Tesi sul tema "Overdose"
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Robinson, D. "Factors influencing paracetamol overdose". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403484.
Testo completoFallon, Marissa S. "Drug overdose treatment by nanoparticles". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013055.
Testo completoSmith, Rachel. "'Facing the risk of overdose' : a grounded theory study exploring heroin users' experiences of overdose". Thesis, University of East London, 2008. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3778/.
Testo completoCoughlan, Geraldine. "Construing alternatives to taking an overdose". Thesis, University of East London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532392.
Testo completoDaniels, Katherine. "Difficulties Investigating and Prosecuting Heroin Overdose Cases". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/701.
Testo completoBachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
Sharer, Rustan. "Trends In Unintentional Drug Overdose-related Deaths". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221390.
Testo completoSince undergoing a radical paradigm shift in prescribing trends in the late 80s/early 90s, the therapeutic use and non-therapeutic abuse of controlled prescription drugs (specifically opioids) has reached prolific levels in the US. Despite seemingly widespread awareness of such trends and associated dangers, mortality and morbidity associated with such medications continues to escalate in the face of rapidly increasing prescribing patterns. This investigation attempts to further characterize time trends of accidental deaths secondary to overdoses of various drugs (primarily comparing Arizona to national trends with respect to various demographic identifiers). Utilizing publicly available data sources, a statistical analysis was performed on yearly mortality rates for selected drug-overdose related causes of death between 1999 and 2007. Arizona consistently exhibited higher death rates--with Pinal County claiming the highest among all urbanizations--(but lower annual rates of increase) than the national trends. Men were also shown to have much higher death rates than women (although women’s rates are increasing much faster than men). Furthermore, Hispanics demonstrated significantly lower death rates than non-Hispanics (whose death rates were shown to be increasing three times faster than Hispanics). Rapidly increasing death rates pose a significant concern at both the state and national levels.
Lees, Rosemary Jane. "The role of alcohol in fatal opioid overdose". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573136.
Testo completoClark, Angela K. "A Feasibility Study of a Group-based Opioid Overdose Prevention Educational Intervention". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427980151.
Testo completoLaBrosse, A. D., e John B. Bossaer. "Accidental Overdose of Everolimus Secondary to Poor Patient Education". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2354.
Testo completoShi, Yun, e 施昀. "Escalation with overdose control for phase I drug-combination trials". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49799733.
Testo completopublished_or_final_version
Statistics and Actuarial Science
Master
Master of Philosophy
McDonald, Rebecca Silvia. "Non-injectable naloxone for the prevention of opioid overdose deaths". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/noninjectable-naloxone-for-the-prevention-of-opioid-overdose-deaths(854e176a-6483-4f70-9340-b3806e03fb21).html.
Testo completoSterling, Pamela Beth. "The Grieving Process of Opioid Overdose Bereaved Parents in Maryland". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99467.
Testo completoMaster of Science
This study aimed to explore the experiences of parents who have had an adult child pass away from an opioid overdose. The study utilized Family Stress theory, a theory which focuses on how families respond and adapt after a crisis occurs, for this research. The following themes emerged from interviews with parents: the grieving process itself, support vs. stigma, experiences with state and local services, parental guilt, shame, and unanswered questions, coping mechanisms, and post-mortem life changes. While adaptation varied among participants, participants reported both positive and negative outcomes related to their experiences of grief and loss.
Aguilar, Carlos A. M. D. ""Predictors of inpatient narcotic overdose in a non-surgical population"". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342728730.
Testo completoBuykx, Penelope. "The relationship between non-fatal overdose of pharmaceutical medications, suicidality and depression". Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1348.
Testo completoDonovan, Stuart. "A study to investigate if there is a potential link between the prescription of antidepressant drugs and the occurance of deliberate self harm". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285772.
Testo completoFathalla, Salem Mehdi. "Cardiotoxic effects of antipsychotic drugs in therapeutic doses and in overdose". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547996.
Testo completoPape, Anthony P. "Overdose: Constructing Television from the Cracks in the Superhero Content Conglomerate". Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors162025124846866.
Testo completoMathis, S., Angela Hagaman, David Kirschke e Nicholas E. Hagemeier. "Carter County, Tennessee: A Rural Community’s Response to Opioid Overdose Deaths". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1444.
Testo completoBuykx, Penelope. "The relationship between non-fatal overdose of pharmaceutical medications, suicidality and depression". Curtin University of Technology, National Drug Research Institute, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17328.
Testo completoOne of the most important findings of the study was the large contribution made by benzodiazepine medications to the overall medication overdose statistics. When considered in conjunction with the patient interview data, it appeared that many patients included in the study were prescribed benzodiazepines in a manner that contradicts current national prescribing guidelines. The problem of medication overdose could be partially addressed by working with doctors to ensure the appropriateness of their prescribing practices, to encourage them to more closely monitor the treatment progress of at-risk patients, and to increase awareness of other evidence-based forms of treatment for depression and anxiety.
Hall, Madeline. "The Effectiveness of State Policy in Combating Prescription Drug Abuse and Overdose". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/833.
Testo completoZador, Deborah Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Studies in opioid drug related death". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Public Health & Community Medicine, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44765.
Testo completoBeckman, Royder Mona Lee. "An Investigation of the Ratio of Free to Bound Phenytoin in Overdose Cases". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501077/.
Testo completoStrobel, Spencer. "A pilot study of an emergency department's overdose education and naloxone distribution program". Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/21257.
Testo completoOpioid overdoses are increasing and several efforts are being made to reduce this problem. One potential solution is overdose education and naloxone distribution. Project ASSERT began distributing naloxone in conjunction with its overdose education program in 2009. Project ASSERT’s overdose education and naloxone distribution program trained opioid users in recognition, risk factors, and response to overdoses, as well as how to use nasal naloxone kits. Opioid users that had received overdose education only were compared with those that received overdose education and naloxone kits. The goal was to determine if there were any differences in occurrence of nonfatal overdoses, overdose response, illicit opioid use, and opioid agonist treatment. This retrospective study involved phone-surveying patients from a hospital billing list. It was obtained through Project ASSERT and contained the names of patients that had received overdose education only or overdose education and naloxone distribution from January 2011 to February 2012. Questions were asked about the respondents’ naloxone kits, overdose history since their Project ASSERT visit, response to the last witnessed overdose, 30-day substance use, and overdose risk knowledge. Chi-square tests were used to compare the groups. 51 out of 415 eligible were successfully surveyed from March 2012 to October 2012. The surveys occurred on average 11.8 months after their Project ASSERT visit. 73% (37) had naloxone kits and most kept them where they lived (12). There were 9 successful overdose reversals reported. 76% (39) of the respondents did not overdose in the intervening period. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in overdose occurrence, 19% trained with naloxone versus 29% trained without naloxone (p=0.45). 16 out of 19 (84%) of the naloxone group properly responded to an overdose, whereas 3 out of 8 (38%) of those trained without naloxone properly responded (p=.03). There was no statistical difference in illicit opioid use (p=1.0) and opioid agonist treatment (p=.53), 36% of the group trained with naloxone versus 35% of the group trained without naloxone, and 49% of those trained with naloxone versus 36% of those trained without naloxone, respectively. In studying the association between overdose education only and overdose education and naloxone distribution, it was found that there is not an increase in overdose and illicit opioid use. There also is no reduction in seeking for opioid agonist treatment. However, it was found that having naloxone kits does increase proper response to overdose. This is a promising result that could have an impact in reducing opioid overdose deaths.
2031-01-01
Salwan, A., Nicholas E. Hagemeier, Karilynn Dowling, Kelly N. Foster, J. Arnold, Arsham Alamian e Robert P. Pack. "Community Pharmacist Engagement in Co-Dispensing Naloxone to Patients at Risk for Opioid Overdose". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5427.
Testo completoPoist, Jennifer, Regina Wu, Lourdes Peralta e Marion Slack. "Prescriber Knowledge and Perception of Naloxone Use for Opioid Overdose Reversal among Intravenous Drug Users". The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614097.
Testo completoObjectives: Evaluate prescriber knowledge on naloxone use for opioid overdose reversals in intravenous drug users. Interview prescribers on their perceptions about intravenous drug users, syringe access programs, and other related topics. Subjects: Prescribers and medical professionals in the State of Arizona. Methods: Medical facilities were contacted by email, fax, or telephone requesting for prescribers to complete the survey and return by email or fax, or call to schedule a face-to-face appointment. The respondents of the survey were kept anonymous and were permitted to answer the survey in free text. Surveys were sent to the 68 selected medical facilities at least twice during the study period. Results: All of the six respondents were male, of the respondents had at least 11 years experience, with two having >30 years. A majority practiced in rehab centers or worked with drug abuse patients, however the number of patients treated per week by respondent varies from 10-320. Also of note five of the six respondents had a family member or relative with an addiction to opioids. The respondents seem to be in support of a naloxone distribution program however it is difficult to draw any conclusions since the number of responses was low. Conclusions: It appears that prescribers have a favorable perception of naloxone use and support harm reduction strategies, however response rate was too low to make any definitive conclusions.
Chiew, Angela. "Changing paradigms of paracetamol poisoning". Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23382.
Testo completoOliver, Phillip. "The role of concomitant drugs in the aetiology of fatal heroin- and methadone-related overdose". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3639/.
Testo completoPan, Yuhan. "Examining Opioid-related Overdose Events in Dayton, OH using Police, Emergency Medical Services and Coroner’s Data". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586441323153728.
Testo completoKobelt, Paula Anne. "Nasal Spray Can Save Lives: Engaging Emergency Department Nurses in the Provision of Naloxone Nasal Spray to High Risk Patients". Otterbein University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=otbn1493059037547445.
Testo completoAncona, Rachel M. "Prescribed Opioids as an Initial Exposure in Emergency Department Patients Reporting Nonmedical Opioid or Heroin Use". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1459244023.
Testo completoZhang, Ting. "DEVELOPMENT AND PRECLINICAL EVALUATION OF LONG-LASTING COCAINE HYDROLASES FOR COCAINE OVERDOSE AND COCAINE USE DISORDER TREATMENT". UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pharmacy_etds/93.
Testo completoElectricwala, Batul. "Prevalence, Incremental Cost and Resource Utilization Associated with Opioid Overdoses". VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4590.
Testo completoCheung, Hing-fu, e 張興富. "Attempted suicide by drug overdose in Hong Kong: what are the differences between impulsive and non-impulsivesuicide attempters?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45171257.
Testo completoFloriano, Maureen Elizabeth. "Models of Addiction and Health Seeking Behaviors: Understanding Participant Utilization of an Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution Clinic". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1619772720856071.
Testo completoSaulol, Hamid Nur Fazila. "Investigations on the effect of fasting on liver function and the response to acetaminophen overdose in two mouse models". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3001066/.
Testo completoZheng, Xirong. "Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Cocaine Hydrolases for the Treatment of Cocaine Overdose and Cocaine Addiction Using Rodent Models". UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pharmacy_etds/102.
Testo completoWhitehead, Paul Neville. "Survival after local anaesthetic overdose : a comparison of the success of resuscitation after established cardiotoxicity caused by ropivacaine or bupivacaine". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26250.
Testo completoSauer, Brian C. "Medication use performance indicator evaluation a systems perspective /". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0006469.
Testo completoTypescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 172 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
Bennevi, Veronica, e Theres Lindqvist. "Systematisk granskning av metoder och strategier för att förhindra drogrelaterade dödsfall". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för socialt arbete (SA), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-41516.
Testo completoSpataro, Josie 1973. "Gender differences in child sexual abuse characteristics and long-term outcomes of mental illness, suicide, and fatal overdose : a prospective investigation". Monash University, Dept. of Psychological Medicine, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8111.
Testo completoPowell, Anne Terese. "A Retrospective Study of the Opioid Epidemic and Fentanyl Related Overdose Fatality Cases in a Florida West Coast Medical Examiner District Population". Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7892.
Testo completoLevi, Jacob. "Plexar Imaging Entrepreneurship in the CT Industry". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1323200002.
Testo completoGaspar, Danielle MacÃdo. "Estudo farmacolÃgico e de alteraÃÃes neuroquÃmicas em cÃrtex prÃ-frontal e corpo estriado de camundongos apÃs convulsÃes e morte induzidas por overdose de cocaÃna". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2005. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=99.
Testo completoConvulsÃes e morte sÃo as principais conseqÃÃncias relacionadas à overdose de cocaÃna (COC). Para determinar os sistemas neurotransmissores envolvidos com as convulsÃes induzidas pela droga camundongos Swiss machos (20-30 g), foram prÃ-tratados (i.p.) 15, 30 ou 60 min antes da administraÃÃo de COC 90 mg/kg com drogas que interferem com vÃrios sistemas de neurotransmissÃo, observados por 30 min e avaliados quanto à latÃncia para o inÃcio da primeira convulsÃo, percentagem de animais que convulsionaram e percentagem de animais que sobreviveram ao tratamento. Dentre as drogas estudadas as GABAÃrgicas (diazepam, fenobarbital e gabapentina) apresentaram melhor resultado, aumentando a latÃncia para o inÃcio da primeira convulsÃo, reduzindo a percentagem de convulsÃes e morte. Das drogas dopaminÃrgicas, o antagonista do receptor D1, SCH23390, melhorou os 3 parÃmetros avaliados, enquanto o antagonista D2 pimozide reduziu a latÃncia. O antagonista muscarÃnico M1, pirenzepina, reduziu a percentagem de animais que convulsionaram. A fluoxetina, um inibidor da recaptaÃÃo da 5HT, reduziu a latÃncia das convulsÃes e a sobrevivÃncia, o mesmo acontecendo com o antagonista do receptor 5HT2, mianserina. A buspirona, agonista parcial do receptor 5HT1A, aumentou a sobrevivÃncia dos animais na menor dose estudada (5 mg/kg). O NMDA reduziu a latÃncia e a sobrevivÃncia dos animais, enquanto a cetamina, antagonista NMDA melhorou os trÃs parÃmetros estudados. Uma reduÃÃo na percentagem de animais que convulsionaram foi vista com o lÃtio, enquanto a vitamina E reduziu a percentagem de animais que convulsionaram e aumentou a percentagem de sobrevivÃncia. O antagonista opiÃide naltrexone reduziu a latÃncia e aumentou a morte. Observou-se que apÃs a overdose de COC alguns animais apresentaram estado de mal epilÃptico (EME), enquanto outros morreram apÃs as convulsÃes. Assim, para a realizaÃÃo dos estudos neuroquÃmicos estes animais foram dissecados para retirada do corpo estriado (CE) e cÃrtex prÃ-frontal (CPF) e divididos em dois grupos, EME e morte. ApÃs EME ocorreu uma reduÃÃo (40 %) e aumento (125 %) nos nÃveis de dopamina (DA), respectivamente em CE e CPF, havendo tambÃm um aumento nos metabÃlitos DOPAC e HVA, respectivamente em CPF e CE. ApÃs a morte os nÃveis de DA reduziram (38 %) em CPF e ambos os metabÃlitos aumentaram em CE. As taxas metabÃlicas para esta monoamina aumentaram apÃs EME no CE e apÃs a morte no CE e CPF. O aumento no metabolismo da DA està relacionado à formaÃÃo de radicais livres. A 5HT aumentou (123 %) apenas no CPF apÃs EME, enquanto seu metabÃlito 5HIAA reduziu no CPF apÃs EME e morte induzida por cocaÃna. A taxa metabÃlica da 5HT reduziu apÃs EME no CPF e apÃs a morte em ambas as Ãreas estudadas. A NA no EME diminuiu (52 %) no CE e aumentou (56 %) no CPF, enquanto na morte aumentou no CE e reduziu em CPF. O EME promoveu reduÃÃo (46 %) no nÃmero de receptores D1-sÃmile em CE e CPF. Esta reduÃÃo foi acompanhada por uma reduÃÃo e aumento, respectivamente da afinidade (Kd) do receptor pelo ligante radioativo. Tanto EME como morte aumentaram (48 % em CPF e 82 % no CE) o nÃmero de receptores D2-sÃmile, com aumento na afinidade no CPF e reduÃÃo no CE. Os receptores M1-sÃmile reduziram no CPF apÃs EME e morte induzida por COC. A atividade da AChE aumentou apÃs EME (CE) e apÃs a morte (CE e CPF). Os receptores 5HT2 aumentaram (em torno de 46 e 460 %, respectivamente, no CPF e CE) apÃs EME e morte. Os receptores GABAÃrgicos e glutamatÃrgicos apresentaram a mesma alteraÃÃo, com reduÃÃo do nÃmero apÃs EME nas duas Ãreas estudadas, e na morte apenas no CPF. Os nÃveis de nitrito/nitrato aumentaram em ambas condiÃÃes experimentais e Ãreas cerebrais que no caso dos receptores GABAÃrgicos e glutamatÃrgicos. Os nÃveis de MDA aumentaram (46 %) no CE apÃs a morte induzida por cocaÃna. Das enzimas antioxidantes a catalase teve sua atividade reduzida pela overdose de COC no CPF e CE e pela COC em baixas doses (10 e 30 mg/kg) apenas no CE. O prÃ-tratamento com diazepam levou a catalase para nÃveis controle. A glutationa reduzida (GSH) aumentou apÃs a morte no CE e CPF. Os resultados mostram que as convulsÃes e morte induzidas por cocaÃna sÃo eventos multimediados e que as Ãreas cerebrais estudadas, CPF e CE tÃm uma importante participaÃÃo neste processo. O estresse oxidativo tambÃm parece estar envolvido neste mecanismo. Estes achados podem ser importantes para a determinaÃÃo de um mecanismo neural para a toxicidade aguda induzida pela cocaÃna.
Seizures and death are the most important toxic consequences related to cocaine (COC) overdose. In order to determine the main neurotransmitter systems involved with cocaine-induced seizures, male Swiss mice (20-30 g) were pretreated (i.p.) 15, 30 or 60 min before COC 90 mg/kg administration with drugs that interferes with various neurotransmitter systems. The animals were observed (30 min) to determine: latency to first seizure, number of seizures, and number of deaths after cocaine overdose. Gabaergic drugs (diazepam, Phenobarbital and gabapentin) were the best ones, increasing latency to 1st seizure and decreasing cocaine-induced seizures and mortality. The D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 improved the three parameters observed, while the D2 antagonist pimozide (20 mg/kg) decreased latency. Pirenzepine, a M1 receptor antagonist decreased the number of animals that seized. Fluoxetine, an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, decreased latency to 1st seizure and survival, and the same happened with mianserin, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Buspirone, a partial agonist of 5HT1A receptor increased animals survival, while ketamine, a NMDA receptor antagonist improved all three parameters evaluated. Lithium decreased the number of animals that seized, while vitamin E decreased the number of animals that seized and also mortality. The opioid antagonist naltrexone, decreased latency and increased cocaine-induced death. It was observed that after cocaine overdose some animals presented only status epilepticus (SE), while others died after seizures. Thus, for neurochemical studies these animals were dissected, striatum (ST) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) removed, and divided in two groups, SE and death. SE decreased (40 %) and increased (125 %) DA levels in ST and PFC, respectively. There was also an increase in DA metabolites, DOPAC and HVA in PFC and ST, respectively. After death, DA levels decreased (38%) in PFC and both metabolites increased in ST. Metabolic rates for this monoamine increased after SE in ST and after death in ST and PFC. The increase in DA metabolism is related to free radicals formation. 5HT increased (123 %) only in PFC after SE, while its metabolite 5HIAA decreased in PFC after SE and death induced by cocaine. The metabolic rate for 5HT decreased after SE in PFC and after death in both areas studied. NA decreased (52 %) in ST and increased (56 %) in PFC during SE, while after death increased in ST and decreased in PFC. Dopaminergic D1-like receptors decreased (46 %) in ST and PFC after SE. This reduction was followed by a decrease and increase, respectively, of the affinity (Kd) receptor-radioactive ligand. An increase (48 % in PFC and 82 % in ST) in D2-like receptors number was observed and followed by an increase in affinity in PFC and decrease in ST. Muscarinic M1 receptors decreased in PFC after cocaine-induced SE and death. AChE activity increased after SE (ST) and after death (ST and PFC). Serotonergic 5HT2 receptors increased (around 46 % and 460 %, respectively to PFC and ST) after SE and death. GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors presentes the same alterations, reduction after SE in both brain areas studied and only in PFC after death. Nitrite/nitrate levels increased in all conditions determined for GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors. MDA levels increased (46 %) only after death in ST. From antioxidant enzymes, catalase had its activity decreased after cocaine overdose in ST and PFC, the same happened with cocaine in low doses (10 and 30 mg/kg), only in ST. Pretreatment with diazepam brought catalase levels to control values. Glutathione increased after death in ST and PFC. Taken together these results showed that cocaine-induced seizures and death are multimediated events and that the brain areas studied, PFC and ST are important to this brain process. Oxidative stress also seems to be involved in this mechanism. These findings may be important for determining the neural mechanisms that mediate acute cocaine toxicity.
Macêdo, Danielle Silveira. "Estudo farmacológico e de alterações neuroquímicas em córtex pré-frontal e corpo estriado de camundongos após convulsões e morte induzidas por overdose de cocaína". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2005. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/2707.
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Seizures and death are the most important toxic consequences related to cocaine (COC) overdose. In order to determine the main neurotransmitter systems involved with cocaine-induced seizures, male Swiss mice (20-30 g) were pretreated (i.p.) 15, 30 or 60 min before COC 90 mg/kg administration with drugs that interferes with various neurotransmitter systems. The animals were observed (30 min) to determine: latency to first seizure, number of seizures, and number of deaths after cocaine overdose. Gabaergic drugs (diazepam, Phenobarbital and gabapentin) were the best ones, increasing latency to 1st seizure and decreasing cocaine-induced seizures and mortality. The D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 improved the three parameters observed, while the D2 antagonist pimozide (20 mg/kg) decreased latency. Pirenzepine, a M1 receptor antagonist decreased the number of animals that seized. Fluoxetine, an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, decreased latency to 1st seizure and survival, and the same happened with mianserin, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Buspirone, a partial agonist of 5HT1A receptor increased animals survival, while ketamine, a NMDA receptor antagonist improved all three parameters evaluated. Lithium decreased the number of animals that seized, while vitamin E decreased the number of animals that seized and also mortality. The opioid antagonist naltrexone, decreased latency and increased cocaine-induced death. It was observed that after cocaine overdose some animals presented only status epilepticus (SE), while others died after seizures. Thus, for neurochemical studies these animals were dissected, striatum (ST) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) removed, and divided in two groups, SE and death. SE decreased (40 %) and increased (125 %) DA levels in ST and PFC, respectively. There was also an increase in DA metabolites, DOPAC and HVA in PFC and ST, respectively. After death, DA levels decreased (38%) in PFC and both metabolites increased in ST. Metabolic rates for this monoamine increased after SE in ST and after death in ST and PFC. The increase in DA metabolism is related to free radicals formation. 5HT increased (123 %) only in PFC after SE, while its metabolite 5HIAA decreased in PFC after SE and death induced by cocaine. The metabolic rate for 5HT decreased after SE in PFC and after death in both areas studied. NA decreased (52 %) in ST and increased (56 %) in PFC during SE, while after death increased in ST and decreased in PFC. Dopaminergic D1-like receptors decreased (46 %) in ST and PFC after SE. This reduction was followed by a decrease and increase, respectively, of the affinity (Kd) receptor-radioactive ligand. An increase (48 % in PFC and 82 % in ST) in D2-like receptors number was observed and followed by an increase in affinity in PFC and decrease in ST. Muscarinic M1 receptors decreased in PFC after cocaine-induced SE and death. AChE activity increased after SE (ST) and after death (ST and PFC). Serotonergic 5HT2 receptors increased (around 46 % and 460 %, respectively to PFC and ST) after SE and death. GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors presentes the same alterations, reduction after SE in both brain areas studied and only in PFC after death. Nitrite/nitrate levels increased in all conditions determined for GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors. MDA levels increased (46 %) only after death in ST. From antioxidant enzymes, catalase had its activity decreased after cocaine overdose in ST and PFC, the same happened with cocaine in low doses (10 and 30 mg/kg), only in ST. Pretreatment with diazepam brought catalase levels to control values. Glutathione increased after death in ST and PFC. Taken together these results showed that cocaine-induced seizures and death are multimediated events and that the brain areas studied, PFC and ST are important to this brain process. Oxidative stress also seems to be involved in this mechanism. These findings may be important for determining the neural mechanisms that mediate acute cocaine toxicity.
Convulsões e morte são as principais conseqüências relacionadas à overdose de cocaína (COC). Para determinar os sistemas neurotransmissores envolvidos com as convulsões induzidas pela droga camundongos Swiss machos (20-30 g), foram pré-tratados (i.p.) 15, 30 ou 60 min antes da administração de COC 90 mg/kg com drogas que interferem com vários sistemas de neurotransmissão, observados por 30 min e avaliados quanto à latência para o início da primeira convulsão, percentagem de animais que convulsionaram e percentagem de animais que sobreviveram ao tratamento. Dentre as drogas estudadas as GABAérgicas (diazepam, fenobarbital e gabapentina) apresentaram melhor resultado, aumentando a latência para o início da primeira convulsão, reduzindo a percentagem de convulsões e morte. Das drogas dopaminérgicas, o antagonista do receptor D1, SCH23390, melhorou os 3 parâmetros avaliados, enquanto o antagonista D2 pimozide reduziu a latência. O antagonista muscarínico M1, pirenzepina, reduziu a percentagem de animais que convulsionaram. A fluoxetina, um inibidor da recaptação da 5HT, reduziu a latência das convulsões e a sobrevivência, o mesmo acontecendo com o antagonista do receptor 5HT2, mianserina. A buspirona, agonista parcial do receptor 5HT1A, aumentou a sobrevivência dos animais na menor dose estudada (5 mg/kg). O NMDA reduziu a latência e a sobrevivência dos animais, enquanto a cetamina, antagonista NMDA melhorou os três parâmetros estudados. Uma redução na percentagem de animais que convulsionaram foi vista com o lítio, enquanto a vitamina E reduziu a percentagem de animais que convulsionaram e aumentou a percentagem de sobrevivência. O antagonista opióide naltrexone reduziu a latência e aumentou a morte. Observou-se que após a overdose de COC alguns animais apresentaram estado de mal epiléptico (EME), enquanto outros morreram após as convulsões. Assim, para a realização dos estudos neuroquímicos estes animais foram dissecados para retirada do corpo estriado (CE) e córtex pré-frontal (CPF) e divididos em dois grupos, EME e morte. Após EME ocorreu uma redução (40 %) e aumento (125 %) nos níveis de dopamina (DA), respectivamente em CE e CPF, havendo também um aumento nos metabólitos DOPAC e HVA, respectivamente em CPF e CE. Após a morte os níveis de DA reduziram (38 %) em CPF e ambos os metabólitos aumentaram em CE. As taxas metabólicas para esta monoamina aumentaram após EME no CE e após a morte no CE e CPF. O aumento no metabolismo da DA está relacionado à formação de radicais livres. A 5HT aumentou (123 %) apenas no CPF após EME, enquanto seu metabólito 5HIAA reduziu no CPF após EME e morte induzida por cocaína. A taxa metabólica da 5HT reduziu após EME no CPF e após a morte em ambas as áreas estudadas. A NA no EME diminuiu (52 %) no CE e aumentou (56 %) no CPF, enquanto na morte aumentou no CE e reduziu em CPF. O EME promoveu redução (46 %) no número de receptores D1-símile em CE e CPF. Esta redução foi acompanhada por uma redução e aumento, respectivamente da afinidade (Kd) do receptor pelo ligante radioativo. Tanto EME como morte aumentaram (48 % em CPF e 82 % no CE) o número de receptores D2-símile, com aumento na afinidade no CPF e redução no CE. Os receptores M1-símile reduziram no CPF após EME e morte induzida por COC. A atividade da AChE aumentou após EME (CE) e após a morte (CE e CPF). Os receptores 5HT2 aumentaram (em torno de 46 e 460 %, respectivamente, no CPF e CE) após EME e morte. Os receptores GABAérgicos e glutamatérgicos apresentaram a mesma alteração, com redução do número após EME nas duas áreas estudadas, e na morte apenas no CPF. Os níveis de nitrito/nitrato aumentaram em ambas condições experimentais e áreas cerebrais que no caso dos receptores GABAérgicos e glutamatérgicos. Os níveis de MDA aumentaram (46 %) no CE após a morte induzida por cocaína. Das enzimas antioxidantes a catalase teve sua atividade reduzida pela overdose de COC no CPF e CE e pela COC em baixas doses (10 e 30 mg/kg) apenas no CE. O pré-tratamento com diazepam levou a catalase para níveis controle. A glutationa reduzida (GSH) aumentou após a morte no CE e CPF. Os resultados mostram que as convulsões e morte induzidas por cocaína são eventos multimediados e que as áreas cerebrais estudadas, CPF e CE têm uma importante participação neste processo. O estresse oxidativo também parece estar envolvido neste mecanismo. Estes achados podem ser importantes para a determinação de um mecanismo neural para a toxicidade aguda induzida pela cocaína.
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