Tesi sul tema "Oscillating Drop"

Nous présentons une étude mettant en œuvre la méthode de la goutte oscillante pour sonder l'interface huile/eau, modifiable par ajout de tensioactifs ou des nanoparticules, entourée d'une phase continue de rhéologie contrôlable. La question clé posée dans ce travail porte sur l'effet des propriétés rhéologiques de la phase continue sur les mesures des modules viscoélastiques interfaciaux déduits à partir de la compression/dilatation d'une goutte oscillante. Dans cette optique, la phase continue est constituée d'un hydrogel thermoréversible K-carraghénane, sélectionné pour son inactivité interfaciale mais également pour son hystérèse en transition sol/gel qui permet en effet d'avoir un gel ou un liquide à la même température selon l'histoire thermique.Dans le cas d'une interface nue huile/eau et dans les conditions où la solution de KC est liquide, le module élastique de l'interface reste faible. Quand la solution de KC devient un gel, même si ce dernier est faible au point que la solution s'écoule sous son propre poids, nous assistons à l'apparition d'une signature élastique des meures viscoélastiques interfaciales attestant que la contribution de la rhéologie de la phase continue est non négligeable. La présence d'un tensioactif à l'interface huile/eau, génèrent un module élastique interfacial qui augmente avec la concentration en tensioactif dans le cas d'un milieu environnant liquide. En présence d'un gel faible, le module interracial s'effondre à force que le module du gel KC augmente attribuer à une pseudo-localisation de déformation à l'interface. Ce phénomène disparaît dans le cas d'une interface dense en nanoparticules solides (effet Pickering).L'ensemble de ce travail révèle l'importance de la déconvolution des contributions interfaciale et de volume dans des essais de rhéologie interfaciale avec la goutte pendante
We present a study implementing the oscillating drop method to probe the oil/water interface, modifiable by surfactants or nanoparticles, while surrounded by a continuous phase of controllable rheology. The key question posed in this work concerns the effect of the rheological properties of the continuous phase on the measurements of interfacial viscoelastic moduli extracted from the compression/expansion of an oscillating drop. With this in mind, the continuous phase consists of a thermo-reversible hydrogel K-carrageenan, selected for its interfacial inactivity but also for its hysteresis after the sol/gel transition which allows to have a gel or liquid at the same temperature according to the thermal history.In the case of a pure oil/water interface and under conditions where the KC solution is liquid, the elastic modulus of the interface remains weak. When the KC solution becomes a gel, even if it is weak to the point that the solution flows under its own weight, we witness the appearance of an elastic signature in interfacial viscoelastic measures attesting to the contribution of the rheology of the continuous phase being not negligible.The presence of a surfactant at the oil/water interface, generating an interfacial elastic modulus that increases with the concentration of surfactant in the case of a liquid surrounding medium. In the presence of a weak gel, the interfacial modulus decreases by despite that the modulus of the KC gel increases, this is attributed to a pseudo-localization of deformation at the interface. This phenomenon disappears in the case of an interface laden with solid nanoparticles (Pickering effect).All of this work reveals the importance of deconvoluting interfacial and volume contributions in an interfacial viscoelasticity test of the pendant drop

Ce travail présente une étude de la dynamique interfaciale de gouttes oscillantes dans une plage étendue de fréquences, en particulier dans le domaine des hautes fréquences. Nous avons développé une méthode de caractérisation de la dynamique des oscillations de gouttes, en présence d’un forçage externe imposé, sous la forme de variations de volume périodiques de faible amplitude sur une goutte attachée à l’extrémité d’un capillaire. Cette méthode permet d’identifier les modes d’oscillation des gouttes et d’en mesurer les fréquences et les taux d’amortissement. Cette méthode a été appliquée à différents systèmes liquide-liquide, en l’absence ou en présence de surfactants. Dans ce dernier cas, elle permet d’évaluer l’effet du comportement viscoélastique des interfaces sur la dynamique des oscillations. Ainsi 3 types d’interfaces ont été identifiés. Pour les interfaces de premier type (heptane/eau sans ajout de surfactant), chaque mode propre est modélisé par un oscillateur linéaire peu amorti. Les fréquences propres et les taux d’amortissement sont bien prédits par la théorie linéaire. Les interfaces de types 2 et 3 sont obtenues en ajoutant du pétrole brut à la phase dispersée. Les surfactants naturellement présents dans le pétrole (asphaltènes, résines) s’adsorbent à l’interface et lui confèrent des propriétés viscoélastiques. Pour les interfaces jeunes (type 2, moins de 20 minutes de vieillissement), les fréquences propres mesurées restent bien prédites par la théorie, qui considère des interfaces non contaminées, tandis que les taux d’amortissement sont de loin supérieurs aux valeurs théoriques. D’autre part, les interfaces vieillies (type 3) présentent des modes propres différents avec des fréquences de résonance supérieures à celles des interfaces jeunes. Dans ce cas, la dynamique de l’interface à haute fréquence est régie par l’élasticité du réseau formé par les espèces amphiphiles du pétrole brut. Les oscillations libres d’une goutte en ascension dans une phase externe stagnante, pour un système liquide-liquide sans ajout de surfactants, ont été étudiées. Les valeurs mesurées de la fréquence d’oscillation des 4 premiers modes sont en adéquation avec la théorie linéaire. Cependant les valeurs mesurées du taux d’amortissement sont très élevées par rapport aux valeurs théoriques, pour une interface non contaminée. En effet, des espèces résiduelles adsorbées à l’interface provoquent l’apparition d’un gradient de tension interfaciale par effet Marangoni et par suite une production de vorticité plus intense dans les couches-limites, ce qui conduit à l’augmentation de l’amortissement des oscillations
We present an experimental study of oscillating drop interfacial dynamics at a wide frequency range, especially at high frequency. A characterization method of drops oscillation dynamics has been developed. The oscillations are generated by imposing low amplitude periodic variation of volume to a drop which is attached to a capillary tip. The present method is based on the identification of the drop eigenmodes and the determination of their frequencies and damping rates. It has been applied to characterize several liquid-liquid systems. Three types of interface have been identified. For interfaces of type 1 (heptane/water without added surfactant), each eigenmode is modelled by a weakly damped linear oscillator. Eigenfrequencies and damping rates are well predicted by the linear theory. Interfaces of Types 2 and 3 are obtained by adding crude oil to the disperse phase. Oil native surfactants (asphaltenes, resins) adsorb on the drop interface and provide the latter with viscoelastic behaviour. For young interfaces (type 2 with aging time below 20 minutes), eigenfrequencies remain well predicted by the theory, which deals with non contaminated interfaces, whereas the measured damping rates are significantly higher than the theoretical values. On the other hand, aged interfaces (type 3) exhibit different eigenmodes, of which eigenfrequencies are much higher than the resonance frequencies measured for the young interfaces. At high frequency, the dynamics of aged interfaces are governed by the elasticity of the network constituted by the crude oil amphiphilic species, while the dynamics of young interfaces are governed by interfacial tension. Freely decaying oscillations of a rising drop in a liquid at rest without added surfactant were also considered. Measured frequencies for the first four eigenmodes are in good agreement with the linear theory. However, measured damping rates are much higher than the theoretical rates for non contaminated interfaces. In fact, residual adsorbed species at the heptane/water interface induce Marangoni effects and thus gradients of interfacial tension. Therefore, vorticity production within the boundary layers is enhanced, which explains the observed increase of the oscillation damping rates

Microfiltration is one of the most important processes in membrane sciences that can be used for separating drops/particles above 1 ??m. Depth microfiltration membranes retain drops/particles inside the surface of the membrane, the process is expensive and membranes quickly become fouled. On the other hand, surface microfiltration membranes stop drops/particles on the surface of the membrane and the process is less fouling. Higher permeate flux and lower trans-membrane pressure is obtained with a shear enhanced microfiltration technique. Production of specific size of drops and stability of the drops are very important in testing the microfiltration of crude oil drops/water emulsions. Oil drops from 1-15 ??m were produced with a food blender, operated at its highest speed for the duration of 12 mins. In addition, vegetable oil drops were stabilised with 1% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Tween 20 and gum Arabic, stability was assessed on the basis of consistency in the size distribution and number of drops in each sample analysed at 30 mins interval. A slotted pore Nickel membrane with the slot width and slot length of 4 and 400 ??m respectively has been used in the filtration experiments. The slot width to the slot length ratio (aspect ratio) of the used membrane is 100. Vibrating the membrane at various frequencies created shear rates of different intensities on the surface of the membrane. Membrane with a tubular configuration is preferred over the flat sheet because it is easy to control in-case of membrane oscillations both at lab and industrial scale. Besides this, a tubular membrane configuration provides a smaller footprint as compared to the flat sheet. The influence of applied shear rate on slots/pore blocking has been studied. Applying shear rate to the membrane reduced the blocking of the slots of the membrane; and reduction of slots blocking is a function of the applied shear rate. At higher shear rate, lower blocking of the slots of the membrane was verified by obtaining lower trans-membrane pressure for constant rate filtration. The experiments are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical blocking model. Divergence of the experimental data from the theory may be due to involvement of deforming drops in the process. During microfiltration of oil drops, the drops deform when passing through the slots or pores of the membrane. Different surfactants provided different interfacial tensions between the oil and water interface. The influence of interfacial tension on deformation of drops through the slots was studied. The higher the interfacial tension then the lower would be the deformation of drops through the slots. A mathematical model was developed based on static and drag forces acting on the drops while passing the membrane. The model predicts 100% cut-off of drops through the membrane. Satisfactory agreement of the model with the experiments shows that the concept of static and drag force can be successfully applied to the filtration of deformable drops through the slotted pore membranes. Due to the applied shear rate, inertial lift migration velocities of the drops away from the surface of the membrane were created. Inertial lift velocities are linear functions of the applied shear rate. A mathematical model was modified based on inertial lift migration velocities. The critical radius of the drops is the one above which drops cannot pass through the surface of the membrane into the permeate due to the applied shear rate and back transport. The model is used as a starting point and is an acceptable agreement with the experiment. The model can be used to predict the 100% cut-off value for oil drops filtration and a linear fit between this value and the origin on a graph of grade (or rejection) efficiency and drop size to slot width ratio was used to predict the total concentration of dispersed oil left after filtration. Hence, it is shown how it is possible to predict oil discharge concentrations when using slotted filters.

This PhD thesis is focused on the role of interfaces that characterize microfluidic systems, such as the free air/liquid interface of drops or the liquid/solid interface of fluids enclosed in microchannels. This work has a twofold character: on one side, we studied the dynamics of sessile drops subject to oscillations of the substrate; on the other, we investigated the spatial concentration distribution of suspensions of motile bacteria, as a model system for active collids, tuned by geometrical confinement. Dynamics of sessile drops. The first topic is related to the field of wetting phenomena and open microfluidics, which deals with the behaviour of drops, typically in the nano-/microliter range, deposited on open surfaces. At such length scale, these systems are dominated by capillarity and may give rise to unexpected effects, not commonly observed at the larger scale we are used to. Our studies aim to the achievement of an active control on the motion and shape of drops by means of vibration of the substrates, for chemical or biological applications. In particular, the motion of liquid drops on an inclined substrate subject to vertical harmonic oscillations have been considered. Typically, small droplets on inclined surfaces remain pinned because of contact angle hysteresis. When vertical oscillations are applied the droplets unpin and slide down. Surprisingly, for sufficiently large oscillation amplitude the droplets move upward against gravity. The systematical investigation of the response of drops on varying peak acceleration and frequency of oscillations, for fluids with different surface tensions and viscosity, allowed the control of the unidimensional motion along the substrate. Then, we have studied the interfacial morphologies of water drops confined on the hydrophilic top face of rectangular posts of width 0.5 mm and various length. For small volumes, the liquid film adopts the shape of a homogeneous filament with a uniform cross section close to a circular segment. For larger volumes, the water interface forms a central bulge, which grows with the volume. In the case of posts longer than a characteristic length, the transition between the two film shapes on varying the volume is discontinuous and exhibits the bistability of the two morphologic states associated with a hysteresis phenomenon. Vertically oscillating the post, with fixed water volume corresponding to the bistability, at certain frequencies induces an irreversible transition from the filament to the bulge state. Self-propelled particles under geometrical confinement. The second topic deals with the behaviour of active fluids, i.e. self-propelled colloid suspensions which are intrinsically out of equilibrium systems (Active Matter). In particular, in the presence of geometrical structures, such systems behave in a very different way with respect to equilibrium Browinan colloids. We have analyzed the role of different swimming patterns on the concentration distribution of bacterial suspensions confined between two flat walls, by considering wild-type E. coli and P. aeruginosa, which perform Run and Tumble and Run and Reverse patterns, respectively. The concentration profiles have been obtained by counting motile bacteria at different distances from the bottom wall. In agreement with previous studies, an accumulation of motile bacteria close to the walls was observed. Different fraction of motile bacteria and different wall separations, ranging from 100 μm to 250 μm, have been tested. The concentration profiles resulted to be independent on the walls separation and on the different kind of motility and to scale with the motile fraction. These results are confirmed by numerical simulations, based on a collection of self-propelled rod-like particles interacting only through steric interactions.
Questa tesi di dottorato prende in esame il ruolo delle interfacce che caratterizzano i sistemi microfluidici, come ad esempio l’interfaccia libera aria/acqua delle gocce o l’interfaccia liquido/solido di fluidi racchiusi in microcanali. Questo lavoro ha un duplice carattere: da una parte, abbiamo studiato la dinamica di gocce sessili soggette ad oscillazioni del substrato; dall’altra, abbiamo investigato come la distribuzione spaziale della concentrazione in sospensioni batteriche, prese come sistema modello per colloidi attivi, venga alterata da un confinamento geometrico. Dinamica di gocce sessili. Il primo argomento rientra nel campo dei fenomeni di bagnabilità e della microfluidica aperta, che tratta il comportamento di gocce, tipicamente nel range dei nano- /microlitri, depositate su superfici aperte. A tali scale di lunghezza, questi sistemi sono dominati dalla capillarità a possono produrre effetti inaspettati che non vengono comunemente osservati alle scale macroscopiche a cui siamo abituati. I nostri studi sono volti al raggiungimento del controllo attivo del moto e della forma delle gocce per mezzo di vibrazioni del substrato, con applicazioni dalla Chimica alla Biologia. In particolare, è stato considerato il moto di gocce su in substrato inclinato sottoposto ad oscillazioni armoniche verticali. Normalmente, su superfici inclinate le goccioline rimangono ferme a causa dell’isteresi dell’angolo di contatto. Quando vengono applicate oscillazioni verticali le goccioline si sbloccano e scivolano giù. Sorprendentemente, per ampiezze di oscillazioni sufficientemente grandi le goccioline si muovono verso l’atro contro la forza di gravità. Un’analisi della risposta delle gocce al variare dell’accelerazione di picco e della frequenza di oscillazione, prendendo in esame fluidi con diverse tensioni superficiali e viscosità, ha permesso il controllo del moto unidimensionale lungo il pianoinclinato. Inoltre, abbiamo studiato le morfologie interfacciali di gocce d’acqua confinate sulla faccia superiore idrofilica di post rettangolari con larghezza 0.5 mm e varie lunghezze. Per piccoli volumi, il film liquido prende la forma di un filamento omogeneo con una cross-section uniforme simile ad un segmento circolare. Per volumi più grandi, l’interfaccia acqua/aria forma un rigonfiamento centrale, che cresce con il volume. Nel caso di post più lunghi di una lunghezza caratteristica, la transizione tra le due forme al variare del volume discontinua e mostra la bistabilità dei due stati morfologici associata ad un fenomeno di isteresi. Applicando al post, con volume d’acqua fissato corrispondente alla bistabilità, vibrazioni verticali con determinate frequenze si più indurre una transizione irreversibile dallo stato di filamento omogeneo a quello rigonfiato. Particelle auto-propulse sotto confinamento geometrico. Il secondo argomento riguarda il comportamento di fluidi attivi, cioè sospensioni di colloidi auto-propulsi che costituiscono sistemi intrinsecamente fuori equilibrio (Materia Attiva). In particolare, in presenza di strutture geometriche, tali sistemi si comportano in modo molto differente rispetto a colloidi Browniani all’equilibrio. Abbiamo analizzato il ruolo di diversi schemi di motilità sulla distribuzione di concentrazione di sospensioni batteriche confinate tra due pareti solide. considerando E. coli a P. aeruginosa wild-type, che si muovono secondo gli schemi Run and Tumble e Run and Reverse, rispettivamente. I profili di concentrazione sono tati ottenuti contando i batteri motili a diverse distanze dalle pareti. In accordo con studi precedenti, si osservato un accumulo di batteri motili in prossimit delle pareti. Sono state testate diverse frazioni di batteri motili e diverse distanze di separazione tra le pareti, nel range tra 100μm e 250 μm. I profili di concentrazione risultano indipendenti dalla distanza tra le pareti e dai differenti schemi di motilità e scalano con la frazione di batteri motili. Questi risultati sono confermati da simulazioni numeriche, basate su una collezione di particelle allungate auto-propulse che interagiscono solo tramite interazioni steriche.

L'objectif de ce travail est la modelisation des modes d'oscillations axisymetriques d'une goutte fluide en levitation aerodynamique au dessus d'une paroi poreuse plane. En premier lieu, le travail a porte sur la modelisation de la forme stationnaire de la goutte levitee a l'aide de la methode des elements de frontiere appliquee a la resolution des equations de stokes stationnaires. En particulier, les champs de vitesse interne et externe a la goutte ont ete calcules. Pour la modelisation des oscillations de la goutte en levitation, la methode des elements de frontiere a egalement ete retenue pour resoudre les equations de stokes instationnaires dans le domaine frequentiel. Avant d'aborder le cas de la goutte en levitation, cette methode a ete mise au point sur le probleme plus simple des modes d'oscillations axisymetriques d'une goutte dans un milieu infini en l'absence de gravite. Une validation a ete realisee avec succes grace aux nombreux resultats de la litterature. Dans le cas de la goutte en levitation aerodynamique, la mise en oeuvre de cette methode a conduit a la mise au point d'un outil numerique qui calcule les frequences et les formes d'oscillations des modes propres axisymetriques de la goutte. Une analyse de sensibilite a conduit au choix optimal des parametres numeriques de ce programme. Par ailleurs, l'etude de l'influence des differents parametres physiques a permis de constater la pertinence des resultats. Enfin, une comparaison avec des resultats experimentaux s'est averee tout a fait satisfaisante.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la caléfaction, ou l'effet Leidenfrost. Une goutte d'eau placée sur un substrat chaud lévite sur un film mince de vapeur. Cette couche intercalaire de gaz, continûment renouvelée, isole mécaniquement et thermiquement la goutte, limitant ainsi son évaporation et supprimant l’ébullition. L'état de lévitation a d'autres conséquences sur le liquide, comme de lui empêcher de mouiller son substrat, donnant à la goutte une forme de perle, et de produire une situation exempte de friction, lui conférant sa grande mobilité.Nous discutons dans premier temps les conditions qui permettent à une goutte de léviter sur sa propre vapeur et la température seuil au delà de laquelle ce phénomène apparaît. Dans un deuxième temps, nous envisageons cette situation d’un point de vue dynamique en détaillant trois phases de la vie d’une goutte. Au-dessus d’une certaine taille, la vapeur s’accumule et érige un dôme liquide. Un film de liquide pur très mince se forme, doté d’une stabilité remarquable. Des différences de température induisent des écoulements superficiels ascensionnels qui sélectionnent son épaisseur et s’opposent à son amincissement, expliquant qu’il subsiste quelques secondes. Pour des rayons plus raisonnables de flaque, des oscillations intermittentes apparaissent, donnant au liquide la forme d'étoile. L’origine de ce phénomène est élucidée : le coussin de vapeur possède une fréquence propre. Ses oscillations excitent le liquide qu’il supporte. La goutte, qui agit comme une cavité résonante, répond pour certains rayons quantifiés en oscillant spontanément suivant le mode accroché par le forçage intrinsèque. En réduisant encore de taille, le liquide acquiert une mobilité spectaculaire. Une goutte caléfiée est le siège d’écoulements internes très rapides, dont la symétrie est dictée par le confinement. En s’évaporant, on assiste à une changement de morphologie qui induit une brisure de symétrie. La gouttelette se met à rouler de manière asymétrique, rectifie et incline sa base, ce qui la propulse. Deux stratégies de contrôle de ces globules fugaces et insaisissables sont finalement proposées, inspirées des travaux relatifs à l'autopropulsion sur des surfaces couvertes de dents asymétriques. Le mouvement directionnel est forcé par l'application d'un gradient de température et par la texturation graduelle de la surface. Ces dynamiques, orchestrées par le confinement, illustrent la richesse de ce système où changements de phase, effets thermiques, aérodynamiques et hydrodynamiques
This work focuses on the Leidenfrost effect. A water drop placed on a hot substrate levitates on a cushion of its own vapor. This vapor layer, continuously renewed, insulates the liquid both mechanically and thermally : it limits evaporation and suppresses boiling. Levitation has other consequences on the liquid. It prevents the liquid from wetting its substrate, giving it the appearance of a liquid pearl, while producing a frictionless situation and giving ii a high mobility.We first discuss the conditions that allow a drop to levitate above a hot substrate, in particular the threshold in temperature. Then, we adopt a dynamic point of view by detailing the three phases of the life of a Leidenfrost drop. Above a certain size, vapor accumulates and forms a thin liquid dome with remarkable stability. Temperature differences on that pure liquid film induce upward surface flows that select the thickness and oppose the film thinning.For smaller volume, liquid oscillations spontaneously and sporadically appear. The mechanism leading to the liquid stars is elucidated: the vapor film has it natural frequency. The vapor cushion oscillations excite the overlying liquid. The drop acts as a resonant cavity and thus responds for some quantified radius by oscillating according to the mode locked by the intrinsic forcing. By further reducing the radius, the liquid acquires spectacular mobility. A Leidenfrost drop hosts strong internal flows, whose symmetry is selected by confinement. Evaporation induces morphological changes and triggers a symmetry breaking. A droplet rolls asymmetrically, which rectifies and tilts its base. This leads to motion and contributes to the spectacular mobility of Leidenfrost droplets. Two strategies to control these elusive globules are eventually proposed, inspired by the work on self-propulsion on surfaces covered with asymmetric teeth. Directional movement is forced by applying a temperature gradient and by gradually texturing the substrate.The evaporation-driven confinement induces various dynamics that illustrate the richness of this system, where phase changes as well as thermal, aerodynamic and hydrodynamic effects conspire to generate new and exploitable properties

L'étude expérimentale du transfert de matière est réalisée pour 3 systèmes ternaires mettant en jeu principalement des molécules plutôt que des ions. Deux phénomènes sont observés: un effet électrostatique (orientation des molécules) et un effet électrodynamique (modification de la tension interfaciale). Un contacteur à électrode externe, soumis à des oscillations forcées est utilisé pour l'extraction de l'acide acétique. Lorsque la fréquence des oscillations est égale à la fréquence de résonance naturelle des gouttes on observe une diminution de la vitesse de chute et une augmentation du coefficient de transfert. La taille des gouttes a aussi une influence.

A pesquisa realizada envolveu a avaliação experimental dos efeitos do fluido e da orientação do escoamento no desempenho de um dissipador de calor baseado na ebulição convectiva em microcanais. Estes dissipadores de calor são usados como uma nova aplicação para a refrigeração dos novos dispositivos eletrônicos que geram altas taxas de calor. Efetuou-se inicialmente uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o escoamento monofásico e a ebulição convectiva em microcanais e em multi-microcanais através da qual levantou-se os principais métodos de previsão do coeficiente de transferência de calor e da perda de pressão. Então, utilizando o aparato experimental desenvolvido durante o mestrado de Do Nascimento (2012) avaliou-se a transferência de calor e perda de pressão de um dissipador de calor baseado em multi-microcanais paralelos. O dissipador de calor avaliado possui 50 microcanais retangulares dispostos paralelamente com 15 mm de comprimento, 100 µm de largura, 500 µm de altura e espaçados de 200 µm. Ensaios experimentais foram executados para o R245fa, fluido de baixa pressão utilizado em ciclos frigoríficos de baixa pressão, e R407C, fluido de alta pressão usado para conforto térmico, temperatura de saturação de 25 e 31°C, velocidades mássicas de 400 a 1500 kg/m²s, graus de subresfriamento do líquido de 5, 10 e 15°C, título de vapor máximo de até 0,38, fluxos de calor de até 350 kW/m², e para 3 orientações diferentes do dissipador de calor, horizontal, vertical com os canais alinhados horizontalmente e vertical com escoamento ascendente. Os resultados obtidos foram parametricamente analisados e comparados com métodos da literatura. Coeficientes de transferência de calor médios de até 35 kW/m² °C foram obtidos. Resultados adquiridos para o R245fa e R407C foram inferiores aos levantados por Do Nascimento (2012) para o R134a utilizando o mesmo dissipador. O fluido R407C apresentou frequências e amplitudes de oscilações inferiores aos fluidos R134a e R245fa. Nenhum método para o coeficiente de transferência de calor e perda de pressão proporcionou previsões satisfatórias dos dados experimentais. O modelo Homogêneo com viscosidade da mistura bifásica dada por Cicchitti et al. (1960) apresentou as melhores previsões da perda de pressão, já para o coeficiente de transferência de calor, os métodos de Bertsch et al. (2009) e Liu e Winterton (1991) apresentaram as melhores previsões. O dissipador com sua base posicionada horizontalmente fornece coeficientes de transferência de calor superiores enquanto sua base na vertical e escoamento ascendente verificam-se perdas de pressão inferiores. Imagens do escoamento bifásico foram obtidas com uma câmera de alta velocidade e analisadas.
This study presents an experimental investigation on the effect of the fluid and the footprint orientation on the performance of a heat spreader based on flow boiling inside micro-scale channels. This heat spreader is used in an electronics cooling application with high-power density. Initially an extensive investigation of the literature concerning single-phase and two-phase flow inside a single microchannels and multi-microchannels was performed. In this literature review the leading predictive methods for heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are described. The experimental study was carried out in the apparatus developed by Do Nascimento (2012). The heat sink evaluated in the present study is comprised of fifty parallel rectangular microchannels with cross-sectional dimensions of 100 µm width and of 500 µm depth, and total length of 15 mm. The fins between consecutive microchannels are 200 µm thick. Experimental tests were performed for R245fa, low-pressure fluid used in low pressure refrigeration cycles, and R407C, high-pressure fluid used for heat comfort, saturation temperature of 25 and 31°C, mass velocities from 400 to 1500 kg/m² s, degrees of subcooling of the liquid of 5, 10 and 15°C, outlet vapor quality up to 0.38, heat fluxes up to 350 kW/m², and for the following footprint heat sink orientations: horizontal, vertical with the microchannels aligned horizontally and vertical with upward flow. The results were parametrically analyzed and compared again the predictive methods from literature. Average heat transfer coefficients up to 35 kW/m² °C were obtained. The results for R134a from Do Nascimento (2012) for the same heat sink presented heat transfer coefficients higher than R245fa and R407C. The fluid R407C presented oscillation of the temperature due to thermal instability effects with lower frequency and amplitude lower than R134a, and R245fa. None predictive method provided satisfactory heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop predictions of the experimental data. The Homogeneous model with the viscosity given by Cicchitti et al. (1960) provided the best pressure drop prediction while the heat transfer coefficient was best predicted by Bertsch et al. (2009) and Liu and Winterton (1991). The horizontal orientation of the footprint provided the highest heat transfer coefficients while the vertical footprint orientation with upward flow the lowest pressure drops. Images of the two-phase flow were obtained with a high-speed camera and analyzed.

碩士
國立中正大學
物理系研究所
105
Liquid drop can bounce on the surface of vertically oscillating liquid bath with the same liquid for a long time when the oscillating acceleration is larger than g. When the drop collides with the surface, vortex ring is induced by the deformation of liquid surface. Two drops are coupled in quasi-one-dimensional container and oscillate around the position of equilibrium. The motion is caused by the asymmetric vortex rings. We expect that the asymmetric flow field affects the motion of drop and discuss the interaction between the drop and the induced flow. The asymmetric flow field is generated in our experiment by the drop-boundary interaction and the drop-drop interaction. In drop-boundary system, a vortex ring induced by a single drop is shaped by an inclined bottom and becomes asymmetric at shallow zone. On the other, two drops with different size induce two vortices which couple and form an asymmetric field. In those cases, the asymmetric flows both drive the drops propelling on the liquid surface. The velocity field measured by particle image velocimetry technique (PIV) is compared with the theoretical model. The theoretical model simulating by the steady streaming function induced by oscillating bubble is fitting with the experimental result. Due to the distance between drops is relative to the driving frequency, the flow field induced by multi-drops is expected well by the distance and the size of drops.

The surface tension of liquid metals is an important and scientifically interesting parameter which affects many metallurgical processes such as casting, welding and melt spinning. Conventional methods for measuring surface tension are difficult to use for molten metals above temperatures of 1000 K. Containerless methods are can be used to measure the surface tension of molten metals above 1000 K. Oscillating drop method is one such method where a levitated droplet is allowed to undergo damped oscillations. Using the Rayleigh’s theory for the oscillation of force-free inviscid spherical droplets, surface tension and viscosity of the sample can be calculated from oscillation frequency and damping respectively. In this thesis, a numerical model is developed in ANSYS Fluent to simulate the oscillations of the molten metal droplet. The Volume of Fluid approach is used for multiphase modelling. The effect of numerical schemes, mesh size, and initialization boundary conditions on the frequency of oscillation and the surface tension of the liquid are studied. The single-phase model predicts the surface tension of zirconium within a range of 13% when compared to the experimental data. The validated single phase model is extended to predict the interfacial tension of a core-shell structured compound drop. We study the effect of the core and shell orientation at the time of flow initialization. The numerical model we developed predicts the interfacial tension between copper and cobalt within the range of 6.5% when compared to the experimental data. The multiphase model fails to provide any conclusive data for interfacial tension between molten iron and slag.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學系
85
This research paper mainly discussed on pressure dropcaused from oscillating flow through three interval cylinders which are postside-by-side to channel center byy experiment. The pressure drop ismeasured by joing the tubes outside the several holes digged on theperface of up-plate and cylinder.Then,use the camera to shoot the variation of water height in the tube.in addition,use the curve fittingto get a relation function,and use the conservation of momentum principleto get a 2-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation to transferwater height to variation of pressure drop.Finally,analyze and find outthe tendencyy of pressure drop in the channel and around cylinders.

Coagulopathy, a condition in which blood coagulation is impaired, can be inherited or result from a variety of conditions including severe trauma, illness or surgery. Perioperative monitoring of a patient’s coagulation status is important to identify coagulopathic patients. Thromboelastography or TEG remains the gold standard for whole blood coagulation monitoring. However, TEG suffers from certain well-documented drawbacks such as contact containment and manipulation of the blood sample, large and uncontrolled strain, and the inability to distinguish the contribution of elasticity and viscosity during blood coagulation. We developed a non-contact blood rheometer which uses a single drop of blood to measure its viscoelastic properties. Small sample size (typically 5-15 μL), low shear strain (linear viscoelasticity), and non-contact manipulation and containment of samples make this technique unique for real-time monitoring of blood coagulation. In the first part of this work, we addressed the development of the technique, benchmarking the results against known material properties standards. We observed large amplitude oscillations of the levitated drop results in multiple resonance modes and excessive dissipation. We suggested upper bound limits for drop oscillation amplitudes required to satisfy the Lamb theoretical expressions for drop frequency and damping. In the second part, we applied our technique to study sickle-cell disease. Our technique showed that the shape oscillation of blood drops was able to assess an abnormally increased viscosity in sickle cell patients when compared with normal controls over a range of hematocrit. Furthermore, the technique was sensitive enough to detect viscosity changes induced by hydroxyurea treatment. The third part of this work focused on blood coagulation monitoring. The technique showed sensitivity to coagulation parameters, such as platelet count, calcium ion concentration, and hematocrit. A comparison of the results with TEG showed coagulation started sooner in the levitation technique, but with a lower rate and lower maximum stiffness. Thus, the technique developed can be used as a monitoring tool to assess blood mechanical properties sensitively enough to be of use in clinical diagnostic settings.
2020-06-04T00:00:00Z

碩士
臺灣大學
應用力學研究所
98
The impact of a droplet on a liquid pool can result in different fantastic phenomena. Many investigations have been conducted since decades; however, none has been studied for the effects of oscillating drop on the large bubble induced by the impacting droplet since Worthington (1908). In the present study, a newest improved quantitative tracking method has been used to analyze the formation and cavity dynamics of big floating bubbles and large bubbles generated by the drop impacting onto deep liquid pool has been experimentally studied and analyzed. Effects of impact velocity, drop size have been investigated and discussed. And it will to understand more deeply about the corresponding relations of those sequential events of drop impact dynamics. Furthermore, two geometry parameter oscillation parameters sharpness-ratio and offset-ratio of the free-falling droplet before impact and Weber number have been found to be the most important controlling parameters. And new characteristic regimes of large bubble area in the V (impact velocity)-d (diameter of droplet) map have been edited. It have been further investigated and analyzed in this thesis.

碩士
中興大學
土木工程學系所
95
ABSTRACT A vertical drop pool is frequently used in an open channel to dissipate the energy of the approach flow. As the combination of pool length (L), end sill height (h), and discharge (q) meets neither the napped flow nor the skimming flow conditions, the flow oscillates periodically in the vertical drop pool. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the periodic oscillatory flow over a vertical drop pool with a subcritical approach flow experimentally. Free surface oscillations of dropping flows were measured using a wave gauge located in the pool. The primary frequency (f0) of the periodic oscillation was then determined by applying spectral analysis to the time series of the gauge measurements. Two flow visualization techniques were employed to reveal the structures of dropping flows qualitatively. In order to understand the relationship between the periodic oscillatory flow pattern with the discharge of the approach flow and the influence of end sill height, series of experiments were conducted by varying discharge (q) and end sill height ratios (h/H, where H is the dropping depth). The flow behaves as the periodic oscillatory flow for h/H ranging from 0.121 to 0.857 with different discharges. When the h/H was equal to 0.429, the largest range of discharge (q) was obtained from 154.6 ~ 223.5 cm2/s for the periodic oscillatory flow patterns in the vertical drop pool. With analyzing the flow visualization results and the time series measurements of wave gauge, flow patterns of the periodic oscillation could be classified by three different modes as follows: (1) Mode1 shows the trend that the f0 decreases with the increase of q for h/H varying from 0.121 to 0.429. A large amount of air bubbles was entrained to the vortex upon the end sill corner. (2) Mode2 presents the trend that the f0 increases with the increase of q for h/H changing from 0.329 to 0.571. By comparing with Mode1, there is no air bubbles entrained into the vortex upon the end sill corner. (3) Mode3 shows that the f0 decreases with the increase of q as h/H is equal to 0.714. The flow features a falling jet impinging on the corner and vertical wall of the end sill without entraining air bubbles upon the end sill corner.

碩士
國立交通大學
機械工程系所
104
We experimentally investigate the motion of a ferrofluid drop in a rotating magnetic field. Magnetized and driven by the external field, the drop would be stretched to the shape of ellipsoid along the orientation of the field. It is observed that the stretched length of drop decreased when we increase the frequency of the external field. And we use two dimensionless parameters to know the influence of field frequency clearly. Besides, compare these results to the micro-bead chain which subjected to an oscillating field. The amplitude of the chains decreased when we increase the frequency of the oscillating field.

The inhibiting effect of a sharp edge on liquid spreading is well observed during drop interaction with textured surfaces. On groove-textured solid surfaces comprising unidirectional parallel grooves, the edge effect of posts results in the squeezing of drop liquid in the direction perpendicular to the grooves and the stretching of drop liquid along the grooves leading to anisotropy in drop flow, popularly known as wetting anisotropy which has been employed in several engineering applications. A recent study observed that the energy loss incurring at the edges of posts via contact angle hysteresis is primarily responsible for the anisotropic spreading of impacting drops on groove-textured surfaces. The present study aims to elucidate the role of edges on the spreading and receding dynamics of water drops. The experiments of drop impact are carried out on semi-infinite rectangular post comprising a pair of parallel 90-deg edges separated by a distance (post width) comparable to the diameter of impacting drop. The equilibrium shape of drops on the semi-infinite rectangular post is analyzed using open source computational tool Surface Evolver to optimize the ratio of initial droplet diameter to post width. Quantitative measurements of drop impact dynamics on semi-infinite rectangular posts are deduced by analysing high speed videos of impact process captured under three different camera views during experiments. Based on the role of post edges on impacting drops, different regimes of the impacting drops are characterized in terms of drop Weber number and the ratio of diameter of impacting drop to post width. Characteristic features of impact dynamics in each of the regimes are identified and discussed. It is seen that edges play a pivotal role on all stages of impact dynamics regardless of Weber number. Impacts in the regime of completely pinned drops on narrow posts are further analyzed to reveal characteristics of post-spreading oscillations.

The inhibiting effect of a sharp edge on liquid spreading is well observed during drop interaction with textured surfaces. On groove-textured solid surfaces comprising unidirectional parallel grooves, the edge effect of posts results in the squeezing of drop liquid in the direction perpendicular to the grooves and the stretching of drop liquid along the grooves leading to anisotropy in drop flow, popularly known as wetting anisotropy which has been employed in several engineering applications. A recent study observed that the energy loss incurring at the edges of posts via contact angle hysteresis is primarily responsible for the anisotropic spreading of impacting drops on groove-textured surfaces. The present study aims to elucidate the role of edges on the spreading and receding dynamics of water drops. The experiments of drop impact are carried out on semi-infinite rectangular post comprising a pair of parallel 90-deg edges separated by a distance (post width) comparable to the diameter of impacting drop. The equilibrium shape of drops on the semi-infinite rectangular post is analyzed using open source computational tool Surface Evolver to optimize the ratio of initial droplet diameter to post width. Quantitative measurements of drop impact dynamics on semi-infinite rectangular posts are deduced by analysing high speed videos of impact process captured under three different camera views during experiments. Based on the role of post edges on impacting drops, different regimes of the impacting drops are characterized in terms of drop Weber number and the ratio of diameter of impacting drop to post width. Characteristic features of impact dynamics in each of the regimes are identified and discussed. It is seen that edges play a pivotal role on all stages of impact dynamics regardless of Weber number. Impacts in the regime of completely pinned drops on narrow posts are further analyzed to reveal characteristics of post-spreading oscillations.

abstract: The growth of energy demands in recent years has been increasing faster than the expansion of transmission facility construction. This tendency cooperating with the continuous investing on the renewable energy resources drives the research, development, and construction of HVDC projects to create a more reliable, affordable, and environmentally friendly power grid. Constructing the hybrid AC-HVDC grid is a significant move in the development of the HVDC techniques; the form of dc system is evolving from the point-to-point stand-alone dc links to the embedded HVDC system and the multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) system. The MTDC is a solution for the renewable energy interconnections, and the MTDC grids can improve the power system reliability, flexibility in economic dispatches, and converter/cable utilizing efficiencies. The dissertation reviews the HVDC technologies, discusses the stability issues regarding the ac and HVDC connections, proposes a novel power oscillation control strategy to improve system stability, and develops a nonlinear voltage droop control strategy for the MTDC grid. To verify the effectiveness the proposed power oscillation control strategy, a long distance paralleled AC-HVDC transmission test system is employed. Based on the PSCAD/EMTDC platform simulation results, the proposed power oscillation control strategy can improve the system dynamic performance and attenuate the power oscillations effectively. To validate the nonlinear voltage droop control strategy, three droop controls schemes are designed according to the proposed nonlinear voltage droop control design procedures. These control schemes are tested in a hybrid AC-MTDC system. The hybrid AC-MTDC system, which is first proposed in this dissertation, consists of two ac grids, two wind farms and a five-terminal HVDC grid connecting them. Simulation studies are performed in the PSCAD/EMTDC platform. According to the simulation results, all the three design schemes have their unique salient features.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017