Tesi sul tema "P. opilio"

This study investigated commensal feeding interactions between the European harvestman (P. opilio L.) and the predatory mites Balaustium spp. and Anystis baccarum L. It also investigated the feeding behaviour of P. opilio. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory using standardised temperature, humidity, photoperiod and experimental arenas, with eggs of the brown blowfly (Calliphora stygia F.) as prey facsimiles. Due to initial difficulties in obtaining enough predatory mites, mite feeding was manually simulated piercing blowfly eggs with a minuten pin. P. opilio consumed significantly more freeze-killed than live blowfly eggs, indicating that freezing induced chemical and/or physical changes to blowfly eggs that are detected by P. opilio. Significantly more manually pierced eggs were consumed by P. opilio compared with unpierced ones, demonstrating that piercing caused a chemical and/or physical to the egg and increased the feeding rates of P. opilio. Different densities of eggs had no effect on the numbers eaten by P. opilio and placing single pierced eggs next to groups of unpierced eggs also had no effect on the numbers of unpierced eggs eaten. These results suggest that P. opilio does not exhibit klinokinesis or orthokinesis to intensify its search for prey around the area where previous prey were located. P. opilio ate significantly more brown blowfly eggs that had previously been fed on by mites, demonstrating that a short term commensal interaction existed. However, further work is required to demonstrate if the relationship is commensal in the longer term. A comparison between hand-pierced and mite-pierced eggs showed that P. opilio ate significantly more of the former indicating that mite and hand piercing were quantitatively different. The potential for, and importance of, other commensal or mutual relationships between predators in agroecosystems is discussed. The lack of klinokinesis and orthokinesis in P. opilio is compared with other predators and parasitoids that do exhibit these behaviours. The means by which prey are detected by P. opilio are discussed in relation to interpreting behaviours such as prey inspection. Concerns about the effect of pre-treatment and handling of sentinel prey and the problems of using prey facsimiles are raised.

This study investigated commensal feeding interactions between the European harvestman (P. opilio L.) and the predatory mites Balaustium spp. and Anystis baccarum L. It also investigated the feeding behaviour of P. opilio. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory using standardised temperature, humidity, photoperiod and experimental arenas, with eggs of the brown blowfly (Calliphora stygia F.) as prey facsimiles. Due to initial difficulties in obtaining enough predatory mites, mite feeding was manually simulated piercing blowfly eggs with a minuten pin. P. opilio consumed significantly more freeze-killed than live blowfly eggs, indicating that freezing induced chemical and/or physical changes to blowfly eggs that are detected by P. opilio. Significantly more manually pierced eggs were consumed by P. opilio compared with unpierced ones, demonstrating that piercing caused a chemical and/or physical to the egg and increased the feeding rates of P. opilio. Different densities of eggs had no effect on the numbers eaten by P. opilio and placing single pierced eggs next to groups of unpierced eggs also had no effect on the numbers of unpierced eggs eaten. These results suggest that P. opilio does not exhibit klinokinesis or orthokinesis to intensify its search for prey around the area where previous prey were located. P. opilio ate significantly more brown blowfly eggs that had previously been fed on by mites, demonstrating that a short term commensal interaction existed. However, further work is required to demonstrate if the relationship is commensal in the longer term. A comparison between hand-pierced and mite-pierced eggs showed that P. opilio ate significantly more of the former indicating that mite and hand piercing were quantitatively different. The potential for, and importance of, other commensal or mutual relationships between predators in agroecosystems is discussed. The lack of klinokinesis and orthokinesis in P. opilio is compared with other predators and parasitoids that do exhibit these behaviours. The means by which prey are detected by P. opilio are discussed in relation to interpreting behaviours such as prey inspection. Concerns about the effect of pre-treatment and handling of sentinel prey and the problems of using prey facsimiles are raised.

Chronic pain affects approximately 100 million Americans. Opioids are the mainstay therapy for the treatment of chronic pain. While physicians and patients alike are apprehensive about using opioids due to their side effects including respiratory depression and addiction, 259 million opioid prescriptions were written in 2012. Although opioids are the most efficacious available analgesics, they increase both positive and negative reinforcement, ultimately leading to addiction. The pro-nociceptive neurotransmitter, Substance P (SP) and its corresponding receptor (NK₁R), are not only found on pain pathways to promote pain but also found in the ventral tegmental area associated with dopamine neurons. Studies have shown that Substance P can potentiate positive reinforcement of opiates and may play a role in opioid reward. Here using in vivo microdialysis, we show that systemic morphine significantly increases SP release in the VTA, an effect mediated by ventral midbrain GABAergic neurons. Substance P administered to the VTA results in a significant increase in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Using CRISPR-Cas9 knockdown of NK₁R in the VTA we prevent the induction of opiate reward as tested using a conditioned place preference paradigm (CPP). Finally, we developed a novel opioid agonist/NK₁R antagonist bifunctional compound, TY032, which inhibits acute and chronic pain in male rats. Importantly, TY032 microinjection into the VTA did not increase extracellular dopamine release in the NAc and did not produce a positive CPP score. These data indicate dual targeting of the dopamine reward circuitry and pain pathways with multifunctional opioid-NK₁R compounds may be an effective strategy in developing future analgesics that lack the potential for abuse.

The rates of opioid prescription and use have continued to increase over the last few decades. In turn, a greater number of patients suffer from opioid tolerance. Treatment of acute pain is a clinical challenge for these patients. Acute pain can arise from common occurrences like surgical pain and pain resulting from the injury. P-glycoprotein (p-gp) is a transporter at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) associated with a decrease in the analgesic efficacy of morphine. Peripheral inflammatory pain (PIP) is a pain state known to cause a change in p-gp trafficking at the BBB. P-gp traffics from the nucleus to the luminal surface of endothelial cells making up the BBB. This surface where circulating blood interfaces with the endothelial cell is where p-gp will efflux morphine back into circulation. Osmotic minipumps were used as a long-term delivery method in this model of opioid tolerance in female rats. PIP induced p-gp trafficking away from nuclear stores showed a 2-fold increase when animals were exposed to opioids for 6 days. This observation presents a possible relationship between p-gp trafficking and the challenges of treating post-surgical pain in opioid tolerant patients. This could reveal potential strategies for improving pain management in these patients.

In order to succeed in Higher Education, students need to be able to argue effectively in writing. This thesis focuses on the argumentational skills of international students as manifested in short essays, similar to the written English proficiency tests for university admission. The study compared these essays to opinion pieces produced by expert academic writers. First, insights from the field of rhetoric were used to compare how the writers argued. An analytical tool was designed to deconstruct arguments into their essential parts to determine the number and distribution of these components in the texts. The results from this analysis then informed an investigation into selected types of cohesive markers and their role in managing writer-reader dialogues. The study found differences in both the argumentational and linguistic strategies used by the writers to persuade their readers, especially with regard to the integration of other voices. The thesis discusses implications for the teaching of argument in the English for Academic Purposes (EAP) curriculum and beyond, and advocates a more rhetorical approach. Recommendations include the use of a new generative model of argument in the classroom and the use of the analytical tool for further research across different argumentational genres and academic disciplines.

Eight cyclic analogues of Substance P were made in order to investigate the conformation of the C-terminal end of the peptide. These analogues were designed to test three literature models describing the active conformation of substance P. Although the potencies of the analogues were low (in the micromolar range), our results support Cotrait's and Hospital's model (1986). Several substance P antagonists were synthesized. These compounds did not demonstrate agonistic activity nor anatagonistic activity. The tryptophan side chain is contributing to the antagonistic activity of these analogues, and not just the chirality of the α-carbon. Highly potent and selective photoaffinity ligands of H-Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen-OH (DPDPE) and D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH₂ (CTP) were synthesized. These compounds will be useful in the isolation of δ and μ opioid receptors. Several new amino acids designed and synthesized to contain both the natural amino acid side chain and a thiol group which can be used to make disulfide constraints. The racemic amino acids made were as follows: (1) 2-amino-4-methyl-2- [(p-methylbenzyl)thiomethyl] pentanoic acid; (2) 2-amino-2- [(p-methylbenzyl)thiomethyl] -3-phenylpropanoic acid; (3) 2-amino-e- [(p-methylbenzyl)thio] pentanoic acid; and (4) 2-amino-3- [(p-methylbenzyl)-thio] -3-phenyl-pentanoic acid. These amino acids will be useful in the conformational restriction of peptides. To investigate the δ-opioid receptor conformation proposed for DPDPE by Hruby et al. (1988) and the μ-opioid receptor conformation proposed for Tyr-c [Abu₂,Gly,Phe,Leu] by Mierke et al. (1988), constrained phenylalanine amino acids were incorporated into H-Try-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen-OH (DPDPE) in the four position. Our results indicate that these models are correct. And in an investigation into the physical-chemical properties of the delta opioid receptor, our results suggest that the δ receptor topochemical site for the Phe⁴ residue contains a partial positive charge on its surface and has specific steric requirements.

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A presente disserta??o tem como objetivo analisar a conex?o entre a opini?o p?blica constru?da procedimentalmente, atrav?s do discurso, com a legitimidade e racionalidade da jurisdi??o constitucional. O exame ? feito com m?todo dedutivo, atrav?s de pesquisa qualitativa e vi?s normativo, com apoio bibliogr?fico na obra de J?rgen Habermas, tendo na teoria do agir comunicativo um ponto de partida. No decorrer do estudo s?o feitas considera??es sobre a forma??o da opini?o p?blica no contexto da democracia deliberativa e os seus reflexos na judicatura, tendo no instituto do amicus curiae um canal comunicativo entre sociedade civil e poder judici?rio. Compreende, ainda, que a jurisdi??o tem sua legitimidade condicionada a um modelo procedimental, cuja viga mestra ? a coopera??o dial?gica entre todos os atores processuais envolvidos, sendo esta uma das t?nicas adotadas pelo C?digo de Processo Civil. Ao fim, conclui que o modelo procedimental baseado em J?rgen Habermas ? aplic?vel ao Brasil.
This dissertation aims to analyze the connection between procedurally constructed public opinion, through discourse, with the legitimacy and rationality of constitutional jurisdiction. The study is carried from a deductive method, through qualitative research and normative bias, and bibliographical support on the work of J?rgen Habermas, being the theory of communicative action the starting point. In the course of the study, considerations about the formation of public opinion in the context of deliberative democracy and its reflexes in judicature, being amicus curiae the communicative channel between civil society and the judiciary branch. Comprehends, moreover, that jurisdiction has its legitimacy conditioned to a procedural model, whose crossbeam is the dialogical cooperation between all procedural actors involved, being this one of the tones adopted by the Civil Procedural Law. In the end, it is concluded that the procedural model based in J?rgen Habermas is applied in Brazil.

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Sendo cedi?o que um dos temas de maior destaque no cen?rio criminol?gico atual ? a an?lise da opini?o p?blica frente ? puni??o, devido ? crescente preocupa??o diante do populismo punitivo que vem se desenvolvendo em in?meros pa?ses e que possui nos clamores punitivos dos cidad?os um pilar significativo para o delineamento de respostas mais severas ? criminalidade, a presente disserta??o, vinculada ? linha de pesquisa Criminologia e Controle Social, pertencente ao Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Criminais da Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, traz, atenta a esse contexto, uma reflex?o transdisciplinar, envolvendo Criminologia, Comunica??o Social e Pol?tica Criminal, sobre a mentalidade da opini?o p?blica frente ? puni??o e seus (poss?veis) reflexos na constru??o de pol?ticas criminais no Estado Democr?tico de Direito contempor?neo. Para tanto, foram contempladas no decorrer das primeiras p?ginas a sistem?tica da constru??o da realidade social pela mass media, suas formas de atua??o na forma??o da opini?o p?blica e sua postura enquanto potente grupo de press?o na constru??o das referidas pol?ticas. Nesse ensejo, a disserta??o n?o tardou em abordar a vincula??o entre os populismos midi?tico e punitivo, discorrendo tamb?m sobre a intera??o entre as agendas midi?tica, p?blica e pol?tica, estudadas pela teoria da agenda-setting. Em um segundo momento, o exame debru?ou-se sobre o posicionamento da opini?o p?blica entre as Criminologias do Eu e do Outro, visando identificar, igualmente, a emers?o de anseios de nuances psicossocial e instrumental nela contidos. Nessa senda, partindo da premissa beckeriana de que a rea??o social, mediante a provoca??o de empres?rios morais, possui o cond?o de desencadear o processo de criminaliza??o prim?ria e que, consoante Garland, as mentalidades e sensibilidades sociais fornecem guarida e limites ?s pol?ticas criminais, constituindo o posicionamento manifestado pela opini?o p?blica em cartas publicadas em peri?dicos uma influ?ncia na elabora??o da pol?tica criminal, a disserta??o em tela, no fito de ilustrar o panorama dessa opini?o, recorreu a uma an?lise emp?rica dos coment?rios publicados entre 01/08/2009 e 31/07/2010 na se??o Do Leitor do jornal Zero Hora, impresso di?rio de maior circula??o paga no Rio Grande do Sul, situando-se, no ano de 2010, na 6? posi??o da categoria no ranking brasileiro, de acordo com a Associa??o Nacional de Jornais. Ao final do ponto, traz-se a lume a necess?ria reflex?o sobre a apropriada classifica??o desses coment?rios como opini?o p?blica ou publicada. Por conseguinte, s?o abarcados os poss?veis reflexos dessas demandas populares na pol?tica criminal brasileira, ilustrando a problem?tica de leis punitivistas e simb?licas. Por fim, no que tange ? hip?tese de rompimento de eventual ciclo populista, s?o aventadas algumas possibilidades de transforma??o das pr?ticas da m?dia, dos poderes executivo e legislativo, evocando ainda a responsabilidade dos cidad?os nessa tarefa.

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Este estudo investigou o agendamento no colunismo pol?tico, tendo como base a coluna pol?tica P?gina 10, do jornal Zero Hora. Para tanto, o estudo buscou o apoio cient?fico nas seguintes categorias: comunica??o pol?tica, pol?tica, colunismo, agenda-setting e poder. Na comunica??o pol?tica foram consultados autores como Dominique Wolton, M?rio Mesquita, Maria Cristina Reyes Montes e Javier del Rey Morat?. No colunismo pol?tico, Davi Emerich, Franklin Martins e Carlos Castilho ser?o alguns dos pesquisadores citados. A hip?tese de agenda-setting concentrarse- ? nos trabalhos de McCombs e Shaw, Mauro Wolff, N?lson Traquina e Antonio Hohlfeldt. A categoria pol?tica foi analisada com base nos estudos de Giovanni Sartori, Norberto Bobbio e Max Weber. Os estudos sobre o poder utilizaram referenciais te?ricos de Max Weber, Norberto Bobbio e Eduardo Corsetti. Quanto ? metodologia, a escolhida para a pesquisa foi a hermen?utica de profundidade (HP), de John B. Thompson. A HP elege o estudo da produ??o de sentido atrav?s das formas simb?licas (FS) que, de acordo com Thompson, s?o a??es, falas, textos e imagens que servem para sustentar ou estabelecer rela??es de poder. A hermen?utica de profundidade divide-se em tr?s fases: a) an?lise s?cio-hist?rica (ASH), an?lise formal ou discursiva (AD) e interpreta??o/re-interpreta??o.

Depuis trente ans, les campagnes électorales sont menées par des stratèges en communication qui appliquent à la sphère politique les principes qui guident le marketing commercial (Giasson, 2006a). Les principaux indicateurs du malaise démocratique se manifestent également depuis une trentaine d’années. Ce parallèle mène plusieurs chercheurs à s’interroger sur la possibilité d’un phénomène de « marketing malaise » (Giasson et coll., 2012a; Savigny, 2008). Les objectifs de cette thèse sont les suivants : 1) évaluer la plausibilité théorique de cette hypothèse et 2) proposer une première analyse empirique qui relève et décrit les perceptions des citoyens à l’égard des pratiques de marketing politique et des effets perçus sur la démocratie. Nous proposons pour la première fois un cadre théorique du marketing malaise à partir du fruit de travaux théoriques existants, en incluant le rôle des médias. Nous avons campé notre analyse depuis la perspective des citoyens en réalisant huit groupes de discussion, qui sont divisés en fonction du niveau de confiance politique. Aucune recherche n’avait jusqu’à présent interrogé directement, dans une démarche qualitative et approfondie, les citoyens sur leur niveau de connaissances, leurs perceptions et de même que sur les effets sur la vie démocratique du marketing politique. Bien que le modèle théorique du marketing malaise guide notre recherche, notre approche est avant tout inductive. Notre démarche est guidée par trois grandes questions de recherche : 1) Comment les citoyens perçoivent-ils la démocratie? 2) Quelles sont les connaissances et les perceptions des citoyens sur couverture médiatique de la politique? 3) Quelles sont les connaissances et les perceptions des citoyens sur le marketing politique? Notre analyse révèle que les citoyens valorisent la démocratie. Ils l’associent surtout aux élections et aux droits et libertés. Ils se montrent toutefois critiques de l’état actuel de cette dernière au Québec. Le mode de scrutin uninominal à un tour, l’insatisfaction envers les partis politiques et la baisse perçue de la participation électorale sont les principaux éléments identifiés pour exprimer leur pessimisme à cet égard. La confiance portée aux politiciens ne déclenche pas un vent d’optimisme chez les participants. Les participants estiment que malgré leurs bonnes intentions, les élus se feraient manipuler par les stratèges politiques. La perception de corruption est également une des principales raisons qui engendrent de la méfiance envers les politiciens. En ce qui a trait à la couverture médiatique de la politique, les participants pensent que les aspects les plus couverts sont liés au sensationnalisme, comme les gaffes et les anecdotes. Ces éléments comportent un trait commun: ils sont reliés aux activités « visibles » des campagnes aux yeux du grand public, aux divers moyens de communication déployés par les partis pour gagner les élections, ce qui correspond au marketing tactique. Les participants se montrent très critiques des médias qui sont perçus comme des facilitateurs des comportements déviants en politique puisqu’ils ne parlent pas assez des enjeux. Le dernier volet étudié porte sur le marketing politique. À cet égard, il appert que les connaissances des citoyens à l’égard du marketing politique sont plutôt limitées et imprécises. Ils comprennent toutefois que les politiciens ont recours aux sondages pour élaborer leurs stratégies, qu’ils ciblent des clientèles et qu’ils ont recours à de nombreuses tactiques de communication, qu’ils estiment souvent trompeuses. Les participants associent fortement le marketing politique à son aspect tactique, qui consiste à l’élaboration du message politique et à sa diffusion. Notre analyse tend ainsi vers un rapprochement entre les connaissances des citoyens sur le marketing politique et la couverture médiatique de la politique, fortifiant ainsi le rôle central des médias dans la formation des perceptions. Nous estimons que cette thèse signale que les citoyens devraient être mieux informés des réalités du marketing politique par les médias et par une éducation civique adéquate. De plus, les participants perçoivent négativement le marketing politique, en particulier ceux qui sont moins confiants envers la politique. Les participants croient que le marketing politique est un outil qui devrait servir à développer une relation à long terme entre les partis et l’électorat. Cette thèse conclut que l’hypothèse du marketing malaise est plausible comme explication du malaise démocratique. Les futurs travaux académiques devraient s’orienter vers des devis de recherche quantitatifs visant la vérification de l’hypothèse du marketing malaise.
In the last 30 years, political campaigns have been dictated by communication strategists who applied principles taken from commercial marketing. Meanwhile, main indicators of a democratic malaise started to appear. As a result, researchers started to wonder whether a new phenomenon, known as “marketing malaise” (Giasson et coll., 2012a; Savigny, 2008), could emerge from a possible link between the invasion of marketing strategies in politics and this democratic malaise. The objectives of this dissertation are twofold. First, it evaluates the theoretical plausibility of the marketing malaise hypothesis. Second, it proposes an empirical analysis which describes and explains the perception of citizens regarding political marketing practices and of its perceived impacts on democracy. We propose a marketing malaise theoretical framework based on existing theoretical studies conducted in political science that included the role of media. The analysis is built on a citizen perspective, using data gathered in eight focus groups. To this date, no previous research on marketing malaise used a qualitative and comprehensive approach to directly interview citizens on their knowledge level, their perceptions, and on the effects of political marketing on democracy. Although the marketing malaise theoretical model guides this research, the approach we use is mainly inductive. Three main research questions guide our work: 1) How are citizens perceiving democracy? 2) What are citizens’ levels of knowledge and their perception regarding media coverage of politics? 3) What are citizens’ levels of knowledge and their perception of political marketing? The analysis reveals that citizens are attached to democracy, as a political system, which they associated mainly with free elections and the protection of fundamental freedoms and civil rights. However, citizens share concerns regarding the health of democracy in Québec. Their main critics are directed at the “first past the post” electoral system, political parties and the perceived decline in turnout. Furthermore, the low level of trust in politicians nowadays compromises the optimism of participants. The main reason explaining the suspiciousness of citizens towards politicians are related to their perception that 1) politicians do not have the freedom to accomplish what they want because they are manipulated by political strategists, and 2) politicians are corrupted. Participants of our focus groups believe that media coverage is driven mainly by sensationalism which outlines first blunders and anecdotes. Those elements have a common trait: they are related to the “visible” campaign activities seen by the general public and to the various communication strategies deployed by the political parties (i.e. tactical marketing) to win elections. Citizens are very critical about the news media, which is perceived as a facilitator of deviant political behaviors as they do not cover main political issues. The last component of the dissertation investigates participants’ opinions about political marketing. It seems that the knowledge of political marketing by citizens is often limited and imprecise. However, citizens understand that politicians rely on opinion surveys to elaborate their strategies, target certain types of voters and use communication strategies that citizens often find misleading. The participants of the study strongly associate political marketing with its tactical aspects, which consist in elaborating and broadcasting a political message. Our analysis indicates a convergence between what citizens know about political marketing and about media coverage of politics. This highlights the central role the news media play in shaping public perceptions of politics. Therefore, the dissertation outlines that citizens should be better informed about the realities of political marketing by the media and that they should have access to better civic education. Furthermore, citizens have negative perceptions of political marketing, particularly those who show low political confidence level. They believe that political marketing is a tool that should be used for developing long-term relationship between parties and voters. We conclude our research by stating that the marketing malaise hypothesis is a plausible explanation of a democratic malaise. Future research should be oriented towards quantitative analyses aimed at validating the marketing malaise hypothesis.

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O estudo objetiva analisar o processo da publicidade do crime no per?odo p?s-Segunda Guerra Mundial no Brasil, considerando o jornal Tribuna do Norte como um dos principais vetores dessa produ??o na esfera p?blica do Rio Grande do Norte. A discuss?o te?rica reuniu os soci?logos J?rgen Habermas e John Thompson, entre outros, os quais lan?am ideias sobre a rela??o da imprensa com o espa?o p?blico. O recorte compreende de 1950, ano de funda??o do peri?dico, a 1970, no contexto do AI-5. Esse per?odo assinalou a consolida??o do referido ve?culo de comunica??o na conjuntura do populismo de Alu?zio Alves, bem como sua articula??o com as mudan?as pol?ticas antes e depois do golpe militar de 1964. A publicidade do crime ? buscada como uma constru??o hist?rica, envolvendo procedimentos jornal?sticos, sujeitos e espa?os. A publicidade compreende quest?es comerciais e pol?ticas quando determinados acontecimentos s?o transformados em um evento p?blico. Nesse sentido, o foco desta pesquisa ? a publicidade em sua dimens?o pol?tica. Quanto ? metodologia, trata-se de um estudo emp?rico, de ordem documental e de base qualitativa, com abordagem descritiva e interpretativista, conforme a historiadora T?nia de Luca. O corpus de an?lise foi composto de notas, manchetes, not?cias, reportagens, propagandas comerciais, textos imag?ticos, entre outros g?neros. Os cap?tulos re?nem o estudo sobre as constru??es e transforma??es do jornalismo populista; a publicidade do crime em tempos democr?ticos; al?m de o golpe militar de 1964 e as transforma??es da publicidade do crime. Os resultados da an?lise revelam que a Tribuna do Norte, embora tenha adotado modelos mais liberais da imprensa norte-americana, permaneceu, durante esse recorte, contemporizando com padr?es conservadores e autorit?rios dos velhos impressos potiguares. Quanto ? pr?tica pol?tica, apesar dos interesses mercadol?gicos diversos, foi elemento importante na trajet?ria desse jornalismo amb?guo, inclusive influenciando, de maneira significativa, as confec??es da not?cia de crime.
The study aims to analyze the crime of the advertising process in the post-World War II period in Brazil, considering the Tribuna do Norte newspaper as one of the main vectors of this production in the public sphere of Rio Grande do Norte. The theoretical discussion is based on sociologists J?rgen Habermas and John Thompson, among others, that bring ideas about the relationship between the press and the public space. Our research in the journal is during the period from 1950, the year of the creation of this press, to 1970, in the context of AI-5 law. This period is considered the consolidation of this periodic in the populist context of Alu?zio Alves, as well as the articulation with political changes after and before military coup in 1964. The publicity of crime is showed as a historical building, involving journalistic procedures, subjects and spaces. The publicity is related to commercial and political questions when some facts turned into a public event. In this sense, this research focuses on the publicity in its political dimensions. Related to the methodology, it is an empirical and qualitative study, based on literature, with a descriptive and interpretative approach, according to historian T?nia de Luca. The corpus of analyze is composed by notes, titles, news, reports, advertisements, image texts, among another textual genres. The chapters present a study about the building and changes of the populist journalism; the publicity of crime in democratic times; besides the military coup in 1964 and the changes of publicity of crime. The results of analyzes show that Tribuna do Norte, although has adopted more liberal pattern from North American presses, during the analyzed period has yet conservative and authoritative patterns from old potiguar presses. In this period, the political practice, in spite of diverse commercial interests, was an important element in the trajectory of this ambiguous journalism that has influencing, in a significant way, the production of news of crime.

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This research was made aimed investigating the chinese and brazilian newspapers and trying to find out the common points and differences in the layout and the contents of the opinion pages. We start with the analysis about the chinese jornalism theories, and some basic informations about the two newspapers. The agenda-setting hypothesis was focused in the studies of McCombs e Shaw, Mauro Wolff and Antonio Hohlfeldt, to verify a existence of the basic elements of agenda-setting in the two pages. We selected the Content Analysis and the Discourse Analysis as our methods for a quantitative and qualitative research, considering also the cultural, political and social influences. We analize the articles in the following aspects: the general informations, a layout of the page, editors and the sections, writers, topics, and the characteristics of the language
O presente estudo tem como objeto de pesquisa as p?ginas de opini?o de um jornal chin?s e outro brasileiro, a fim de discutir as suas semelhan?as e diferen?as, tanto na forma quanto nos conte?dos. O trabalho come?a pelas an?lises sobre as teorias do jornalismo dos dois pa?ses, assim como as informa??es b?sicas dos dois jornais. A hip?tese de agenda-setting concentrar-se-? nos trabalhos de McCombs e Shaw, Mauro Wolff e Antonio Hohlfeldt para verificar a exist?ncia dos elementos b?sicos do agendamento nas duas p?ginas. Quanto ? metodologia, escolhemos a An?lise de Conte?do e a An?lise de Discurso, a fim de fazer uma investiga??o quantitativa e qualitativa, procurando as influ?ncias cultural, pol?tica e social sobre os discursos. A parte da an?lise dos artigos divide-se nas seguintes partes: aspetos gerais, como edi??es, disposi??o das p?ginas, editores e colunas, os autores, os temas e as caracter?sticas de linguagem

Binding sites for substance P(1-7), SP(1-7) have been identified and characterized for the first time in crude membrane fraction from rat CNS using tritiated ([3H]) SP(1-7) as tracer. These putative receptors were investigated in relation to their affinity for tachykinins, opioid peptides and sigma receptor ligands. [3H]-SP(1-7) specifically binds to high affinity binding sites identified as receptor targets for the heptapeptide SP (1-7). Two distinct binding sites were observed in the spinal cord. One site is recognized by high affinity for SP(1-7) with a Kd of 0.5 nM, whereas the other site showed low affinity for the heptapeptide (Kd=12 nM). In the brain, the binding of SP(1-7) fitted a single site binding model with a Kd of 4.4 nM and a Ki of 4.2 nM. Further, using the spinal cord membranes the binding of [3H]-SP (1-7) was weakly displaced by SP and other N-terminal fragments thereof and no or negligible affinity was observed for ligands of the NK-1, NK-2 and NK-3 tachykinin receptors, C-terminal SP(5-11), Tyr-w-MIF-1 or the mu-opioid receptor antagonists naloxone and naloxonazine. On the other hand it was significantly displaced by endomorphin-2, DAMGO, and Try-MIF-1 and exhibit some affinity for MIF-1, ß-casomorphin and endomorphin-1. However, only endomorphin-2, DAMGO and Tyr-MIF-1 showed affinity in the close range of the native peptide SP(1-7). The affinity of endomorphin-2 for the spinal cord site was 10 times lower than that of SP(1-7) but more than 100 times higher than the affinity recorded for endomorphin-1. Tyr-MIF-1 but not Tyr-w-MIF-1 showed similar affinity as endomorphin-2 for SP(1-7) site. All peptides exhibiting high affinity at the SP(1-7) site, have a phenylalanine or a leucine residue in their C-terminal structure. Further, synthetic analogues of SP(1-7) were tested for their affinity for the SP(1-7) receptor in the rat spinal cord. An important finding here was that the receptor-ligand-interaction was favoured by the C-terminal region of SP(1-7). Residues at positions 5-7 appeared crucial for binding to the specific SP(1-7) site. The presence of the amidated Phe7 residue was extremely critical for binding to the SP(1-7) site.The analogue Gln5-Gln6-Phe7-NH2 was almost equipotent with the parent peptide in the SP (1-7) receptor binding assay. Furthermore, the SP(1-7)-amide potently and dose dependently reduced several signs of the reaction to morphine withdrawal and was significantly attenuated by the addition of the sigma agonist SK-10047. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis has contributed the characterization of the properties of highly selective binding sites for SP(1-7) in the rat spinal cord and VTA. These sites appear to be distinct from the µ-opioid receptor or any of the known neurokinin receptors. The study further indicates that the SP(1-7)-amide mimics the effect of the nativ heptapeptide and that the mechanisms for its action involve a sigma receptor site.

Currently, opioids are extensively used in clinical practices in order to treat pain in patients. However, prolonged administration of opioids are not feasible due to the development of side effects especially tolerance, constipation, addiction and dependence. Our drug design is mainly aimed to reduce opioid induce side effects such as development of tolerance. The first strategy examined involves design and synthesis of peptide based single molecules that have a mu agonist and delta agonist pharmacophore in combination with a COX2 inhibitory pharmacophore. A new molecule, 3-17 having good delta agonist activity, partial COX2 inhibitory activity and weak mu agonist activity was produced. Moreover, Investigation of the bioactivities of the synthesized ligands including 3-17 in terms of their ligand receptor interactions were probed using NMR conformational analysis along with docking analysis to the respective homology modeled mu and delta opioid receptors as well as the COX2 enzyme. As a further continuation of this work, instead of peptide based mu agonist and delta agonist type pharmacophore, the highly mu selective fentanyl pharmacophore was used in combination with a pyrazole based and a pyrazolone based COX pharmacophore. Based on the SAR study and docking analysis of synthesized ligands to the homology modeled mu opioid receptor, an ideal tolerant position without significant loss of mu opioid agonist activity for fentanyl were found. The second strategy involves design and synthesis of a peptide based single molecule that has a mu agonist and a delta antagonist pharmacophore in combination with a NK1 antagonist pharmacophore. A novel molecule (4-2) containing delta antagonist activity, weak mu agonist activity and NK1 antagonist activity was identified. Its homology modeled mu opioid receptor bound conformation was compared with that of reference ligands. Docking analysis of modified 4-2 to the homology modeled mu opioid receptor revealed that it can be further modified to obtain better mu agonist activity. 4-2 showed antinociception for 45 min period of time after injection in tail flick assay. In addition to studies that were directed to avoid tolerance development due to opioid administration, peptide based potential analgesics such as biphalin was modified by introducing more peptidomimetic character in order to enhance its blood brain barrier permeability and proteolytic stability. The novel molecule (6-7) was produced in this study and its antinociception lasted for 30 min period of time after injection in the tail flick assay.

La fluctuation du niveau de confiance des citoyens canadiens envers les acteurs et les institutions politiques que révèlent de nombreuses études d’opinion s’exprime entre autres par une montée du désengagement ou de l'indifférence envers le processus électoral. Les partis politiques sont ainsi les premiers concernés par ce désaveu des citoyens. En outre, la théorie du marketing politique pose que la confiance du citoyen envers un parti est un facteur déterminant dans la conclusion de la transaction électorale. Les partis doivent donc élaborer des stratégies permettant d’alimenter et de maintenir la confiance des citoyens en leur offre : leurs idées, leurs projets, leurs leaders. L’exercice de marketing politique devient alors un exercice de marketing de la confiance. Au Québec, le Parti québécois (PQ) doit faire la promotion d’un projet politique, la souveraineté du Québec, qui est constamment présenté et décrit par ses opposants comme porteur d'incertitude. Notre recherche tente d’identifier quelles sont les stratégies de communication mises en forme par ce parti afin de contrer ce discours d’incertitude et de relever la place qu’y occupe la notion de confiance. Par le biais d’une série d’entrevues réalisées auprès de stratèges péquistes ayant participé à l’élaboration des campagnes électorales du parti depuis 1995, l’étude permet de cerner les mécanismes tactiques mis en place par le parti souverainiste afin d’établir et de maintenir une relation de confiance avec les électeurs québécois. L’étude permettra de contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances sur la pratique du marketing politique au Québec et au Canada.

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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar, dentro de um determinado per?odo de tempo, os processos de agenda setting e de framing em duas grandes publica??es semanais de alcance nacional: Veja e ?poca. O escopo ? identificar esses processos em cada uma das publica??es e demonstrar as eventuais diferen?as de cultura de cada uma delas. A fim de subsidiar o leitor, o texto traz uma revis?o cultural das principais teorias desse campo, incluindo, al?m das citadas, espiral do sil?ncio, gatekeeping e priming. Ao mesmo tempo, busca-se ilustrar se essas revistas t?m poder de influ?ncia sobre a opini?o p?blica e vice-versa. O espa?o de tempo, no qual as publica??es foram analisadas, foi monitorado, concomitantemente, por pesquisas de opini?o elaboradas pelo IBOPE, para a Confedera??o Nacional da Ind?stria - CNI.

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Depois de quase cinco anos, os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001 aos Estados Unidos permanecem vivos na mem?ria coletiva. Os atos influenciaram diretamente no comportamento dos cidad?os norte-americanos e colaboraram para ampliar as d?vidas sobre a imprensa e sua liberdade. Conhecendo o contexto do terror e que uma imprensa livre ? fundamental para o desenvolvimento de uma democracia, esta pesquisa transp?e o dilema do terrorismo aos ga?chos. Com o objetivo de conhecer a opini?o de tal p?blico diante situa??es de amea?a e comparar dados obtidos em pesquisas nos Estados Unidos, o estudo descreve o trabalho da imprensa sob um ponto de vista hist?rico. S?o resgatados fatos que mudaram a liberdade da imprensa durante per?odos espec?ficos, como a constru??o das democracias, o desenvolvimento dos regimes autorit?rios e totalit?rios, as guerras e o terrorismo.

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The Brazilian legal documents are directing the reformulation of the courses that prepare students to be teachers. Through out the country many institutions look for to fit themselves in such documents. On the other hand, other IES (Superior Education Institutions), when they are setting up such courses they looked for to be adequate to the new public politics. Based on the National Curricular Norms to form teachers for Basic Education, in tertiary level, in 2004 it was created at the CEFET-PB,the Chemistry Course (Licenciatura) to prepare people to be teachers, whose organization. This work presents the results of a research of phenomenological nature that aimed to comprehend the teachers opinions, in the range of discussions about the current politics of formation, particularly related to the CNE/CP 1 and CNE/CP 2/2002 resolutions. This work based on the curricular proposal for the Chemistry Course (Licenciatura), presents the relationship between the probationary period and the teaching practice at the CEFET-PB, in order to contribute for a reflection about these categories to clarify the teachers of the course. It started from the consideration of all changes operated in contemporary society implies changes on teacher's pedagogical practices. It was used tow instruments for the data collection: a questionnaire with open and closed questions and recordable interviews. Nine teachers form the CEFET-PB took apart and four licensed teachers. It was based in a theoretic frame as a support for discussions about the different models of teachers formation. We concluded that the representations of teachers about probationary period the practice on the activity for the teachers formation was strongly anchored in characteristic elements of the formative tendency of a institution that historically acted on a technician formation, and the results pointed to strong signs of attitudes based on a model of the technical rationality
Os documentos legais brasileiros est?o orientando a reformula??o dos cursos de forma??o de professores. Em todo o pa?s muitas institui??es procuram se adequar a tais documentos. Outras Institui??es de Ensino Superior IES j? na implanta??o dos cursos procuravam se adequar ?s novas pol?ticas p?blicas. Com base nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais, para a forma??o de professores da Educa??o B?sica, em n?vel superior, cria-se em 2004 o Curso de Licenciatura em Qu?mica no CEFET-PB, cuja organiza??o curricular atende as solicita??es dos documentos legais. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa de natureza fenomenol?gica que visou compreender as opini?es de professores, no ?mbito das discuss?es sobre as atuais pol?ticas de forma??o, particularmente as relativas ?s resolu??es CNE/CP 1 e CNE/CP 2/2002. Ap?ia-se na proposta curricular para o curso de Licenciatura em Qu?mica, apresenta a quest?o da rela??o entre o est?gio e a pr?tica de ensino no CEFET-PB, a fim de contribuir acerca de uma reflex?o sobre estas categorias para esclarecer os professores formadores. Partiu da considera??o de que as mudan?as operadas na sociedade contempor?nea implicam mudan?as nas pr?ticas dos professores. A coleta de dados contou com dois instrumentos: um question?rio com quest?es fechadas e abertas e entrevistas gravadas. Participaram 9 professores do CEFET-PB e 4 licenciandos. Fundamentou-se em um quadro te?rico como suporte para as discuss?es sobre os diferentes modelos de forma??o docente. Conclu?mos que as representa??es de professores sobre est?gio e pr?tica de ensino como eixo articulador entre teoria e pr?tica na atividade de forma??o docente est? fortemente ancorada em elementos caracter?sticos da tend?ncia formativa de uma institui??o que historicamente atuava na forma??o de t?cnicos, e os resultados apontam para fortes ind?cios de atitudes baseadas no modelo da racionalidade t?cnica

A técnica de laserterapia é um método não-invasivo que demonstra clinicamente ser eficaz na redução da sensibilidade à dor. O presente estudo visou examinar os efeitos da aplicação do LASER sobre a sensibilidade dolorosa induzida pela constrição crônica do nervo isquiático (CCI) de ratos. Os animais foram submetidos a ensaios comportamentais e a dez sessões de laserterapia. Observamos melhora para os testes comportamentais o que corrobora com os ensaios de imunoblotting no gânglio da raiz dorsal, onde observamos uma diminuição de Substância P no grupo de animais tratados com LASER. Com relação aos ensaios imunoenzimático de ELISA, observamos diminuição de citocinas pró-inflamatória e uma tendência ao aumento de citocina anti-inflamatória. Não observamos diferença estatística na análise dos receptores opióides MOR , DOR e KOR . Podemos concluir que o LASER é eficaz e age na modulação da dor neuropática.
The technique of laser therapy is a not invasive method that demonstrates clinically to be effective in reducing sensitivity to pain. This study aimed to examine the effects of application of LASER on pain sensitivity induced by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve (CCI) in rats. The animals were subjected to behavioral tests and the ten sessions of laser therapy. We observed and improvement for behavioral tests which corroborates with immunoblotting assays in the dorsal root ganglion, where we observes a decrease of substance P in the group of animals treated with LASER. Regarding immunoenzymatic ELISA assay, we observed a decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a possible increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine. No statistical difference in the analysis of opioid receptor MOR, DOR and KOR.

Le développement des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication ainsi que leur appropriation par la presse (écrite ou audiovisuelle) ont suscité de nouvelles formes de pratiques journalistiques, dont le journalisme en ligne. Nouveauté non seulement dans la production et la diffusion de contenus, mais aussi dans la réception par les destinataires. Ainsi, depuis que le journalisme a intégré le Web pour devenir du « journalisme 2.0 », le lecteur se voit octroyer des possibilités de publier des commentaires à la fin de chaque article diffusé sur le Net. Ce mémoire vise à analyser et mieux comprendre la conception « idéale » que certains lecteurs peuvent se faire du journalisme à travers leurs rétroactions dans les espaces de commentaires ou de prise de parole, et ce, dans le sillage des mutations survenues avec les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication. Cette recherche, à caractère exploratoire, a pour objectif principal, dans un premier temps, d’étudier le discours des internautes sur la pratique journalistique dans un contexte de mutations technologiques et socio médiatiques, puis dans un second temps, de montrer l’importance de leurs interactions dans l’univers journalistique. Nous avons choisi les sites Web du quotidien Le Devoir et de La Presse comme terrain d’étude. Dans la mesure où les internautes sont de plus en plus enclins à jeter un regard critique sur ce que les journalistes leur offrent, leur discours a été révélateur des valeurs qu’ils espèrent voir émerger dans les pratiques actuelles. Au cœur des différentes mutations, en effet, les affirmations sur l’intérêt public de l’information, l’objectivité et la rigueur dans son traitement ainsi que l’indépendance des journalistes demeurent des valeurs de références.

Les radios parlées conservatrices, nées aux États-Unis, ont servi de modèle aux radios d’opinion de Québec dans le but de capter une audience et la maintenir à l’écoute le plus longtemps possible. Ce modèle économique à succès, basé sur le spectacle et la provocation, compte de fidèles adeptes à Québec mais aussi des détracteurs qui les accusent de favoriser les divisions. Notre étude se penche sur le public de ces deux radios, CHOI Radio X et FM93. Nous avons cherché à établir, grâce à nos entretiens avec 16 auditeurs, la nature de la confiance qui les unit à leur station et à définir le type de contrat de communication qui se met en place, à savoir, le système relationnel basé sur des règles et des attentes réciproques entre les acteurs. Les recherches théoriques sur l’exposition sélective et le biais de confirmation, la confiance et le contrat de communication nous ont permis de formuler des propositions de recherche combinant l’adhésion forte des auditeurs au discours de la radio, leur grande fidélité, leur engagement fort et la confiance importante qu’ils ont dans la station qu’ils écoutent. Notre analyse nous a permis d’identifier trois profils d’auditeurs de ces radios qui montrent une prise de recul plus importante vis-à-vis du discours de la radio que ne le suggéraient les recherches.
Les radios parlées conservatrices, nées aux États-Unis, ont servi de modèle aux radios d’opinion de Québec dans le but de capter une audience et la maintenir à l’écoute le plus longtemps possible. Ce modèle économique à succès, basé sur le spectacle et la provocation, compte de fidèles adeptes à Québec mais aussi des détracteurs qui les accusent de favoriser les divisions. Notre étude se penche sur le public de ces deux radios, CHOI Radio X et FM93. Nous avons cherché à établir, grâce à nos entretiens avec 16 auditeurs, la nature de la confiance qui les unit à leur station et à définir le type de contrat de communication qui se met en place, à savoir, le système relationnel basé sur des règles et des attentes réciproques entre les acteurs. Les recherches théoriques sur l’exposition sélective et le biais de confirmation, la confiance et le contrat de communication nous ont permis de formuler des propositions de recherche combinant l’adhésion forte des auditeurs au discours de la radio, leur grande fidélité, leur engagement fort et la confiance importante qu’ils ont dans la station qu’ils écoutent. Notre analyse nous a permis d’identifier trois profils d’auditeurs de ces radios qui montrent une prise de recul plus importante vis-à-vis du discours de la radio que ne le suggéraient les recherches.
Conservative talk radio, born in the US, served as a model for talk radio in Quebec City in order to capture the audience and maintain it as much as possible. This successful economic model, based on entertainment and provocation, has loyal listeners in Quebec City but also opponents accusing the radio of fostering divisions. Our study examines the public of the two most popular radio stations, CHOI Radio X and FM93. We aimed to draw up, thanks to our interviews with 16 listeners, the nature of trust uniting them with their station and to define the type of “communication contract”, which designates a relational system based on rules and reciprocal expectations between the actors. Theorical research on selective exposure and confirmation bias, trust and communication contract helped us to build research proposals combining audiences’ strong adhesion to the radios’ content, loyalty, strong engagement and great trust they have in the radio station they listen to. Our analysis led us to identify three profiles of listeners showing more distance toward the radio content than suggested by previous research.
Conservative talk radio, born in the US, served as a model for talk radio in Quebec City in order to capture the audience and maintain it as much as possible. This successful economic model, based on entertainment and provocation, has loyal listeners in Quebec City but also opponents accusing the radio of fostering divisions. Our study examines the public of the two most popular radio stations, CHOI Radio X and FM93. We aimed to draw up, thanks to our interviews with 16 listeners, the nature of trust uniting them with their station and to define the type of “communication contract”, which designates a relational system based on rules and reciprocal expectations between the actors. Theorical research on selective exposure and confirmation bias, trust and communication contract helped us to build research proposals combining audiences’ strong adhesion to the radios’ content, loyalty, strong engagement and great trust they have in the radio station they listen to. Our analysis led us to identify three profiles of listeners showing more distance toward the radio content than suggested by previous research.

Cette recherche se situe dans la réflexion autour de la production médiatique internationale de l’événement. Elle tente de montrer que si, en amont, la normativité en matière de production et de diffusion de l’événement dans les pays du Nord marque le traitement global de l’information fournie par les agences internationales de presse, en aval, par contre, la réappropriation par les médias nationaux du même événement donne lieu à une pluralité de sens grâce aux contextes sociaux de chaque média. L’analyse des interactions entre les médias et leur ancrage social peut aider à mieux saisir les dynamiques discursives de la communication publique. La couverture médiatique de la déclaration du Pape Benoît XVI sur l’utilisation du condom lors de son premier voyage en Afrique du 17 au 23 mars 2009 a servi d’étude de cas. À partir de la mise en scène médiatique des propos du Pape sur le préservatif, la thèse tente de saisir, dans une perspective d’analyse du discours, la « thématisation » de la couverture des propos du Pape dans les médias du Québec et du Cameroun, afin de mettre en évidence les différents prismes par lesquels l’événement médiatique en contexte international prend sens pour les divers acteurs. Cette démarche socio-sémiotique permet de dégager les liens de parenté entre la production médiatique d’un événement et les situations de communication de sa mise en scène publique. L’étude de la médiatisation des propos du Pape Benoît XVI a été menée sur un corpus de 139 articles d’agences de presse et de médias québécois et camerounais. Il ressort de l’analyse thématique de ce corpus que, si la mondialisation facilite l’échange des informations bien au-delà des espaces nationaux, le processus de réception et d’interprétation d’un événement international découle d’un croisement socio-référentiel marqué à la fois par une sorte d’homogénéisation et de différenciation entre plusieurs manières de désigner le même phénomène. La différenciation qui nourrit la perspective d’une pluralité de sens accordée à un même événement au plan international est plus prononcée quand il s’agit des questions identitaires liées à la morale ou à la religion, lesquelles suscitent souvent des débats passionnés. L’événement médiatique international ne peut être saisi que comme un phénomène en constante reconfiguration ou hybridation socioculturelle. Par conséquent, du point de vue médiatique, la question de l’internationalisation de l’événement se déplace du questionnement sur son universalité (homogénéité de la production de l’information) vers la reconnaissance de sa lecture différenciée (hétérogénéité de la production médiatique). C’est dire l’importance de la réception et des dynamiques de communication publique dans la production du sens de l’événement international.

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As demandas globais e o ambiente cada vez mais competitivo implicam em uma nova postura organizacional, refletida pela preocupa??o com os diversos p?blicos e suas opini?es acerca da sua atua??o. Uma das formas de evidenciar a organiza??o s?o os resultados positivos em pesquisas como marcas mais lembradas (Top of Mind), marcas mais valiosas, reputa??o, marcas mais admiradas, melhores empresas para se trabalhar e rankings financeiros promovidos por ve?culos de comunica??o em parceria com Institutos de Pesquisa nacionais e internacionais. Fombrun (2000) afirma que quanto mais respeitada for a premia??o que a organiza??o carregar associada ao seu nome, menos exposta a riscos em torno de sua reputa??o ela estar?. Assim, as organiza??es dedicam esfor?os na forma??o da sua identidade, que ? entendida como a personalidade, associada ? cultura e ? gest?o; da sua imagem, compreendida como representa??es mentais que decorrem de experi?ncias particulares; e da sua reputa??o, que tem o seu fundamento na hist?ria e nas estrat?gias consolidadas ao longo do tempo, refor?ados por atributos como tradi??o, conhecimento, solidez, responsabilidade e inova??o, que gradativamente oferecem vantagem competitiva sustent?vel. Propomos, assim, um estudo sobre a relev?ncia dos resultados de Pesquisa sobre Reputa??o e Imagem nas organiza??es premiadas no Rio Grande do Sul em 2009 para a legitima??o da Reputa??o, Identidade e Imagem junto aos seus p?blicos de interesse, bem como, a an?lise de algumas formas adotadas para visibilizar/divulgar tal desempenho. A sele??o dos projetos deu-se pela representatividade local das pesquisas: Top of Mind e Pr?mio Reputa??o Corporativa, promovidos pela Revista Amanh? e Marcas de Quem Decide realizada pelo Jornal do Com?rcio. Definimos como objetivo discutir as interfaces entre Reputa??o, Identidade e Imagem, evidenciar a relev?ncia dos resultados

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Este estudo investiga os acidentes a?reos ocorridos com os v?os TAM 3054, em 17 de julho de 2007, e Air France 447, em 31 de maio de 2009 e sua repercuss?o na m?dia. Tem por objetivo investigar de que forma ocorre a veicula??o das Crises na m?dia, como o contexto s?cio-hist?rico pode influenciar neste processo, que aspecto(s) de cada crise s?o trazidos, como elementos verbais e n?o verbais dialogam e impactam na imagem das organiza??es envolvidas. Tamb?m buscamos analisar de que modo a Revista Veja aborda cada uma das companhias a?reas envolvidas e identificar se a Reputa??o de cada companhia foi determinante na abordagem feita pelo seman?rio. Do ponto de vista metodol?gico, adotamos o Paradigma da Hermen?utica de Profundidade (HP), em Thompson (1995), em sua proposta de uma Tr?plice An?lise: S?cio-Hist?rica, Formal ou Discursiva, e Interpreta??o/Reinterpreta??o. Na etapa de An?lise Formal ou Discursiva, contamos com o apoio da Semiologia, em Barthes, como t?cnica de an?lise associada ? HP. Para sustentar teoricamente nossa An?lise, adotamos as seguintes categorias a priori: Fotografia, em Barthes; G?neros Jornal?sticos, em Erbolato; Crises de Imagem, em Neves e Rosa; Cultura, em Barthes; Poder, em Barthes; e Socioleto, em Barthes. Da categoria a priori Fotografia, decorreram as subcategorias Studium e Punctum, tamb?m em Barthes. Da categoria G?neros Jornal?sticos, emergiu a subcategoria Jornalismo Interpretativo, por sua aplica??o ao Jornalismo de Revista, tamb?m em Erbolato. Na categoria Crises de Imagem, destacamos a subcategoria Reputa??o, baseada em Rosa. No decorrer de nossa An?lise, nasceram novas categorias a posteriori: Met?fora, em Morgan e Cegalla; Imagin?rio, em Barthes; Imagem da Marca, em Aaker; Mensagem Fotogr?fica, em Barthes; Fait Divers, em Barthes; ?tica, em Guareschi; Mito da Quantifica??o do Real, em Barthes

Questa tesi si propone di approfondire il significato del concetto di 'artigianato' dal punto di vista di tre differenti tipologie di stakeholder: 1) Associazioni e Camere di commercio; 2) Aziende, Fornitori ed Esperti e 3) Consumatori. L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è riassumere i più recenti sviluppi in materia di artigianato evidenziandone lo stato dell'arte e proponendo osservazioni critiche in merito al concetto stesso di artigianalità. Verranno identificati eventuali limiti e lacune concettuali sul tema dell’artigianato nonché indicati suggerimenti per la ricerca futura. Questa tesi è articolata in tre ricerche: la prima, " Artisanship: A review of the conceptualization of the “craftmanship ", impiega la content analysis per esaminare le definizioni di 'artigianato' fornite da diverse fonti tra cui Fondazioni, Associazioni, Organizzazioni Internazionali e Intergovernative e Camere di Commercio. La seconda ricerca "Crafting the craft - evidence from Italian experts" utilizza la metodologia qualitativa delle interviste semistrutturate con manager, esperti e opinion leader che gravitano nel mondo dell’artigianato. L’ultima ricerca " Understanding of the concept of “craft” – from the perspective of Italian consumers " è un'indagine finalizzata a capire le percezioni del consumatore in merito all’artigianato e le sue preferenze per i diversi tipi di prodotti artigianali. Grazie all’intrinseca interdisciplinarietà di questa tesi, che collega diverse basi teoriche e discipline come sociologia, economia, arte, filosofia e storia sociale, si cercherà di colmare le attuali lacune presenti nella ricerca sull'artigianato offrendo, così, un nuovo contributo in materia.
This thesis aims to deepen the meaning of ‘craft’ by looking at the concept from the perspective of different stakeholders, including 1) Guilds and Chambers of Commerce; 2) businesses, providers and experts and 3) consumers. The overarching purpose of this dissertation is to summarize recent developments, to highlight the state of the art and to offer some critical observations of various understandings of the concept of artisanship, in order to identify conceptual gaps and limitations and directions for future research. This dissertation includes three studies: Study 1 - “Artisanship: A review of the conceptualization of the “craftmanship” – employs content analysis to examine definitions of ‘artisanship’ provided by different sources from Craft Foundations and Associations, international and intergovernmental organizations, and European Chambers of Commerce. Study 2 – “Crafting the craft – evidence from Italian experts” is based on a qualitative methodology and includes semistructured interviews with managers and experts of artisanal products. Study 3 – “Understanding of the concept of “craft” – from the perspective of Italian consumers” is a survey aimed at investigating consumer perceptions of artisanship and preference for different types of artisanal products. By bridging different theoretical bases and disciplines, such as sociology, economics, arts, philosophy and social history, this research will offer a novel contribution and fill gaps in the research on artisanship.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
INTRODUCTION: the progressive aging of the population brings with it changes in the needs of the social organization in which we all live, demanding a better understanding of this epidemiological transition and of all the ways to lead a healthy longevity. Changes in age structure and the consequences of population aging make the prevalence of chronic-degenerative diseases more significant, a process that requires a Public System prepared to deal with disease prevention issues and ongoing health promotion. OBJECTIVE: compare the frequency and costs of the hospitalization of the elderly in the municipalities of the 10th Region of Health. METODOLOGIA: The quantitative part is transversal type, with the analysis carried out from the elements collected in the DATASUS database. These part was complemented by a qualitative part, with the opinions of their health system managers, in order to provide elements that help improve health care and management with more quality, data were collection from the year 2014. In the qualitative part with longitudinal type, there were used questionnaires with open questions to the managers, a pre-analysis was carried out, and a spreadsheet was created in Excel, which was changed and/or complemented in the three preliminary meetings of the Pilot Project. Subsequently these data were used as a subsidy for the focus group discussions, which consisted of six health managers (or their representatives), who participated in seven meetings, in which six studies were carried out on the health situation, one for each County. RESULTS: a quantitative value of ICSAP was found among the residents of the 10th Region in the State and other Health Regions of the state, with a total of 52,94 hospitalizations per 1000 resident elderly residents, while the total Of ICSAP among the elderly in the State of Rio Grande do Sul was 64,58. However, in relation to the ICSAP of the diagnostic group L, skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases, Region 10 had 0.56 hospitalizations per 1000 elderly inhabitants, while in the whole state, in this diagnostic group, 0,48. The same occurs in the diagnostic group N, diseases of the genitourinary system: in the 10th Region of Health there were 4,27 ICSAP per 1000 elderly inhabitants, while in the whole state of Rio Grande do Sul were 3,94, with 3,86 hospitalizations for every 1000 elderly people in other health regions. Health Education issues for SUS users and health professionals, focusing on the specific needs of the elderly, were pointed out as a resolution to 72,4% of health problems of the Region 10. The implementation and expansion of home care services, according to a better at Home Program, were indicated in the intention of better accompanying the outpatients of hospital discharges, with a view to considering not only dehospitalization, but effectively reducing hospital readmissions. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The cross-referencing of demographic, socioeconomic, epidemiological and morbidity and mortality data provides a more solid, critical and supported view for the construction of opinions favorable or unfavorable to health actions and the use of public resources. In addition, the development of the skills of collecting and analyzing these data stands out as something that should also be disseminated among health professionals and management representatives who participate in the decision-making processes, be it meetings of Regional Interagency Commissions (CIRs). The Bipartite Interagency Committee (CIB) or the Municipal or State Health Councils. The list of sensitive conditions to Primary Care should function as an indicator of indirect measures of the functioning and resolving capacity of Primary Health Care. This study may be of great importance and value to the managers involved with basic care, and can act as another indicator of their quality, being included in the contributions for the evaluation of the implementation and implementation of health policies. Considering that all health action requires the availability of resources, it is suggested to think of a National Health Policy for the Elderly that binds costing with the fulfillment of goals, in order to meet its end-goals.
O progressivo envelhecimento da popula??o vem trazendo consigo modifica??es das necessidades na organiza??o social em que vivemos, exigindo uma melhor compreens?o desta transi??o epidemiol?gica e de todas as formas de conduzir uma longevidade saud?vel. As mudan?as na estrutura et?ria e as consequ?ncias do envelhecimento populacional tornam mais significativa a preval?ncia de doen?as cr?nico-degenerativas, processo que exige um sistema p?blico preparado para lidar com quest?es de preven??o da doen?a e permanente promo??o da sa?de. Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar frequ?ncia e custos de interna??es de idosos dos munic?pios da 10? Regi?o de Sa?de, complementando com opini?es de seus gestores, para disponibilizar elementos que auxiliem a melhora desse atendimento e a gest?o das a??es de Sa?de. Foi realizado um estudo quanti-qualitativo, sendo a parte quantitativa do tipo transversal, com coleta de dados referentes ao ano de 2014, e a parte qualitativa do tipo longitudinal. Realizada an?lise a partir dos elementos colhidos no banco de dados DATASUS, complementados com a realiza??o de question?rios com perguntas aos gestores, sendo realizada uma pr?-an?lise, montada uma planilha no excel, que foi alterada e/ou complementada nos tr?s encontros preliminares do projeto piloto e, posteriormente, utilizada como subs?dio para as discuss?es do grupo focal, o qual constituiu-se dos seis gestores de sa?de (ou seus representantes), que participaram de sete encontros, em que foram realizados seis estudos de caso acerca da situa??o de sa?de, no que se refere ? aten??o ? pessoa idosa, um estudo de caso para cada um dos munic?pios pesquisados. Resultados: Percebeu-se entre os mun?cipes da 10? Regi?o, um quantitativo de ICSAP abaixo dos valores no Estado e de outras Regi?es de Sa?de do estado, apresentando um total de 52,94 interna??es a cada 1000 habitantes idosos residentes, enquanto que o total geral de ICSAP entre os idosos de todo o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foi de 64,58. No entanto, no que se refere ?s ICSAP do grupo diagn?stico L, doen?as da pele e do tecido subcut?neo, a Regi?o 10 apresentou 0,56 interna??es a cada 1000 habitantes idosos, enquanto que em todo o Estado, nesse grupo diagn?stico, ocorreram 0,48. O mesmo se repetiu para o grupo diagn?stico N, doen?as do aparelho geniturin?rio: na 10? Regi?o de Sa?de ocorreram 4,27 ICSAP a cada 1000 habitantes idosos, enquanto que em todo o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul ocorreram 3,94, com 3,86 interna??es a cada 1000 idosos nas outras regi?es de Sa?de. As quest?es de Educa??o em Sa?de aos usu?rios do SUS e aos profissionais da sa?de, sob o enfoque das necessidades espec?ficas do idoso, foram apontadas como resolu??o para 72,4% de problem?ticas em sa?de da Regi?o 10. A implementa??o e amplia??o de servi?os de interna??o domiciliar, conforme o Programa Melhor em Casa, foram indicadas na inten??o de melhor acompanhar os pacientes egressos de altas hospitalares, vislumbrando comtemplar n?o apenas a desospitaliza??o, mas efetivamente a redu??o das reinterna??es hospitalares. Considera??es finais e perspectivas: O cruzamento de dados demogr?ficos, socioecon?micos, epidemiol?gicos e de morbimortalidade proporciona uma vis?o mais s?lida, cr?tica e respaldada para a constru??o de pareceres favor?veis ou desfavor?veis ?s a??es de sa?de e ? utiliza??o dos recursos p?blicos. Al?m de que o desenvolvimento de habilidades de coleta e de an?lise desses dados, destaca-se como algo que merece ser disseminado tamb?m entre os profissionais da sa?de e representantes da gest?o que participam dos processos decis?rios, seja em reuni?es de Comiss?es Intergestores Regionais (CIR), Comiss?o Intergestores Bipartite (CIB) ou dos Conselhos Municipais ou Estadual de Sa?de. A lista de condi??es sens?veis ? Aten??o Prim?ria deve funcionar como um indicador de medidas indiretas do funcionamento e da capacidade resolutiva da aten??o prim?ria ? sa?de, este estudo pode ser de grande valia aos gestores envolvidos com a aten??o b?sica, podendo funcionar como mais um balizador de sua qualidade, sendo inclu?do nas contribui??es para a avalia??o da implanta??o e da implementa??o das pol?ticas de sa?de. Considerando que toda a a??o de sa?de exige a disponibiliza??o de recursos, sugere-se pensar em uma Pol?tica Nacional de Sa?de da Pessoa Idosa que vincule custeio com o cumprimento de metas, em prol de atender seus objetivos-fim.

Les technologies d’information et de communication (TIC) ont bouleversé et transforment encore les pratiques professionnelles dans de nombreux métiers. Parmi ces dispositifs techniques, Twitter a su convaincre une part importante des journalistes qui acceptent aujourd’hui de l’intégrer à leur palette d’outils professionnels. Au Québec, un cinquième des journalistes travaille avec Twitter. Les attentes du public ont également changé par rapport à celles qu’on a pu observer dans les médias prénumériques : les exigences et les préceptes de démocratie participative se développent et expriment un désir grandissant d’équité de publication entre public et médias. Twitter se présente comme l’un des outils qui permet d’entretenir cette relation de communication horizontale entre informateurs et informés. Ce mémoire montre, par l’analyse de leurs usages réels de Twitter, que les journalistes québécois élaborent ou reproduisent des postures d’autorité sur leur public. Cette étude va donc à l’encontre de l’idée répandue d’une plus grande symétrie de publication à travers les médias socionumériques. En outre, elle ouvre une voie de recherche presque vierge au Québec, mais fertile, celle des usages journalistiques des dispositifs techniques de communication.

Le traitement journalistique des enjeux autochtones au Québec est critiqué avec virulence depuis la crise d’Oka, en 1990. Les propos stéréotypés, le manque de mise en contexte et la polarisation entretiennent l'incompréhension populaire et exacerbent les tensions entre les Autochtones et le reste de la population. La couverture du droit, en particulier, est délicate puisqu'elle a un fort potentiel d'influencer la réponse des gouvernements. Le mouvement Idle no more, un mouvement social fondé en partie sur des questions de droit relatif aux peuples autochtones, a mis l'accent sur l'importance d'une réconciliation entre Autochtones et non-Autochtones. Le droit canadien relatif aux peuples autochtones s’inspire lui aussi de ces notions. Cela s'est-il traduit dans les médias? Y a-t-on fait davantage place à la réconciliation qu'au conflit? Basée sur la théorie des cadres et du modèle du journalisme de paix, cette analyse tend à démontrer que la réponse est oui.

碩士
國立東華大學
企業管理學系
106
The concept of calling and its immense influence on individuals has been for several centuries(Hardy, 1990), and is being valued more and more because it can be one of the directions for finding work(Wrzesniewski, McCauley, Rozin, & Schwartz, 1997). In the past, the sense of calling is to discuss the relationship between individual and individual's psychological structure and career development structure from the general social type career. However, the influence of living a calling on Person-Job fit has not been fully explored. This study will be based on the social media as a research background, to explore the calling of the opinion leader, in the process of living a calling, whether it will be more fit for their job, and then affect the attitude and behavior of followers. In addition, vanity has a moderating effect on the credibility of opinion leaders and the electronic word-of-mouth of opinion leaders, which is also a concept to be clarified in this study. The research object is the "youtuber creator" of Taiwan region, as the opinion leader in this study, and its followers, total collected effective opinion leader questionnaire 31, followers questionnaire 316. After research and analysis, it was found that: First, there is a positive correlation between the living a calling and the individual-P-J fit. Second, there is a positive correlation between the P-J fit and the credibility of the individual. Third, there is a positive correlation between credibility and opinion leader electronic word-of-mouth. Fourth, vanity has a significant moderating effect between source credibility and opinion leader electronic word-of-mouth. Finally, the paper puts forward the implication of the theory and practice of this study, and puts forward some suggestions on the future research direction.

This diploma thesis is thematically oriented towards early theories of public opinion of the late 19th century. Concretely, it deals with the theories of Alexis de Tocqueville, John Stuart Mill and James Bryce. The thesis presents an analysis, interpretation and a comparison of these three thinkers and concentrates on the following topics: the definition of the term "public opinion"; the formation of public opinion; the influence individuals, groups and society as a whole have on public opinion; and the role the media play in public opinion. Further, it shows how these authors' thoughts are continued in selected 20th century theories of public opinion, namely in Walter Lippmann's concept of public opinion, the Two-step flow model developed by Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence, Irving Crespi's theory of the Public Opinion Process and Giovanni Sartori's "cascade model" of public opinion. Key words: public opinion, media, Two-step flow model, Spiral of Silence, Public Opinion Process, cascade model of public opinion, Alexis de Tocqeuville, John Stuart Mill, James Bryce, W. Lippmann, E. Katz, P. Lazarsfeld, E. Noelle-Neumann, I. Crespi, G. Sartori

Les peptides appartenant à la famille des tachykinines telle que la substance P (SP) sont des acteurs essentiels contribuant à l’hyperalgésie primaire et secondaire. La SP libérée par les neurones afférents primaires, ne provoque pas à elle seule des décharges nociceptives, mais elle potentialise l’effet de divers neurotransmetteurs tel que le glutamate. Pour ces différentes raisons, de nombreuses recherches ont été effectuées avec des antagonistes des récepteurs neurokinines et en particulier des récepteurs NK1. Cependant, malgré des études pré-cliniques prometteuses, les antagonistes du récepteur NK1 n’ont pas montré d’effet significatif chez l’Homme. La biosynthèse des neuropeptides actifs passe par la maturation protéolytique des pro-neuropeptides. La compréhension des mécanismes de la maturation enzymatique des précurseurs des tachykinines, ainsi que l’étude de la stabilité métabolique de la substance P (SP) permettraient d’élucider des stratégies de traitement innovateur en favorisant l’inhibition du processus de maturation ou la production de fragments peptidiques moins actifs ou inactifs. Le premier objectif de cette étude était d’élucider le rôle de la Proproteine convertase 1 (PC1) et de la Proproteine convertase 2 (PC2) dans la maturation de la protachykinine en utilisant des fractions S9 de la moelle épinière des souris du type sauvage (WT), PC1-/+ et PC2-/+. La caractérisation et la quantification des neuropeptides ont été réalisées à l’aide de la chromatographie liquide à haute performance et de la spectrométrie de masse. Les résultats montrent que PC1 et PC2 interviennent dans la maturation de la protachykinine et ces deux enzymes sont essentielles pour la biosynthèse de la Tachykinine58-71, le précurseur de la SP. Une réduction de plus de 50% de la vitesse de formation dans les fractions S9 de la moelle épinière de souris mutantes PC1 et PC2 a été observée. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que PC1 et PC2 sont impliquées dans la protéolyse de la protachykinine et suggèrent un rôle important de ces enzymes dans la maturation de la protachykinine-1. La protéolyse régule probablement les concentrations extracellulaires de la SP, mais peu d'études ont été menées sur le métabolisme des tachykinines. Dans ce présent travail, nous démontrons que la protéolyse contrôle le niveau de la SP dans la moelle épinière menant à la formation de fragments C-terminaux actifs. La stabilité métabolique de la β-tachykinine58-71 et de la SP était très courte, avec une demi-vie de 5.7 et 3.5 min, respectivement. Plusieurs fragments C-terminaux ont été identifiés, y compris la SP3-11, la SP5-11 et la SP8-11, qui conservent leurs affinités vis-à-vis des récepteurs neurokinines. La stabilité métabolique des fragments C-terminaux était significativement supérieure à celle de la β-Tachykinine58-71 et de la SP. Deux inhibiteurs de Prolyl endopeptidase spécifiques ont été utilisés et ont montré une réduction significative de la vitesse de formation de SP3-11 et de SP5-11. Ainsi, nous avons démontré que le Prolyl endopeptidase est impliqué dans le traitement N-terminal de la SP dans la moelle épinière et dans la formation de la SP3-11 et la SP5-11. Étant donné que la régulation des niveaux endogènes de peptides opioïdes (DynA, Leu-Enk, Met-Enk) et des tachykinines (Tach58-71, SP) dépend fondamentalement de l'activité de PC1 et de celle de PC2, l'analyse des tachykinines et des neuropeptides opioïdes ont été réalisées. Les résultats obtenus révèlent une diminution significative des neuropeptides pro nociceptifs la Tach58-71 (p <0,05), de la SP (p <0,01) et du NKA (P <0,001)), et des neuropeptides opioïdes DynA (p <0,01), de Leu-Enk (p <0,001), de Met-Enk (p <0,001), dans la moelle épinière de souris PC1 - / + et PC2 - / +. Par conséquent, la modulation de l'activité des PCs a un impact important sur les peptides pro-nociceptifs, mais également sur le système opioïde endogène et par conséquent elle affectera significativement les voies modulatrices de la douleur. Ces résultats suggèrent également que la réduction significative des concentrations de peptides pro-nociceptifs peut altérer la réponse du système opioïde endogène. Les analyses des concentrations des peptides opioïdes chez les souris Tac1-/- ont montré spécifiquement que les concentrations en Endomorphine-2 (EM2), en Leu-Enk et en Dyn A sont significativement inférieures que celles obtenues dans la moelle épinière chez les souris WT. Par conséquent, l’absence de la SP a un impact sur les mécanismes endogènes de modulation de la douleur. Mots clés : Tachykinines, substance P, proprotéines convertases, protéolyse, peptides opioïdes, moelle épinière, douleur, chromatographie liquide à haute performance, spectrométrie de masse.
SP is a major proteolytic product of the protachykinin-1 primarily synthesized in neurons and plays a central role in nociceptive transmission. The SP does not acte alone to cause nociceptive discharges, but it potentiates the effect of various neurotransmitters such as glutamate. For these various reasons, much research has been carried out with antagonists of neurokinin receptors and in particular NK1 receptors. However, despite promising pre-clinical studies, NK1 receptor antagonists have not shown significant effect in Humans. The proteolysis control of endogenous protachykinins has a profound impact on pain perception. Proprotein convertases (PCs) are extensively expressed in the central nervous system and specifically cleave at C-terminal of either a pair of basic amino acids, or a single basic residue but the role of PCs remains unclear. The first objective of this study was to decipher the role of PC1 and PC2 in the proteolysis of protachykinins using cellular fractions of spinal cords from wild type (WT), PC1 -/+ and PC2 -/+ mices and mass spectrometry. The results clearly demonstrate that both PC1 and PC2 mediate the formation of SP and β-Tachykinin58-71, an important SP precursor, with over 50 % reduction of the rate of formation in mutant PC1 and PC2 mouse S9 spinal cord fractions. The results obtained revealed that PC1 and PC2 are involved in the C-terminal processing of protachykinin peptides and suggest a major role in the maturation of the protachykinin-1 protein. The proteolysis is suspected to regulate extracellular SP concentrations but few studies were conducted on the metabolism of proneuropeptides and neuropeptides. In the present study, we provide evidence that proteolysis controls SP levels in the spinal cord leading to the formation of active C-terminal fragments. The metabolic stability of β-Tachykinin58-71 and SP were very short resulting in half-life of 5.7 and 3.5 min, respectively. Several C-terminal fragments were identified, including SP3-11, SP5-11 and SP8-11, which conserve affinity for the neurokinin receptors. Interestingly, the metabolic stability of C-terminal fragments were significantly superior. Two specific Prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors were used and showed a significant reduction in the rate of formation of SP3-11 and SP5-11 providing strong evidence that Prolyl endopeptidase is involved into N-terminal processing of SP in the spinal cord. The role of proprotein convertases (PCs) in the proteolysis of proneuropeptides was previously established but few studies have shown the direct impact of PCs on the regulation of specific tachykinin and opioid peptides in the central nervous system. This study has determined the relative concentration of targeted neuropeptides in the spinal cord of WT, PC1- / + and PC2- /+ mice to establish the impact of a restricted PCs activity on the regulation of specific neuropeptides. The results revealed a significant decrease of Dyn A (p < 0.01), Leu-Enk (p < 0.001), Met-Enk (p < 0.001), Tach58-71 (p < 0.05), SP (p < 0.01) and NKA (p < 0.001) spinal cord concentrations in both, PC1 -/+ and PC2 -/+ mice. Therefore, the modulation of PCs activity has an important impact on specific pronociceptive peptides (SP and NKA), but the results also showed that endogenous opioid system is hindered and consequently it will affect significantly the pain modulatory pathways. Tachykinin and opioid peptides play a central role in pain transmission, modulation and inhibition. Recent investigations suggest that both pronociceptive tachykinins and the analgesic opioid systems are important for normal pain sensation. The analysis of opioid peptides in Tac1-/- spinal cord tissues offers a great opportunity to verify the influence of the tachykinin system on specific opioid peptides. Our results reveal that Endomorphin-2 (EM2), Leu-Enk and Dyn A were down regulated in Tac1-/- spinal cord tissues that strongly suggest a significant impact on the endogenous pain-relieving mechanisms. These results may have insightful impact on future analgesic drug developments and therapeutic strategies. Key words: Tachykinins, substance P, proprotein convertases, proteolysis, opioid peptides, spinal cord, pain, high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry.