smoking increases the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease about 1.38-fold. The effects of smoking cigarettes on active smokers (current smoker, former smoker, and total smoker) are less than passive smokers. Further studies are needed to compare the of effects of passive and active smoking on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Little, J., A. Cardy, M. T. Arslan, M. Gilmour, P. A. Mossey, Jill Clayton-Smith, Mike Connor et al. "Smoking and Orofacial Clefts: A United Kingdom–Based Case-Control Study". Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 41, n. 4 (luglio 2004): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/02-142.1.

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Objective To investigate the association between smoking and orofacial clefts in the United Kingdom. Design Case-control study in which the mother's exposure to tobacco smoke was assessed by a structured interview. Setting Scotland and the Manchester and Merseyside regions of England. Participants One hundred ninety children born with oral cleft between September 1, 1997, and January 31, 2000, and 248 population controls, matched with the cases on sex, date of birth, and region. Main Outcome Measure Cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate. Results There was a positive association between maternal smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy and both cleft lip with or without cleft palate (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 3.1) and cleft palate (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 4.1). There was evidence of a dose-response relationship for both types of cleft. An effect of passive smoking could not be excluded in mothers who did not smoke themselves. Conclusion The small increased risk for cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy observed in this study is in line with previous evidence. In contrast to some previous studies, an increased risk was also apparent for cleft palate. In these U.K. data, there was evidence of a dose-response effect of maternal smoking for both types of cleft. The data were compatible with a modest effect of maternal passive smoking, but the study lacked statistical power to detect or exclude such an effect with confidence. It may be useful to incorporate information on the effects of maternal smoking on oral clefts into public health campaigns on the consequences of maternal smoking.
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Tesi sul tema "Passive smoking Case studies"

1

Woodward, Alistair. "Passive smoking and acute respiratory illness in childhood". Title page, contents and summary only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw899.pdf.

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何耀 e Yao He. "A case-control study on passive smoking and coronary heart disease in never-smoking women in Xi'an, China". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31235839.

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He, Yao. "A case-control study on passive smoking and coronary heart disease in never-smoking women in Xi'an, China /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18539968.

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Tang, May-ling. "Environmental tobacco smoke and child development a case-control study on Hong Kong Chinese toddlers /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31972196.

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Tang, May-ling, e 鄧美寧. "Environmental tobacco smoke and child development: a case-control study on Hong Kong Chinese toddlers". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972196.

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Ugalde, Francisca B. "A Case for Collections Management Policy for Passive Collecting Institutions". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1353296784.

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Lauck, Jeffrey Stephen. "Evaluation of Phase Change Materials for Cooling in a Super-Insulated Passive House". PDXScholar, 2013. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1444.

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Due to factors such as rising energy costs, diminishing resources, and climate change, the demand for high performance buildings is on the rise. As a result, several new building standards have emerged including the Passive House Standard, a rigorous energy-use standard based on a super-insulated and very tightly sealed building envelope. The standard requires that that air infiltration is less than or equal to 0.6 air changes per hour at a 50 Pascal pressure difference, annual heating energy is less than or equal to 15kWh/m2, and total annual source energy is less than or equal to 120 kWh/m2. A common complaint about passive houses is that they tend to overheat. Prior research using simulation suggests that the use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs), which store heat as they melt and release heat as the freeze, can reduce the number of overheated hours and improve thermal comfort. In this study, an actual passive house duplex in Southeast Portland was thoroughly instrumented to monitor various air and surface temperatures. One unit contains 130kg of PCM while the other unit contains no PCM to serve as an experimental control. The performance of the PCM was evaluated through analysis of observed data and through additional simulation using an EnergyPlus model validated with observed data. The study found that installation of the PCM had a positive effect on thermal comfort, reducing the estimated overheated hours from about 400 to 200.
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Kirmizi, Hacer. "The Effect Of Sun Spaces On Temperature Patterns Within Buildings: Two Case Studies On The Metu Campus". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611427/index.pdf.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the passive and active parameters affecting energy efficiency of two office buildings with sun spaces, namely the MATPUM Building and the Solar Building on the Middle East Technical University (METU) Campus, Ankara and the effect of sun spaces on temperature patterns within mentioned buildings. Both buildings were oriented in the same direction, namely south. However, the location and the type of the sunspaces differed from each other. The sun space in the MATPUM Building is an atrium which has southerly glazed faç
ade. On the other hand, the sun space in the Solar Building is an enclosed conservatory which has southerly glazed faç
ades and roof. The effect of sun spaces on temperature patterns within case study buildings was determined by collecting internal temperature and humidity data from different locations within the buildings and external temperature and humidity data on certain days of the week from May to August and October and November. Data loggers were used to collect these data. The collected data was then compared for the two buildings and also for the different months. In conclusion, more heat gain resulting in temperature increase inside the buildings was obtained in conservatories when compared to the atria which have glazed faç
ade instead of glazed roof. This was also proved by the analysis of variance method which was used for the comparison of temperature data of two buildings
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Söderberg, Benny. "The Double Passive in Swedish : A case of creating raising verbs in the Scandinavian languages". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-90903.

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The primary aim of this thesis is to map the syntactic and semantic nature, and the frequency of the Double Passive in Swedish. The results showed that the Double Passive is a control construction where the internal argument (OBJ) of the embedded verb is raised to subject of the s-passive matrix verb, and the verb of the infinitival complement co-occurs as an s-passive infinitive. In the thesis Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is used as a model for semantic and syntactic analysis. The analysis showed that when the AGENT in a Double Passive construction is suppressed, it creates an argument structure that triggers an equi verb to occur as a raising verb (cf. Ørsnes 2006:404). Overt agents within constructions containing the Double Passive showed an even lower frequency than the low frequencies documented in previous research of passive constructions by Silén (1997) and Laanemets (2010). The lower frequency is partly a result of the fact that agents in a Double Passive construction are suppressed twice. The results of a corpus study showed a frequency of 3.57 % of overt agents within constructions containing Double Passives. The complementizer att ‘to’ in the subordinated infinitive clause of a Double Passive is overtly expressed, partly depending on the degree of modality of the matrix verb (cf. Sundman 1983; Teleman 1999; Lagerwall 1999), and the degree of semantic bonding between the matrix verb and the complement (Givón 2001b). The data (matrix verbs) collected in the corpus study were analysed according to a categorising-system in SAG (Teleman et al. 1999) and in Givón (2001a) and Givón (2001b). The matrix verbs with strong nominal (lexical) properties, e.g. planera ‘plan’, showed a high frequency of co-occurrence with full infinitives, as compared to matrix verbs with largely grammatical meaning, e.g. avse ‘intend’.
Det primära syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga dubbelpassiv-konstruktionens syntaktiska och semantiska natur samt frekvens i det svenska språket. Resultaten visade att dubbelpassiven är en kontrollkonstruktion där det inbäddade verbets interna argument (OBJ) lyfts till positionen som det s-passiva matrisverbets subjekt, och där verbet i infinitivsatsen uttrycks som en s-passiv infinitiv. I uppsatsen används Lexical functional grammar (LFG) som modell för semantisk och syntaktisk analys. Analysen visade att då AGENTEN undertrycks, så skapas en argumentstruktur som får ett equi-verb att framträda som ett raising-verb (jmfr Ørsnes 2006:404). Explicita agenter, i konstruktioner med dubbelpassiver, visade en ännu lägre frekvens än den redan låga frekvens som dokumenterats i tidigare forskning om passiv-konstruktioner av Silén (1997) och Laanemets (2010). Den lägre frekvensen, är delvis ett resultat av faktumet att agenterna i en dubbelpassiv-konstruktion undertrycks två gånger. Resultaten av en korpusstudie visade att frekvensen av explicita agenter, i konstruktioner som innehåller dubbelpassiver, uppgick till 3.57 %. Komplementeraren "att" i den underordnade infinitivsatsen i en dubbelpassiv uttrycks explicit – delvis beroende på matrisverbens modala egenskaper (jmfr. Sundman 1983; Teleman 1999; Lagerwall 1999), samt beroende av grad av semantisk länkning mellan matrisverbet och komplementet (Givón 2001b). Den insamlade datan (matrisverb) i korpusstudien analyserades enligt ett kategoriseringssystem hämtat ur SAG (Teleman et al. 1999), Givón (2001a) och Givón (2001b). Matrisverb med starka nominella (lexikala) egenskaper, till exempel planera, visade en högre frekvens i förekomst med fullständiga infinitivsatser, i jämförelse med mer funktionella matrisverb som avse.
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Chan, Yuet Ying Elaine. "The effects of deductive and inductive approaches on the acquisition of grammatical structures in second language : the case of the passive voice among secondary two students in Hong Kong". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2004. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/560.

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Libri sul tema "Passive smoking Case studies"

1

International Energy Agency. Solar Heating and Cooling Program. Passive solar homes: Case studies. A cura di Kok Hans e Holtz Michael J. [S.l.]: U.S. Department of Energy, 1990.

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Smoking. London: Franklin Watts, 2010.

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Buddelmeyer, Hielke. The effects of smoking ban regulations on individual smoking rates. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Kok, Hans. Passive and hybrid solar low energy buildings: Passive solar homes, case studies. A cura di Holtz Michael J, International Energy Agency. Solar Heating and Cooling Programme e United States. Dept. of Energy. Paris: International Energy Agency, 1990.

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Edgley, Krista. Smoking relapse prevention - pregnant & postpartum women: Four case studies. Ottawa, Ont: Community Health Research Unit, University of Ottawa, 1999.

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Robert, West. Meeting Department of Health smoking cessation targets: Recommendations for service providers. London: Health Development Agency, 2003.

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Robert, West. Meeting Department of Health smoking cessation targets: Recommendations for primary care trusts. London: Health Development Agency, 2003.

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Hammar, Henrik. Essays on policy instruments: Applications to smoking and the environment. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet, 2001.

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Casey, Karen. If only I could quit: Becoming a nonsmoker. Center City, MN: Hazelden, 1987.

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Casey, Karen. Ojalá pudiera dejar de fumar: Cómo recuperarse de la adicción a la nicotina. México, D.F: Promexa, 1992.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Passive smoking Case studies"

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Gershwin, Laurel J. "Case 7: Failure of Passive Transfer". In Case Studies in Veterinary Immunology, 27–29. New York, NY : Garland Science, [2017]: Garland Science, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315165462-7.

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Öztürk, Balkız. "Case-driven agree, EPP, and passive in Turkish". In Typological Studies in Language, 383–402. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.68.23ozt.

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Constantinou, M. C. "Seismic Isolation Development in U.S.: Case Studies". In Passive and Active Structural Vibration Control in Civil Engineering, 169–85. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3012-4_7.

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Soong, T. T. "Active Control Development in the U.S. and Case Studies". In Passive and Active Structural Vibration Control in Civil Engineering, 345–54. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3012-4_16.

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Lam, T. H., e Y. He. "A review of case-control studies on smoking and lung cancer in China". In Tobacco: The Growing Epidemic, 94–98. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0769-9_32.

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Kealy, L. "Case Studies in Passive Solar Design: Bringing the Good News or Comforting the Faithful". In 1989 2nd European Conference on Architecture, 567–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0556-1_162.

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Moser, Michael, e Stefan Weidner. "Sustainable Passive and Active Remedial Measures of Creeping Bedrock Slopes: Two Case Studies from Austria". In Engineering Geology for Infrastructure Planning in Europe, 701–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39918-6_77.

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Bohnhoff, Marco, Georg Dresen, William L. Ellsworth e Hisao Ito. "Passive Seismic Monitoring of Natural and Induced Earthquakes: Case Studies, Future Directions and Socio-Economic Relevance". In New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences, 261–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2737-5_7.

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Booth, Cormac G. "Challenge of Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring in High-Energy Environments: UK Tidal Environments and Other Case Studies". In The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II, 101–8. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_12.

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Eriksson, Klas A. M., e Rasmus Nykvist. "Public-Steering and Private-Performing Sectors: Success and Failures in the Swedish Finance, Telecoms, and City Planning Sectors". In International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 299–315. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94273-1_16.

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AbstractMariana Mazzucato embraces state-directed public/private investment in innovation to achieve goals that society as a whole would benefit from. The idea is that the state should direct and the private sphere perform the innovation needed. We argue that this view is biased toward successful examples of innovation created by public sector steering and the private sector performing. Generally, vested interests are created by these kinds of public-steering–private-performing innovations, which hinder or malinvest resources through their interests or information problems when market forces are put out of play. We present examples that explore the process of two successful deregulation cases and one failed case to highlight differences in the processes leading to the different outcomes; the most important being the existence of institutional entrepreneurs acting as typical change agents in the successful cases and the lack thereof in the failed example. These cases highlight the importance of both passive incumbents and proactive entrants for enabling institutional change. We contrast these examples with the public-steering and private-performing framework.
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Atti di convegni sul tema "Passive smoking Case studies"

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Riestiyowati, Maya Ayu, Setyo Sri Rahardjo e Vitri Widyaningsih. "Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five: A Meta-Analysis". In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.57.

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Background: Acute Respiratory Infections are classified into the upper and lower respiratory tract infections, contributing to the leading cause of death among children under five globally. The estimation showed the deaths of more than 800,000 children under five every year or about 2,200 per day. One of the risk factors for ARI in children under five years of age is secondary exposure to tobacco smoke. This study aimed to examine the effect of cigarette smoke exposure and acute respiratory infection in children under five. Subjects and Method: This was meta analysis and systematic review. The study was conducted by collecting published articles from Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Springer Link databases, from year 2010 to 2019. Keywords used “risk factor” OR “passive smoking” OR “secondhand smoking” AND “ARI due to children under five”. The inclusion criteria were full text, using English language, using cross-sectional study design, and reporting adjusted odds ratio. The collected articles were selected by PRISMA flow chart. The quantitative data were analyzed by fixed effect model using Revman 5.3. Results: 6 studies from Cameroon, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, and Nigeria reported that tobacco smoke exposure increased the risk of acute respiratory infection in children under five (aOR=1.39; 95% CI= 1.22 to 1.58; p<0.001). Conclusion: Tobacco smoke exposure increases the risk of acute respiratory infection in children under five. Keywords: tobacco smoke, acute respiratory infection, children under five Correspondence: Maya Ayu Riestiyowati. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: maaya.ayuu.ma@gmail.com. Mobile: 081235840067.
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Deshpande, Vishrut, Oliver Myers e Suyi Li. "Switchable structures using asymmetric fiber composite laminates: two case studies". In Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems XVI, a cura di Jae-Hung Han, Shima Shahab e Jinkyu Yang. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2612988.

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Urbancic, T. I., T. Morrish e V. Shumila. "Kinematic Features and Magnitudes of Fluid Induced Seismicity – Case Studies and Their Interpretation". In EAGE Passive Seismic Workshop - Exploration and Monitoring Applications 2009. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20146753.

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Persico, R., L. Matera, S. D'Amico, R. P. Borg e P. Galea. "Integrated GPR and passive seismic investigations at cultural heritage sites: Case studies in Malta". In 2016 16th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgpr.2016.7572608.

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Koyanagi, Ken'ichi, Yuya Kuwahara, Takehiro Kamida, Takuya Ozawa, Rieko Mizukami, Kiyokazu Genda, Ayaka Mori, Tatsuo Motoyoshi, Hiroyuki Masuta e Toru Oshima. "Case studies in poststroke hemiplegic patients using SEMUL: A passive 2-DOF rehabilitation robot". In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7591771.

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Chua, M. H. Y., I. A. T. Ng e A. Mak. "FRI0345 Association between cigarette smoking and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – an updated meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies". In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2018, Amsterdam, 13–16 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.6836.

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Olsson, Ann C., Neela Guha, Thomas Brüning, Beate Pesch, Benjamin Kendzia, Heinz-Erich Wichmann, Irene Brüske et al. "Abstract 1875: Lung cancer risk among hairdressers in SYNERGY – pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and Canada with detailed smoking data". In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-1875.

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Sidorov, Valery G., Vladimir Bezlepkin, Sergej Alekseev, Sergey Semashko, Igor Ivkov e Vladimir Kukhtevich. "Experimental and Computational Studies of LNPP-2 Passive System for Severe Accident Management". In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29857.

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The project of nuclear station LNPP-2 with a reactor power plant VVER type by electrical power 1200 MVt involves a number of new design solutions to increase of parameters of safety. The passive containment heat removal system and heat removal system via steam generators is including of number of such solutions. Passive heat removal system via steam generators (PHRS/SG) is assigned for remove of residual heat of reactors core to final heat absorber (atmosphere) through a secondary circuit at DEC accident. The system PHRS/SG duplicates cooling-down system via SG to final heat absorber in case of impossibility of realization of its design functions. Containment heat removal system (PHRS/C) is assigned for remove of residual heat from containment in accidents with heat-transfer emissions from primary circuit. PHRS/C duplicates functions of a spray system to reduce of pressure under containment in case of spray system failure. In the substantiation of passive security systems the complex in SPbAEP of computational and experimental analysis was executed, the main results of which are shown in the present report.
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Koster, Myron, e Irene Schrotenboer. "Successful Circular Bio-Based Construction Initiatives: Five Essentials from Case Studies". In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.448.

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There are challenges surrounding circularity and the application of bio-based material in construction, but also potentials. This paper aims to identify success and fail factors for the initiation phase of construction projects and shows what is essential to realize affordable circular and bio-based. This was specifically investigated for initiators of construction projects, like real estate professionals, property owners and developers. Based on case studies, we describe what these actors should focus on and pursue before the actual construction starts. For the purpose of this paper, research was done and interviews were held with people involved in exemplary projects (case studies). The interviews focused on choices that were made during the initiation phase that were decisive for the degree of circularity and the extent to which bio-based materials were applied. Motivations and consequences were covered. We found that are five essentials for successful circular bio-based construction. These five essentials form the outline of this paper: 1. AFFORDABLE cost-effective & inclusive reuse; 2. FLEXIBLE prepare for future functions; 3. PASSIVE stay cool & healthy with bio-based materials; 4. INTEGRAL continuously reflect on circular bio-based benefits; 5. TRADITIONAL OWNERSHIP keep it, simple. In one case, all five essentials were put into practice, while in the other cases it was a combination of three or four essentials. The five essentials and cases in this paper can be used as inspiration for product and process and could help realize affordable and feasible circular bio-based constructions. By focusing on the essentials, initiators have guidance to prevent valuable resources (including energy) going to waste, today and in the future.
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Duret, Bernard, Jean Claude Argoud e Judicael Sublon. "Thermohydraulic Studies of a New Passive Concept for Interim Storage: Experiment and Analysis". In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75105.

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Concerning the radioactive waste management, thermoaeraulic of a new horizontal and passive concept in a closed space is studied. Corrosion is avoided, as heat transfer use confined air in natural convection. An experimental real scale mock-up has been carried out to demonstrate feasibility of this new concept and to provide reliable data for the validation of numerical simulation methods. The design of such facilities implies thermal-aeraulic studies in order to predict air and wall temperatures. For that reason, numerical CFD tools have to be validate in order to model the cooling of spent nuclear fuel in a real interim storage and make sure that safety thresholds never exceed critical values. The experimental loop represents a slice of the real module at the same scale in height and length. It consists of four superposed horizontally annular spaces (length: 5m; air gap: 5cm) where inner cylinder is equipped with electrical wires, aiming to reach a uniform and controlled power density. A natural air circulation appears between the tubes and a special cooled roof. The whole system is inside an air-conditioned building. For each annular space, inner surfaces are painted in black with a known emissivity. Instrumentation includes thermocouples in the air flow channel on the cylinders and on the roof wall, and air velocity measurement (hot wire transducer and Laser Doppler Velocimetry). During experiments, the external temperature and the heating power have been controlled and adjusted to simulate various thermal conditions. Numerous configurations and geometrical parameters have been studied to optimize the cooling conditions. The main experimental results obtained with different values of the parameters like the kind of cooling (water or air), power density (500 to 750W/m2) are presented as well as the heterogeneous power distribution on the four channels. Steady-state local temperatures are presented, with air flow distribution within annular space. Using this database, a special CFD tool has been developed to model complex and coupled phenomena. Then, numerical simulations results have been compared on a reference test case, firstly with water cooling and secondly with natural air cooling. Experimental and numerical data are presented and analysed. From that numerical validation, thermohydraulic model’s extrapolation is now in progress to design a real interim storage with 49 heated sub-channels and propose power loading in order to respect safety rules, especially temperature criteria on the wall.
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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Passive smoking Case studies"

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McEntee, Alice, Sonia Hines, Joshua Trigg, Kate Fairweather, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Jane Fischer, Billie Bonevski, James A. Smith, Carlene Wilson e Jacqueline Bowden. Tobacco cessation in CALD communities. The Sax Institute, giugno 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/sneg4189.

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Background Australia is a multi-cultural society with increasing rates of people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. On average, CALD groups have higher rates of tobacco use, lower participation in cancer screening programs, and poorer health outcomes than the general Australian population. Lower cancer screening and smoking cessation rates are due to differing cultural norms, health-related attitudes, and beliefs, and language barriers. Interventions can help address these potential barriers and increase tobacco cessation and cancer screening rates among CALD groups. Cancer Council NSW (CCNSW) aims to reduce the impact of cancer and improve cancer outcomes for priority populations including CALD communities. In line with this objective, CCNSW commissioned this rapid review of interventions implemented in Australia and comparable countries. Review questions This review aimed to address the following specific questions: Question 1 (Q1): What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Question 2 (Q2): What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? This review focused on Chinese-, Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking people as they are the largest CALD groups in Australia and have high rates of tobacco use and poor screening adherence in NSW. Summary of methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2013-March 2022 identified 19 eligible studies for inclusion in the Q1 review and 49 studies for the Q2 review. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Levels of Evidence and Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the robustness and quality of the included studies, respectively. Key findings Findings are reported by components of an intervention overall and for each CALD group. By understanding the effectiveness of individual components, results will demonstrate key building blocks of an effective intervention. Question 1: What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Thirteen of the 19 studies were Level IV (L4) evidence, four were Level III (L3), one was Level II (L2), none were L1 (highest level of evidence) and one study’s evidence level was unable to be determined. The quality of included studies varied. Fifteen tobacco cessation intervention components were included, with most interventions involving at least three components (range 2-6). Written information (14 studies), and education sessions (10 studies) were the most common components included in an intervention. Eight of the 15 intervention components explored had promising evidence for use with Chinese-speaking participants (written information, education sessions, visual information, counselling, involving a family member or friend, nicotine replacement therapy, branded merchandise, and mobile messaging). Another two components (media campaign and telephone follow-up) had evidence aggregated across CALD groups (i.e., results for Chinese-speaking participants were combined with other CALD group(s)). No intervention component was deemed of sufficient evidence for use with Vietnamese-speaking participants and four intervention components had aggregated evidence (written information, education sessions, counselling, nicotine replacement therapy). Counselling was the only intervention component to have promising evidence for use with Arabic-speaking participants and one had mixed evidence (written information). Question 2: What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? Two of the 49 studies were Level I (L1) evidence, 13 L2, seven L3, 25 L4 and two studies’ level of evidence was unable to be determined. Eighteen intervention components were assessed with most interventions involving 3-4 components (range 1-6). Education sessions (32 studies), written information (23 studies) and patient navigation (10 studies) were the most common components. Seven of the 18 cancer screening intervention components had promising evidence to support their use with Vietnamese-speaking participants (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, counselling, and peer experience). The component, opportunity to be screened (e.g. mailed or handed a bowel screening test), had aggregated evidence regarding its use with Vietnamese-speaking participants. Seven intervention components (education session, written information, visual information, peer/community health worker, opportunity to be screened, counselling, and branded merchandise) also had promising evidence to support their use with Chinese-speaking participants whilst two components had mixed (patient navigation) or aggregated (media campaign) evidence. One intervention component for use with Arabic-speaking participants had promising evidence to support its use (opportunity to be screened) and eight intervention components had mixed or aggregated support (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, peer experience, media campaign, and anatomical models). Gaps in the evidence There were four noteworthy gaps in the evidence: 1. No systematic review was captured for Q1, and only two studies were randomised controlled trials. Much of the evidence is therefore based on lower level study designs, with risk of bias. 2. Many studies provided inadequate detail regarding their intervention design which impacts both the quality appraisal and how mixed finding results can be interpreted. 3. Several intervention components were found to have supportive evidence available only at the aggregate level. Further research is warranted to determine the interventions effectiveness with the individual CALD participant group only. 4. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of certain intervention components were either unknown (no studies) or insufficient (only one study) across CALD groups. This was the predominately the case for Arabic-speaking participants for both Q1 and Q2, and for Vietnamese-speaking participants for Q1. Further research is therefore warranted. Applicability Most of the intervention components included in this review are applicable for use in the Australian context, and NSW specifically. However, intervention components assessed as having insufficient, mixed, or no evidence require further research. Cancer screening and tobacco cessation interventions targeting Chinese-speaking participants were more common and therefore showed more evidence of effectiveness for the intervention components explored. There was support for cancer screening intervention components targeting Vietnamese-speaking participants but not for tobacco cessation interventions. There were few interventions implemented for Arabic-speaking participants that addressed tobacco cessation and screening adherence. Much of the evidence for Vietnamese and Arabic-speaking participants was further limited by studies co-recruiting multiple CALD groups and reporting aggregate results. Conclusion There is sound evidence for use of a range of intervention components to address tobacco cessation and cancer screening adherence among Chinese-speaking populations, and cancer screening adherence among Vietnamese-speaking populations. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions with Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking participants, and cancer screening interventions for Arabic-speaking participants. More research is required to determine whether components considered effective for use in one CALD group are applicable to other CALD populations.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust e Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, ottobre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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CIOMS Guide to Active Vaccine Safety Surveillance. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.56759/hnuw8440.

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Abstract (sommario):
With more vaccine solutions available and opportunities for earlier availability of new vaccine products in resource-limited countries (e.g. vaccines against rotavirus, human papillomavirus or pneumococci) as well as new products that address diseases endemic in those countries only (e.g. malaria, dengue among others), generating reliable data about specific safety concerns is becoming a priority for all countries. The Guide offers a practical step-by-step approach and algorithm to aid immunization professionals and decision-makers in determining the best course of action if additional vaccine safety data is needed. The Guide provides a structured process for evaluating whether significant knowledge gaps exist, whether passive safety surveillance is adequate, and if not, methods for and practical aspects of conducting active vaccine safety surveillance. The Guide also includes an essential vaccine information source list for evaluating the extent of data resources and several case studies for review. This CIOMS publication more than any other in recent history focuses on the special needs of the country level organizations responsible for developing vaccines safety surveillance strategies and implementing new vaccination programmes into resource-limited environments.
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