Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Pacte vert"

La transformation écologique n’a pas commencé. Malgré les innovations technologiques, les changements d’habitudes, les promesses des entreprises, les plans étatiques ou encore les COP, le monde, en 2023, n’a jamais autant consommé d’énergie fossile. Pourquoi tant de discours pour si peu de résultats ? La Chine et les États-Unis ont déjà amorcé un tournant industriel spectaculaire. Ils s’imposent en champions de l’économie verte et organisent notre dépendance. La France et l’Europe, elles, multiplient les ambitions et normes environnementales qui provoquent un retour de bâton populiste et anti-écologique. Dans leur ouvrage, La révolution obligée (Allary, 2024), ils proposent une méthode pour transformer les façons de produire, de consommer, d’habiter, de se déplacer, de s’alimenter, sans faire monter les colères et tout en réaffirmant une puissance industrielle et politique.

Quelles conséquences le Brexit a-t-il sur l’agenda environnemental européen incarné par le Pacte vert pour l’Europe ? Plusieurs éléments laissent craindre un potentiel nivellement par le bas des politiques européennes à la suite du retrait britannique. Mais il apparaît aussi pertinent de retourner la question en s’interrogeant sur les effets que le Pacte vert aura sur l’agenda environnemental du Royaume-Uni. L’analyse permet alors de mettre en évidence les effets à long terme de l’ambition environnementale européenne, qui vont bien au-delà des frontières de l’Union.

Les systèmes agricoles et alimentaires européens ont un impact négatif sur le climat et la biodiversité, et les régimes alimentaires, trop déséquilibrés, ont des effets délétères sur la santé. Le Pacte vert européen adresse ces enjeux dans le cadre d’une approche holistique. En s’appuyant sur un modèle original d’équilibre partiel, nous montrons que l’amélioration substantielle des performances climatiques, environnementales et de santé des systèmes agroalimentaires passe par la mobilisation conjointe des trois leviers agroalimentaires principaux du Pacte vert, soit 1) l’adoption à large échelle de pratiques agroécologiques, 2) la réduction des pertes et gaspillages alimentaires, et 3) la transition vers des régimes alimentaires moins riches en produits d’origine animale. Les principaux points de tension que ces trois leviers induisent et les arbitrages politiques qui en découlent sont discutés. Ceux-ci ont trait 1) aux conditions d’adoption des pratiques agroécologiques, 2) aux effets du Pacte vert sur les importations agroalimentaires européennes, 3) aux modifications des préférences et des comportements des consommateurs qui les amèneraient à modifier substantiellement leurs consommations, et enfin 4) aux enjeux pour l’élevage dans un contexte de forte baisse de la consommation et donc de la production de produits animaux.

Le premier cours particulier de langue donne lieu dans de nombreux cas à des ratages dans la négociation du pacte didactique entre l'enseignant et l'apprenant, lesquels ratages génèrent une centration sur le professeur et non sur l'élève. La mise en place d'un outil à visée diagnostique doit permettre de développer un pacte didactique pérenne qui permettra cette centration idéale sur l'apprenant
The first private language course leads in many cases to failures in negotiating educational pact between the teacher and the learner, which generate failures centration on the teacher and not the student. The implementation of a tool for diagnostic purposes should help develop a sustainable educational pact that will this ideal centering on the learner

Il principale costituente delle foglie di aloe è il gel di aloe ampiamente utilizzato in diversi settori industriali (cosmetico, medico, alimentare) grazie alle sue caratteristiche chimico-fisiche, tra cui la presenza di polisaccaridi con un’elevata capacità di ritenzione di acqua e sostanze oleose. L’obbiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato la valutazione della capacità di assorbimento di cinque diverse matrici oleose (olio di mais raffinato, olio di soia raffinato, olio di girasole raffinato, olio extra vergine di oliva, glicerolo) da parte di polisaccaridi ottenuti dalla liofilizzazione di gel di aloe. Il prodotto liofilizzato è stato utilizzato per l’estrazione dei residui insolubili in alcol (AIRs) su cui è stata poi valutata la capacità di assorbimento delle matrici oleose. Per la caratterizzazione delle diverse tipologie di campioni utilizzati, sono state realizzate alcune determinazioni analitiche: per quanto riguarda gli AIRs, è stata realizzata la determinazione degli zuccheri mediante analisi gascromatografica, degli acidi uronici mediante spettrofotometria e del grado di metil esterificazione delle pectine mediante spettroscopia a infrarossi. Nelle matrici oleose è stata invece valutata la composizione in acidi grassi. I dati ottenuti sono risultati in accordo con quanto già presente in letteratura. Non è stato, inoltre, evidenziato un assorbimento selettivo in funzione dei diversi oli vegetali testati.

L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat consiste à étudier les évolutions dans les discours des leaders politiques et religieux au Liban exprimés publiquement mais aussi en cercle restreint durant la quinzaine d’années du conflit qui débute en 1975 et ne termine qu’en 1989 avec les accords de Taëf. Le travail porte sur une présentation et une analyse des projets politiques proposés pour le Liban par plusieurs personnalités provenant de différents partis politiques dans le pays durant la période étudiée. L’originalité de l’approche est de regrouper deux partis politiques qui s’opposent fortement, mais qui adoptent une idéologie établie sur des fondements communs. A partir de supports écrits, radiophoniques et télévisuels ainsi qu’avec l’aide d’entretiens que nous avions réalisés au cours de nos recherches au Liban et en France, nous étudions les projets politiques élaborés au Liban entre 1975-1989. Nos analyses dévoilent une évolution dans l’approche de la part d’acteurs confessionnels et politiques libanais d’influence quant à leur vision de l’avenir de la configuration politique de leur pays tout en se situant, d’une manière ou d’une autre, par rapport au Pacte national de 1943 ainsi que du rôle qu’ils envisagent pour eux-mêmes
The objective of this PhD dissertation is to study the evolution in the different discourse of political and religious leaders in Lebanon expressed in public as well as within closed circles during the fifteen years of conflict which began in 1975 and finished in 1989 with the Taif Agreement. This dissertation centers on a presentation and an analysis of the political projects proposed for Lebanon by several leading personalities coming from different political parties in the country during the period studied here. The originality of the approach is to group together two political parties which strongly oppose one another but which adopt an ideology based on shared criteria. Based on written documents as well as radio and televised programs and press conferences in addition to interviews which we have conducted in Lebanon and in France, we studied the political projects which were developed in Lebanon during 1975-1989. Our analyses reveal an evolution in the approach on the part of Lebanese religious and political persons of influence vis-à-vis their vision for the future regarding the political configuration of their country, all the while with respect to their strategic positioning in relation to the National Pact of 1943 as well as the role which they envision for themselves

The PhD dissertation concerns the social policies in Great Britain, Vichy France and Fascist Italy during World War II. This work, however, takes into account the path dependences and policy legacies, and opens up to the further developments of the immediate postwar years. The expansion of compulsory schemes, healthcare and other social provisions is an incremental process, but WWII provided the trigger for a qualitative leap in the political goals and extent of public social policy. The dissertation studies the policy convergences and the ideological divergences in tackling the issue of public social protection in the three countries. The British universalistic reforms reformulated the “social pact” around the enhancement of the rights of citizenship, strengthening the bonds of social solidarity thanks to the mediation of the State. The coeval proposals in Fascist Italy and in Vichy France opted for different approaches. In Italy, the regime tried to pass a set of provisions to redefine the industrial relations and the income distribution. The Vichy’s ruling classes, instead, tried to recast a corporative order, spreading “occupational solidarity” in each industrial branch. In all these countries there was no consensus on detailed policies, while the common ground was the strengthening of the compulsory insurances; the administrative unification and rationalization; the incorporation of the social welfare as a core State policy area; the overcoming of the social unrest and social question through the establishment of links of solidarity among the members of the national communities. The “total war” triggered social change due to domestic stabilization and to the ideological content of WWII. The promotion of social enhancement for a “better future” was a key point of propaganda. In Britain, the social plans were a tool to re-assert the role of the country as a leader in the postwar settlement. The military victory of the Allies made possible the spreading of social security. The British universalistic model did not become a model in the Continent, but its core principles fueled the postwar debates and plans of social reforms. The study shows the intermingling of different processes at the root of the shift from the “social insurances” to the “social security” during and after WWII. On the one hand, some political principles and administrative practices gradually emerged, irrespective of the different political regimes and levels of industrialization. On the other, WWII brought about two different views concerning the goals and the role of the social protection in the modern societies.

Les obligations qui découlent des traités internationaux ratifiés par le Canada le liant sur la scène internationale dès leur ratification, les tribunaux canadiens ont eu recours à plusieurs procédés interprétatifs pour assurer une certaine cohérence entre ces traités et les lois canadiennes sur les droits fondamentaux; dans le cas contraire, le pays pourrait se trouver en violation de ses obligations internationales, ce dernier ne procédant traditionnellement pas à leur mise en œuvre législative comme le requiert la théorie dualiste qui prévaut en matière de droit international. La jurisprudence récente de la Cour suprême nous informe que la présomption de conformité constitue le procédé interprétatif qu’elle privilégie pour matérialiser cette interaction, procédé en vertu duquel il est présumé que la législation canadienne offre un niveau de protection au moins équivalent à celui qui découle de ces traités internationaux. Dans le présent mémoire, il sera démontré que ces développements jurisprudentiels pourraient permettre une révision de la conception qui prévaut actuellement quant à la portée des articles 7 et 15(1) de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés – qui énoncent respectivement le droit à la vie, à la liberté et à la sécurité ainsi que le droit à l’égalité – de manière à ce qu’ils soient envisagés comme garantissant plusieurs composantes du droit à la subsistance tel que protégé aux articles 9 et 11 du Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. Ce droit ne bénéficie en effet d’aucune protection constitutionnelle explicite en droit canadien, et la vision restrictive des tribunaux quant à la nature des obligations juridiques qui découlent des articles 7 et 15(1) a jusqu’à maintenant fait obstacle à la majorité des recours visant à faire reconnaitre ses composantes en droit canadien.
As obligations ensuing from international treaties ratified by Canada bind the country at the international level from the moment of their ratification, courts have used numerous interpretative processes to ensure coherence between these treaties and legislation on human rights; in the opposite case, the country could be in violation of its international obligations since it habitually does not proceed to implement them in domestic law, as required by the dualist theory prevailing in international law. Recent jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Canada appears to indicate that the presumption of conformity constitutes the privileged interpretative process to materialize this interaction, process under which it is presumed that the Canadian legislation offers a level of protection at least equal to the one ensuing from these treaties. In the present thesis, it will be demonstrated that these recent jurisprudential developments could allow a revision of the conception currently prevailing regarding sections 7 and 15(1) of the Canadian Charter – which respectively guarantee the right to life, to security and to liberty as well as the right to equality – so that they be interpreted as guaranteeing numerous components of the right to subsistence as protected by sections 9 and 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This right, in the current state of the law, beneficiates from little protection given the restrictive judicial interpretation of the nature of the obligations ensuing from sections 7 and 15(1).

Questa tesi indaga i modi di costruzione della conoscenza scientifica da parte degli studenti di questa scuola, a partire dall’adattamento alle caratteristiche socio culturali e geografiche del contesto scelto di una serie di attività che fanno parte di un percorso longitudinale ri-costruito sulla base del lavoro di un gruppo di ricercatori italiani guidati dalle professoresse Enrica Giordano e Nicoletta Lanciano . L’obiettivo generale di questa implementazione é stato progettare e sperimentare un percorso didattico allo scopo di analizzare le caratteristiche associate al processo di costruzione delle conoscenze scientifiche da parte degli studenti. La seguenza didattica ha come contenuto l'astronomia osservativa per coinvolgere gli studenti in un contesto scientifico nel quale individualmente e collettivamente, possano esplorare una molteplicità di strade per la costruzione della conoscenza associata ad un soggetto per sua natura multidimensionale. Nel primo capitolo si presenta l’ipotesi concettuale che sostiene tutto il modello cognitivo di base, e L’insegnamento delle scienze dalla prospettiva culturale. Il secondo capitolo presenta un quadro organizzato secondo uno schema originale, la linea di base, della ricerca colombiana in didattica della scienza. Si presentano anche riferimenti alle ricerche nella didattica della scienza dei contesti europeo e latinoamericano. Il terzo capitolo esplicita le domande di ricerca e gli obiettivi associati. Nel quarto capitolo presenta il Quadro Concettuale e la Descrizione Contestuale. Si tratta di una composizione dialogica tra le diverse prospettive metodologiche utilizzate nel divenire della ricerca Il quinto, sesto e settimo capitolo corrispondono rispettivamente a: l’analisi dei risultati, le conclusioni e le prospettive. Gli allegati sono inseriti dopo la Biliografia. L’elaborazione dell’ipotesi in relazione al modello cognitivo è stata fatta a partire da un confronto originale tra il lavoro dell'italiano Paolo Guidoni, (L-E-C) e del colombiano Carlos A. Hernández (V-I-Ap) a partire dalle fonti primarie. Nella organizzazione e stesura della linea di base sono state analizzate 384 esperienze di ricerca e innovazione didattica colombiane, riprese da fonti secondarie. Le fonti primarie utilizzate nella descrizione del contesto sono prese dagli attori diretti (studenti) e indiretti (comunitá) del processo. Gli strumenti che sono stati ri-costruiti secondo una metodologia qualitativa, si sono trasformati progressivamente a seconda delle caratteristiche del processo, arrivando ad una nuova configurazione metodologica. Ci si è per questo ispirati all’Opportunismo Metodologico descritto da Feyerabend riguardo al modo costitutivo della pratica scientifica reale, sostenendo che non esiste una sola forma legittima di fare ricerca qualitativa, nè una sola posizione o cosmovisione che la supporti. Alcuni conclusioni di ordine generale: 1. Il valore della sequenza didattica, riferito non solo alle implicazioni di contenuto e metodologiche, sta nel fatto che diventa lo strumento che permette allo studente di avvicinarsi ad un altro mondo, il mondo delle scienze. 3. Il nucleo dell’esperienza é stato cercare di arrivare alla razionalitá e alla comprensione dell’ esperienza stessa, in forma discorsiva e attraverso medellizzazioni, come consolidamento dell’apprendimento. 4. Si tratta di una proposta che offre la possibilità di costruzione di conoscenza nel rispetto delle condizioni individuali e non soltanto trasforma la vita di chi partecipa direttamente ma addirittura l’opinione che la comunità ha della scuola stessa.

Скрипник А. О. Екологічна політика Європейського Союзу в 90-х рр. ХХ – на початку ХХI ст. : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 291 "Міжнародні відносини, суспільні комунікації та регіональні студії" / наук. керівник О. М. Казакова. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 105 с.
UA : Об’єкт дослідження – екологічні проблеми та варіанти їх вирішення в європейському просторі. Предметом дослідження виступає екологічна політика Європейського Союзу. Мета роботи полягає у визначенні та дослідженні основних напрямків екологічної політики Європейського Союзу в 90-х рр ХХ – на початку ХХІ ст. Наукова новизна полягає у систематизації знань щодо екологічної політики Європейського союзу. Вперше в рамках дослідження цієї тематики одержано результати аналізу політику такого регіону як «країни-засновниці ЕС». В рамках роботи також узагальнено інформацію щодо актуальних змін екополітики на сучасному етапі (тобто за останні 5 років). Висновки. В результаті нашого дослідження ми дійшли до висновку, що екологічна політика Європейського Союзу являє собою унікальну систему цінностей, що сформувались задовго до виникнення самого об'єднання. Вже близько 70 років європейці розвивають напрямок екологічної політики, тож наразі є лідерами в світі щодо цього питання. Ми створили періодизацію становлення екополітики регіону, виділивши ключові моменти та документи стосовно кожного з цих етапів. Ця періодизація наглядно демонструє наскільки еволюціонував напрямок захисту навколишнього середовища в Європейському Союзі. І на сучасному етапі розвитку керівництво ЄС поставило собі на меті стати першим екологічно нейтральним континентом у світі до 2050 року. Ця амбітна ціль підкріплена дуже чітким планом дій «Зеленою угодою», яка постійно доповнюється новими програмами та ідеями. Її виконання є обов’язком для всіх країн-учасниць ЄС, як і загальне законодавство в сфері захисту довкілля. Тож, ми проаналізували які особливості має національна екологічна політика у країнах ЄС. Найбільш активними в регіоні є країни Скандинавії, а особливо Швеція, в якій переробляється 99% своїх відходів, а до того ж вони ще закуповують їх у сусідів і перетворюють в енергію. Таку активність досить легко пояснити: по-перше, тому що кожна країна або регіон в ЄС намагається зайняти свою нішу, а по-друге, тому що кліматичні зміни в першу чергу торкнуться саме нордичних країн. Далі ми виділили особливий регіон «країни-засновниці ЄС», бо існує думка що саме вони повинні бути найбільш прогресивними в питаннях екології, проте це не так. В регіоні лише Німеччина та Нідерланди дотримуються норм екологічного законодавства. Також ми розглянули і проблеми країн ЦСЄ, вони пов’язані з історичним минулим, а отже і необхідністю трансформувати свою промисловість, щоб відповідати критеріям сучасності. Європейська Комісія це розуміє, тож створює інвестиційні програми для допомоги Естонії, Литві, Латвії, Польщі і т.д. У регіоні відрізняється Словенія, що на момент вступу до ЄС вже відповідала нормам екополітики. А от у регіоні країн Півдня Європи ми виділили Грецію, бо країна що нещодавно пережила економічну кризу має на меті розвивати економіку за допомогою джерел відновлюваної енергії. Дослідження в рамках цієї тематики і надалі вкрай перспективне з огляду на її актуальність. Наразі це один з найбільш перспективних напрямків політики, він буде розвиватись разом з наукою у сфері довкілля і разом з громадянською усвідомленістю.
EN : The globalized world is changing extremely rapidly. This fact cannot be denied as well as the fact that these rapid rates of development affect the environment. Many researchers, futurologists and environmental activists emphasize that humanity cannot avoid an environmental catastrophe if radical decisions on this problem are not made as soon as possible. Therefore, environmental policy is gaining momentum in the world. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that we took into account the experience of the world leader in the field of environmental protection on this issue – the European Union. The understanding that industrialization and increasing economic and industrial capacity significantly affects the environment and human life came to the Western European countries authorities about 70 years ago, before the emergence of the European Community. Generations have changed, and the awareness of the need to preserve the biosphere has grown. The EU legislation has gradually evolved, so we believe it will be very important to study these stages. This way we can understand why Europe has become the leader of eco-trends, and why its experience is valuable for all countries and regions of the world. In addition, the leaders of European countries have declared their desire to become an environmentally neutral continent by 2050, the first one in the world. If we delve deeper into their environmental policies, we will be able to understand whether this is even possible. It is advisable that the examples of national environmental policy should be analysed as there are both «strong» and «weak» representatives in the field of environmental protection in Europe. Therefore, the study is extremely relevant as it will allow us to analyse more deeply why environmental policy can become the top topic in the world in the near future and why the EU can lead in this area. It will help to identify successful examples of the legislation transformation within the framework of environmental policy, which Ukraine can use in order to effectively implement this experience. In addition, Ukraine will not be able to become a EU member without meeting the European environmental policy standards, which are becoming more progressive every 5-10 years. The object of the study is environmental problems and their solution in Europe. The subject of the study is the environmental policy of the European Union. The aim of the study is to identify and study the main directions of the environmental policy of the European Union in 90s of the XXth – the beginning of the XXIst centuries. The implementation of the aim involves solving the following tasks: ‒ to analyse the state of the problem scientific development and study the source base on the environmental policy issues of the European Community; ‒ to identify the main stages in the formation of the European Union's environmental policy; ‒ to study the evolution in environmental policy from the formation of the EU to the present day; ‒ to consider the EU Nordic environmental protection policy as one of the most effective examples in the world; ‒ to understand the role of the specific environmental policies of the EU's founding countries; ‒ to study the experience of conducting environmental policies in Central, Eastern and Southern European countries. The chronological framework of the study is the period from November 1, 1993, to the present. The lower limit is the date of the European Union creation, but sometimes we go beyond the established chronological limits, which is associated with the research expediency. The geographical boundaries of the study are the current borders of the European Union countries. The scientific novelty of the obtained results of the study lies in the systematization of knowledge on the environmental policy of the European Union. For the first time in the study on this topic, the results of the environmental policy analysis of the «the EU founding countries» were obtained. The study also summarizes the information on the current changes in the environmental policy at the present stage (over the past 5 years). The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that they can be used for educational activities among young people in the framework of additional lectures or conferences in order to increase the level of awareness of the people. The results of the study can also be used by environmental organizations engaged in promoting issues in Ukraine. Conclusions. As a result of our research, we came to the conclusion that the environmental policy of the European Union is a unique system of values that were formed long before the emergence of the Union. Since its foundation, it has reached a qualitatively new level, becoming a leader in the world in the formation of environmental awareness and environmental policy implementation within the framework of regulatory legal acts, directives, action programs, etc. In order to comprehensively study the key aspects of the research subject, we have analysed a number of sources and scientific literature. Therefore, based on the information received, we were able to study the entire process of formation of European consciousness in the framework of the issue of environmental protection. The first step in this direction was taken almost 70 years ago, so for several generations there have been the understanding of the need to preserve the environment. We can even say that Europeans were almost the first in the world to think that human activity and rapid development of industry are not only economic growth, enrichment and development, but also the degradation of the biosphere. We have studied various types for periodizing the formation of environmental policy in Europe and offered our vision, as we do not consider 1951-1957 as the starting point of the existing EU environmental policy, since the individual treaties of that period and even the Rome treaties had almost no practical application (given the environmental protection). We believe that the starting point of the first period was 1973, when the first Environmental Action Programme was created. At the moment, there are 7 stages; each of them is a logical continuation of the previous one and has set an ambitious common goal for the European Community. We have identified 4 stages of the environmental policy development. At the first stage, the fundamental provisions of the policy were formed, which already evolved within the framework of the agreement on the creation of the European Union at the second and third stages and became part of the values of the newly formed EU member countries. The fourth stage is about the changes in the environmental policy at the current stage of development, and it is most eventful. In December 2019, the European Union adopted a very ambitious document – the Green Deal. It is more significant than all the programs of action, as it is a comprehensive document with many innovative tools and opinions on how to make the EU the world's first environmentally neutral continent. In order to give our vision of the situation and answer the questions about the reality of the idea, we have studied all the existing programs under the Deal: financial – investment plan and «fair transition mechanism», «from farm to fork» (rejection of chemical and harmful elements to provide EU citizens with healthy food), «European Climate Pact» (PR of environmental lifestyle among citizens), «Circular Economy Action Plan» (as a step towards a new stage of economic development), «wave of reconstruction» (EU housing efficiency program) and the most progressive and promising – «Strategy for Renewable Energy from the High Seas». In the course of the study, we also drew attention to the current actors of the European environmental policy, namely: the Environment Council, the DirectorateGeneral for the Environment within the European Commission, the Environment Committee for health and food safety of the European Parliament, the European Investment Bank, and the European Environmental Protection Agency. After analysing their activities, we realized that the EU's experience in conducting environmental policy is not only in the fact that they have been working on this issue for quite a long time, but also that they have an effective mechanism for cooperation between different authorities. Thus, the environmental issue is covered comprehensively. This view is also confirmed by an in-depth analysis of the national legislations and national environmental policy activities. In our research, we divided the member states of the European Union into regions, according to their geographical location, and also identified a special region – the founding countries of the EU. However, the order of consideration of this regions was chosen taking into account the effectiveness of national and, consequently, regional environmental policies. The niche of leadership in Environmental Protection was occupied by the Nordic countries: Sweden, Denmark and Finland. Sweden national environmental policy is even more developed than the policy of the European Community. Sweden has already successfully implemented the actions that the EU is just beginning to recommend to the countries. In addition, the environmental way of life has become for them not just a rule of law or a political lever, it is a whole philosophy based on the Swedes' understanding of the need to be in harmony with nature. However, if we analyse the forecasts of futurologists, we should understand that it is the countries of Northern Europe that will be the first to suffer from global warming and melting glaciers. Therefore, being leaders in environmental issues is not only an indicator of their awareness, but also an extremely necessary measure. At the moment, the entire energy complex is already built on a circular economy in Sweden. Statistics from the European Commission allowed us to understand that 99% of the garbage is processed into energy by Swedes and their own garbage is no longer enough, so they import it from the neighbouring countries. Also, it is worth mentioning that Sweden is the only country in the region that has declared its intention to become environmentally neutral, not within the framework of EU activities, but at its national level. Since we considered the national legislations and their activities in view of the effectiveness of their environmental policies gradually, the second in line was the region of the founding countries of the European Union. Our research refuted the stereotype that these countries are the leaders in Europe in terms of environmental protection, as this is not entirely true. Within this region, we reviewed the policies of Germany, France, Italy and the Benelux countries. The most active is Germany (thereby preventing the negative consequences of its rapid economic development), as well as the Netherlands, which aims to completely transform its economy from linear to circular. We also analysed the advantages of a circular economy, which included innovative and eco-friendly methods of production and consumption, protecting businesses from shortages, saving energy, recycling, which helps reduce landfills, etc. In general, the main idea of a circular economy is that the resources that we use do not immediately become garbage after the initial use, but are used, recycled and become a resource for a new product, and so on in a circle. This is really a very effective model of economic management for the future. After reviewing the Dutch experience, we analysed the situation in France and realized that the French still cannot accept the fact of losing economic leadership in the region. So capacity building is more important than environmental policy for France. They operate only within the framework of the legislative norms that seem to be imposed on state by the European Union. Italy pursues the same policy. Luxembourg, in turn, is not the initiator of changes in environmental policy, but it has skilfully combined this issue with social policy, and has developed a strategy to promote environmental life among citizens. Belgium, whose capital is also the capital of the European Union, often takes the penultimate position in Western Europe on environmental policy, as it has allowed each region of the country to develop its own policy and its own vision of environmental protection. There is only one condition – to comply with the EU requirements, but such a division loses the ability to act in a complex, so the regions' actions in global terms are not effective. We also reviewed the environmental policies of the Central and Eastern European countries. Their feature is the historical component of the region, as in one way or another they were related to the Soviet Union and its ideology. For example, the environmental laws of the Baltic States meet the requirements of the European Union, but in practice they cannot meet their standards. The economy of the Baltic States is very dependent on non-ecological fuels and their transit from China and the Russian Federation. Their industry cannot reduce emissions as quickly as necessary, and so on. In these matters, they need investment support from the West, and, of course, they receive it. It is profitable for Europe to finance this region as it separates them from the Russian Federation. Thus, the European task is not only to prevent the onset of an economic crisis, but also to make the same Baltic States environmentally neutral by 2050. The situation is even worse in Poland, and the European Commission, realizing this, paid special attention to its problems when developing the investment model. The countries of the Balkan region also do not pay much attention to environmental problems. Only Slovenia is an example of an effective national environmental policy management in the CEE. It was in Ljubljana that the first Environmental Protection Fund in Eastern Europe was established. When the country joined the EU, not only did it economically meet the EU standards, but also did it in terms of environment protection. We also conducted a study of the environmental protection policies based on the example of southern European countries. Spain, like the neighbouring Italy, also does not pay enough attention to environmental policy. Many researchers believe that Spaniards simply agreed to the EU terms, and are not enthusiastic about implementing them in their lives. The European Commission was able to interest Portugal more by offering them a bilateral agreement «Portugal 2020» (it was extended for another 10 years), under which the country receives significant investments from the West to transform its energy system. Most of all, we paid attention to the experience of Greece in the region. From 2010 to 2018, the country suffered an economic crisis, and as we have already understood, many countries and their citizens have not yet realized that the economy can grow without harm to the environment and ecology. Greece has seen the economic benefits of implementing an environmental policy that now aims to develop and search for renewable energy sources, as well as energy efficiency measures that will form the basis of economic modernization in general. This is beneficial for Greece both from the point of view of short-term strategy and from the point of view of long-term strategy. Having made an in-depth analysis of the national environmental policies, we came to the conclusion that the authorities of the European Union had taken a very correct step towards creating a «common eco-market», and all legislative documents had been developed taking into account the development of the entire Union. They do not limit the environmental initiatives of the countries, but they force countries to take steps to protect the environment where the national leadership does not yet understand the need for such steps and otherwise sets priorities. One of the Action Programmes states that environmental policy has no boundaries, and we fully agree with this. This is a global problem and it is common to every country. Only by uniting can the onset of an environmental catastrophe be prevented. Since the European commonwealth is a Union, its efforts on the international scene are more significant and are a good example to follow.
FR : L'actualité de ce travail. Le changement climatique est déjà inévitable, mais pour l'arrêter, nous devons agir de manière décisive et immédiate. Nous avons pris en compte l'expérience de l'Union européenne en matière de protection de l'environnement, car ses politiques sont les plus efficaces au monde. Les pays d'Europe occidentale ont pris conscience de la nécessité de prendre soin de l'environnement avant même la création de l'Union européenne, il y a environ 70 ans. Depuis 1951, la législation européenne a évolué progressivement et nous pensons qu'il sera très pertinent d'étudier ces étapes. De cette façon nous pouvons comprendre pourquoi l'Union européenne est devenue le dirigeant dans le domaine de la politique politique environnementale, leur expérience est précieuse pour tous les pays et régions du monde. De plus, ils ont déclaré leur empressement à devenir un continent neutre sur le plan environnemental d'ici 2050, le premier au monde. En plongeant dans les principes de leurs politiques la politique environnementale plus profondément, nous pouvons voir si c’est possible. Dans le cadre de notre recherche, il serait utile d'analyser les exemples nationaux de la politique environnementale, car dans la région qui est soumise à l’étude il y a des représentants "forts" et "faibles" dans le domaine de la protection de l'environnement. Notre travail est donc très actuel car: Premièrement, elle permettra mener une analyse plus approfondie les raisons pour lesquelles la politique environnementale pourrait devenir, thème numéro un dans le monde et pourquoi l'UE pourrait prendre cette direction dans un avenir proche; Deuxièmement, elle aidera à mettre en évidence des exemples de transformation législative réussie dans le cadre de la politique environnementale que l'Ukraine peut utiliser pour mettre en œuvre efficacement cette expérience. Parce que, au moins, l'Ukraine ne pourra pas devenir membre de l'UE sans respecter les normes de sa politique environnementale. L'objet de cette recherche est les problèmes environnementaux et leurs solutions dans l'espace européen. Le sujet de la recherche est politique de l'environnement de l'Union européenne. Le but de cette recherche est d'identifier et d'étudier des orientations principales de la politique environnementale de l'Union européenne dans les années 1990 - début du XXIe siècle. Pour atteindre l'objectif, nous avons identifié la solution suivante à des problèmes tels que: ‒ analyser l'état de la recherche scientifique et étudier la base des sources des questions de politique environnementale dans l'Union européenne; ‒ identifier les principales étapes du développement de la politique environnementale de l'Union européenne; ‒ étudier l'évolution de la politique environnementale depuis la formation de l'UE jusqu'à nos jours; ‒ comprendre pourquoi la politique environnementale des pays du nord de l'UE est considérée comme l'un des exemples les plus efficaces au monde; ‒ déterminer l'efficacité de la politique environnementale des pays fondateurs de l'UE; ‒ étudier l'expérience de la politique environnementale en Europe centrale, orientale et méridionale. Le cadre chronologique de l'étude couvre la période du 1er novembre 1993 à nos jours. La borne inférieure est la date de création de l'Union européenne, mais parfois nous dépassons les limites chronologiques établies, ce qui est lié à l'opportunité de la recherche (pour mieux expliquer les prémisses et les raisons de tel ou tel processus, etc.) Les limites géographiques de l'étude sont les frontières actuelles des pays de l'Union européenne. La nouveauté scientifique de la recherche consiste à la systématisation des les connaissances sur la politique environnementale de l'Union européenne. C'est la première fois qu'une analyse de la politique environnementale d'une région telle que les "pays fondateurs de l'UE" est entreprise. L'ouvrage résume également les informations sur les changements actuels de la politique environnementale à notre époque (c'est-à-dire au cours des cinq dernières années). La valeur pratique de ce travail consiste en utilisation de ses résultats dans les objectifs éducatifs au milieu de la jeunesse en forme des conférences supplémentaires et aussi pour la sensibilisation du public intéressé. Les résultats de la recherche peuvent également être utilisés par les organisations qui promeuvent les questions environnementales en Ukraine. Conclusions. Politique de l'environnement de l'Union européenne est un système de valeurs particulières qui a été mis en place bien avant la création de cet organisme.. Et depuis la fondation de l'UE, et les pays faisant sa partie ont atteint un niveau qualitativement nouveau, devenant un chef de file mondial en matière de sensibilisation à l'environnement et de mise en œuvre par le biais de réglementations. Afin d'étudier pleinement les principaux aspects du sujet de cette étude, nous avons traité un ensemble de sources et de littérature scientifique. Par conséquent, sur la base des informations reçues nous avons pu étudier l'ensemble du processus de formation de la conscience européenne et le cadre de la question de la protection de l'environnement. Nous avons étudié différentes variante de périodisation du le développement de la politique environnementale en Europe et proposé notre vision, car nous considérons que précisément en vue de la protection de l'environnement. Nous ne considérons pas que le point de départ de la politique environnementale actuelle de l'UE soit 1951-1957, car les différents traités de cette période et même les traités de Rome n'avaient pratiquement aucune application pratique (précisément en vue de la protection de l'environnement. Nous avons identifié 4 étapes du développement de la politique environnementale. Dans un premier temps, les dispositions fondamentales de cette politique ont été élaborées, qui, dès les deuxième et troisième étapes, ont évolué dans le cadre de l'accord établissant l'Union européenne et sont devenues partie intégrante des valeurs des nouveaux États membres. Le quatrième point concerne les changements de la politique environnementale au stade actuel du développement, et c'est une période la plus fertile en événements. En décembre 2019, l'Union européenne a adopté un document très ambitieux, l'"Accord vert". Il est plus important que tous les programmes d'action, car il s'agit d'un document complet qui représente de nombreux outils et des opinions novateurs sur la manière de faire de l'UE le premier continent du monde neutre sur le plan environnemental. Afin de donner notre vision de la situation et de répondre à la question sur la réalité d'un tel plan, nous avons étudié tous les programmes existants dans le cadre de l'accord : financière - plan d'investissement et "mécanisme de transition équitable", "de la ferme à la table" (renoncement aux éléments chimiques et nocifs pour fournir aux citoyens de l'UE une alimentation saine), "pacte climatique européen" (relations publiques pour un mode de vie écologique parmi les citoyens), "plan d'action pour une économie circulaire" (comme étape vers la transition vers une nouvelle étape de développement économique), "vague de reconstruction" (programme d'efficacité énergétique du parc de logements de l'UE) et la plus progressive et prometteuse - "stratégie pour les énergies renouvelables en pleine mer". Dans notre étude, nous avons divisé les pays membres de l'Union européenne en régions en fonction de leur situation géographique, tout en distinguant une région particulière - les pays fondateurs de l'UE. Le créneau du leadership en matière de protection de l'environnement a été occupé par les pays nordiques: la Suède, le Danemark et la Finlande. Surtout en Suède, car sa éco-politique nationale est encore plus développée que celle de l'Union européenne. Cependant, si nous analysons les prévisions des futurologues, nous devons comprendre que ce sont les pays du nord de l'Europe qui seront les premiers à souffrir du réchauffement climatique et de la fonte des glaciers, donc être un leader dans les questions environnementales n'est pas seulement un indicateur de leur éducation, mais aussi une mesure très nécessaire. À l'heure actuelle, l'ensemble du complexe énergétique suédois repose déjà sur une économie circulaire. Les statistiques de la Commission européenne nous ont fait prendre conscience que 99 % des déchets suédois sont recyclés en énergie et que leurs propres émissions ne suffisent plus, de sorte qu'ils sont importés des pays voisins. Dans la région des pays fondateurs de l'UE, nous avons examiné les politiques de l'Allemagne, de la France, de l'Italie et des pays du Benelux. Parmi ceux-ci, l'Allemagne (qui évite ainsi les conséquences négatives de son développement économique rapide), ainsi que les Pays-Bas, ont une position active, visant à une transformation complète de son économie de linéaire à circulaire. Nous avons analysé la situation en France et nous avons réalisé que les Français sont toujours incapables d'accepter la perte de leadership économique dans la région, donc pour eux le renforcement des capacités est plus important que la politique environnementale. Ils n'agissent que dans le cadre légal, comme s'ils étaient imposés par l'Union européenne, et l'Italie a la même politique. Le Luxembourg, pour sa part, n'a pas non plus initié de changements dans la politique environnementale, mais il a habilement combiné cette question avec la politique sociale. Nous avons également examiné la politique environnementale des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale. Leur particularité réside dans la composante historique de la région. Seule la Slovénie est un exemple de politique environnementale nationale efficace dans les PECO. C'est à Ljubljana qu'a été créé le premier fonds de protection de l'environnement en Europe de l'Est et, lors de son adhésion à l'UE, il était non seulement conforme aux règles économiques, mais aussi respectueux de l'environnement. Nous avons réalisé une étude sur la politique environnementale et l'exemple des pays du sud de l'Europe. L'Espagne, comme l'Italie voisine, ne prête pas non plus suffisamment attention à la politique environnementale. La Commission européenne a pu intéresser davantage le Portugal en lui proposant l'accord bilatéral "Portugal 2020" (prolongé de 10 ans), en vertu duquel le pays reçoit de l'Ouest des investissements importants pour transformer son système énergétique. La Grèce a vu les avantages économiques de l'introduction de politiques environnementales qui se concentrent maintenant sur le développement et la recherche de sources d'énergie renouvelables, ainsi que sur des mesures d'efficacité énergétique. Après avoir effectué une analyse approfondie des politiques environnementales nationales, nous avons conclu que les dirigeants de l'Union européenne ont fait un très bon pas, au moment de la création du "marché commun de l'environnement" et que tous les documents législatifs ont été élaborés en tenant compte du développement de l'ensemble de l'association. Elles ne limitent pas les initiatives environnementales des différents pays, mais imposent l'introduction de mesures de protection de l'environnement lorsque les autorités nationales ne comprennent pas encore la nécessité de telles mesures et fixent par ailleurs des priorités. L'un des programmes d'action a exprimé l'opinion que la politique environnementale n'a pas de frontières, et nous sommes tout à fait d'accord avec cela. C'est un problème mondial et il est commun à tous, donc ce n'est qu'en s'unissant que nous pourrons empêcher une catastrophe environnementale de se produire. L'Union européenne étant une union, leurs efforts sur la scène internationale sont plus significatifs et constituent un bon exemple à suivre.

Les groupes populaires revendiquent le droit au logement depuis des années au Canada. Ils dénoncent la perte de logements locatifs, des hausses de loyer abusives, la pénurie de logements sociaux, l'augmentation du nombre de sans-abris, la spéculation immobilière, la gentrification, la discrimination... Le Canada est pourtant partie au Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels dont l'art. 11(1) reconnaît le droit à un logement suffisant pour tous. Il s'agira, dans un premier temps, de définir les obligations générales du Canada en matière de droits économiques, sociaux et culturels ainsi que celles spécifiques au droit au logement. Ensuite, à partir des travaux du Comité des droits économiques sociaux et culturels, l'organe de contrôle de la mise en œuvre du Pacte, la réalisation de chacune des composantes du droit au logement (sécurité d'occupation, capacité de paiement, habitabilité, facilité d'accès, etc.,) sera étudiée pour le Canada en général et pour le Québec en particulier. Les documents consultés sont les rapports périodiques du Canada, les mémoires d'ONG canadiennes, le rapport du Rapporteur spécial pour le logement de l'ONU en mission au Canada et les Observations finales du Comité. Les résultats démontrent une situation du logement qui se détériore au Canada et au Québec souffrant cruellement d'un manque de ressources et de moyens. La motivation sous-jacente de ce mémoire est l'exploration des outils du droit international pour l'avancement de la lutte locale pour le droit au logement. Actuellement, la superficialité des rapports canadiens avec leurs données générales ne permet pas au Comité de faire un examen en profondeur de la situation. Les mémoires d'ONG canadiennes viennent cependant rétablir la réalité, mais même si le Comité les utilise dans ses recommandations aux gouvernements ceux-ci semblent peu enclins à les mettre en pratique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Droit au logement, Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques sociaux et culturels, Comité des droits économiques sociaux et culturels, Canada, Québec.

L'arbitre du commerce international peut-il, en l'absence de clause contractuelle expresse, procéder à l'adaptation du contrat lorsque survient un changement de circonstances qui modifie de façon substantielle l'équilibre contractuel initial? La complexification des schémas contractuels et l'émergence correspondante de nouvelles valeurs contractuelles favorisent la réception du principe rebus sic stantibus dans le droit commercial international. Les deux phénomènes permettent également d'envisager dans une nouvelle perspective les objections traditionnelles à la révision pour imprévision. Les arbitres du commerce international sont appelés à jouer un rôle, bien que modeste, dans le mouvement d'harmonisation privé du droit commercial international. Le contexte international de l'arbitrage et de la relation contractuelle, la volonté d'apaisement inhérente à ce mode de résolution des différends et le rapport particulier qu'entretient l'arbitre du commerce international avec le droit national permettront à ce dernier de privilégier, dans certaines circonstances, une option comme l'adaptation du contrat pour cause de hardship. Plusieurs facteurs devront cependant être examinés attentivement par le tribunal arbitral avant que ne soit prise la décision de procéder à l'adaptation du contrat. D'autres remèdes pourront être envisagés si une telle solution ne convient pas.
Is the arbitrator of international commerce entitled to adapt the contract when the parties did not provide so expressly and a supervening event provokes a substantiel change in the initial contractual equilibrum? The complexification of contractual schemes and the corresponding emergence of new values in contract theory made the reception of the rebus sic stantibus principle highly probable in international commercial law. These two phenomenas supplied keys for a revised perspective of the traditional objections to the application of the rebus sic stantibus principle. Arbitrators have a role to play in the movement of private harmonization of international commercial law. The international context in which they proceed, the inherent quality of appeasement in arbitration and the particularity of the relation between arbitrator and national law are making it possible for international arbitrators to give priority to adaptation of the contract when the circumstances are right. Many factors will have to be analysed by the arbitrator before he chooses to adapt the contract because adaptation is not always the best solution. Other remedies will have to be devised if it is the case.
"Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise, option droit des affaires (LL.M.)". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline.

AbstractOrganisational safety theory and research has not kept pace with changing trends in the way work is organised. Outsourcing has become very common and is known to be problematic for workplace safety. This book aims to extend consideration of the link between safety and outsourcing to system safety.

Abstract The 1994 election made Bill Clinton and Newt Gingrich the two most powerful men in America. Time referred to them as “the famous fraternal twins of American power, yin and yang of the Baby Boom, polar extremes of Pennsylvania Avenue.” Most contemporary observers viewed the two men as a study in contrasts: the hard-driving, conservative revolutionary versus the embattled liberal president. What was most striking to people who knew them and worked closely with them, however, were their similarities. “Even though they had very different politics both were very similar in personality and temperament,” reflected White House Chief-of-Staff Leon Panetta. “They loved talking about books they had read. They were constantly coming up with new ideas about how to solve problems. They shared an upbeat, optimistic view that problems could be solved.” “There were more similarities than differences in the way that they operate,” reflected Gingrich media advisor Jim Farwell. “Both of them are intellectuals. Both are very interested in ideas. Both are future oriented. Both are remarkably open to new ideas—and that is a very rare quality. For most people in politics being open to new ideas is a posture, not a philosophy. Both of them have endless intellectual curiosity. Both are by nature coalition builders.”

Starting with examination of the contentious issue in Marathi grammar concerning the classification of morphologically complex verbs including Noun + Verb, Adverb + Verb, and Verb₁?(nonfinite) + Verb₂?(desinence), this chapter first proposes a set of criteria for distinguishing vector verbs from auxiliary verbs and thereby identifies a functionally coherent subgroup of compound verbs consisting of a main verb (V₁) and a vector verb (V₂). Discussion then moves on to the ontogeny of vector verbs in this type of compound verb (CV). Statistical evidence shows a steady increase in the CV to non-CV ratio along with an increase in the number of vector verbs. The qualitative and quantitative changes the CV has undergone in a diachronic process spanning over 700 years demonstrate that vector verbs are not eternal but are subject to change,?pace?Miriam Butt and her colleagues, who contend that light verbs are stable through time.

This chapter details the American Civil War and President Abraham Lincoln’s role in acting quickly—and controversially—to protect critical areas in the North by claiming the unilateral power to suspend habeas. As is explored in the chapter, Lincoln proclaimed suspensions on his own and without congressional approval for some two years until the US Congress finally enacted suspension legislation. Along the way, Lincoln’s actions provoked a rebuke from the Chief Justice of the United States in Ex parte Merryman and raised important separation of powers questions. The chapter also explores how after the war, the Supreme Court held in Ex parte Milligan that the laws of war could not be applied to “citizens in states which have upheld the authority of the government, and where the courts are open and their process unobstructed.” Finally, the chapter discusses the precedent established by Lincoln’s actions.

Things were very gloomy at the palace. It has been already said that for many days after Dr Tempest’s visit to Barchester the intercourse between the bishop and Mrs Proudie had not been of a pleasant nature. He had become so silent, so sullen,...

Espai Vert es una singular obra arquitectónica, realizada en Valencia a principios de los años 90. La utilización del hormigón visto en su colosal estructura combinada con una profusa vegetación, la convierten en todo un símbolo arquitectónico de su época. Su imponente materialidad y dimensiones hacen que esta obra pueda catalogarse como brutalista. Del mismo modo, también se encuentra dentro de la arquitectura modular residencial, ya que existe toda una suerte de leyes de combinatoria espacial para encajar sus viviendas en base a una trama regular. En los últimos años esta edificación ha visto incrementar su interés en el mundo académico, y ya son varios los equipos y organismos los que están poniendo de manifiesto su importancia. Este trabajo expone la visión del autor sobre alguno de los puntos más destacados de la obra a través de una entrevista, analiza la parte proyectual y estructural del edificio, y concluye con la importancia y significado del hormigón en esta obra.***Espai Vert is a singular architectonic work built in Valencia in the early 90’s. Its colossal fair-faced concrete structure combined with a profuse vegetation make it an architectural symbol of its time. This work can be catalogued as Brutalist due to its dimensions and materiality. Likewise, it belongs to the residential modular architec- ture, as there are a whole range of space combination rules that t its dwellings according to a regular layout. In recent years academic interest has increased towards this building, and currently various research teams and institutions are exposing its value. The present work exposes the architect’s points of view about some of the main points of this project through an interview, analysing the design and structural part of this building, and concludes with the importance and meaning of concrete in this work.

The quality of solder joints is a crucial aspect on circuit card assemblies containing fine-pitch, surface mount technology (SMT) components. Modern aerospace equipment manufacturers are therefore implementing machine vision systems for the inspection of their electronic products. These methodologies offer many process improvements including faster cycle times, early defect detection, and the ability to efficiently track statistical data. This paper discusses machine vision systems for dimensional verification of solder paste deposited on printed circuit boards. The intent is to show that by focusing on vision inspection early in the assembly process, defects can be detected prior to component placement and solder reflow. Example vision systems and methodologies will be described for applications involving SMT assembly processing. Specifically, various cost-effective techniques for measuring solder paste height and volume will be presented as a means of maintaining solder joint quality. Verification of the aforementioned dimensional attributes is currently very important in the aerospace electronics industry as smaller SMT package and lead sizes are migrating to production.

A critical concern in data-driven processes is to build models whose outcomes do not discriminate against some protected groups. In learning tasks, knowledge of the group attributes is essential to ensure non-discrimination, but in practice, these attributes may not be available due to legal and ethical requirements. To address this challenge, this paper studies a model that protects the privacy of individuals’ sensitive information while also allowing it to learn non-discriminatory predictors. A key feature of the proposed model is to enable the use of off-the-shelves and non-private fair models to create a privacy-preserving and fair model. The paper analyzes the relation between accuracy, privacy, and fairness, and assesses the benefits of the proposed models on several prediction tasks. In particular, this proposal allows both scalable and accurate training of private and fair models for very large neural networks.

The aim of this study is to examine the courses on artificial intelligence in higher education that are opening at a great pace in recent years. Intelligence can be defined as a very general mental ability that consists of many elements, including reasoning, planning, problem solving, and abstract thinking, understanding complex thoughts, fast learning, and learning through experience. Today technology evolves into a new world of design through artificial intelligence and quantum computing. In this context, artificial intelligence is a field of study that deals with methods to ensure that human intelligence is imitated by the computer. At this point, when the basic subjects of artificial intelligence studies are examined, it is observed that knowledge representation, inference and learning subjects come to the fore. In this respect, although, there is a wide gap in the level of information in local higher education compared with western developed countries like US, Turkish and North Cyprus higher education has made remarkable achievements in infrastructure, key technologies, information technology, and standards construction in recent years. At the mentioned point, when the leading universities operating in Northern Cyprus and Turkey are examined, it is seen that various departments of universities are focusing on very different areas. Conscientiously summing up results, revealing problems and learning from experiences of developed countries will be conducive to accelerate the process of education information in Northern part of Cyprus higher education. The research studied the content of the university official websites to analyse different artificial intelligence course details. With the content analysis main subject areas of Artificial Intelligence courses were examined and the opening date of the courses are investigated for higher Education in Northern part of Cyprus. Additionally, for the aim of comparison, the data from top ten universities in US are exposed according to referred artificial intelligence course related subject areas and course opening dates.

In assessing reduction of concrete strength under irradiated conditions, reference levels are introduced: 1×1020 n/cm2 for fast neutrons and 2×1010 rad (2×105 kGy) for gamma-rays. Concrete structures are regarded as sound as long as irradiance levels accumulated during long-term operation are less than the reference levels. Most experimental investigations of irradiation effects on concrete were performed in the 1960’s and 1970’s. However, there is no good explanation of how concrete deteriorates under neutron and gamma-ray irradiation. Hilsdorf put the primal irradiation test data together to investigate effects of irradiance levels on residual strength ratio of concrete [1]. The reference levels were obtained from his paper. However, the test conditions in which the data quoted by Hilsdorf were obtained are very different from the irradiation and heat conditions usually found in a Light Water Reactor (LWR). This paper summarizes the interactions between radiation and concrete components and presents the results of gamma-ray irradiation tests on cement paste in order to provide a better understanding of the deterioration mechanisms of concrete under irradiation and heat conditions in LWRs.

In many applications such as computers and telecommunications, the IC chip sizes are very big, the on-chip frequency and power dissipation are very high, and the number of chip I/Os is very large. The CCGA (ceramic column grid array) package developed by IBM is one of the best candidates for housing these kinds of chips [1–7]. There are two parts in this study. One is to show that the 2-parameter Weibull life distribution is adequate for modeling the thermal-fatigue life of lead-free solder joints. This is demonstrated by comparing the 2-parameter and 3-parameter Weibull distributions with life test data of an 1657-pin CCGA package with the 95.5wt%Sn3.9wt%Ag0.6wt%Cu lead-free solder paste on lead-free PCBs (printed circuit boards) under thermal cycling conditions. The other part of this study is to determine the time-history creep strain energy density of the 1657-pin CCGA solder column with two different solder paste materials, namely, 95.5wt%Sn3.9wt%Ag0.6wt%Cu and 63wt%Sn37wt%Pb and under three different thermal cycling profiles, namely, 25 ↔ 75°C, 0 ↔ 100°C, and −25 ↔ 125°C. The effects of these solder pastes and temperature conditions on the thermal-fatigue life of the high-lead (10wt%Sn90wt%Pb) solder columns of the CCGA package are provided and discussed.

Dejo claro que este libro es sobre nuestras experiencias, puedo dejar de lado a otros, que también han hecho cosas y no lo recuerdo o paso por alto y me disculpo de antemano, estoy mirando desde mi propia percepción de los hechos y los recuerdos que tengo, vívidos, otros no, con en el presente y futuro prometedor. Estoy sistematizando experiencias y pues dado mis 30 años en la No es una biografía, incluimos experiencias de otros colegas, es un recordatorio de eventos que hacen una parte de nuestra historia de la psicología que hay que contar, queremos resaltar en las que hemos sido pioneros o catalizadores de procesos, solo dejo algo de mi paso en mi carrera, plena de alegría de a ver hecho al menos en parte mi parte.

O presente trabalho é parte de um projeto de pesquisa mais amplo, desenvolvido no Instituto de Artes da UnB, intitulado "Contribuição para o mapeamento de vertentes da Historiografia da Arte no Brasil em anais de eventos científicos: 2000-2015", coordenado pela Profa. Dra. Vera Pugliese, apoiado pelo CNPq.

The field of cryptography continues to advance at a very rapid pace, leading to new insights that may impact the security properties of cryptographic algorithms. The Crypto Publication Review Board ("the Board") has been established to identify publications to be reviewed. This report subjects the first standard to the review process: Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 197, which defines the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).

This paper explores the link between Brazil's political institutions and its disappointing productivity and growth in recent decades. Although political institutions provide the president with incentives and the instruments to pursue monetary stability and fiscal discipline they simultaneously raise the costs of achieving those very objectives. The insulation of certain expenditures from presidential discretion necessitates the use of other policy options, such as high taxation levels and cuts in unprotected expenditures, which put a drag on productivity and growth. In a context of robust checks and balances and interest group fragmentation, a state overburdened by constitutional entitlements has resorted to massive increases in taxation. The resulting environment possesses both essential elements for sustainable economic growth and distortions that conspire against its realization. While some improvements in productivity and growth have occurred in the past decade, the pace has been slow and incremental.

Este documento parte de un concepto amplio del bienestar (que va más allá del bienestar “medio, de aquí y ahora”), que toma en cuenta las contribuciones de distintas disciplinas académicas y diversos impulsos institucionales surgidos en torno al mismo. Para el análisis del bienestar son necesarios marcos conceptuales, que suelen organizarse en varios niveles: dominios, subdominios, dimensiones e indicadores, respectivamente. Tras presentar los distintos marcos alternativos propuestos por la literatura para el nivel de los dominios, se prioriza y profundiza en el que distingue el bienestar presente y el futuro. Dentro del bienestar presente se prima y profundiza, a su vez, el enfoque por temas o pilares. El análisis del bienestar futuro, por su parte, descansa en el enfoque de los capitales. En las últimas décadas, el concepto de capital ha visto expandido su ámbito de aplicación (del capital producido, al capital humano, natural y social) y, como consecuencia, también han cambiado los atributos a él asignados. Los sistemas de medición del stock de capital, aunque con imperfecciones, permiten ver su variación y, de ese modo, la evolución de la sostenibilidad. El documento discute las dos perspectivas, de sostenibilidad débil y fuerte (exponiendo las razones en favor de esta segunda), y los sistemas de medición y resultados que para ambas perspectivas ofrecen los análisis empíricos realizados.

We examine the link between labour market developments and new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and software in 16 European countries over the period 2011-2019. Using data for occupations at the 3-digit level in Europe, we find that on average employment shares have increased in occupations more exposed to AI. This is particularly the case for occupations with a relatively higher proportion of younger and skilled workers. This evidence is in line with the Skill-Biased Technological Change theory. While there is heterogeneity across countries, very few countries show a decline in the employment shares of occupations more exposed to AI-enabled automation. Country heterogeneity for this result appears to be linked to the pace of technology diffusion and education, but also to the level of product market regulation (competition) and employment protection laws. In contrast to the findings for employment, we find little evidence for any correlation between wages and potential exposures to new technologies.

El acceso al empleo constituye uno de los factores que ocupan en mayor mediada a las diferentes naciones debido al desajuste existente entre la demanda laboral y la oferta de personal competente, asunto que se relaciona directamente con la productividad de los países y que preocupa a cada individuo que necesita generar ingresos para su subsistencia, hecho que impacta en la población de los recién egresados de las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES), que están sometidos a las difíciles exigencias de en un mundo laboral altamente competido, dado que su falta de experiencia profesional constituye un detractor al momento ser elegido en n procesos de selección, este asunto forma parte del presente estudio de carácter cuantitativo en el cual se ha consultado información mediante la aplicación de una encuesta. La investigación de tipo cuantitativo y carácter exploratorio buscó conocer las opiniones de los egresados sobre aspectos presentes al buscar empleo, que tienen que ver, en parte, con las gestiones de la universidad y con la disposición del sector productivo para contratar recién egresados de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD) en la Escuela de Ciencias Administrativas, Contables, Económicas y de Negocios (ECACEN) de la Zona Occidente (ZOCC); el instrumento fue aplicado en el mes de noviembre de 2020 a una población de 1164 egresados de la ZOCC con una muestra de 289 de los graduados y se obtuvo un total de 324 respuestas, también se buscó información en fuentes secundarias. Los resultados logrados permiten observar como un gran porcentaje de los egresados considera que su paso por la universidad ayudó a desarrollar competencias aplicables en el mercado laboral, adicionalmente, al consultar sobre los principales factores presentes en el proceso de búsqueda de empleo, se pudo ver que sobresalen palabras como: experiencia, formación, competencias, conocimiento y oportunidades; la falta de respuesta a otras preguntas dejan la sensación de una posible lejanía o desinterés de los egresados hacia la UNAD ECACEN ZOCC, además se puede mencionar sobre los datos recabados que, se evidencia un desinterés de los encuestados en relación con la necesidad de aprender a gestionar bolsas de empleo al momento de buscar una ubicación laboral; lo cual puede ser usado como material para nuevas investigaciones orientadas a lograr una relación mas cercana entre los graduados y la institución.

Este Working paper saca a la luz del conocimiento un manuscrito poético inédito del siglo XVIII que narra, en versos de arte menor, el asesinato del secretario del virrey del Nuevo Reino de Granada en 1780. Este objeto de estudio constituye la primera parte de una extensa elegía cuya conclusión ya fue estudiada y publicada en la década de 1970 y se concentra en describir el castigo a los delincuentes. Como pregunta de investigación, el trabajo indaga cómo este inédito artefacto literario representa la violencia en el Nuevo Reino de Granada. Se explora, además, cómo reputados historiadores y académicos describen las características socioeconómicas de la época para relacionar y entender mejor el contenido del poema con el contexto social en el que se inscribe. Como sustento teórico, el texto retoma la noción freudiana del unheimlich para discutir sobre la perplejidad que produce ver tratado un tema tan macabro en una forma poética. También se consideran las observaciones de Michel Foucault sobre el castigo y la función de los cuerpos sobre los que éste se inflige. Finalmente, se discute el aporte del historiador William Cronon quien reconoce el poder de silenciar unas voces y privilegiar otras, según la agenda ideológica de quien crea o narra una historia. Como conclusión, se observa el fuerte papel de la religión en la incorporación del perdón y la misericordia divina como ingrediente fundamental para mitigar la severidad del castigo. Se propone que tal elemento de fe forma parte protagónica de la narración como una forma de expiar el hecho de que el castigo sea aún más cruel y descarnado que la forma como se describe el crimen mismo.

The orientation of social spending is a decisive element for the creation and allocation of opportunities for all because it reveals, to some degree, the priorities and relative importance a government assigns to directly and indirectly tackling poverty, inequality and their consequences. Paradoxically, there are only a few studies that analyze the orientation of social spending by socioeconomic groups in Latin America. The present study tries to solve this, presenting and analyzing the incidence of social spending on education, health, and social security for the majority of Latin American countries in order to understand how State actions contribute to providing for the needs of the poorest groups of the population. This study concludes that only five of the 11 countries under examination had progressive social expenditures; furthermore, the pace of change seems to be very slow. Although there are some positive trends - for example, spending in primary education - social spending in secondary education, tertiary education, and social security and pensions are highly regressive, even more than expected. This creates a greater sense of urgency in the region to deal forcefully with the issue of equity in social spending.

Uno de los últimos elementos que han irrumpido en el cambio a nivel tecnológico de manera contundente y cada vez más ruidosa son los (unmanned aerial vehicle – UAV) más conocidos como drones y no solo por las bellas imágenes que nos entregan. Sin ir más lejos, estos días no paramos de ver en la Palma a diferentes equipos de pilotos de drones como los de los del IGME que están marcando la diferencia en el estudio, monitoreo y toma de decisiones respecto a la erupción del volcán Cumbre Vieja, mediante adquisición de todo tipo de datos a partir de los drones que sin lugar a duda están minimizando los riesgos derivados de la actividad volcánica. La geología en gran parte se basa en la observación y para ello nos valemos de diferentes escalas de observación o perspectivas que nos aportan información muy importante y que combinadas nos permiten presentar teorías con una robustez superior. Así pues, los drones son la nueva escala de observación o perspectiva, una perspectiva que va a influir antes, durante y después del trabajo de campo y que por tanto tiene unas implicaciones de gran magnitud en como entendemos y trabajamos el terreno.

Systematic, quantitative evidence on education system coherence is limited. Prior research has indicated alignment of instructional components, such as curriculum standards, assessments, and teachers’ instruction, is important for children’s learning. This study uses the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum methodology to investigate alignment of instructional components in Nigeria's primary education system. The study analyzes curriculum standards, national exams, and classroom instructional content for mathematics and English language across all six primary-level grades. We find that key foundational mathematics and English language skills are covered by all three components, with some notable omissions on the end-of-cycle English language exams. All three components give high emphasis to the low cognitive demand processes of ‘memorize’ ‘perform’, and ‘demonstrate’, and give very low emphasis to the more demanding cognitive processes of ‘analyze’ and ‘apply to non-routine situations’. Both the curriculum standards and classroom instruction depict a slow pace of content progression across grades, manifested through broad but shallow content coverage. The high alignment suggests the potential for a well-functioning education system, however, low student performance in mathematics and English language exams suggest otherwise. The findings suggest the Nigerian primary education system may be operating in a low-achieving equilibrium in which the system is aligned for low levels of cognitive demand and student mastery.

En el ecosistema de innovación y emprendimiento de alto impacto en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) vemos cómo emprendedores/as cuentan experiencias difíciles de su día a día para mantener o hacer crecer exitosamente sus emprendimientos. Estas presiones diarias suelen estar vinculadas a factores que comúnmente podemos ver y medir, como el factor financiero, el factor operativo y los factores de sostenibilidad o escalabilidad. Pero se puede ver y conocer poco sobre el impacto y las posibles consecuencias de estas presiones en la vida personal, familiar o cotidiana de los seres humanos detrás de los emprendimientos. Un factor invisible que es hora de visibilizar. Si queremos fortalecer el ecosistema emprendedor de la región e impulsar su gran capacidad innovadora, es necesario atender un factor invisible pero fundamental: el bienestar y la salud mental de emprendedores/as de alto impacto. Los emprendimientos de alto impacto son una parte esencial de las economías dinámicas de nuestros países. Sin embargo, en muchos casos, estos/as emprendedores/as enfrentan circunstancias y desafíos muy particulares de la región. A las presiones financieras y operativas cotidianas se suman contextos políticos, económicos y sociales muy cambiantes, así como recientemente los duros impactos por la pandemia del COVID-19. Esto ha generado un ambiente de alta tensión e incertidumbre en los emprendedores/as para poder mantener o hacer crecer sus iniciativas sin descuidar el compromiso laboral con sus equipos. El hecho que este desafío personal muchas veces parezca invisible y se suela enfrentar en solitario, por estigmas o prejuicios, hace que el sector de EAI sea “mucho más propenso a sufrir dolencias en bienestar y salud mental, como estados de ansiedad, fatiga, depresión o agotamiento generalizado (síndrome de burnout), en comparación con la población en general” (Endeavor, 2020). Con el objetivo de entender y visibilizar la situación del bienestar y la salud mental, específicamente en el ecosistema emprendedor de Alto Impacto en la región, esta investigación realizó un estudio de carácter exploratorio para identificar y entrevistar a un grupo diverso de emprendedores/as en varios países de ALC. Fundadores/as o colaboradores, de diverso género, en varios tipos de industrias, con emprendimientos en distintas etapas y con diverso alcance geográfico o de mercado aceptaron participar voluntariamente para compartir sus experiencias y opiniones. Desde esta exploración, que se enfoca puntualmente en analizar la situación actual de las personas participantes, creemos que es posible reflejar lo que potencialmente afecta a una mayor parte del ecosistema. Esto puede ayudar a visibilizar la importancia de atenderlo para quienes están detrás de los emprendimientos, pero también para quienes los incuban, los aceleran o invierten en ellos. Ayudar a potenciar buenas prácticas, financiar investigación y ofrecer programas o herramientas de acompañamiento especializado al ecosistema emprendedor de la región es fundamental. Entendiendo el momento que vive la región y buscando fortalecer el crecimiento del ecosistema, se debe impulsar estratégicamente un nuevo enfoque: si los/ as emprendedores/as están bien, los emprendimientos irán mejor.