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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Paleobotany - Quaternary"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 25 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Paleobotany - Quaternary"

1

Mohr, Barbara, e Annette Vogt. "German Women Paleobotanists From the 1920S to the 1970S—Or Why Did This Story Start So Late?" Earth Sciences History 20, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2001): 14–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.20.1.q7643x2308728m56.

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This study documents women paleobotanists and their achievements from the late 1920s to the early 1970s in Germany. More than forty women were involved in paleobotanical research and related fields during this period. After they had finished their degrees, about two thirds of them left the field for private, political, and/or economic reasons. Several of them, however, had a successful career or were even leaders in their field. Compared with other disciplines and neighbouring countries, the unusually late entry of women students into this discipline from the 1930s on is explained by the close affiliation of the discipline with Paleozoic geology and mining in Germany before 1945. It is significant that of the thirteen women who finished a degree in the field before 1945, about two thirds studied Quaternary pollen analysis and vegetation history. Only a minority was involved in pre-Quaternary paleobotany. After World War II, the number of women scientists increased noticeably only when Tertiary palynology/paleobotany became more important sub-disciplines of paleobotany, a pattern which was similar in both parts of the newly divided country. During the period between 1945 and 1955, the number of women students in West Germany was significantly higher than in the East. This is partly explained by the policies of the East German communist party, which put restrictions on women students from a middle-class background. Between 1955 and 1973 the number of women students in East Germany exceeded those in the West. This was due to the East German party policy of activating the female working force, especially in fields which had been traditionally occupied by men, such as geology, mining, and engineering.

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Tesi sul tema "Paleobotany - Quaternary"

1

Woolfenden, Wallace Bird 1941. "Late Quaternary vegetation history of the southern Owens Valley region, Inyo County, California". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282184.

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This study analyzes the pollen, spores, and algae in the upper 90 m section of a mostly continuous, well dated, 323 m core (OL-92) from Owens Lake, southeastern California. The entire core has produced a paleoclimatic record for the past ∼800 ka. The 90 m interval dates from ∼9 ka to ∼151 ka beginning with the penultimate glaciation and ending during the termination of the last glaciation. The record shows high amplitude fluctuations in the abundances of pine, juniper, saltbush, sagebrush, chenopods/amaranths, and Ambrosia-type pollen. High percentages of juniper pollen with low percentages of desertscrub pollen during the intervals ∼150 ka to ∼120 ka and 73 ka to ∼20 ka alternate with low juniper pollen and relatively high percentages of desertscrub and oak pollen during the intervals ∼118 ka to ∼103 ka and ∼18 ka ∼10 ka and into the Holocene. Sagebrush pollen varies with juniper pollen but has a tendency to lead it in time. Pine and fir pollen tends to vary inversely with juniper over the long term. These trends are interpreted as vegetation change in response to glacial-interglacial cycles: During cold-wet glacial climates there was a downslope expansion of juniper woodland and sagebrush scrub, contraction of Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest, and displacement of warm desertscrub, suggesting average temperature and precipitation departures from modern values ranging from -2°C to -6°C and from +100 mm to +350 mm. Conversely under warmer and drier interglacials warm desert shrubs expanded their range in the lowlands, juniper and sagebrush retreated upslope, and the Sierran forests expanded. Estimated average temperature and precipitation departures from modern values ranged from -0.5°C to +3.7°C and +13 to -26 mm. Comparison of the pollen spectra spanning the penultimate and ultimate glacial maxima shows the former to have been longer and more intense, in accord with the Sierra Nevada glacial record. Similarly, the higher abundances of Ambrosia pollen during the last interglaciation, compared to the Holocene, indicate warmer temperatures in the former. The presence of high oak percentages also during the last interglaciation suggest an expansion of the summer monsoon. Finally, the match of the juniper curve with the marine oxygen isotope chronostratigraphy suggests a link between vegetation change in the southern Owens Valley and global climate.

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2

Shafer, David Scott. "The timing of late Quaternary monsoon precipitation maxima in the southwest United States". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184766.

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The southwest monsoon is responsible for a summer precipitation maximum for much of the southwest U.S. Biostratigraphies of pollen, plant macrofossils, and aquatic fossils in lakes from near modern monsoon boundaries in conjunction with climate modelling suggests variations in strength of the monsoon system during the late Quaternary. At Montezuma Well, Arizona, high percentages of Pinus and Juniperus pollen as well as maximum influxes of Quercus and Gramineae pollen suggest a shift from dominantly winter to summer precipitation between ca. 12,000 and 9000 yr BP. Maximum aridity occurred 7000-4000 yr BP, coincident with lowest lake levels. In the High Plateaus region of the Colorado Plateau, high Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthus pollen ratios suggests precipitation maxima until ca. 6000 yr BP at Fryingpan Lake and 5000 yr BP at Posy Lake. Pollen records suggest that Pinus edulis, P. ponderosa, and Quercus gambelii, were present on the western Colorado Plateau throughout the Holocene. Expansion of shadscale steppe vegetation at low elevations and upslope movement of ecotones for Pinus edulis, P. ponderosa, and Q. gambelii after ca. 6000 yr BP and low lake levels ca. 5000-3700 yr BP, suggest a period of maximum aridity from decreased summer precipitation. In the San Luis Valley, Colorado, pollen records from Head Lake on the basin floor suggest an expansion of oaks and junipers at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary that may indicate increased summer precipitation. Lake levels of Head Lake fell sharply after ca. 9500 yr BP. Pollen records from Como Lake in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains suggest that Pinus ponderosa was established in the area by ca. 12,000 yr BP and Pinus edulis by ca. 9500 yr BP. Highland regions such as the High Plateaus (until ca. 6000-5000 yr BP) and central Colorado (until ca. 4000 yr BP) may have experienced Holocene summer precipitation maxima later into the Holocene than sites in lower elevation regions. Regional orographic uplift as a catalyst for convective summer precipitation may be responsible for the duration of summer precipitation maxima in these regions. On a longitudinal gradient, sites to the west such as in the southern Great Basin and Mohave Desert may have recorded enhanced summer precipitation earlier, reflecting different histories of the low-level jets in the southwest. The paleoecologic record generally confirm predictions of general circulation models (GCMs) that southwest monsoon circulation was enhanced from 12,000-6000 yr BP in response to peaks in annual (11,500-11,000 yr BP) and summer insolation (10,000-9000 yr BP) during the late Quaternary.

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3

Anshari, Gusti Zakaria. "Late quaternary vegetation and environments in the Lake Sentarum Wildlife Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia". Monash University, School of Geography and Environmental Science, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9252.

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4

Anderson, Rodney Scott. "LATE-QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTS OF THE SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184205.

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The pollen, plant macrofossil and aquatic fossil stratigraphies from a transect of sites in the Sierra Nevada, California, were examined to deduce paleoenvironmental change since the late-Wisconsinan. Fossil pollen samples were compared to modern pollen samples from both sides of the Sierra Nevada crest. Modern samples corresponded largely to modern vegetation units, validating the use of pollen for this purpose in mountainous environments. Vegetation change during the Holocene was largely contemporaneous on both sides of the crest at elevations where lake cores and meadow sections were analysed. Deglaciation occurred by ca. 12,500 yr BP at a site on the east side, and by ca. 11,000 yr BP at a west side site. Prior to ca. 10,000 yr BP, few trees were found around the higher elevation sites. An open forest with trees characteristic of the modern Sierra Montane and Upper Montane forest grew around the mid- to high elevation sites by the early Holocene. Montane chaparral species, such as bush chinquapin, mountain mahogany and probably huckleberry oak, with sagebrush, were most abundant then. Along with lowered lake levels or absence of perennially standing water, and greater affinities to modern pollen samples from the more arid east side, these observations suggest drier conditions than today. However, by ca. 6500-5500 yr BP, effective precipitation increased, as shown by increases in subalpine conifers (mountain hemlock and red fir) and higher lake levels, and less affinities to modern samples from the east side. Modern vegetation developed at most sites within the last 2-3 millenia. Specific changes in the vegetation at this time included a reduction in upper elevational limits of mountain hemlock and red fir, with possible downslope retreat of whitebark pine, indicating greater cooling and/or wetter conditions. This is consistent with the record of wet meadow genesis as well as tree-ring and Neoglacial chronologies.

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5

Black, Manu School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences UNSW. "A late quaternary palaeoenvironmental investigation of the fire, climate, human and vegetation nexus from the Sydney basin, Australia". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25745.

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It is widely believed that Australian Aboriginals utilised fire to manage various landscapes however to what extent this impacted on Australia???s ecosystems remains uncertain. The late Pleistocene/Holocene fire history from three sites within the Sydney Basin, Gooches Swamp, Lake Baraba and Kings Waterhole, were compared with archaeological and palaeoclimatic data using a novel method of quantifying macroscopic charcoal, which is presented in this study. The palynology and other palaeoecological proxies were also investigated at the three sites. The Gooches Swamp fire record appeared to be most influenced by climate and there was an abrupt increase in fire activity from the mid-Holocene perhaps associated with the onset of modern El Ni??o dominated conditions. The Kings Waterhole site also displayed an abrupt increase in charcoal at this time however there was a marked decrease in charcoal from ~3 ka. Lake Baraba similarly had displayed low levels of charcoal in the late Holocene. At both Kings Waterhole and Lake Baraba archaeological evidence suggests intensified human activity in the late Holocene during this period of lower and less variable charcoal. It is hence likely that at these sites Aboriginal people controlled fire activity in the late Holocene perhaps in response to the increased risk of large intense fires under an ENSO-dominated climate. The fire history of the Sydney Basin varies temporally and spatially and therefore it is not possible to make generalisations about pre-historic fire regimes. It is also not possible to use ideas about Aboriginal fire regimes or pre-historic activity as a management objective. The study demonstrates that increased fire activity is related to climatic variation and this is likely to be of significance under various enhanced Greenhouse scenarios. There were no major changes in the composition of the flora at all sites throughout late Pleistocene/Holocene although there were some changes in the relative abundance of different taxa. It is suggested that the Sydney Sandstone flora, which surrounds the sites, is relatively resistant to environmental changes. Casuarinaceae was present at Lake Baraba during the Last Glacial Maximum and therefore the site may have acted as a potential refugium for more mesic communities. There was a notable decline in Casuarinaceae during the Holocene at Lake Baraba and Kings Waterhole, a trend that has been found at a number of sites from southeastern Australia.

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6

Southern, Wendy. "The late quaternary environmental history of Fiji". Phd thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140967.

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Bussell, Martin Royd. "Quaternary vegetational and climatic changes recorded in cover beds of the South Wanganui Basin marine terraces, New Zealand". Phd thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/141055.

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8

Haberle, Simon. "Late quaternary environmental history of the Tari Basin, Papua New Guinea". Phd thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/140965.

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9

Wallis, L. A. "Phytoliths, late quaternary environment and archaeology in tropical semi-arid northwest Australia". Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147701.

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Finch, Jemma M. "Late quaternary palaeoenvironments of the Mfabeni Peatland, Northern KwaZulu-Natal". Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1944.

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To assist in developing a more precise understanding of past climatic changes in southern Africa, further pollen analytical research is required. In the past, pollen sites in the subregion have been restricted to swampy areas such as permanent springs and peat deposits. While such sites are often rare as a consequence of the aridity of the country, rich polliniferous deposits can be found in the peatlands surrounding coastal lakes in the Maputaland Coastal Plain. The Mfabeni peatland, situated on the eastern shores of St. Lucia, contains relatively old sediments dating back to >45000 years bp at a depth of 7.80m. A multi-proxy approach, comprising radiocarbon, stable carbon isotope (513C) and palynological analysis, was applied in the investigation of Late Quaternary climatic conditions and vegetation changes along the Maputaland Coastal Plain. A single 10 m sediment core, dating back to >45000 years bp, was extracted from the Mfabeni Peatland. A detailed fossil pollen analysis of Mfabeni sediments indicated the existence of extensive Podocarpus-abundant coastal forests before ca. 44500 years bp. The onset of wetter local conditions after this time is inferred from forest retreat and the development of swampy conditions, which prevailed until ca. 25000 Cal years BP. Conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18000 years BP) are inferred to have been generally colder and drier, as evidenced by forest retreat and replacement of swampy reed/sedge communities by dry grassland. A significant depletion in 813C values at ca. 18200 Cal years BP indicates the dominance of C3 vegetation during the LGM, reflecting considerably colder conditions. This is in agreement with palaeoenvironmental indications from elsewhere in the Transvaalian Ecozone, although conditions at Mfabeni were more moderated in their manifestation, which can be attributed to the proximity of this site to the ocean. Cool, relatively moist conditions are inferred for the Holocene Altithermal (ca. 8000-6000 years BP), as evidenced by forest growth and expansion during this time. Warm, dry conditions are inferred for the Late Holocene, with the establishment of grassland/savanna type vegetation in the area after ca. 2000 Cal years BP.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

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Libri sul tema "Paleobotany - Quaternary"

1

Zeist, Willem van. Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert, 1991.

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2

Jacobs, Bonnie Fine, Owen K. Davis e Patricia L. Fall. Late Quaternary vegetation and climates of the American Southwest. [Houston, Tex.]: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynolologists Foundation, 1985.

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3

M, Bryant Vaughn, Holloway Richard George e American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists. Foundation., a cura di. Pollen records of late-Quaternary North American sediments. Dallas, Tex: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, 1985.

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4

Adam, David P. Palynology of two upper quaternary cores from Clear Lake, County, California. [Reston, Va.?]: Dept of the Interior, U.S, Geological Survey, 1988.

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5

D, Gordon A., a cura di. Numerical methods in quaternary pollen analysis. London: Academic Press, 1985.

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6

Adam, David P. Palynology of two upper quaternary cores form Clear Lake, Lake County, California. [Reston, Va.?]: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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7

Adam, David P. Palynology of two upper quaternary cores form Clear Lake, Lake County, California. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.

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8

Eisner, Wendy Rose. Climate change and spatial diversity of vegetation during the late Quaternary of Beringia. Utrecht: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1999.

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9

Eisner, Wendy Rose. Climate change and spatial diversity of vegetation during the late quaternary of Beringia. Utrecht: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Faculteit Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht, 1999.

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10

Eisner, Wendy Rose. Climate change and spatial diversity of vegetation during the late Quaternary of Beringia. Utrecht: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1999.

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Più fonti

Capitoli di libri sul tema "Paleobotany - Quaternary"

1

Bradshaw, R. "PALEOBOTANY | Overview". In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 1567–74. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-44-452747-8/00174-5.

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2

McLachlan, J. S. "PALEOBOTANY | Paleophytogeography". In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 1594–98. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-44-452747-8/00188-5.

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3

Bjune, A. E. "PALEOBOTANY | Paleophytogeography". In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 730–33. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53643-3.00170-9.

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4

Carcaillet, C. "PALEOBOTANY | Charred Particle Analysis". In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 1582–93. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-44-452747-8/00187-3.

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5

Gilbert, M. T. P., e E. Willerslev. "PALEOBOTANY | Ancient Plant DNA". In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 1574–81. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-44-452747-8/00213-1.

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6

Brown, K. J., e M. J. Power. "PALEOBOTANY | Charred Particle Analyses". In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 716–29. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53643-3.00181-3.

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7

Wales, N., R. Allaby, E. Willerslev e M. T. P. Gilbert. "PALEOBOTANY | Ancient Plant DNA". In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 705–15. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53643-3.00202-8.

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8

Tyler, J. J. "PALEOBOTANY | Silicon Isotopes in Diatoms". In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 734–43. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53643-3.00230-2.

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9

Bradshaw, R. H. W. "PALEOBOTANY | Overview of Terrestrial Pollen Data". In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, 699–704. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53643-3.00169-2.

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10

Graham, Alan. "Methods, Principles, Strengths, and Limitations". In Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of North American Vegetation (North of Mexico). Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113426.003.0007.

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Abstract (sommario):

Methods of paleovegetation analysis can be grouped into two broad categories. Those that use plant microfossils for reconstructing terrestrial vegetation, past environments, migrations, and evolutionary histories constitute a part of paleopalynology that includes the study of pollen, spores, other acid-resistant microscopic structures, and phytoliths (distinctive, microscopic silicate particles produced by vascular plants). Those that use plant megafossils such as leaves, cuticles, cones, flowers, fruits, and seeds constitute paleobotany. Two important subdisciplines of paleobotany are dendrochronology (fossil woods) and analysis of packrat middens. The latter are sequences of nesting materials, constructed by packrats of the genus Neotoma, preserved in arid environments of the American southwest. The study of fossil fruits and seeds is a specialized field within paleobotany, and it is also used in studies on Quaternary vegetational history in the preparation of seed diagrams accompanying pollen and spore profiles from bog and lake sequences. In 1916 Swedish geologist Lennart von Post demonstrated that pollen grains and spores were abundantly preserved in Quaternary peat deposits and could be used to trace recent forest history and climatic change (Davis and Faegri, 1967). The term palynology was subsequently introduced by Hyde and Williams in 1944 to include all studies concerned with pollen and spores. Paleopalynology has come to denote the study of acid-resistant microfossils generally, while pollen analysis designates those investigations dealing specifically with the Quaternary. In the early 1950s researchers in the petroleum industry began to routinely apply paleopalynology to problems of stratigraphic correlation and the reconstruction of depositional environments in Tertiary and older strata (Hoffmeister, 1959). This added a practical dimension to a mostly academic pursuit and fostered interest in applied palynology and its use as a paleoecological research tool. This important development is reflected in the increased number of publications after about 1955. As the history of other innovations might predict, there was a period of exuberant claims, isolated specialization, and exaggerated charges of deficiency in the method; but for palynology this seemingly inevitable period was mercifully brief. The different terminology, principles, and techniques involved in megafossil paleobotany and paleopalynology still result in specialization, but this limitation is frequently overcome by coordinated or collaborative projects, and an increasing number of practitioners work in both disciplines.

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