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Holmes, Michelle D., Shona Dalal, Vikash Sewram, Megan B. Diamond, Sally N. Adebamowo, Ikeoluwapo O. Ajayi, Clement Adebamowo et al. "Consumption of processed food dietary patterns in four African populations". Public Health Nutrition 21, n. 8 (1 febbraio 2018): 1529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001700386x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractObjectiveTo identify predominant dietary patterns in four African populations and examine their association with obesity.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting/SubjectsWe used data from the Africa/Harvard School of Public Health Partnership for Cohort Research and Training (PaCT) pilot study established to investigate the feasibility of a multi-country longitudinal study of non-communicable chronic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. We applied principal component analysis to dietary intake data collected from an FFQ developed for PaCT to ascertain dietary patterns in Tanzania, South Africa, and peri-urban and rural Uganda. The sample consisted of 444 women and 294 men.ResultsWe identified two dietary patterns: the Mixed Diet pattern characterized by high intakes of unprocessed foods such as vegetables and fresh fish, but also cold cuts and refined grains; and the Processed Diet pattern characterized by high intakes of salad dressing, cold cuts and sweets. Women in the highest tertile of the Processed Diet pattern score were 3·00 times more likely to be overweight (95 % CI 1·66, 5·45; prevalence=74 %) and 4·24 times more likely to be obese (95 % CI 2·23, 8·05; prevalence=44 %) than women in this pattern’s lowest tertile (both P<0·0001; prevalence=47 and 14 %, respectively). We found similarly strong associations in men. There was no association between the Mixed Diet pattern and overweight or obesity.ConclusionsWe identified two major dietary patterns in several African populations, a Mixed Diet pattern and a Processed Diet pattern. The Processed Diet pattern was associated with obesity.
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Kessy, Emanuel T. "The History of Cultural Heritage Research and Teaching in Tanzania". Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 10, n. 2 (1 settembre 2018): 65–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211024.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The history of heritage research in Tanzania can be traced back to the end of the 19th century. While researching on Tanzanian heritage was important because most of it was not preserved in literary form, nonetheless it was, in many ways, inappropriately represented. Sometimes it was done with a political inclination to support the colonial domination ideology whereby any form of social, political and economic achievement in Africa was unattainable in the absence of external intervention by races from outside the African continent. In order to maintain that, very limited initiative was taken by the colonialists to train local experts. To rectify this situation, the postcolonial government took initiatives to develop heritage training infrastructures in order to reconstruct the crooked history. While that has already taken shape with positive results, there are still several challenges to overcome. As practice of modern archaeology increasingly requires the use of advanced and expensive scientific equipment, facilities and associated techniques, a danger arises if a developing country like Tanzania won't match up the pace because the quality research products are subject to technological advancement of a particular era. Associated with this is a need to develop a national-based financial body for heritage research to free the country from donor funding dependency which, sometimes, do not align to national research agenda. This paper traces the history of cultural heritage research and training in Tanzania and highlights key factors that contributed to the present state in the country. A comparative overview of the respective aspects under review is made between colonial and postcolonial Tanzania.
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Song, Jae W., Mechris C. Mango, Lawrence M. Museru, Andrew Kesselman, Kenedy Foryoung, Othman Kiloloma, T. Rob Goodman e Frank J. Minja. "Successful Implementation of a PACS in Tanzania". Journal of the American College of Radiology 14, n. 5 (maggio 2017): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.009.
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Samwel Msaky, Emma. "Middle Jurassic – earliest Late Cretaceous palynofloras, coastal Tanzania - Part One". Palaeontographica Abteilung B 286, n. 1-3 (15 luglio 2011): 1–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/palb/286/2011/1.
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Samwel Msaky, Emma. "Middle Jurassic – earliest Late Cretaceous palynofloras, coastal Tanzania - Part Two". Palaeontographica Abteilung B 286, n. 4-6 (11 novembre 2011): 101–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/palb/286/2011/101.
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Mpambije, Chakupewa Joseph. "Leveraging the Roles and Constraints of Think Tanks in Enhancing Industrialization in Tanzania". Tanzania Journal of Development Studies 19, n. 2 (22 dicembre 2021): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279//kvsd5151.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In order to maintain the recent attained low middle-income status, Tanzania needs to invest heavily in the industrialized economy so as to spur multiple economic growths. While some efforts have been made to facilitate industrialisation, think tanks have not been given the desired attention notwithstanding their critical roles in increasing the pace of industrialization. By using critical integrative literature review method, this paper posits that, in Tanzania, think tanks have lightly partaken in the industrialization process in areas like; forging better industrial policy, undertaking a niche in research for industrial development, collaborating with other think tanks from global North to elevate industrialisation and giving technical expertise through consultancy for industrial development. While think tanks have played the role of pushing for Tanzania’s industrial path, their scope is hampered by several setbacks including their nascent stature, unqualified personnel, funding as well as poor political support. This article holds the view that think tanks have the capacity to facilitate sustainable industrial development having increased their capacity to conduct large scale industrial research capable of influencing policy change at the national level. In this regard, the government should increase the level of commissioning local think tanks to conduct several policy related tasks that influence industrial development. This will be possible if the government will honour setting aside 1% of its GDP to research and development to ensure the sustainability of TTs.
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POSSI, MWAJABU K., e JOSEPH R. MILINGA. "Special and Inclusive Education in Tanzania: Reminiscing the Past, Building the Future". Educational Process: International Journal 6, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2017): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2017.64.4.
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Adam, Kitoi E., Mussa Ally Dida e Devotha G. Nyambo. "Development of Railway Information System to Improve Railway Data Aggregation and Analysis in Tanzania". Mobile Information Systems 2023 (11 maggio 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8077150.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For more than three decades, railway transportation in Tanzania has been in an on-and-off state even though a railway network exists. This is due to damaged tracks, a lack of proper management, and railway operational information. Recently, the Tanzanian government made efforts to revive railway transportation by reopening a few train routes and constructing a new and improved railway network. Even with revived operations, the digitalization process of railway data is still at a low pace as most data is populated in excel sheets for analysis; the major source of data being paper-based. With the use of a mixed research method, this paper provides an information system in the form of mobile and web applications, which provide a platform for populating railway data through the web application accessible to the railway corporation and disseminating railway information to the public through the mobile application. With these platforms, data aggregation and analysis have been made easier and more understandable than the use of excel sheets alone. The results show great possibilities for increased use of digital techniques such as web mapping, which contribute to higher data accuracy and better visualization of railway information that can be disseminated to the public.
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Shao, John. "Politics and the Food Production Crisis in Tanzania". Issue 14 (1985): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700505897.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Opinion is now universally agreed among all people of conscience, that the so-called Tanzanian experiment is a complete and dismal failure. Reviews critical of this ‘experiment’ and warning about the impending catastrophe, which began to appear in the international press in the middle of 1980 as a whisper, had become an uproar by late 1982 as the hopes and optimism that accompanied the apparent and aberrant recovery of 1976-79 were dashed and shattered by the return of the food crisis in 1980 and the perseverance and intensification of the general economic crisis. The pace of deterioration of the economy has accelerated since 1980.
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Maisch, Michael W. "Observations on Karoo and Gondwana vertebrates. Part 3: Notes on the gorgonopsians from the Upper Permian of Tanzania". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2002, n. 4 (25 aprile 2002): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2002/2002/237.
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Sunguya, Bruno F., Si Zhu, Linda Simon Paulo, Bupe Ntoga, Fatma Abdallah, Vincent Assey, Rose Mpembeni e Jiayan Huang. "Regional Disparities in the Decline of Anemia and Remaining Challenges among Children in Tanzania: Analyses of the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2004–2015". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 10 (17 maggio 2020): 3492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103492.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The burden of child anemia is on the decline globally but remains prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including Tanzania. Evidence suggests regional variation and a slow pace of decline even in areas with high food production. The factors behind such decline and remaining challenges behind child anemia remain understudied in Tanzania. This secondary data analysis utilized data including 7361 and 7828 children from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS) conducted in 2004–2005 and 2015–2016 separately to examine the decline of child anemia and regional variation thereof. We used a geographic information system (GIS) to visualize the changes and differences between regions and the two study periods, and used regression analyses to examine the recent determinants of child anemia. Anemia has declined among children under five in Tanzania by 42% over a one-decade period, but remained high in relatively high food-producing regions. The risk of anemia is still higher among boys compared to girls (AOR = 1.39, p = 0.005), 41% higher among children lived in households with more than three under-five children compared to those households with only one child (p = 0.002); lower among children whose mothers were educated (p < 0.001) or had first given birth when aged over 25 (p = 0.033); and 34% less among children in the wealthiest households (p < 0.001). Efforts are needed to address social determinants of health, especially targeting women’s empowerment through decreasing the number of children and encouraging child spacing, and poverty reduction, particularly in high food producing regions.
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Lyatonga Swai, Idda, e Mackfallen Giliadi Anasel. "Urbanisation Pace in Tanzania: The Delivery of Water and Electricity in Selected Urbanised Cities". Social Sciences 8, n. 6 (2019): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20190806.16.
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Pace, Roberto. "Aleocharinae delle Regione Etiopica al Naturkundemuseum di Erfurt (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 58, n. 2 (15 novembre 2008): 357–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.58.2.357-397.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Das untersuchte Material stammt aus neuen Aufsammlungen. Sechs Tribus (Falagriini, Athetini, Thamiaraeini, Pygostenini, Lomechusini und Aleocharini), 20 Gattungen (Cordalia, Falagria, Nehemitropia, Atheta, Schistogenia, Typhloponemys, Pachorhopala, Madecazyras, Porus, Drusilla, Diplopleurus, Neosmectonia, Trichodonia, Myrmechusina, Zyras, Paramyrmoecia, Ocyplanus, Gryptaulacus, Botsa und Aleochara) und 61 Arten werden festgestellt. 29 Arten werden neu beschrieben. Alle verfügbaren Verbreitungsangaben werden mitgeteilt. Die Gattung Madecazyras ist neu für das kontinentale Afrika, sie war bisher aus Madagaskar bekannt. Einige neue Arten werden mit Typen verglichen, die der Autor früher beschrieben hat; andere Arten werden mit den verfügbaren Schlüsseln der Gattungen bestimmt. Alle neuen und einige bekannte Arten werden illustriert.SommarioIl materiale studiato proviene da recenti ricerche. Sono riconosciuti sei tribù (Falagriini, Athetini, Thamiaraeini, Pygostenini, Lomechusini e Aleocharini), 20 generi (Cordalia, Falagria, Nehemitropia, Atheta, Schistogenia, Typhloponemys, Pachorhopala, Madecazyras, Porus, Drusilla, Diplopleurus, Neosmectonia, Trichodonia, Myrmechusina, Zyras, Paramyrmoecia, Ocyplanus, Gryptaulacus, Botsa e Aleochara) e 61 specie. Ventinove specie sono descritte come nuove per la scienza. Tutti i dati distributivi disponibili sono presentati. Il genere Madecazyras, prima noto solamente nel Madagascar, è nuovo per l’Africa continentale. Alcune nuove specie sono comparate con esemplari della serie tipica di specie affini studiati dall'autore; altre specie sono determinate con le chiavi disponibili dei generi. Ogni specie nuova e alcune specie note sono illustrate.StichwörterColeoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Taxonomy, new species, South-Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Swaziland, Ethiopia, Gambia, Republic of Guinea.Nomenklatorische Handlungenkenyasinuosa Pace, 2008 (Aleochara (Xenochara)), spec. n.nilotica Pace, 1986 (Aleochara (Xenochara)), stat. rev. now a valid speciesclanwilliamensis Pace, 2008 (Atheta (Acrotona)), spec. n.mlilwanensis Pace, 2008 (Botsa), spec. n.tsavoana Pace, 2008 (Cordalia), spec. n.burundensis Pace, 2008 (Diplopleurus), spec. n.niloticus Pace, 2008 (Diplopleurus), spec. n.longapicalis Pace, 2008 (Gryptaulacus), spec. n.swazilandensis Pace, 2008 (Madecazyras), spec. n.dianiensis Pace, 2008 (Myrmechusina), spec. n.guineensis Pace, 2008 (Myrmechusina), spec. n.swazilandicola Pace, 2008 (Myrmechusina), spec. n.guineanus Pace, 2008 (Ocyplanus), spec. n.burundensis Pace, 2008 (Pachorhopala), spec. n.hartmanni Pace, 2008 (Pachorhopala), spec. n.knysnensis Pace, 2008 (Pachorhopala), spec. n.mlilwanensis Pace, 2008 (Pachorhopala), spec. n.burundicola Pace, 2008 (Trichodonia), spec. n.tambaensis Pace, 2008 (Typhloponemys), spec. n.aethiopicus Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Camonia)), spec. n.gofensis Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Camonia)), spec. n.hartmannianus Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Camonia)), spec. n.hlanensis Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Camonia)), spec. n.inflatitheca Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Camonia)), spec. n.koroussensis Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Camonia)), spec. n.tsavicola Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Camonia)), spec. n.tshipisensis Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Ctenodonia)), spec. n.ruvubuensis Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Eurydonia)), spec. n.burundanus Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Paraphthalmonia)), spec. n.kigwenensis Pace, 2008 (Zyras (Paraphthalmonia)), spec. n.
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Wandwalo, Eliud, Deus V. Kamara, Mohammed A. Yassin, Linden Morrison, Nnamdi B. Nwaneri, Sarah Asiimwe, Sode Matiku, Riziki Kisonga e Allan Tarimo. "Enhancing Tuberculosis Case-Finding: A Case of Quality Improvement Initiative in Tanzania". Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, n. 6 (9 giugno 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7060097.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Tanzania is 1 of the 30 high TB burden countries and 1 of the 13 countries in which 75% of people with TB are unaccounted for and that is prioritized for the Global Fund Catalytic investment and Strategic Initiative support. Tanzania decided to strengthen its National TB Programme to find these people with TB who are unaccounted for by identifying evidence-driven innovations to deliver high-quality services and to improve the efficiency of TB case-finding. A quality improvement (QI) initiative was implemented by the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme to enhance TB case-finding. The initiative involved identifying gaps in the quality of services, introducing new tools, improving the work capacity of health care workers through training and mentorship sessions, strengthening laboratory and referral services, and implementing mandatory TB screening of all patients attending health facilities. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of QI initiative to enhance TB case-findings at the health facility level. Method: A cross-sectional design, and intervention and control facilities randomly selected for an evaluation of the QI initiative were used. Twenty facilities from the Dodoma region across all health care system levels (dispensaries, health centres, and hospitals) were involved in this evaluation. The facilities were randomly divided into either the intervention or control groups at a 1:1 ratio (10 intervention and 10 control facilities). Data routinely collected from program registers from January 2016 to June 2017 were used. Result: The evaluation registered a 52% increase in TB case notification in Q1 of 2017 compared with in Q1 of 2016 and, similarly, a 52% increase in Q2 of 2017 compared with in Q2 of 2016, with 9 out of 10 intervention sites reporting increases in their quarterly TB case notifications. There were no positive changes in the ‘control facilities’ where routine services were provided, with half of the facilities showing a decrease in TB case notification from baseline. Conclusion: This QI initiative has the potential to support a long-term comprehensive approach to ending TB and to improve the quality of the foundations of the health care system. This initiative sets a reliable pace for health facilities to efficiently respond to and manage TB case-finding interventions put into action. Tanzania’s experience with implementing QI interventions could serve as a model for improving TB case notifications in other settings.
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Goller, Katja V., Robert D. Fyumagwa, Veljko Nikolin, Marion L. East, Morris Kilewo, Stephanie Speck, Thomas Müller, Martina Matzke e Gudrun Wibbelt. "Fatal canine distemper infection in a pack of African wild dogs in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania". Veterinary Microbiology 146, n. 3-4 (dicembre 2010): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.018.
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Nangawe, Elihuruma, Francis Shomet, Erik Rowberg, Therese McGinn e William van Wie. "Community Participation: The Maasai Health Services Project, Tanzania". International Quarterly of Community Health Education 7, n. 4 (gennaio 1987): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/jplm-xvkt-dxlw-lje6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Maasai Health Services Project in northern Tanzania is a primary health care undertaking in which individuals chosen by their communities are trained as providers of selected preventive and curative services, including family planning, and as facilitators of change in their areas. The communities, through the selection, support, and supervision of these community health workers (CHWs), are actively involved in every stage of project activities. This article examines in detail the process through which community management of the project is promoted. Important elements within this process include: 1) holding several unhurried meetings with community members and leaders to discuss health problems and solutions fully; 2) cultivating leadership and management from within the community while providing technical assistance from the outside; 3) working with CHWs who are selected by their communities; 4) conducting the training of CHWs in their own communities instead of at a distant site; and 5) integrating community organization skills and activities into CHW training. Some of the lessons learned are that 1) project staff must resist the role of expert and maintain that of facilitator; 2) the pace of the project must be in step with the communities' understanding and readiness to accept it; 3) the role of the CHW must respond to the urgently felt need for curative services; the real need for preventive services, such as family planning; and the long-range need for social change; and 4) the project must respect the traditional social structure of the Maasai and Waarusha groups served and must also recognize and adapt to the differences between them.
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Xu, Melody J., Beatrice Mushi, Sarah Kutika, Li Zhang, Katrina Deardorff, Megan Merritt, William Mgisha et al. "Predictors of Radiation Therapy Incompletion Among Patients With Esophageal Cancer in Tanzania". Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 1 (marzo 2018): 30s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.24000.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract 96 Purpose The incidence of esophageal cancer in East Africa is disproportionately high. In Tanzania, radiation therapy (RT) is routinely offered for definitive and palliative therapy; however, many patients do not complete RT or die shortly thereafter. The current study aimed to characterize RT treatment patterns in Tanzania and identify predictive factors for RT incompletion. Methods We performed a retrospective chart abstraction for patients with esophageal cancer who were treated with RT at a national referral cancer center in Tanzania from 2011 to 2013. Definitive intent was defined as RT prescriptions with at least 20 fractions with concurrent chemotherapy. Other fractionation regimens were considered palliative. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, χ2 tests, and logistic regression models were used to identify factors that are associated with palliative or definitive RT incompletion. Results A total of 300 patients—202 male and 98 female patients—were identified with a median age of 60 years (interquartile range [IQR], 48 to 70 years). Nearly 100% (299 of 300) of patients reported dysphagia to solids, and 54% (155 of 288) reported dysphagia to liquids. Median duration of symptoms before presentation was 4 months (IQR, 2 to 6 months), and median time from diagnosis to RT was 1.2 months (IQR, 0.8 to 1.9 months). Overall, 23% were unable to complete RT as a result of death or clinical decompensation. Palliative treatment was administered to 149 patients, and 26% did not complete RT. Definitive treatment was administered to 151 patients, and 20% did not complete RT ( P = .24). Patients younger than age 60 years were less likely to complete palliative RT (odds ratio [OR], 2.4; P = .02). Tobacco use (OR, 2.7; P = .04) and RT initiation within 30 days of diagnosis (OR, 3.5; P = .004) were associated with incomplete definitive RT. Conclusion In Tanzania, approximately 23% of patients die or decompensate before completing esophageal RT. Patients younger than age 60 years were less likely to complete palliative RT. Tobacco use and RT initiation within 30 days of diagnosis was associated with definitive treatment incompletion, perhaps reflecting differences in cancer biology or pace of disease. Additional understanding of how these factors contribute to RT incompletion may inform supportive care resource allocation and patient selection for esophageal RT in Tanzania and similar resource-limited settings. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No COIs were provided by the authors.
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Kat, P. W., K. A. Alexander, J. S. Smith, J. D. Richardson e L. Munson. "Rabies among African Wild Dogs (Lycaon Pictus) in the Masai Mara, Kenya". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 8, n. 4 (ottobre 1996): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879600800403.
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A pack of African wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus) ranging to the north of the Masai Mara National Reserve in southwestern Kenya was monitored from 1988 to 1989. During a 6-week period (August 1-September 13, 1989), 21 of 23 members of this pack died. Seven carcasses were retrieved, of which 4 were suitable for necropsy and histopathologic examination. Gross findings varied among individuals and included multiple bite wounds, synovitis, lymphadenopathy, submandibular, cervical, and vocal cord edema, blood in bronchi, bronchioles, stomach, and intestine, and anterioventral lung lobe consolidation. Histologic examination of 2 available brain samples revealed nonsuppurative encephalitis with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions (Negri bodies). An additional brain sample tested positive for rabies via a fluorescent antibody test. Other histologic features included severe suppurative bronchopneumonia, myocarditis, and lymphoid depletion of the lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen. A 304-base pair (bp) nucleotide sequence from the N gene and a 310-bp sequence from the G gene from rabies isolates of 4 wild dogs indicated that infection was with a rabies variant common among domestic dogs in Kenya and Tanzania.
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Maisch, Michael W. "Observations on Karoo and Gondwana vertebrates. Part 6. A new rhachiocephalid dicynodont (Therapsida) from the Uppper Permian of the Ruhuhu Basin (Tanzania)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 237, n. 3 (8 settembre 2005): 313–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/237/2005/313.
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Mrutu, Nipael, Hamis Nkota, Jamila Kova, Esther Kibga, Peter Kajoro, Aladini Hoka e Fredrick Mtenzi. "Beyond Educational Reforms: A Review of Teacher Preparation in Tanzania". International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 21, n. 12 (30 dicembre 2022): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.12.11.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Changes in the educational sector are essential, particularly for improving the quality of teaching and learning. This study, therefore, intends to explore the teacher preparation practices and how they are shaped by educational reforms. Hence, both empirical and theoretical studies were reviewed. Furthermore, this research study employed a systematic review approach on 42 articles published in a range of 15 years from 2007-2022, in order to explore teacher-preparation practices and how they are shaped by educational reforms. The paper highlights educational reforms and it illustrates those factors that shape education-reform outcomes. It portrays educators, not as individuals with the mandate to make independent choices, but rather as innovative practitioners working in a context characterised by rules and guidelines derived from within and beyond the educational arena. The study recommends that teachers’ professional learning should be strengthened in teachers’ colleges, in order to ensure that teacher educators are not only aware of innovations emerging daily, due to science and technology, but also to enable their practices to be at the same pace as those technological developments. It implies that educators, as innovative practitioners, should be made part and parcel of the process of structuring the reform program right from the inception of the reform.
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Maisch, Michael W. "Observations on Karoo vertebrates. Part 1. The taxonomic status of Rhachiocephalus usiliensis (von Huene, 1942) (Therapsida, Dicynodontia) from the Upper Permian Kawinga Formation of Tanzania". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2000, n. 1 (18 gennaio 2000): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2000/2000/15.
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Ambrose, Emmanuela E., Luke R. Smart, Primrose Songoro, Idd Shabani, Protas Komba, Mwesige Charles, Thad A. Howard et al. "Hydroxyurea to Reduce Stroke Risk in Tanzanian Children with Sickle Cell Anemia". Blood 136, Supplement 1 (5 novembre 2020): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-135944.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa with >300,000 annual births, and substantial morbidity and mortality due to limited resources. The burden of stroke in this population is of particular concern, given the devastating clinical and neurocognitive sequelae of these events. Hydroxyurea, a potent disease modifying therapy for SCA, is safe and feasible for low-resource and malarial endemic countries within sub-Saharan Africa and when used at maximum tolerated dose (MTD), decreases the incidence of acute painful vaso-occlusive events, infections, malaria, transfusions, hospitalizations, and death. Whether hydroxyurea can prevent primary stroke in SCA within Africa has not yet been determined, due in part to lack of stroke screening programs using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography. If effective, hydroxyurea would have even more therapeutic benefits for children with SCA, particularly in settings where blood is not available, affordable, or safe. We designed the Stroke Prevention with Hydroxyurea Enabled through Research and Education (SPHERE) trial to determine the stroke risk among Tanzanian children using TCD screening and to investigate the effects of hydroxyurea to reduce that risk. Methods: The SPHERE trial (NCT03948867) is a single center prospective phase 2 open-label screening and treatment pilot study at Bugando Medical Centre, a teaching and referral hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. Children 2-16 years old with SCA consented to TCD screening by locally trained and certified examiners; recent febrile illness, red cell transfusion, or hospitalization were temporary exclusions. Study participants with maximum Time-Averaged Mean Velocity (TAMV) on TCD exam categorized as conditional (170-199 cm/sec) or abnormal (≥200 cm/sec) are offered hydroxyurea with escalation to MTD, while those with normal TCD screening exams will be rescreened annually. Hydroxyurea is initiated at ~20 mg/kg/day using 500 mg capsules and a weekly dosing calculator, then escalated every 8 weeks by 5 mg/kg/day up to 35 mg/kg/day. Children on hydroxyurea are seen monthly during dose escalation and every 3 months after reaching MTD. The primary endpoint is change in TCD velocity after 12 months of hydroxyurea therapy. Secondary endpoints include changes in splenic volume and filtrative function; change in renal function; incidence of infection, especially malaria; hydroxyurea pharmacokinetics; and genetic modifiers of disease including pharmacogenomics. Results: From April 2019 to April 2020, a total of 202 children underwent TCD screening, exceeding the projected enrollment pace and goal (Figure). The average age (mean ± SD) at enrollment was 6.8 ± 3.5 years, and 53% were female. A majority had previous dactylitis (75%), painful vaso-occlusive episode (93%), blood transfusion (68%), and malaria (89%). Recurrent hospitalization was common with 30% having >5 previous hospitalizations. Only 4% had previously used hydroxyurea. Baseline labs included hemoglobin = 7.8 ± 1.3 g/dL, HbF = 9.3 ± 5.4 %, and ANC = 5.5 ± 2.4 x 109/L. Baseline assessment revealed a palpable spleen in 46 children (23%), and most of these (29) were ≥5 cm below the costal margin. Abdominal ultrasonography documented splenic tissue in 91% of children with an average volume of 101 ± 123 mL (range 8-1045). TCD examinations were performed in all children at enrollment with average TAMV of 148 ± 27 cm/sec [median 144, IQR 130-169 cm/sec] with 76% normal, 21% conditional, 2% abnormal, and 1% inadequate exams. Of 47 children eligible for hydroxyurea for elevated TCD velocities, 45 successfully initiated treatment, while 1 lived too far away for regular visits, and 1 had low blood counts from acute splenic sequestration and died before initiating study treatment. Conclusion: Children with SCA in Tanzania have a high risk for primary stroke. Identification of elevated TCD velocities through screening by local trained certified examiners, coupled with initiation of hydroxyurea treatment with dose escalation to MTD, offers a feasible and affordable means by which to lower TCD velocities and reduce primary stroke risk. Now fully enrolled, SPHERE has built local clinical capacity, research infrastructure and high-quality TCD screening, and will prospectively determine the benefits of hydroxyurea for stroke prevention, as a prelude for expanding hydroxyurea access for children with SCA in Tanzania. Figure Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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William, Christopher, e Kizito Ngowi. "Rethinking Physical Access to Healthcare: Aligning Healthcare Facilities with Population in Mbeya City, Tanzania". Tanzania Journal for Population studies and Development 27, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2020): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tjpsd.v27i2.113.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Local governments, such as the Mbeya City Council (MCC), desire its citizens to have better physical access to healthcare services as stipulated in the national health policy and the World Health Organization (WHO). The challenge, however, is for the MCC to ensure that physical accessibility to healthcare facilities align with urban planning initiatives and the respective population in the wards. This study employed the Geographical Information System (GIS) and a Location-Allocation model in data analysis. Multiple spatial and aspatial datasets were analysed to establish the current distribution of healthcare facilities, spatial accessibility by the people, population distribution and how physical accessibility to healthcare facilities is reflected in physical planning of urban space. The results show that on average people in the respective wards travel over 15–25km, which is beyond the 5km distance recommended by the WHO. In addition, people spend 30–51 minutes to reach healthcare facilities that are centrally located within the city. Similarly, physical planning of urban space mismatch with actual required people’s accessibility to healthcare facilities. The locations of healthcare facilities and population distribution do not align, implying that there are still demand points that need to be served in the wards. It is concluded that physical planning for the location of healthcare facilities should reflect the population distribution and pace of urbanization of a city to improve access to healthcare facilities. The use of the central place theory in physical planning of the city, when combined with a people-centred perspective in planning for healthcare facilities, would place healthcare facilities in close proximity to the people. It is recommended that new siting of healthcare facilities should consider the distribution of the population in the city. In addition, physical planning of the urban infrastructure and the initiatives to improve accessibility to health must align at local level.
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M. Nyamwesa, Aloyce, Evelyne F. Magambo e Daniel Oduor Onyango. "Impact of External Quality Assurance Practices on Higher Education Institutions in Tanzania: A Review Paper". EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 1, n. 3 (27 dicembre 2020): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2020v01i03.0059.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For the past two decades, quality issues in higher education have attracted many scholars. While scholars are trying to answer the question whether quality assurance both internal and external has an impact on the operations and output from higher education institutions, there is evidence that quality is still a problem in Tanzania. This can be established by a series of deregistration of universities due to non-conformity. In February 2016 TCU revoked the earlier approval that established two private universities and in January 2020 it deregistered six universities and three campuses for quality issues. This study examined previous empirical literature on higher education in order to establish the impact of external quality assurance practice on operations and output of higher education institutions. It focused on creating understanding of EQA and its concepts, identifying benefits of EQA in HEIs and determining ways of improving adherence to EQA. While focusing on impact of external quality assurance practices, this paper reviewed various literatures from previous studies published between 2010 and 2020 on the subject matter. Findings from the review suggest that external quality assurance has both positive and negative impacts on universities’ internal operations. Some of the negative effects include increased cost of operations and the positive are increased enrolment, quality output and good internal quality assurance practice). It is therefore important that higher learning institutions adhere to External Quality Assurance and go beyond its requirements for better results. It is also recommended that External Quality assurance practices should align with globalization pace and that the government should extend support to private universities for maximized quality.
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Botha, Neels, James A. Turner, Simon Fielke e Laurens Klerkx. "Using a co-innovation approach to support innovation and learning: Cross-cutting observations from different settings and emergent issues". Outlook on Agriculture 46, n. 2 (giugno 2017): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727017707403.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Co-innovation has gained interest in recent years as an approach to tackle issues in agriculture and natural resource management. Co-innovation requires new roles for researchers supporting these processes and enabling settings in the programs they work in and the organizations they pertain to. The contributions to this special issue explore experiences with co-innovation in different settings from different angles. The special issue presents several studies on co-innovation in a large program in New Zealand, a study based on an EU Horizon 2020 project in the Czech Republic, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom as well as co-innovation experiences from Uruguay and Tanzania. Cross-cutting findings and emergent issues include (i) the need to consider the issue of simultaneously scaling both co-innovation project results and the co-innovation practice, (ii) the issue of flexibility in pace of co-innovation to allow different participants to converge and the flexibility in learning space needed to enable reflection, (iii) the issue of changing the dominant logics of the innovation systems in which co-innovation is embedded and (iv) the need for reflexive monitoring to support processes of co-innovation and their institutional embedding.
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Warioba, Catherine Andrew, e William Clifford Gomera. "The Effect of Revenue Collection Outsourcing Approach on Improving Murram Levy in Local Government Authorities in Tanzania". International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management 4, n. 3 (3 dicembre 2023): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51137/ijarbm.2023.4.3.6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study assessed the effect of revenue collection outsourcing approach on improving Murram levy in local government authorities in Tanzania. The study was conducted using explanatory design since knowledge generation was facilitated through causality testing approach with three predicting variables identified for testing. They include delays in agents’ payment, tax framework and the compliance by taxpayers which were tested on revenue collections as the dependent variable. Facts on the study were obtained in Dar es Salaam city since it is the area where Murram levy is obtained at higher rate and pace than other regions specifically in Temeke Municipality as the selected case as the local government authority. Primary data were used in facilitating knowledge gathering process with facts being collected using structured questionnaires from the sample of 50 participants as employees of the local government authority (LGA). The collected results were computed in SPSS software version 23 to obtain statistics to present the results. Multiple regression analysis was used to describe the results as the outcome on the relationship between study variables. Findings revealed that all three predicting variables namely delays in agent payment, tax framework and compliance were positive and significant statistically towards revenue collections. The implication is that revenue collections through outsourcing in Murram levy in local government authorities (LGAs) is affected with delays in agent payment, compliance and tax framework. It is therefore recommended that the authority should be keen to avoid delays and assure the framework is certain to assure compliance.
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Hale, I. L., I. Mamuya e D. Singh. "Sr31-Virulent Races (TTKSK, TTKST, and TTTSK) of the Wheat Stem Rust Pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici are Present in Tanzania". Plant Disease 97, n. 4 (aprile 2013): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-12-0604-pdn.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Since the first detection of race TTKSK (syn. Ug99) in Uganda in 1999 (2), the migration and evolution of Sr31-virulent races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici [Pgt] have been closely monitored, particularly in Kenya and countries north, along the likely trajectory of migration to major wheat-producing regions of Asia. More recently, surveillance efforts have been undertaken to the south as well, and Ug99-related races have been detected in South Africa and Zimbabwe (3,4). Here we report for the first time results of a survey conducted in Tanzania. Systematic race surveillance provides data not only on the current distribution of the Ug99 race group, but also on the possible points of origin as well as the pace and probable paths of dispersal of future races from the region. In this context, the presence or absence of the Ug99 group of wheat stem rust races in adjacent countries like Tanzania assumes regional, and possibly global, relevance. A preliminary survey conducted in September 2006 indicated the presence of Sr31-virulent races of Pgt outside Slahhamo Village (3°15′S, 35°48′E) in the Ngorongoro highlands of northern Tanzania, based on compatible reactions with cv. K-Mamba (a.k.a. Mwamba), a cultivar whose pedigree indicates the presence of Sr31. A broader survey was conducted in August 2009, during which infected tissue was collected from currently-grown cultivars in research plots and on large estates, as well as from the mixes of older cultivars common on smallholder farms. In all, Pgt-infected samples were collected from one site in the Arusha region [Monduli (3°16′ S, 36°24′E)], three sites in the Ngorongoro highlands [Karatu (3°20′ S, 35°40′ E), Upper Kitete (3°14′ S, 35°53′ E), and Slahhamo], one site in the Manyara region [Hanang (4°43′ S, 35°40′ E)], and one site in the Mbeya region [southern highlands (8°87′ S, 33°40′ E)], thereby giving representation to all four major wheat growing areas in the country. Sample storage, inoculation, incubation, disease assessment, and derivation of single-pustule cultures were all performed according to the methods described by Jin et al. (1). In addition to the 20 differentials in the expanded Pgt differential set of North America, we included two supplemental tester lines: Siouxland (Sr24 + Sr31) and Sisson (Sr31 + Sr36). Each single-pustule-derived isolate was evaluated for virulence on the differential and supplemental lines at least twice. A total of 39 single-pustule isolates were derived from the six collection sites. All 39 isolates were identified as belonging to the Ug99 race group, with six identified as TTKSK (all four regions), 30 identified as TTKST (Sr31 + Sr24 virulence; Arusha region and the Ngorongoro highlands), and three identified as TTTSK (Sr31 + Sr36 virulence; Manyara region and the Ngorongoro highlands). The results of this study suggest that, to more precisely locate the “hot spots” and thereby gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of novel race emergence in East Africa, it would be prudent to include Tanzania, heretofore a blank area on the wheat rust surveillance map, in future systematic race monitoring efforts. References: (1) Y. Jin et al. Plant Dis. 92:923, 2008. (2) Z. A. Pretorius et al. Plant Dis. 84:203, 2000. (3) Z. A. Pretorius et al. Plant Dis. 94:784, 2010. (4) Z. A. Pretorius et al. Plant Dis. 96:590, 2012.
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Issa, Faisal Hassan. "Determining the Nexus between National Policies and Local Practices in the Promotion of Businesses for Local Economic Development in Tanzania". Journal of Development Policy and Practice 7, n. 1 (21 ottobre 2021): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24551333211047698.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
National governments set policies that affect local level development and influence the pace and content of development initiatives. Local economic development (LED) initiatives require a more robust focus on issues that places local government authorities at centre stage. For decades, at the local government authority level, much effort has been seen in the social development arena shadowing efforts to promote local businesses through business development services. National level organs set to promote businesses and to support the business agenda are expected to be the change catalysts and to propagate supportive policies for sustainable local economic development objectives. Nonetheless, the desired integration of efforts between national and local authorities and the civil society is yet to be observed. Additionally, frequent policy changes affecting the balance of power and authority between the national and local level authorities impact less positively local capacity to promote businesses despite the national efforts in infrastructure development. It is observed that better integration of efforts between the different actors, increased capacity of local authorities and implementation of local initiatives to surmount local challenges while working on policy attributed gaps, are necessary for promoting businesses at the local authority level.
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Englong, Apichaya, Paramita Punwong, Rob Marchant, Tosak Seelanan, Stephanie Wynne-Jones e Prae Chirawatkul. "High-Resolution Multiproxy Record of Environmental Changes and Anthropogenic Activities at Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar, Tanzania during the Last 5000 Years". Quaternary 6, n. 1 (13 marzo 2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat6010021.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A high-resolution multiproxy sedimentary record comprising pollen, charcoal, trace element, stratigraphy and particle size data is used to reveal environmental changes from the mangrove ecosystem at Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar, Tanzania, over the last 5000 years. Historical human–environment interactions over the last millennia are explored by a comparison of the stratigraphic and archaeological data. The area was characterised by a mixture of mangrove forest and beaches, indicating a low level of tidal inundation to at least 3300 BCE. From 2750 BCE, mangrove forest expanded as the area experienced sea-level rise. Further sea-level rise is recorded between 600 and 1100 CE, indicated by the pollen record, particle size analysis and the presence of shell fragments. After 1100 CE, mangrove forest decreased with back mangrove species increasing, indicating a falling sea level. Cocos nucifera decreased after 1900 CE, which reflects a recent sea-level rise and possibly a phase of exploitation. Cereal pollen shows a high presence at around 1500 CE, which coincided with the arrival of the Portuguese on Zanzibar and the transition to Omani colonisation. The sedimentation rate in the core top indicates that mangroves in Unguja Ukuu cannot keep pace with the current rate of sea-level rise.
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Khamis, Ahmed Gharib, Julius Edward Ntwenya, Mbazi Senkoro, Sayoki Godfrey Mfinanga, Katharina Kreppel, Akwilina Wendelin Mwanri, Bassirou Bonfoh e Gideon Kwesigabo. "Association between dietary diversity with overweight and obesity: A cross-sectional study conducted among pastoralists in Monduli District in Tanzania". PLOS ONE 16, n. 1 (13 gennaio 2021): e0244813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244813.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rising at a rapid pace and is associated with negative health consequences like cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and cancer. Obesity is a multifactorial problem that develops mainly from lifestyle factors including physical inactivity and poor dietary intake. Dietary diversity is a simplified method for assessing the adequacy and quality of diet and is associated with nutritional need and overall health status. Therefore, we conducted this study to synthesize the associations between consumption of a diversified diet and overweight/ obesity among adults living in pastoral communities in Monduli district in Tanzania. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 510 adults aged ≥ 18 years old in the Monduli district, Arusha region in Tanzania. We conducted face-to-face interviews to collect information about socio-demographic characteristics, 24-hours dietary recall, and anthropometric measurements. The dietary diversity score (DDS) was constructed and used to determine the diversity of the diet consumed. We performed the multivariate Poisson regressions to determine the prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The dependent variables were overweight and general obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI), abdominal obesity measured by waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC). Results The prevalence of general obesity based on BMI was 20.2% (95%CI; 16.9–23.9), abdominal obesity based on WHR was 37.8% (95%CI; 33.7–42.1), and WC was 29.1% (95%CI; 25.2–33.1). More than half (54.3%) of the participants consumed an adequate dietary diversity (DDS ≥4). After adjustment for potential confounders, the prevalence of abdominal obesity by WHR decreased with higher DDS among male (APR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.22–0.77) and female participants (APR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41–0.94). There were inconsistent positive associations between DDS and prevalence of overweight and general obesity among male and female. There was no association between DDS and abdominal obesity by WC. Conclusion More than half of the pastoralists have consumed an adequate diversified diet. Given the inconsistent findings on associations between dietary diversity and obesity measures, this study suggests that targeting dietary diversity as an overweight/obesity prevention strategy requires careful consideration.
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Msuya, Ibrahim, Irene Moshi e Francis Levira. "Land Pattern of Highly Urbanizing Cities: Change in Built-up Area, Population Density and Spatial Development of the Sprawling Dar es Salaam City". Environment and Urbanization ASIA 12, n. 1_suppl (marzo 2021): S165—S182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425321998036.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dar es Salaam is one of the most diverse cities in Tanzania in terms of its physical, social, economic, environmental and spatial features. This diversity has contributed to differences in built-up area, population density, as well as the pace of spatial development across different parts of the city. This study aims to examine the relationship between physical built-up area changes in Dar es Salaam, population density change and spatial development using remote sensing images and census data. The study finds that the city population has grown tremendously, with peri-urban wards in particular having experienced positive growth. Dar es Salam’s built-up area change and urban sprawl emerging at the city’s edges distinctly follows the pattern of demographic change. This is accompanied by substantial compact growth in the inner parts of the city. A number of factors such as transport, residential development, migration, high natural growth rates, public policies and land speculation are found to have contributed to these changes. Overall, the study aims to aid planning authorities in effectively responding to the rapid spatial development taking place in the city, for which a holistic approach that combines an understanding of physical and demographic changes is needed. By investigating the changing patterns in land use within this highly urbanizing city, it aims to generate insights into urban development control machineries and identify their underlying dynamics.
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Prosper J Kimaro. "Contribution of Microfinance Institutions in the Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Tanzania: Evidence from Trade Enterprises in Moshi Municipality". PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 4, n. 2 (31 agosto 2023): 93–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v4i2.4849.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in developing and developed countries play a vital role in economic development. Despite their crucial role in the economy, SMEs continue failing in large numbers due to various problems that Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) claim to offer solutions such as access to finance. This study intended to assess microfinance institutions' contribution to SMEs' growth. Precisely, the study aimed at examining the contribution of credit to SMEs, determining the extent to which entrepreneurial training contributes to the growth of SMEs, and examining the contribution of MFIs technological innovations to the growth of SMEs. The study used a cross-sectional research design with a sample size of 231 respondents to collect the information required. Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) and descriptive statistics were used in data analysis, whereas graphs and tables were used to present the results. It was found that MFIs play an important role in providing services to SMEs. With access to credit, the adjusted R2 was 50.3%, indicating a highly positive relationship between access to credit and SMEs’ growth. The results of entrepreneurial training also showed an adjusted R2 of 38.8%, implying a normal positive relationship between entrepreneurial training and SMEs’ growth. It can, therefore, be concluded that MFIs play an important role in facilitating the growth of SMEs. However, it was also revealed that the SMEs were still struggling to have a high pace of growth due to unfavorable credit terms, less entrepreneurial training, and low awareness of technological innovations. The study recommended that the MFIs improve the credit terms, and the government should also intervene in the activities of MFIs by creating policies aiming to favor the SMEs to improve the sector.
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Francis, Luangisa. "Expansion of the East African Community Vis-À-Vis the Nyerere Thinking to African Unity". Journal of Developing Country Studies 6, n. 1 (2 dicembre 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jdcs.1712.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose: African Unity has had a long history since the 1960s when most African countries attained Independence. Two major views occurred in the form of moderates who preferred a gradual step towards African Unity and radicals who favored a now-now step towards Unity. The moderates’ camp was led by Julius Nyerere of Tanzania while the radicals’ camp was led by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. The competing views did not alienate Africans in the quest for unity. They only differed in the pace at which to attain African Unity but were all for Unity. The study examines how the competing views went on side by side and finally as situation come to indicate the moderate view is gaining the upper hand. History has vindicated the moderates as what is actually going on in the name of African Unity is the building of blocks in the form of Regional Economic Communities(RECs) through which African Unity is attained. Apart from touching the whole of Africa, an indicative example is chosen from the East African Community (EAC) as evidenced by the fast-tracking towards integration levels and also the pace at which foreign countries are vying to join the Community.
Methodology: The researcher engaged with interviewees in the cadres of political analysts and scientists and jotted down the ideas pertaining to the two views on African Unity. Literature about African Unity gave a useful touch to the problem in question. Lectures on African Unity compiled in the media like you tube provided another source not forgetting speeches through the same media from persons who were/are actually acquainted with both Nyerere and Nkrumah.
Findings: The outcome of opinions from interviewees, reading literature on African Unity, listening to lectures and speeches from the mass media depicted in general that the majority of Africans preferred a cautious gradual approach and that the process is especially evident in East Africa where cautious fast-tracking and new admissions are the norms hence indicative of Nyerere’s thinking for a gradual approach towards African Unity.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The achievements attained in the quest towards Unity so far are very much inclined on the block pattern of integration.
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McCusker, Brent, Paul O'Keefe, Phil O'Keefe e Geoff O'Brien. "Introduction: Peasants, Pastoralists and Proletarians: Joining the Debates on Trajectories of Agrarian Change, Livelihoods and Land USE". Human Geography 6, n. 3 (novembre 2013): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861300600301.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recent changes in the agrarian studies and geography literatures present differing views on the pace and trajectory of change in rural developing areas. In this special section of Human Geography, we contrast the theoretical and practice implications of these differing approaches, namely depeasantization, accumulation by dispossession and deproletarianization. Depeasantization refers to change in livelihood activities out of agriculture, long theorized as necessary for an area's transition into capitalism. Accumulation by dispossession is a process of on-going capital accumulation where a give resource is privatized, seized, or in some other manner alienated from common ownership in order to provide a basis for continued capital accumulation. Deproletarianization occurs when workers are no longer able to freely commodify and recommodify their only commodity, their own labour. In this section, we explore these three theses with case studies that draw upon empirical data. The papers in this collection all speak to one aspect or another of these debates. We do not intend to try to determine a “best approach”, rather we explore strengths and weaknesses of each argument. The production of nature, change in the mode of production and the political economy of nature are discussed in the first article by Brent McCusker. Phil O'Keefe and Geoff O'Brien examine the evolution of worked landscape under pre-capitalist modes of production in riverine ecologies. Through further case studies, Paul O'Keefe explores links between livelihoods and climate change in Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, while Franklin Graham explores the persistence of pastoralism in the Sahel. Finally, Naomi Shanguhyia and Brent McCusker examine the process of governance in dry land Kenya through the study of chronic food shortages.
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Ntare, P. C. "Prediction of Petrol and Diesel Prices in Dar Es Salaam using ARIMA models". AFRICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH 9, n. 2 (31 ottobre 2023): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26437/ajar.v9i2.562.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose: The study aims to address the importance of predicting fuel prices due to their impact on the economy and welfare of people in Dar es Salaam city and regions in Tanzania.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This study follows the quantitative research design by utilizing secondary data. The sample data consists of monthly petrol and diesel prices in Dar es Salaam from January 2015 to May 2023. The ARIMA model was employed to analyze the time series data with model identification, estimation, and verification steps performed using statistical techniques such as the ADF test, ACF, PACF, and AIC.
Findings: The findings indicated that the ARIMA (0,1,1) model was the best-fitted model for forecasting both petrol and diesel prices in Dar es Salaam. The forecasted values for the next six months show that models demonstrated good performance in predicting petrol and diesel prices.
Research Limitation/Implication: Some of the potential limitations of this study include the reliance on secondary data, the assumptions of stationarity and linearity in the ARIMA model, and the sensitivity of the forecast to future data. Also, the study focuses specifically on Dar es Salaam which may limit the generalizability of the findings in other regions.
Social Implications: This study has significant social implications for residents of Dar es Salaam, offering insights for household budgeting, transportation planning, and predicting fuel price changes. It also informs social programs and subsidies, contributing to equitable and sustainable community development.
Practical Implications: The study has practical implications for the stakeholders in the fuel industry, policymakers, and consumers in Dar es Salaam. The accurate prediction of petrol and diesel prices can assist consumers in making informed decisions regarding pricing, budgeting, and fuel consumption which helps to reduce the risk of fuel loss and optimize their fuel-related choices.
Originality/Value: The novelty of this study is analyzing historical fuel price data in Dar es Salaam using ARIMA models. Through this approach, we identify trends, seasonality, and cyclical patterns unique to the region. This knowledge adds to the existing understanding of fuel price determinants in the local context.
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"Tanzania: Opposition Pact". Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 44, n. 5 (giugno 2007): 17080B—17080C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2007.01019.x.
Testo completo
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Makulilo, Alexander, Andreas Mehler e Mohamed Haji. "Rooted in Society?" Africa Review, 17 giugno 2024, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/09744061-bja10154.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In 2010, Zanzibar, a sub-state within the United Republic of Tanzania, became a unique case of power sharing in Africa. The country conducted a referendum before establishing a government of national unity and entrenched it in Zanzibar’s Constitution of 1984. The aim was to make the power-sharing system durable and rooted in society to achieve peace and development. Nevertheless, a political system must be accepted, practised and routinised to be rooted in society. Usually, peace settlements involve elites, who negotiate, sign and occasionally benefit from the pact—and Zanzibar is not an exception. What is missing in peace negotiations is the broad-based participation of the citizens. Based on a survey and expert interviews, this article examines how power sharing in Zanzibar has nevertheless become rooted in society over time.
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Tengaa, Peter E., Yohana M. Maiga e Amos M. Mwasota. "Modeling and Forecasting Unemployment Rate in Tanzania: An ARIMA Approach". journal of accounting finance and auditing studies (JAFAS), 1 luglio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32602/jafas.2023.033.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose: This study aims to develop a reliable forecasting approach for Tanzania's unemployment rate and provide policymakers with an effective tool for decision-making. Unemployment forecasting is vital for informed policymaking, particularly in countries like Tanzania. Methodology: This study employs a quantitative research design and adopts Box Jenkin's methodology and the ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) model for unemployment forecasting in Tanzania. The entire available dataset for the specified period is utilized, employing a non-probability sampling technique. Diagnostic tests, including ACF (AutoCorrelation Function), PACF (Partial AutoCorrelation Function), and unit root analysis, are conducted to guide the optimal model selection. Differencing addresses non-stationarity in the time series data by removing trend and seasonality effects. The optimal model selection is based on criteria such as AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), Schwartz, and Hannan-Quinn. Findings: The study finds that the ARIMA (3,1,4) model demonstrates superior performance in forecasting the unemployment rate in Tanzania. Diagnostic checks validate the adequacy of the model, revealing white noise residuals. The forecasts indicate a consistent downward trend in unemployment rates over the next nine years, suggesting potential labour market improvements in Tanzania. These findings enhance our understanding of Tanzania's unemployment dynamics and provide valuable insights for policymakers. Originality/Value: The study lies in its application of Box Jenkin's methodology and the ARIMA model to unemployment forecasting in Tanzania. By utilizing the entire available dataset and employing diagnostic tests for model selection, the study enhances the reliability of the forecasting approach. The study offers policymakers an informed decision-making tool by providing accurate forecasts and capturing underlying trends.
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Rusobya, Hassan, Fredirick Mashili, Ashabilan A. Ebrahim e Zuhura Kimera. "Evaluating compliance with local and International Food Labelling Standards in urban Tanzania: a cross-sectional study of pre-packaged snacks in Dar Es Salaam". BMC Public Health 24, n. 1 (16 aprile 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18488-9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Background Urbanization influences food culture, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where there is an increasing consumption of processed and pre-packaged foods. This shift is contributing to a rise in non-communicable diseases. Food labelling standards are crucial for regulating manufacturing practices and helping consumers make healthy food choices. We aimed to assess the compliance of local and imported pre-packaged snacks with Tanzanian and international labelling standards in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 snack products. A checklist based on Tanzanian and Codex labelling standards was used to evaluate adherence. We also examined factors influencing adherence, such as product origin, price, category, purchase location, and package size. Results The majority of the snacks demonstrated partial adherence to Tanzania (n = 97; 54%) and International (Codex) (n = 120; 67%) labelling standards. Imported products showed significantly better adherence to both Tanzanian (n = 46; 53%) and international (n = 42; 48%) standards. Notably, more than half (n = 110; 66.7%) of the products used English for labelling, and infrequently (n = 74; 41.4%) used the recommended World Health Organization Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labelling. Product category, origin, and package size were significantly associated with higher levels of international standard adherence (p < 0.05). Conclusion The inadequate adherence to mandatory labelling standards and the scarce use of Swahili and FoPL highlight the need to strengthen labelling practices and potential challenges faced by consumers in understanding nutritional information. Thus, strengthening and emphasizing good labelling practices are urgently needed as we seek to address diet-related noncommunicable diseases.
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Sunguya, Bruno F., Si Zhu, Rose Mpembeni e Jiayan Huang. "Trends in prevalence and determinants of stunting in Tanzania: an analysis of Tanzania demographic health surveys (1991–2016)". Nutrition Journal 18, n. 1 (dicembre 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0505-8.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Background Tanzania has made a significant improvement in wasting and underweight indicators. However, stunting has remained persistently higher and varying between regions. We analyzed Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) datasets to examine (i) the trend of stunting over the period of 25 years in Tanzania and (ii) the remaining challenges and factors associated with stunting in the country. Methods This secondary data analysis included six TDHS datasets with data of 37,409 under-five children spreading in 1991–1992(n = 6587), 1996(n = 5437), 1999(n = 2556), 2004–05(n = 7231), 2009–10(n = 6597), and 2015–16(n = 9001) conducted in all regions of Tanzania. Variables specific to children and their caregivers were analyzed using SPSS version 22. The variables considered include child anthropometric variables, caregiver’s demographic characteristics and household’s socio-economic factors. We used frequencies and percentages to compare stunting prevalence across the six surveys and chi-square test and three-level hierarchical logistic regression to examine the factors associated with stunting also applying sample weighting as advised by TDHS. Results The prevalence of stunting has declined by 30% over the period of 25 years in Tanzania. However, one in three children aged below five years remains stunted with overweight and obesity more than doubled (from 11 to 25%) in the same period among women of reproductive age. The factors associated with stunting included children living in female-headed households (AOR = 1.16, P = 0.014), aged 24–35 months (AOR = 1.75, P = 0.019), born with low birth weight (AOR = 2.14, P < 0.001) and with inconsistent or without breastfeeding (AOR = 3.46, P < 0.001 and AOR = 4.29, P = 0.001) respectively. The risk of stunting among children living in urban area (AOR = 0.56, P < 0.001), with higher caregiver’s education (AOR = 0.56, P = 0.018), obese mother (AOR = 0.63, P < 0.001), households with highest wealth index (AOR = 0.42, P < 0.001), and among girls (AOR = 0.77, P < 0.001). Conclusions The burden of stunting in Tanzania has declined by 30% in the past 25 years, but still affecting one in every three children. Efforts are needed to increase the pace of stunting decline especially among boys, children in rural areas, from poor, uneducated, and female-headed households, and through improving infant and young feeding practices. Effective and tailored nutrition-sensitive and specific interventions using multisectoral approaches should be considered to address these important determinants.
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Meaney, Peter Andrew, Adolfine Hokororo, Theopista Masenge, Joseph Mwanga, Florence Salvatory Kalabamu, Marc Berg, Boris Rozenfeld et al. "Development of pediatric acute care education (PACE): An adaptive electronic learning (e-learning) environment for healthcare providers in Tanzania". DIGITAL HEALTH 9 (gennaio 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076231180471.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Globally, inadequate healthcare provider (HCP) proficiency with evidence-based guidelines contributes to millions of newborn, infant, and child deaths each year. HCP guideline proficiency would improve patient outcomes. Conventional (in person) HCP in-service education is limited in 4 ways: reach, scalability, adaptability, and the ability to contextualize. Adaptive e-learning environments (AEE), a subdomain of e-learning, incorporate artificial intelligence technology to create a unique cognitive model of each HCP to improve education effectiveness. AEEs that use existing internet access and personal mobile devices may overcome limits of conventional education. This paper provides an overview of the development of our AEE HCP in-service education, Pediatric Acute Care Education (PACE). PACE uses an innovative approach to address HCPs’ proficiency in evidence-based guidelines for care of newborns, infants, and children. PACE is novel in 2 ways: 1) its patient-centric approach using clinical audit data or frontline provider input to determine content and 2) its ability to incorporate refresher learning over time to solidify knowledge gains. We describe PACE's integration into the Pediatric Association of Tanzania's (PAT) Clinical Learning Network (CLN), a multifaceted intervention to improve facility-based care along a single referral chain. Using principles of co-design, stakeholder meetings modified PACE's characteristics and optimized integration with CLN. We plan to use three-phase, mixed-methods, implementation process. Phase I will examine the feasibility of PACE and refine its components and protocol. Lessons gained from this initial phase will guide the design of Phase II proof of concept studies which will generate insights into the appropriate empirical framework for (Phase III) implementation at scale to examine effectiveness.
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EMMANUEL MASENGA, SHOMBE N. HASSAN e KASHAIGILI JAPHET. "Abundance, distribution and conservation threats of African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) in the Loliondo Game Controlled Area, Tanzania". Asian Journal of Forestry 3, n. 1 (3 maggio 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r030105.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Masenga E, Hasan SN, Japhet K. 2018. Abundance, distribution, and conservation threats of African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) in the Loliondo Game Controlled Area, Tanzania. Asian J For 2: 31-41. Assessment of abundance, distribution, and conservation threats to African wild dogs was conducted in Loliondo Game Controlled Area (LGCA), northern Tanzania. Specifically, the study focused on determining population size and structure, spatial distribution, attitudes of local people towards wild dogs and wild dog conservation and threats impacting the species. Semi-structured interviews, diurnal random searches, internal and external examinations of wild dogs carcasses examined, and night transect surveys were employed. Eight packs with a total of 132 recognized individuals at an average pack size of 16.50 ± SD 7.50 individuals were recorded. Pack sizes 3 individuals were reported to be sighted mostly and of all respondents (n= 210), only 26% were able to recognize wild dog sexes. The density of both known and unknown wild dogs was 0.19 animals/km2, higher compared to other carnivores. In terms of distribution, most of the packs were concentrated in the northern part as compared to the central and southern parts of LGCA. The species was observed to occur most in woodland type of vegetation. Interestingly, 55.30% of respondents showed a positive attitude towards wild dogs and wild dog conservation despite that 52.90% of respondents dismissed lack of any conservation action or strategy in place towards conserving the species. However, poisoning and Canine Distemper Virus were identified as the main threats. Therefore, conserving African wild dogs in LGCA requires mult-approach conservation efforts (i.e. awareness rising to community, fitting radio telemetry to the dogs and threats management interventions) due to nature of the species.
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Mpambije, Chakupewa Joseph, e Japhace Poncian. "Security Privatisation and Working Conditions in Tanzania: Why Security Companies Employ Elders". African Review, 28 marzo 2022, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1821889x-bja10007.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The unprecedented globalisation process has necessitated socio-economic and political reforms to keep pace with the changing conditions. One major reform undertaken in Tanzania and across many other countries has been the privatisation of security service provision. Consequently, several profit-oriented security companies have sprung up. Studies have focused on the private security industry regulation and working conditions. This paper examines why security companies employ elders and how they use them to suppress demands for improved working conditions and remuneration. Drawing on interviews and focus group discussions, the paper shows that poor working conditions in the private security sector presents several challenges such as labour conflicts and labour turnover. Poor working conditions also results in security guards engaging themselves in criminal acts. In response to these challenges, companies employ elders and use them to easily suppress complaints from young ones over working conditions and remuneration.
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Kassim, Mohamed. "Application of theories in Library and Information Science research in Tanzania: A content analysis". Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues, 6 maggio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09557490241250297.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Using a content analysis approach, this study assessed the application of theories in Library and Information Science (LIS) research in Tanzania. The study’s specific objectives encompassed the analysis of the utilization patterns of theories in LIS research conducted in Tanzania, the identification of predominant theories, the highlighting of specific areas within LIS research where theories have been extensively applied, and the assessment of the level of integration of theories into research. While Kalervo and Vakkari’s classification scheme of LIS research areas was used to identify specific research areas where theories have been applied most, seven categories of theory talk were utilized to evaluate the degree to which these theories have been incorporated into LIS research. The study’s findings reveal a growing inclination towards the use of theories among LIS researchers, albeit at a slow pace. The study has also shown that TAM and UTAUT theories are the most frequently utilized, with information-seeking research being the primary area incorporating theories among all identified research areas. The findings also suggest that while a significant portion of the analyzed articles fall under the major category of the Continuum of Theory Talk, implying substantial incorporation of theories, a small number of them encountered difficulties in effectively integrating theories. The study, therefore, suggests that LIS educators should also prioritize the theoretical aspect of research in their curriculum. This will help researchers improve their understanding of the subject matter, leading to more reliable and precise research.
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Wajanga, Bahati M., Christine Kim, Deodatus Mabula, Neema M. Kayange, John Bartlett, Brandon A. Knettel, Msabah Msabah, Jamal Msangi e Charles Muiruri. "Abstract 252: 12 Months Outcomes For Heart Failure Patients Attending Outpatient Clinics In Tanzania." Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 15, Suppl_1 (maggio 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.15.suppl_1.252.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: The burden of cardiovascular disease is growing at an alarming pace in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Heart failure (HF) in SSA is associated with higher rates of rehospitalization, poor quality of life and high mortality. In SSA, it is estimated that 3-7% of all admissions to hospitals are due to HF. For inpatient HF patients in Tanzania, studies have found greater than 50% mortality rate at 12 months post discharge. In developed countries, outpatient HF clinics have been associated with reduction of 30-day readmission and mortality rates. However, there is limited published data on HF outcomes for HF patients seen at outpatient clinics in SSA. The purpose of this study was to determine frequency of hospitalization, occurrence of stroke, and mortality at two HF outpatient clinics in Mwanza city, Tanzania. Methods: From February 2017 to September 2018 HF patients at Bugando Medical Center and Sekou Toure Regional Hospital outpatient clinics were recruited and followed for 12 months. HF was confirmed by Framingham criteria and the severity was determined by New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. Participant’s data were collected in four waves over the course of 12 months. Demographic data were collected at baseline and data on hospitalization, occurrence of stroke, and mortality were collected during the follow up period. Results: Four hundred and eighteen patients were enrolled and 369 were included in the final analysis. Most were female (n=264, 63%), small scale farmers (n=278, 66.5%) and from Mwanza City (n=299, 71.5%). More than two-thirds did not have health insurance (n=295, 70.6%) and the majority were in the NYHA I and II classification (n=267, 64.7%) during the study period. Twenty-one, 25, 11 and 13 HF patients were hospitalized at least once in the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th data collection periods respectively. Fifty patients died (14%) and 7 sustained stroke (2%) over the 12 months period. Conclusion: Moderate levels of hospitalization, mortality, occurrence of stroke was reported in this study compared published inpatient studies in Tanzania. Interventions are needed to improve the long-term health and survival of HF patients attending HF outpatient clinics in Mwanza City.
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K., Rwegelera, M. "THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA STUDENT’S VOICES ON e-LEANRING". JOURNAL OF ISSUES AND PRACTICE IN EDUCATION 8, n. 2 (14 aprile 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.61538/jipe.v8i2.307.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The rapid growth of Information Technology (IT) has made learning to happen very quickly. Keeping pace with these changes requires new outlook and deep thinking of how we should acquire knowledge and skills and the way how we should develop learning materials. The advent of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the Internet has greatly influenced the way knowledge is conveyed. This has resulted in the wide application of e-learning or (electronic learning.) In Education e- learning is referred to as the use of Information and Communication technologies. Elearning ranges from simple applications like e-mail, Internet searching, the use of CD and DVDs for learning purposes.  E-learning technologies have great potential in facilitating course delivery to students at OUT taking into account the spread of students all over the country and beyond; to date there are 32 OUT centres. e-learning advantages has attracted OUT because the University sees it as an unavoidable strategy for quality and flexible education hence wider e-leaning application started in 2005/2006.Though elearning approach has good expectations for educational dissemination to OUT students, still its application is associated with many challenges. This study was carried out on 114 OUT students using a qualitative research approach. The aim was to identify the challenges facing students using eleaning in their learning process. The findings of the study revealed a number of challenges associated with    course delivery, distance, inadequate knowledge in the use of internet in searching materials, luck of computers and inadequate infrastructure, According to the findings, elearning does not seem to fulfill its mission as it was originally anticipated. The study recommends the use of print to be supplemented by electronic learning (e-learning). an orientation for new students on the use of computers and internet search for study materials. Other issues are beyond the Open University implementation.
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Mnyanyi, Cosmas. "Information and Communication Technology in Lifelong Learning: Opportunities for People with Disabilities". JOURNAL OF ISSUES AND PRACTICE IN EDUCATION 14, n. 1 (20 aprile 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.61538/jipe.v14i1.1196.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
People with disabilities are underrepresented in adult education programmes that integrate information and communication technology (ICT), posing a challenge in adopting the pace of change facilitated by technological advancement. The increased use of ICT in facilitating lifelong learning presents challenges for training and retraining people with disabilities in the sense that, they are denied access to ICT. This study employed constructivism and communities of practice theories to investigate innovation in how ICT can be used to create lifelong learning opportunities for people with visual and hearing disabilities. The study involved 30 people with disabilities enrolled in ICT skills training classes at the Open University of Tanzania. Data were collected through interviews. The findings suggest that people with disabilities can learn the use of ICT if involved in collaborative action research. It was also found that enhancing ICT skills training for people with disabilities faced physical, fiscal, and human resources challenges. The study recommends increased funding for ICT skills training for people with disabilities to enhance their participation in lifelong learning.
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Aunger, Robert. "What works in sanitation promotion?" Health Promotion International 38, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daad162.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Promotion appears to be the least effective but is nevertheless often the only available, means to achieve increased access to sanitation services, especially at scale, in lower-income countries. A cursory examination of the history of past and present approaches to sanitation promotion, including sanitation marketing, community development, community-led total sanitation and public health, shows that they have a variety of features and characteristics which make them distinctive. Unfortunately, rigorous evaluation has not kept pace with this proliferation of approaches, so it is difficult to recommend any one approach over the others, based on empirical performance in a range of circumstances. However, I argue that a ‘hybrid’ approach which exhibits a number of salient features from all of the previous approaches is likely to be a good bet. I present a recent example of such a hybrid programme which proved to significantly increase the rate of improved sanitation coverage through promotion (without subsidy of any kind) at scale in Tanzania. I suggest other sanitation promotion programs may want to think about adopting similar practices in their own programming going forward.
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Mushi (Ph.D), Lawrencia, e Rehema Lukwaro (MSc. HM&E). "Reducing Loss to follow-up among Clients Living with HIV through Back to Care Initiative in Kongwa District in Dodoma". UONGOZI Journal of Management and Development Dynamics 29, n. 2 (30 dicembre 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.69522/uongozi.v29i2.13.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Loss to follow-up among People Living with HIV/AIDS at HIV clinics is increasing, as most of the clients enrolled at CTC do not adhere to their scheduled visits. This paper reports on how Back to Care Initiative (B2CI) has reduced loss to follow- up to clients living with HIV/AIDS in Kongwa District in Dodoma. The study was conducted in six health facilities in Kongwa District, which provide Care and Treatment Centre services. We employed descriptive cross-sectional design whereby 35 key informants were purposively sampled and 305 patients living with HIV/AIDS were randomly selected. In-depth interview and structured questionnaire were used to collect information from key informants and patients living with HIV. Quantitative data were analyzed using STATA software pack 13, while qualitative data were analyzed using Atlas. ti software. Findings of the study revealed that the use of patient data fro appointment and tracking registers, adherence to counselling and health care confidentiality improved and enhanced patient’s retention in care. In addition, involvement of community-based health services volunteers helped in tracing and returning patients into care. We recommend a similar approach to other districts in Tanzania with low- resource settings and a high rate of loss to follow-up patients.
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Leonard, Joseph, Abdul Kudra e George Tryphone. "Effect of tillage and weed control practices on weed density, cassava growth and yield at Mkuranga district, Tanzania". East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation 4 (14 settembre 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.37425/eajsti.v4i3.690.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Poor and improper weeding in cassava production has been reported to cause cassava yield losses ranging from 40% to 90%. A study was carried out in 2019/2020 planting season at Kiimbwanindi village, Mkuranga, Tanzania to identify common weeds available in the selected cassava field and then the effect of different integrated weed control options was studied. Till only and till + Ridge, pre-emergence herbicides (Primagram Gold a.i 290 g/L S-metolachlor + 370 g/L atrazine and Oxfen a.i Oxyfluorfen 24% EC), post emergence herbicides (Force up a.i 480 g/L of Glyphosate-Isopropylamine salt) and back pack weeder with modified tines were tested on Cassava variety Kiroba in a factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data on weed species, weed density, cassava height, girth and fresh root yield and soil were collected. By using Thomas methodology, perennial weeds Cyperus rotundus, Reissantia sp, Mucuna pruriens and Commelina benghalensis found to be the mostly and abundantly occurred weed species. The combination of tillage practices and pre-emergence herbicides application increased number of days’ weeds took to reemerge. The integrated weed control options significantly affected cassava fresh root weight and biomass, p = 0.019 and p = 0.026, respectively. The correlation analysis showed a non-significant positive relationship between cassava stem height and cassava fresh root weight (r = 0.389, p > 0.05), and cassava stem girth and cassava fresh root weight (r = 0.055, p > 0.05). The study concluded that, the combination of till + ridges, application of pre-emergence herbicide (S-metolachlor + atrazine) and post emergence herbicides (glyphosate) can effectively control weeds and provided favorable environment for cassava growth and root formation as compared to other treatment options.