Tesi sul tema "Outils chimiques"
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BALAVOINE, FABRICE. "Conception et preparation de nouveaux outils chimiques pour la biologie structurale". Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA112352.
Gerard-Hirne, Tom. "Outils chimiques pour l'étude de la 5-hydroxyméthylcytosine, une base modifiée de l'ADN". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066081/document.
5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a modified DNA base, who was until recently believed be a minor modification, resulting of oxidative damage. However, results published in 2009 have challenged this understanding. Indeed, 5hmC is abundant in some cell types and its formation is an active process, mediated by specific enzymes (TET1-3) using another modified DNA base, 5-methylcytosine (5mC). These recent discoveries raise the question of the biological role of 5hmC. Indeed, if the role of 5mC in gene expression regulation is established, the biological role of 5hmC is still in study and require the development of specific methods. We participated in the development of methods to study 5hmC and its partner proteins using chemical, biochemical and analytical tools. We showed that mass spectrometry is a powerful tool to quantify global methylation levels and adapted a method, using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to study hydroxymethylation. We have also taken part in the development of two 5hmC specific labeling methods: (i) an enzymatic strategy, using a glucosyltransferase and a chemically modified glucose donor, allowing the introduction of a probe by a bio-orthogonal reaction; (ii) a chemical strategy based on the selective oxidation of the 5hmC allylic alcohol. Finally, we have designed, synthesized and assessed the properties of photoactivable oligonucleotidic probes in order to identify proteins interacting with 5hmC
Roger, Thomas. "Outils chimiques pour l’étude et la compréhension du rôle du sulfure d’hydrogène en biologie". Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05P626/document.
Pas de résumé en anglais
Duchemin, Matthieu. "Validation des outils immunotoxicologiques pour l'étude des effets biologiques des contaminants chimiques en milieu marin". Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2008.
Industrial, agricultural, and urban sewages, loaded in various pollutants, draw a chronic ecotoxicological risk on coastal marine ecosystems. For twenty years, the toxic effects of chemicals on the immune system have been studied in ail ecological groups, especially in bivalves, to characterize that risk in aquatic ecosystems. To define an operating framework of these immunotoxicological tools, several methodological questions were addressed. Then, was studied the impact of natural endogenous and environmental factors on the immunotoxic signal emitted by a pollutant. Through a French and Canadian framework, two-year surveys n the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis and in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, took place in France (Rade de Brest) and gave evidence of the critical role of sex and reproductive cycle on the seasonal patterns of immune parameters, despite the environmental factors of the water column. In the meantime, batches of “in tubo” exposures of blue mussels, in Quebec, at two different seasons, showed also the importance of sex and reproductive cycle in the measurement of the immunotoxic signal, but, most of ail, in the immunotoxic sensitivity. Finally, this research built an operating framework for the use of immunotoxicoiogical biomarkers, for chemical risk assessment in coastal marine ecosystems. Furthermore, these findings showed the dramatic role of the studied confounding factors to assess with accuracy the danger of chemical
Doublet, Marie-Liesse. "Grandeurs Locales et Liaisons Chimiques :Des Outils d'Analyses pour l'Etude des Propriétés Macroscopiques des Solides Périodiques". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00185445.
Qu'il s'agisse des propriétés physiques comme le transport électronique et le magnétisme, ou des propriétés chimiques comme la réactivité chimique et l'oxydo-réduction, une approche locale visant à modéliser les interactions microscopiques au sein des différents systèmes doit permettre, dans le principe, de reproduire convenablement leurs propriétés macroscopiques (de basse énergie). Pour être efficace, cette approche nécessite une définition correcte de l'entité électronique active mais aussi des grandeurs physiques locales qui la caractérisent, incluant les effets de l'environnement. Établir une corrélation directe entre la nature de la liaison chimique (microscopique) et les propriétés physico-chimiques (macroscopiques) des matériaux est donc l'objectif dans lequel j'ai inscrit mes travaux de recherches depuis ma soutenance de Thèse en septembre 1994 et mon stage postdoctoral à l'Université libre d'Amsterdam. Mon travail explore à la fois des aspects méthodologiques et des applications, et vise à une meilleure description et une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes électroniques gouvernant l'arrangement structural des matériaux et les propriétés physico-chimiques qui en découlent. Une grande variété de propriétés a donc été abordée (transport, magnétisme, réactivité chimique et réactions électrochimiques), avec laquelle une grande variété de systèmes cristallins (moléculaires, covalents, organiques, inorganiques). A l'interface entre la physique et la chimie, ces études ont nécessité l'utilisation de formalismes théoriques différents mais également un investissement important dans le monde expérimental pour une bonne lecture des caractérisations physico-chimiques et des objectifs industriels.
Rosenfeld, Carine. "Les systèmes microfluidiques : de nouveaux outils en génie de la polymérisation. Application à la synthèse de polymères et copolymères à blocs". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/ROSENFELD_Carine_2007.pdf.
The aim of this work is to study TIPNO-mediated polymerization and copolymerization in a microfluidic device composed of one or two serial continuous microtube reactors. The results are compared to those obtained in conventional batch reactor. Molecular weights and polydispersity indices of (co)polymers are continuously online monitored by size exclusion chromatography. According to the polymerized monomer, different behaviors are observed. For styrene polymerization, the reduction of the characteristic length of the reactor does not seem to affect the control over the polymerization. Conversely, the control of the n-butyl acrylate polymerization, is significantly affected by the reactor’s dimensions. The control is only maintained in the microfluidic device. Concerning the synthesis of block copolymers, the liquid comonomer is mixed with the viscous first block solution by means of a Tjunction or a microstructured mixer. Different geometries and mixing principles have been studied. For multilamination micromixers, the polydispersity index of the copolymers follows a linear relationship with the Reynolds number. Thus, beside the operating conditions, the choice of the micromixer geometry and dimension is essential to control the copolymerization (molecular weights, polydispersity indices…)
Noël, Maxence. "Etude des relations structure-fonction des sialyltransférases humaines : développement de nouveaux outils". Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1S109/document.
Sialylation is a major modification of glycoproteins and glycolipids and is involved in cellular and molecular processes. The sialylation reaction is catalyzed by sialyltransferases, a group of golgian glycosyltransferases using an activated sugar donor in the form of CMP-sialic acid. These enzymes, 20 in humans, have redundant enzymatic activities and have a very fine specificity towards the accepting substrate. Their deregulation leads to altered sialylation profiles in pathological situations but little is known about their functional organization in the cell. Techniques for studying the sialylation reaction and sialoglycoconjugates are numerous but rarely present the possibility of selectively monitoring O- or N-glycans. In this context, I have produced different recombinant and soluble sialyltransferases and developed new strategies for studying these enzymatic activities in in vitro and in cellulo assays based on the use of a non-natural sialic acid: CMP-SiaNAl. This unnatural sialic acid derivative carrying an N-alkyne group serves as a chemical reporter for the detection and visualization of sialoglycoconjugates. After having shown that this substrate is used with the same affinity as the natural substrate, I developed new tools allowing the study of sialyltransferases. In addition, I was able to provide elements of understanding as to the molecular and functional evolution of this ST6GAL1 in vertebrates, implying an evolution of its enzymatic activity in mammals
Ravalason, Holy. "Développement de nouveaux outils fongiques respectueux de l'environnement (écoprocédés) pour la production de pâtes chimiques blanchies de résineux". Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11017.
Biotechnologies can be applied to paper industry as an alternative to chemical processes for pulp and paper production. In this work advances in genomic and protein engineering were used to improve biotechnological processes applied to chemical pulps production and bleaching. In the first part of this work, the Phanerochaete chrysosporium secretome, grown on softwood chips under biopulping conditions was analysed. A proteomic approach was chosen, using the P. Chrysosporium genome. Proteomic analysis revealed the production of several enzymes involved in wood biodegradation. The secretion of some of the identified enzymes was demonstrated for the first time. Biotreated wood chips were further submitted to kraft cooking and chlorine dioxide bleaching. Fungal treatment led to an increase of pulp yield, as well as an increase of pulp final brightness and a decrease in chlorine dioxide consumption. These effects could be partially explained by the production of specific wood-degrading enzymes. In the second part, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase was fused to a fungal carbohydrate binding module (CBM). The laccase-CBM was produced in Aspergillus niger, and binding capabilities of the enzyme on a cellulosic substrate and on softwood kraft pulp fibers were evaluated. Laccase-CBM and P. Cinnabarinus laccase were compared for their softwood kraft pulp biobleaching potential, in the presence of a redox mediator (hydroxybenzotriazole). The presence of the CBM could improve pulp biodelignification with laccase, leading to a decrease in the enzymatic charge, an increase of pulp final brightness, a decrease in chlorine dioxide consumption and a preservation of pulp mechanical properties. Microscopic examinations revealed a penetration of the laccase-CBM in the fiber wall, and retention of the enzyme inside the pulp fibers at the end of the enzymatic treatment
Roubinet, Benoît. "Développement de nouveaux outils chimiques pour la conception d'un système de détection fluorogénique des réactions catalysées par les polymérases". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES012.
During the past decade, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the field of bioanalysis of nucleic acids, and significant achievements have been done, particularly through the development of new methods for high-throughput DNA sequencing (HTS). This was made possible thanks to advances in optical detection methods, in particular fluorescence techniques which have some advantages including high sensitivity and ease of implementation. It is in this context that this current project takes place, whose ultimate and ambitious goal is the development of a novel fluorogenic system for real-time monitoring of DNA replication process. The main objective of this Ph. D. Thesis is to obtain a first proof-of-concept through the synthesis of a novel class of thionucleotides that only differ from the natural nucleotides by the replacement of the bridging-oxygen between phosphorus atoms Pα and Pβ by a sulfur atom ("P-S-P" moiety), to increase the nucleophilic character of the anion, released upon action of DNA polymerase (thiopyrophosphate (ThioPPi) instead of pyrophosphate). Subsequent reaction of ThioPPi with thiol-reactive latent fluorophores will enable detection of this enzymatic event. The first part of this work was devoted to the rational design and structural optimization of this pro-fluorescent system. Novel water-soluble phenol-based fluorophores derived from 7- hydroxycoumarin scaffold have been synthesized and the evaluation of their photophysical properties has been done. Their subsequent conversion to thiol-sensitive fluorogenic probes (reactive toward both ThioPPi and its decomposition product thiophosphate anion) through the chemical modification of their hydroxyl group was achieved. This comprehensive study has enabled us to select some latent fluorophores exhibiting both biocompatibility and high reactivity toward thiols, suitable for targeted application. The second part was devoted to the synthesis of original thionucleotides by exploring unusual synthetic strategies leading to "P-S-P" moiety; some valuable/interesting results were obtained. The third part aimed at highlighting some of the synthesized molecules in bioanalytical experiments
Chevalier, Arnaud. "Développement de nouveaux outils chimiques pour la synthèse de sondes optiques fluorogéniques pour la détection d'activités enzymatiques en milieu biologique". Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES050.
Optical imaging is a continuously developing field of bio-organic chemistry over the past decades. The understanding of the physical phenomena and of the structure/photophysical properties relationship has resulted in the establishment of new strategies for the fluorogenic detection of (bio)analytes in vivo. Many tools have been developed leading to both sensitive and inexpensive diagnosis systems aiming at increasing their performances. My Ph. D. Thesis has been focused on the synthesis of new chemical tools (both quenchers and fluorescent organic dyes) for the development of new fluorogenic probes (based on FRET and/or pro-fluorescence concept) for the detection of enzymes in biological media. We proceeded to the synthesis of unsymmetrical sulforhodamines leading to novel fluorescent organic dyes whose the usefulness has been proved through the preparation of a wide range of new activatable "smart" optical bioprobes. In addition, a panel of various bioconjugatable quenchers (including water-soluble analogues) has been synthesized. Several synthetic routes have been developed for the rapid and effective access to new protease-sensitive "activatable" FRET-based probes. Some of them have been successfully applied to cellular molecular imaging assays. The major result of these works is probably the developement of two synthetic strategies to access to original heterotrifunctional molecular platforms for the simultaneous detection of two distinct protease activities. We expect that these tools could be highly useful for the early detection of some diseases as prostate cancer for which actual diagnosis technics based on detection/quantification of a single biomarker often lead to many false positive results
Barbacanne, Marie-Aline. "Outils chimiques et méthodologies d'analyse des radicaux superoxyde et monoxyde d'azote : étude par RPE de la régulation du stress oxydant dans la paroi artérielle". Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30149.
Descoins, Nicolas. "Outils de simulation des fours tournants dédiés à la pyrolyse de déchets : modélisation dynamique du couplage transport de la charge-transferts de chaleur-réactions chimiques". Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT048H.
Davidenko, Dmitry. "Contribution au développement des outils de simulation numérique de la combustion supersonique". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012170.
Chaubet, Guilhem. "Nouvelles réactions de contraction de cycle : outils pour la construction d'édifices organisés". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066789.
Miralles, Guillaume. "Conception et synthèse de nouveaux outils chimiques pour l'étude des phosphoprotéines et la caractérisation de la liaison d'un ligand à son récepteur par spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20196/document.
Since the advent of soft ionization techniques such as MALDI or ESI, mass spectrometry has become an indispensable tool for the study of biomolecules, and particularly proteins. The specific ionization mechanism of MALDI leads to a spectral discrimination phenomenon generally regarded as a restriction. The α-cyano 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (HCCA) pattern grafting on a peptide can take advantage by introducing a spectral discrimination in favor of the labeled compound. Two applications have been developed during this thesis, based on HCCA tagging.A limitation of phosphoproteomic studies is the low ionization of phosphorylated peptides. Many purification methods have been reported to circumvent this problem. We studied an alternative approach which consists in specifically grafting a HCCA moiety on a phosphorylated position in order to amplify the signal of interest peptide.At the same time, we have developed a methodology for the study of ligand peptidic binding to its receptor which does not require radioactivity. The covalent HCCA tagged ligand has allowed us to detect and quantify it, in a binding displacement assay. More particularly, this methodology allowed us to determine the affinity of a reference ligand for the V1A vasopressin receptor
Olivon, Kevin. "Procédés catalytiques et outils millifluidiques : applications aux réactions de Friedel-Crafts et d'oxydation". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0143.
The search for new methods for the acquisition of physical and chemical reactions by limiting the effect on humans is of great importance for modern chemistry. The use of new miniaturized tools can limit the quantities of chemicals used while increasing research productivity. Indeed, the study of the various parameters monitored simultaneously increases the number of experimentsfor a given time. Nevertheless, this step must be performed after prior determination ofthe key parameters of the reaction by the use of high flow tools such as robotics. These tools are used for optimization and the search for new synthetic pathway of a reaction of industrial interest. In addition, to meet the interests of heterogeneous catalysis in industry for easier separation and recycling of these catalysts, we have developed two miniaturized tools. These allow the study and data acquisition of chemical reactions catalyzed by solid. Development was registeredin two stages : a physical characterization tools and the study of an industrial model reaction, the acylation of anisole with zeolite catalysts
Grenier, Pierre. "Conception d'un outil de mise en oeuvre et d'optimisation du pilotage des fermentations alcooliques vinicoles". Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20119.
Andre, Estelle. "Développement d’un outil EHD microfluidique pour la mesure de propriétés physico-chimiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLET029.
High- throughput experimentation (HTE) represents a growing demand in the field of research. Microfluidics, and in particular digital microfluidics, have been cited as a promising method in this field for several years now. Indeed, it allows the use of small volumes but especially the possibility ton consider each droplet as an independent microreactor. The analysis of the content of the droplet is often performed on its optical properties. We want to open this analysis to other properties, especially physicochemical properties, such as viscosity. The objective of this work is the development of a chip for the high-throughput measurement of viscosity in digital microfluidics. To achieve this goal, we have chosen to study the phenomenon of deformation and relaxation of a droplet at the exit of a microfluidic constriction. In the case of Newtonian fluids, we have established a correlation linking the maximum deformation of the droplet to the different numbers governing the phenomenon and in particular the viscosity. We have also shown that the correlation found is valid when complex fluids are in presence such as fluids containing surfactants or non-Newtonian polymers. The integration of a mixer to the microfluidic chip allows to make a first step towards high-throughput experimentation because our chip thus makes it possible to obtain quickly a measurement of viscosity on samples of different compositions applicable to complex fluids
Christensen, Marianne. "Technologie de l'ivoire au Paléolithique supérieur : caractérisation physico-chimique du matériau et analyse fonctionnelle des outils de transformation /". Oxford : J. & E. Hedges, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37099626q.
Baudron, Stéphane. "Liaisons hydrogène à l'interface organique-inorganique comme outils de construction de matériaux moléculaires cristallins : 0". Angers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ANGE0030.
Lin, Arkadii. "Cartographie topographique générative : un outil puissant pour la visualisation, l'analyse et la modélisation de données chimiques volumineuses". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF017.
This thesis concerns the application of the Generative Topographic Mapping (GTM) approach to the analysis, visualization, and modeling of Big Data in chemistry. The main topics covered in this work are multi-target virtual screening in drug design and large chemical libraries visualization, analysis, and comparison. Several methodological developments were suggested: (i) an automatized hierarchical GTM zooming algorithm helping to resolve the map resolution problem; (ii) an automatized Maximum Common Substructure (MCS) extraction protocol improving efficiency of data analysis; (iii) constrained GTM-based screening allowing to detect molecules with a desired pharmacological profile, and (iv) a parallel GTM technique, which significantly increases the speed of GTM training. Developed methodologies were implemented in a software package used in both academic (University of Strasbourg, France) and industrial (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma company, Germany) projects
Tjollyn, Sophie. "Les anticorps, un outil au service de la chimie : applications à la cyclisation de l'époxysqualène ainsi qu'aux dosages de l'ergostérool et de l'acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30106.
Catala, Cédric. "Développement de nouveaux outils pour l’exploration ultra rapide de l’espace chimique : Synthèse totale de la (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine". Strasbourg 1, 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/CATALA_Cedric_2008.pdf.
The first part of this paper deals with a high-throughput procedure for crude mixtures capable of rapidly analysing a mixture whatever its composition. This method uses mass spectrometry to detect substrates functionalized with a tag, chemically inert and with specific characteristics. After having defined the tag structure (chemical stability, reaction inertia, ionisation coefficient…), this process was used to evaluate the influence of operating conditions on several coupling reactions, to improve a palladium-catalysed decarboxylative coupling, to highlight an unexpected reaction, and, lastly, to see how tagged natural products evolve in a crude mixture. The second part of this paper sets out the three strategies used in the industrial production of (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine, a natural product with anitdiabetic properties. The first pathway is based on an enantioselective reduction of a racemic precursor using ruthenium catalysts in the presence of chiral ligands such as 1,2-diamine. The second pathway is based on the diastereoselective reduction of an achiral isoxazole intermediate to obtain a racemic mixture of a diastereoisomerically enriched 4-hydroxyisoleucine. The last pathway is based on a proline-catalysed asymmetric Mannich condensation which produces (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine without any chromatographic purification and with a global yield of 22%
Labet, Vanessa. "Etude Théorique de Quelques Aspects de la Réactivité des Bases de l'ADN - Définition de nouveaux outils théoriques d'étude de la réactivité chimique". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00417327.
Parallèlement à ces études, une réflexion a été menée concernant le concept de mécanisme concerté asynchrone, en particulier en termes de sens physique de l'état de transition, de respect du principe de dureté maximum, et de détermination du nombre de processus primitifs impliqués. Enfin, un nouvel indice de réactivité locale a été développé, pertinent pour décrire la réactivité de systèmes moléculaires dans un état excité.
Labet, Vanessa. "Étude théorique de quelques aspects de la réactivité des bases de l'ADN : définition de nouveaux outils théoriques d'étude de la réactivité chimique". Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10139.
In this work, three kinds of nucleobase damages were studied from a theoretical point of view with quantum chemistry methods based on the density-functional theory: the spontaneous deamination of cytosine and its derivatives, the formation of tandem lesion induced by hydroxyle radicals in anaerobic medium and the formation of pyrimidic dimers under exposition to an UV radiation. The complementary use of quantitative static methods allowing the exploration of the potential energy surface of a chemical reaction, and of “conceptual DFT” principles, leads to information concerning the mechanisms involved and to the rationalisation of the differences in the nucleobases reactivity towards the formation of a same kind of damage. At the same time, a reflexion was undertaken on the asynchronous concerted mechanism concept, in terms of physical meaning of the transition state, respect of the Maximum Hardness Principle, and determination of the number of primitive processes involved. Finally, a new local reactivity index was developed, relevant to understand the reactivity of a molecular system in an excited state
HAMMOUMI, ABDERRAHMANE. "Contribution a l'etude des hydroxylations microbiologiques comme outil pour la preparation de molecules asymetriques d'interet chimique, biologique, ou alimentaire". Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066693.
Bruckel, Pascale Mélanie. "Oxydation de l'acier à outils X38CrMoV5 à 600-700°C et en présence de vapeur d'eau". Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1197.
Delaroque, Aurélie. "Élaboration d’un outil numérique pour la réduction et l’optimisation des mécanismes cinétiques pour les systèmes de combustion". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS417.
In the modeling of a combustion process, obtention of global data such as flame speed can, under certain circumstances, be achieved through extremely reduced mechanisms. On the contrary, prediction of detailed data such as polluant species requires the use of detailed kinetic mechanisms involving many chemical species. Due to the size and to the presence of many differents time scales, the integration of those models to complex numerical simulations is a non trivial task. A reduction tool based on Directed Relation Graph and sensitivity analysis methods is proposed to tackle this issue. Reduced mechanisms fitting user defined tolerances for quantities of interest such as global (flame speed, ignition delay, etc) and detailed data (concentration profiles) are automatically generated. The reduction process is paired up with an optimisation of reaction rates through a genetic algorithm to make up for the error induced by the loss of information. This process can use both numerical and experimental reference entries. The complete numerical tool has been tested on several canonical configurations for several fuels (methane, ethane and n-heptane) and reduction rates up to 90% have been observed
Caroux, Emilie. "Déterminants structuraux d’agrégats de Tau distincts : vers de nouveaux outils moléculaires pour discriminer les tauopathies". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS592.
Intracellular deposits of Tau protein aggregates are the common hallmark of tauopathies, a range of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Levels of tau with three (3R) or four (4R) microtubule binding repeats are found similar in the normal adult brain, whereas they differ in neuropathological intracellular Tau inclusions, according to the type of tauopathy. Our study consists of the identification of common and different structural molecular determinants of 3R and 4R Tau fibrils. To this end, two proteomic approaches were optimized using 1N3R and 1N4R recombinant fibrils. The first strategy, using limited proteolysis, allowed us to identify the proteolytic fragments composing the molecular “bar-code” for each type of fibril. The second strategy we optimized used chemical covalent surface labelling of accessible lysines, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the biotinylated residues using mass spectrometry. We show that, while the N-terminal part of the protein remains accessible within 1N3R and 1N4R fibrils, the C-terminal region is protected within 1N3R yet solvent accessible for 1N4R assemblies. Our results pave the way to new molecular tools to discriminate tauopathies
Valverde, Ibai. "La multi-ligation triazole : développement de nouveaux outils pour la synthèse de mimes de protéines par cycloadditions successives". Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE2010.
The aim of this work was the development of a novel method for the synthesis of triazolo-proteins by multiplesuccessive copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC).In order to achieve several successive cycloadditions, we have studied the stability and cleavage conditions ofseveral alkyne protective groups. This study leaded us to the development of an original strategy in order toachieve three successive cycloadditions on a same scaffold by temporal protection of alkyne functionalities.The method has been applied to the synthesis of an analogue of human stefin A, a natural inhibitor of severaltherapeutically relevant cysteine proteases. Therefore, we have developed CuAAC conditions compatible withunprotected peptide ligation. The strategy allowed us to obtain a bis-triazolo analogue of human stefin A. Circulardichroism and enzymology assays on several cysteine cathepsins revealed that the synthetic analogue hasretained the folding and full biological activity of the native protein.In order to expand the possibilities of this strategy, we have developed reaction conditions allowing us to performsuccessive triazole ligation on solid phase. This methodology avoids the need for a time-consuming and laborintensivepurification step before and after each ligation. With the aim of exploring the use of analogues of thetumor-associated form of the glycoprotein MUC1 to induce a specific immune response, we have synthesized atriazolo-analogue of MUC1 of 160 aminoacids using solid phase peptide ligation
Destremaut, Fanny. "Microfluidique et diffusion de rayonnements : des outils pour l'étude cinétique de la polycondensation du silicate". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13776/document.
Abstract
Rabearison, Njaramalala. "Élaboration d'un outil numérique dédié à la simulation du procédé de fabrication des matériaux composites à résine thermodurcissable : prédiction des contraintes internes". Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2062.
Manzon, Diane. "Développement de nouveaux outils en plans d'expériences adaptés à l'approche quality by design (QbD) dans un contexte biologique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0223.
The quality by design (QbD) approach is a recent concept initiated by quality control which has led to new requirements from regulatory authorities, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry. Among these, the guideline ICHQ8 explains that quality should not be tested on finished products but should be integrated throughout, from design to finished product. This approach is characterised by different steps, one of which is risk assessment, which mainly involves identifying the critical parameters in a process or formulation. To do this, experiments must be carried out and suitable experimental designs will enable the phenomena studied to be modelled and then represent response surfaces in the experimental space to be explored. In this space, the Food and Drug Administration recommends delimiting a sub-space, called "Design Space", characterised by a certain probability that the output parameters comply with the specifications. This Design Space usually has any geometric shape, which means that the acceptable variation range of a parameter will depend on the value of another parameter. To overcome this constraint and thus define "Proven Acceptable Independent Range" for each parameter studied, we have used and adapted different methods. Their respective performance, in terms of defining acceptable variation range for each parameter independently, has been tested in different case studies
Quesnel, Yannick. "Régio et diastéréosélectivité de l'alkylation et de l'aldolisation d'énolates alcalins. Utilisation de la réaction de rétroaldolisation comme outil en synthèse asymétrique". Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES057.
Ville, d'Avray Marie-Amélie de. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'un outil de simulation de procédés de transformation physico-chimique de matières premières issues des agro ressources : application aux procédés de transformation de biopolymères par extrusion réactive". Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECAP0020/document.
The development of biorefineries requires integrating and optimizing plants and handling a large number of material flows and unit operations. The development of a process simulator dedicated to this field would thus be of great interest. This is what we intended to initiate by relying on the example of the oxidation of biopolymers by reactive extrusion. Reactive extrusion is characterized by a strong coupling between flow, heat transfer and reaction kinetics. This coupling depends on the desired reactions. We here intended to elaborate aflexible model, being easily integrated into a static process simulator, and enabling to reach agood compromise between the predictive character of the model and the amount of experiments required to adjust model parameters. Therefore, we adopted a hybrid modelling approach combining a flow description based on ideal reactors and continuum mechanics laws. Flow is modeled as a cascade of continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) with possible backflow. Flow rates between CSTRs are calculated using physical laws taking into account the operating conditions and geometric parameters of the equipment. Each CSTR is characterized by a filling ratio, which depends on the operating conditions. The calculation of steady-state filling ratio, pressure and flow rates between the CSTRs is achieved by performing a material balance in each CSTR. Material temperature in each CSTR is calculated through a thermal balance. The chemical modification of the material is described using three reactions: the oxidative depolymerization, the formation of functional groups(carbonyl and carboxyl) and the thermomechanical degradation of the biopolymer induced by heating and shearing. The number-averaged and weight-averaged molecular weight of the biopolymer and the oxidant content in each CSTR are computed simultaneously by applying the moment operation to population balance equations. Viscosity is linked to the mean molecular weight. An iterative algorithm enables to couple material balance, thermal balance and reaction kinetics. The experimental data required for model validation were provided by the experimental platform developed at the CVG (Centre de Valorisation des Glucides,Amiens, France) in the frame of the Synthons program. A method was proposed in order to adjust model parameters with a minimal number of experimental data, enabling to assess the predictive character of the model. Once the parameters were adjusted, the reactive extrusion model enabled to reproduce the experimental results obtained with different raw materials,flow rates, screw rotation speeds, and using two extruders with different size and screw configuration. The integration of the reactive extrusion model into a process simulator - the USIM PAC software - enabled to simplify its implementation. This constitutes a promising step in a perspective of process optimization and scale-up, and enables to simulate a reactive extrusion operation within a global plant simulator
Alloul, Haytham. "Surfaces moléculaires hétérogènes : un outil vers le control [i.e. contrôle] du mouillage et des morphologies d'auto-assemblage de nano objets". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0353/document.
The knowledge about interfacial free energy interactions and surface energy is necessary for understanding and modeling many surface and interface processes. The investigation of the surface properties of solids is very important in several applications such as wetting, spreading and adhesion processes. Such processes occur during the preparation of suspensions, emulsions, painting, printing and corrosion protection. Knowledge about surface free energy of solids appears as a very important parameter determining the interfacial properties in solid/liquid and solid/gas interfaces where many implementations are involved. We have studied the effect of the chemical modification on surface energy for two types of silica: Aerosil OX 50 is chosen as a nanometric substrate and the wafers of silicium chosen as micrometric substrate. For silica OX 50, the chemical modification was carried out using the hydrophobic hexadecyltrichlorosilane (HTS). Transmission infrared and the quantification of organic carbon were helpful in the estimation of increasing quantities of HTS grafted to the surface. Two adsorption isotherms were drawn. Then, continuous adsorption isotherm of argon and nitrogen was used to study the evolution of energetic heterogeneity in the course of the chemical reaction. This was achieved by applying an analysis strategy of the monolayer volume (Vm) of adsorbed argon and nitrogen. Results enabled the drawing of a third adsorption isotherm. The quantification of surface energy for various samples was realize using capillary rise (macroscopic technique) and inverse gas chromatography (IGC) (molecular technique). For silicon wafers, two types of surfaces were elaborated in this study. The first hydrophilic (OH grafting), was obtained by oxidation of silicon wafers (Piranha treatment), the second hydrophobic (CH3 grafting), was obtained by grafting HTS molecules to the surface. The quantification of the surface free energy was achieved using the wettability (macroscopic technique) and the atomic force microscopy (AFM) (nanoscopic technique). Finally the different values of surface free energy obtained for native silica are compared to those of hydrophilic (OH) flat surfaces. As for hydrophobic surfaces, the silica OX 50 modified with maximum quantity of HTS is compared to Hydrophobic (CH3) flat surfaces
Monchatre, Benjamin. "Contribution à l'étude expérimentale d'un outil de mélange de type co-malaxeur : application aux polymères". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STET4013/document.
The aim of this PhD work is to gain a better understanding of the co-kneading process, whose knowledge is still lacking compared to other types of mixer such as the single screw extruder or the twin-screw extruder. This manuscript features several experimental studies about the co-kneader. The influence of screw speed and throughput was explored by measurements of the residence time distribution, material temperature, die pressure, filling rate, as well as dispersion of glass fibers. The influence of the viscosity of the polymer melt on the residence time distribution, die pressure and temperature within the co-kneader, was also investigated by varying the barrel temperature or the molecular weight of the polymer. The RTD is similar regardless of the viscosity, despite differences in pressure and material temperature. The influence of the screw profile on the RTD was obtained by experiments interchanging locally the types of elements (conveying and mixing). A method of measurement of the pressure along the barrel by micro-capillary extrusion through the location of pins in the barrel was developped, pressure gradients are similar to those obtained in twin-screw extruders. Finally, a series of experiments was dedicated to the gelation of PVC evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively, and showed that the temperature governs the gelation rate
Ildefonso, Manuel. "Développement d' un outil microfluidique polyvalent pour l' étude de la cristallisation : application à la nucléation de principes actifs pharmaceutiques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4034.
The aim of this work is to develop a microfluidic tool to study crystallization (and specifically nucleation) adapted to industrial issue, that's mean doing a lot of experiment with only few materials. Microfluidic, thanks to using nanoliters volume, are able to solve simultaneously both issues. Microfluidic system allows us to generate plenty of nanoliters droplets and each droplet is a microcristallizer to study nucleation. Here I present the development of a microfluidic system and the related analytical method dedicated to nucleation study of active pharmaceutical ingredient. As a first step we adapt an existing microfluidic system to study the nucleation of protein in water. Thanks to this system we are able to measure the metastable zone width and nucleation frequency of model protein used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, the lysozyme. In a second step we modify this system in order to allow nucleation study in organic solvent. Thanks to this new system we can study the nucleations of different APIs using polyvalent methods develop to avoid nucleation problems due to the crystallization of API. This microfluidic system and the method develop to study nucleation of API are really polyvalent and let us imagine to extend their applicative field to all industrial field where using nanoliter volume can reduce the cost (protein crystallization) and/or risk (explosives, radioactive hazard)
Kraupner, Nicolas. "Conception d'outils pharmacologiques pour comprendre le rôle de l'Insulin Degrading Enzyme (IDE) dans la gestion du stress protéotoxique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILS039.
Insulin Degrading Enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc metalloprotease found in extracellular and intracellular compartments. IDE is involved in the degradation of physiologically important peptides such as insulin and other amyloidogenic peptides. However, it is remarkably conserved in species and tissues that do not produce these substrate peptides. This observation suggests an important role for IDE, not fully identified, and not only correlated with its catalytic activity. IDE is an enzyme for which new biological implications continue to be discovered and its characterization is necessary to better understand these new physiological or pathological roles. In particular, in the last few years studies have highlighted the link between IDE and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, notably in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway.The unit has recently patented the use of a first series of IDE inhibitors, with the BDM 44768 as lead compound, to boost cytotoxics, including proteasome inhibitors such as carfilzomib, one of the gold standard treatments for multiple myeloma.Based on this chemical series of BDM 44768 and guided by the crystallographic structure of our compounds in IDE, several modulations were performed on four different parts of the pharmacophore as well as the development of a macrocyclic series. These pharmacomodulations resulted in several potent molecules with nanomolar activity and pharmacokinetic properties that could allow their use in in vivo models.In order to explore the functions and involvement of IDEs in different cellular processes, this thesis also allowed the design and synthesis of different chemical exploration tools. First, following the different binding modes of our molecules in IDE, two series of PROTAC probes were synthesized. Their biological evaluations revealed that they do not induce the degradation of IDE but of two other proteins, a protein homologous to IDE, pitrilysin, and DPP3, a dipeptidyl peptidase. Finally, two fluorescent probes, that still need to be optimized, were designed and synthesized in order to be able to follow the localization of IDE within the cell and more particularly in the endoplasmic reticulum with the aim of correlating this localization over time with the effects on the UPR proteins and reticular stress.Thus, during this thesis, valuable results to design future chemical tools to study IDE and to elucidate the different roles of this protein were obtained. In addition, several potent small molecules modulating the activity of IDE were synthesized in order to address the different therapeutic needs associated with this target
Joussot, Jessie. "Stratégies de synthèse d’un nouvel antipsychotique potentiel : cascades réactionnelles palladocatalysées : un outil puissant pour la synthèse de structures polycycliques complexes et hautement fonctionnalisées". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAF016/document.
This PhD thesis allowed us in the first part to develop different synthesic pathways to a new potential antipsychotic (F17464) invented by Pierre Fabre laboratories. Three strategies based on convergent syntheses are initiated. The key step of the first strategy is olefin cross metathesis. The second strategy rests on Sonogashira coupling and the third one involves a new methodology ofchromones alkylation in position 3. These methods allowed us access to novel synthetic intermediates, useful in the preparation of the F17464 molecule by following industrial confines.ln the second part, different types of polycyclic molecules were synthesized by palladium-catalyzed cascade reactions. A set of fused naphthalenes was prepared by palladium-catalyzed dominoreaction including cyclocarbopalladations followed by C(sp2)-H bond activation. Several types of fused seven-membered carbocycles were synthesized in a one-pot reaction from convenient substrates, via cascade reactions including cyclocarbopalladations followed by C(sp2 or sp3)-Hbond activation. Finally, cyclooctatrienes and fenestradienes were obtained also in a one-pot reaction from the same substrate via cascade reactions involving 4-exo-dig cyclocarbopalladation, followed by Stille coupling, alkyne addition onto a triple bond, finishing by electrocyclization reactions. Temperature is the only parameter that differs in the synthesis ôf the two complex polycycles starting from the same substrate
Jouravel, Glorianne. "Stratégies innovantes pour une valorisation d’extraits de plantes en cosmétique : Mise en oeuvre d’un outil de profilage métabolique et recherche de nouvelles activités biologiques". Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2017.
The cosmetic field valorizes plant extracts by integrating them in care products. These extracts constitute the active ingredients of the cosmetic formulation. Plants are diverse, rich and contain numerous compounds of biological interest. Phytochemistry is a way to describe the metabolic content of plant extracts. But molecular characterization of these complex matrices remains a major challenge nowadays. Indeed,steps of data treatment are time-consuming and laborious. In this way, a tool of metabolic profiling, GAINS, has been developed in order to treat in an automatized way data from analyses performed in liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. It constitutes a real support for phytochemists because automatized data treatment allows gaining time compared to manual treatment. This tool, associated with a large database of natural compounds make possible to assign potential candidates to detected peaks. GAINS appeals a module of in silico fragmentation for holding candidates assignments up.This permits to compare modeled spectrum of fragmentation of candidates with experimental spectrum off ragmentation.The whole set of phytochemical studies realized to identify or isolate compounds goes hand in hand with the study of potential biological effects of extracts to the skin, targeted organ by skin-care products. This allows the discovery of beneficial actions that the extract could have. By knowing the phytochemical content, it is possible to explain and rationalize assays about biological activities. The development of an anti-aging ingredient from purple loosestrife, a plant occurring in the region Centre-Val de Loire, is an example of it
Diou, Odile. "Synthèse de nanocapsules polymères pour la détection de tumeurs solides par échographie et IRM du Fluor : vers un outil théranostique". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00907145.
Guillon, Nathalie. "Étude de composés Ti-B-N élaborés par dépot sous vide : relation entre microstructure, composition chimique et propriétés mécaniques". Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG4207.
Pasquet, Camille. "Evaluation de la biodisponibilité du nickel, cobalt et manganèse dans les poussières de sols ultramafiques et développement d'un outil de bioindication lichénique des poussières émises par les activités minières en Nouvelle Calédonie". Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0008/document.
Bioavailability estimation of nickel, cobalt and manganese in dust from ultramafic soils likely to be mobilized by wind and~eve lopment of a bioindication tool using lichen for dust emitted by mining activities in New Caledonia New Caledonian altered ultramafic soils, particularly rich in Ni, Co, Mn and Cr, are extracted by opencast mines which generale dust rich in metals. The objective of th is work is to develop approaches for environmental risk assessment of dust emitted by opencast mines and nickel ore metallurgical plants. The assessmentof metals' bioavailable fraction from two dust granulometrie size fractions, one less than 100 IJm which is mobilizable by wind (F<1001Jm,) and another one able to penetrate the respiratory system (PM 1 0), has been determined by kinetic extraction with EDT A. The development of a new separation deviee based on particle transport subjected to a nitrogen flux in a horizontal tube has been necessary for PM1 0 segregation. Kinetic extractions le ad to the distinction of th ree metal pools: rapidly labile, less rapidly labile and non-bioavailable. Trace metal potentially bioavailable concentrations were always high and the less rapidly labile pool is always the most concentrated pool. Concerning F<1 001Jm, the less rapidly kinetic constant of the less rapidly labile pool is weaker for mining soils than forest soils. F<1001Jm fractions from mining soils representa more durable reserve in trace metal than the same fraction from forest soils. Bioindication using lichens with compositional data analysis of their metal concentration allow defining an indicator of emission dispersion. This methodology could support air quality monitoring networks in New Caledonia
Mery, Yoann. "Development of an integrated tool for Process Modelling and Life Cycle Assessment : Ecodesign of process plants and application to drinking water treatment". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAT0022/document.
Adapted tools for tackling environmental issues are necessary but they are still missing in industry. Indeed, the introduction of ecodesign practices in the process industry is hindered by the lack of realism and flexibility of related tools.The main objectives of this research work were the development of a fully integrated tool for Process Modelling & Life Cycle Assessment (PM-LCA), and the formulation of an affiliated methodological approach for process ecodesign. The software tool and the methodological approach are meant to be applied to water treatment technologies.The literature review leads to a better comprehension of the required research efforts. The main guidelines for the development of the software tool are stated accordingly.The developed tool, named EVALEAU, consists in a library of unit process models allowing life cycleinventory calculation in function of process parameters. The tool is embedded in Umberto® LCA software and is complementary to Ecoinvent database. A sensitivity analysis toolbox, based on theMorris method, was included for the identification of the process parameters mainly affecting the lifecycle impact assessment results.EVALEAU tool was tested through two case studies - two existing drinking water plants. There liability of the modelling approach was demonstrated through water quality simulation, energy and materials inventory simulation, compared with site real data. An ecodesign procedure was experienced on a complex water treatment chain, demonstrating the relevance of simulation results and the usefulness of sensitivity analysis for an optimal choice of operation parameters.This first developed PM-LCA tool is dedicated to foster the introduction of ecodesign practices in the water industry
Bolduc, Olivier R. "Monocouches peptidiques auto-assemblées et applications dans le domaine des biocapteurs de résonance de plasmon de surfaces". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6085.
The work presented in this thesis aims to extend the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors to generate more rapid, cost efficient and simple to use diagnostic tools to diagnose or follow serious medical conditions. This task required the development of a new SPR instrument that relies on an inversion prism (dove) and is able to reach a limit of detection (LOD) in the 10-6 refractive index unit (RIU) range, a value comparable to more complex commercial instruments. The developed SPR instrumentation is inexpensive, robust and very simple to manipulate. The other work presented in this thesis is based on reducing nonspecific interactions between the surface of SPR sensors and components in biological matrices such as urine, cell lysate, serum and whole blood. These nonspecific interactions induce SPR responses that have typically prohibited the use of SPR in these complex matrices. Amino acidshavebeen investigated for reduction of nonspecific binding (NSB) because they offer a wide variety of physico-chemical properties capable of tuning the physical properties of surfaces in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) format. Initially, the attachment of one of 19 physiological 20 amino acids to 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) allowed the formation of amino acid SAMs. Exposure of these surfaces to bovine serum revealed nonspecific interactions ranging from 400 ng/cm² to 800 ng/cm². Detection assays for β-lactamase (an enzyme produced by drug resistant bacteria at a micromolar level) demonstrated that the amino acid SAM is suitable for SPR biosensing. By using a solid phase approach, peptides were of 2 to 5 residues were synthesized to investigate NSB properties. The result of this study showed that adding amino acids decreased nonspecific interactions up to a peptide length of 5 amino acids. The best performing peptide, 3-MPA-(Serine)5-OH, resulted in low nonspecific adsorption of bovine serum proteins to a level of 180 ng/cm². This value is similar to nonspecific adsorption obtained under identical conditions for one of the best reported surfaces: polyethylene glycol-based SAMs at 100 ng/cm². The 3-MPA-(Serine)5-OH based SAM was used to calibrate β-lactamase, leading to its direct quantification in crude cell lysate. The detection limit for this analyte was 10 nM. A third generation of peptide, which is binary patterned, decreased significantly nonspecific adsorption to a level as low as 23 ± 10 ng/cm², a value comparable to the best surfaces known. This surface SAM allowed the calibration of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), a potential indicator of cancer. Direct quantification assays of MMP-3 in whole blood serum were achieved with the binary patterned peptides developed. The LOD for MMP-3 was 0.2nM over a 50 nM linear domain. A fourth generation of peptide based surfaces was developed, reducing the level of nonspecific adsorption of blood serum proteins to 12 ± 11 ng/cm2. These new surfaces were modified to attach His-tagged biomolecules enabling rapid screening of small ligands targeting the Cluster of differentiation-36 (CD36). Finally, the electroformation of peptide monolayers was studied to determine the optimal conditions needed to form an ultralow biofouling surface. It was demonstrated that the difference in potential applied during the formation of a peptide based layer influences the kinetics of formation and the arrangement of this layer. An optimal layer of 3-MPA-HHHDD-OH could be obtained in less than 6 min by applying a potential of 200mV vs Ag/AgCl to the SPR sensor.