Tesi sul tema "Os humains"
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Amanzougaghene, Nadia. "Résistance et évolution des poux humains, Pediculus Humanus". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0268.
In this thesis, we are interested in studying human lice and we aimed to learn more about the origin and phylogeography of clades, lice-borne associated pathogens and to investigate potential mechanisms underlying resistance to ivermectin in lice. We obtained concrete results that have led to scientific publications. Indeed, (i) we reported for the first time the existence of the clade B in the Middle East, dating approximately to 2,000 years old, supporting an Asian origin for this clade, (ii) we highlighted the existence of a sixth mitochondrial clade (Clade F), (iii) we developed a new qPCR for a quick molecular identification of all the known clades of lice, (iv) we identified the presence of the DNA of several bacterial pathogens in head lice, among which several bacteria are not usually associated with lice, such as Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia aeschlimannii, Borrelia theileri and potential new species from the Anaplasma and Ehrlichia. We finally, investigated mechanisms underlying resistance to ivermectin in lice: (v) we have identified, for the first time, the occurrence of three non-synonymous mutations in GluCl gene in clinically confirmed ivermectin resistant head lice, (vi) and we have identified the involvement of neuronal protein, a complexin, in laboratory ivermectin-selected resistant lice. This finding represents the first evidence linking complexin to insecticide resistance
Dufour, Valérie. "La reconnaissance des visages chez les primates humains et non humains". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13008.
In primates, faces share strong similarities with two eyes, a nose and the mouth arranged similarly in face. Do primate share a common face recognition system ? Does this system allow a recognition of their own species only, or does it allow to discriminate between faces of other species ? We studied face recognition capacities in four primate species : humans, tonkean macaques, long-tailed macaques and brown capuchin monkeys. Using a forced choiced task, we have shown that humans performed better in recognition of human and non human primates compared with recognition of sheep faces. However, ability to recognise other primate faces was poor when the tests conditions became harder or in passive viewing task. In addition we tested the role of expertise in the recognition of faces of other species in humans. Literature reports that face recognition may be dependent of the experience with the stimuli, that is, experience would give the ability to treat the configuration of the face. Primatologists revealed strong abilities in recognition of non human primate faces in forced choice recognition task, but they recognised only human faces in passive viewing task. Thus, face recognition is species specific in humans. A similar species specificity was revealed in passive tasks with Tonkean macaques, longtailed macaques, and brown capuchin monkeys. We concluded that the automatic processes involved in face recognition in primates are species specific. A morphometric analyses of the configuration of the stimuli showed that faces can be discriminated at the species level with one or two morphological variables only, suggesting that the face recognition system may use these configural information to engage face recognition or not. As the four species showed the same pattern of species specificity, we conclude that the ancestral simian form may have already need the elaborated face recognition system and may therefore has been a highly social species
Smyrlaki, Marie. "Elastine pulmonaire humaine : étude de la dégradation par les enzymes leucocytaires humains". Lille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LIL10091.
Cosme, José. "Implication des cytochromesP-450, 2C8 et 2D6 humains dans la physiopathologie humaine". Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA120041.
Smyrlaki, Marie. "Elastine pulmonaire humaine étude par la dégradation par les enzymes leucocytaires humains /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376013264.
Hoyet, Ludovic. "Adaptation dynamique de mouvements humains". Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589640.
Servant-Delmas, Annabelle. "Diversité génétique des erythrovirus humains". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA114824.
Schnepf, Nathalie. "Réarrangements génomiques des rotavirus humains". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066245.
Ringard, Aurélia Ballereau Françoise. "Vaccination contre les papillomavirus humains". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=51051.
Martin, Céline N. C. "Protection(s) régionale(s) des droits humains en Asie : vers une cour asiatique des droits humains ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0517.
The birth of human rights regionalism in Asia is not a myth. Although Asia distinguished itself with the absence of a formal regional mechanism for the protection of human rights, its relevance shall not to be questioned. Evolving within various challenging contexts, most Asian States formally recognise fundamental human rights while tolerating domestic and international enforcement mechanisms. Thus, a preference is given to constitutions and their courts, NHRIs and UPR against most intrusive mechanisms such as the UN committees. Nevertheless, elements of a human rights regionalism are rising upon Asia’s economic associations increasing interest in human rights – such as the ASEAN – and the civil society broadening interest for transnational movements. A comparative analysis into the Asian States relationships with these mechanisms will reveal worrying signs of massive human rights violations. However, acknowledging the continuous recognition of human rights as well as the growing experience of the ASEAN Intergovernmental commission, it is believed the enactment of an Asian human rights court is now only a matter of time
Dafinger, Andreas. "Anthropologie des Raumes : Untersuchungen zur Beziehung räumlicher und sozialer Ordnung im Süden Burkina Fasos /". Köln : Rüdiger Köppe, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39910230v.
Bron, Dominique. "Production in vitro d'anticorps monoclonaux humains". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213204.
Dufour, Ndiaye Marie Catherine. "Analyse cytogénétique d'ovocytes et d'embryons humains". Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON1T007.
Lornage, Jacqueline. "Congélation et cryoconservation des embryons humains". Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1T237.
ZOUARI, RAOUDHA. "Autoanticorps antispermatozoides humains et fonctions spermatiques". Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066643.
Le, Nail Louis-Romée. "Caractérisation de cellules dérivées d'ostéosarcomes humains". Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT1032/document.
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primitivemalignant bone tumor. We hypothesised that someMSC with cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics maybe involved in OS development, chemotherapyresistance and metastatic progression.Adherent cells from six human OS samples wereisolated after tumor dissociation and culture. They werenamed OS derived cells (OSDC) and were compared toown patient bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMMSC). We tested MSC characteristics, CSCcharacteristics, and tumor growth support capacities inan induced human OS mouse model.OSDC had the same morphologic aspect andmembrane expression profile as BMMSC. They keptdifferentiation capacities toward osteoblastic lineageand to less extend toward adipogenic and chondrogeniclineage, with variability between different OSDCpopulations. Karyotype was normal for all 6 BMMSCand for 4 OSDC. OSDC showed CSC characteristics,with sphere formations in semi solid conditions,decrease of mitochondrial metabolism in normoxiacondition. Some minimal karyotype abnormalities werefound in 2 OSDC populations. However, no tumorformation was induced in immunocompromised mice(SCID). In coinjection mouse model, 4 out of 6 OSDCincreased tumor growth compared to osteosarcomacells (MNNG-HOS) alone.OSDC that were isolated from human OS samples didnot demonstrate own tumor properties. They are highlysuspected to be part of tumor microenvironment, ratherthan the tumor origin, and to support and modulate thetumor growth. More studies are necessary to identifywhich CDOS factors influence tumor growth suggestingnew stromal targets for combined therapy
Couvertier, Marien. "Identification des paramètres inertiels segmentaires humains". Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2323/document.
The aim of this thesis is the identification of body segment inertial parameters (BSIP), i.e. the segment mass, center of mass location and inertia tensor. Those ten parameters per segment are a mandatory input for inverse kinetics methods which are widely used in biomechanics studies. Despite the fact that methods exist to estimate them from anthropometric tables or segment volumes measurements, identification is useful when subjects are atypical (such as disabled people, pregnant women or athletes with muscular hypertrophies). The originality of this work is to use a mixed approach to write the identification problem, combining a vectorial and a matrix formulations of rigid multi-body motion equations, based on previous work did in the RoBioSS axis by Tony Monnet during his PhD. The first one permit to identify segmental masses and center of mass locations. The second one identifies segmental inertia tensors.Inputs of identification algorithm are rotation matrices, their second derivatives, segmental accelerations, and external torsor. Even though this external torsor is directly measured with a force plate, the others inputs are derived from kinematics measurements performed by an optoelectronical device. This device measures kinematics with skin mounted markers tracked by cameras, and the obtained kinematics deviate from the theoretical kinematics of rigid bodies, because of the soft tissues artefacts. In order to deal with these artefacts an optimal rotation matrix computation, based on material transformation, has been performed.Also, noise appears during measurement because of the soft tissues artefacts and the measure device. When double numerical derivatives are applied, this noise becomes greater than the carrier signal. In order to deal with it, five filters, i.e. Butterworth filter, Savitsky-Golay smoothing, sliding average window, spline smoothing and singular spectrum analysis, taken from literature have been implemented and compared. Results show that BSIP identify from vectorial formulation didn’t need any filtering. On the other hand, inertia tensors identification needed smoothed inputs and the best way to smooth them was the sliding average window.Finally, a kinematic chain model of the upper limb has been implemented to rigidify the kinematics. Preliminary results aren’t satisfying but the chain model can be improved before assuming kinematic chain aren’t well suited to enhance BSIP identification. Ultimately, the developed mixed approach has been validated by upper limb inertial parameters identification of eighteen subjects. Identified inertial parameters have also been compared with ones estimated with an anthropometric table. The conclusion is that the identified parameters were very close to the estimated ones, which shows that identification will be reliable to estimate inertial parameters of atypical subjects for whom anthropometric tables aren’t available
Eischen, Alice. "Differenciation des monocytes humains en macrophages". Strasbourg 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR1M402.
Gagneur, Arnaud. "Modes de transmission des coronavirus humains". Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES3210.
Coronaviruses represent a large group of viruses infecting both birds and mammals. Currently, five caronaviruses are known to infect humans: HCoV 229E and 0C43 discovered by Tyrrel and Mc Intosh in the 1960’s; SARS-CoV, identified in 2003 as being responsible for an epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome; and HCoV-NL63 and HKU1, newly identified in 2004 and 2005. Their pathogenic role in children has been unclear essentially due to difficulties in virological diagnosis. Molecular biological methods (RT-PCR) offer a new approach to monitoring these infections. Classic RCoV, including HCoV-229E, 0C43 and NL63, are worldwide and circulate during seasonal outbreaks. These viruses are responsible for one-third of common colds in adults and are suspected of being involved in the exacerbation of asthma and bronchiolitis in children. Respiratory viruses are spread by 3 principal mechanisms: (1) through close person-to-person contact via droplets; (2) by air due to inhalation of small particles (
Mégy, Karine. "Analyse in-silico de profils d'expression de gènes humains à partir d'une étude statistique des EST : -Application aux chromosomes 20, 21 et 22 -Application à l'identification de cibles cardio-vasculaires d'intérêt pharmaceutique et à l'étude de leurs promoteurs". Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22069.
Puechberty, Jacques. "Contribution a l'etude des regions centromeriques des chromosomes 5 et 19 humains (doctorat : genetique humaine)". Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON1T033.
Tosun, Leman. "La traite des êtres humains : étude normative". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00634880.
Lepidi, Hubert. "Dynamique du cytosquelette dans les neutrophiles humains". Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX22022.
VITRAT, NATACHA. "Etude des endomitoses dans les megacaryocytes humains". Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077232.
Rennuit, Antoine. "Contribution au contrôle des humains virtuels interactifs". Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2080.
Virtual humans contribute to the evolution of techniques related to concurrent engineering. They allow to test the behaviour of humans towards a digital mock-up of the product being designed. We develop an animation architecture that enables the interaction of virtual humans with the digital mock-up. After describing a state of the art of techniques linked to virtual humans' animation, we deal with passivity loss problems that can arise during interaction. We propose solutions to the problem. In a second step we tackle with constraints linked to the evolution of the virtual human in its environment: non penetration of the environment, joint limits, and above all balance. We develop a simple balance controller that only regard coplanar contacts (this is the case of walk movements), then we extend this controller to a more generic case allowing non coplanar contacts. We developed several types of control modes (free, constrained, automatic…). In the last section we try to schedule them, being careful to continuity between each mode. We then describe the results obtained thanks to our animation platform
FARSSI, ZIANE. "Attracteurs etranges dans les signaux electroencephalographiques humains". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13181.
Gilbert-Girard, Shella. "Étude de l'intégration chromosomique de l'herpèsvirus humain de type 6 et impact de son infection sur la reconnaissance des dommages aux télomères". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27414.
Human herpesviruse 6B (HHV-6B) is a very prevalent virus that infect nearly 100% of humans and establish a life-long latency. Much less is known regarding HHV-6A epidemiology. Both viruses can integrate their genome into the telomeres of human chromosomes. When this integration occurs in a germinal cell, it can lead to an individual carrying one copy of the viral genome in every cell of its body. This condition, called inherited chromosomally-integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6), will then be transmitted to 50% of offspring and is found in approximately 1% of individuals across the world. Despite being so frequent, much remains to be studied on HHV-6 infection and integration processes. In this work, we studied the effects of viral infection on DNA damage response (DDR) signaling. We observed a DDR located in viral replication compartments (RC), together with a large amount of telomeric sequences that we confirmed to be of viral origin. In addition, mRNAs coding for TRF1, TRF2 and TPP1, members of the shelterin complex protecting telomeres, were upregulated during infection. Consequently, TRF2 protein was overexpressed and relocated to viral telomeric sequences in RC. Lastly, we’ve examined the effects of BRACO-19, a compound that affects telomerase activity, on HHV-6 integration and persistence. Using an integration assay recently developed in our laboratory, we could demonstrate that in the presence of the telomerase inhibitor, the frequency of cells containing integrated HHV-6 was significantly reduced. This work brings new knowledge regarding HHV-6 infection and its potential integration mechanism, as well as the first observation of a possible participation of the shelterin complex proteins during HHV-6 infection.
Dupont, Céline. "Conformation de la chromatine et réorganisation spatiale du génome dans le noyau : relation de cause à effet et conséquences en clinique humaine". Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T037.
In humans, nuclear architecture and chromatin organization during interphase play a crucial role in gene expression regulation. Within the nucleus, chromatin is organized nonrandomly in distinct chromosome territories optimizing the efficiency of transcriptional processes. Constitutive heterochromatin, which represents over 90% of our genome and whose role is largely unknown could be one of the main regulators of genome organization within the nucleus. Our goal was to study the effects of topographic changes of heterochromatin secondary to cohesin abnormalities (in Roberts syndrome) or methylation defect (in ICF syndrome) by 3D FISH and confocal microscopy. We have shown that the functional defect of cohesin secondary to ESCO2 mutations in Roberts syndrome causes a change in the architecture of pericentric heterochromatin associated with a repositioning in the nucleus. In ICF syndrome, DNA hypomethylation of constitutive heterochromatin seems also to modify nuclear architecture. These results shed new light on the regulation of 3D organization of the genome and further refine the hypothesis on gene expression control pathways in the pathophysiology of both disorders
Brives, Charlotte. "Des levures et des hommes : anthropologie des relations entre humains et non humains au sein d'un laboratoire de biologie". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21707/document.
This anthropological investigation concerns the types of relationships between scientists, and more specifically biologists, with those actually called their “research object”. From the assessment that the use of categories such as rationality or objectivity, or the dichotomies subject/object and nature/culture can only be prejudicial to a rendition of the scientific experiment which considers what really matters to the researchers, this PhD takes place around a laboratory and around meticulous observation of the interactions between the two prevailing species which define it : the Man and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, and question therefore with a different perspective notions such as reductionism, objectivity or universality of knowledge made from western sciences
Jabiot, Isabelle. "Êtres et manières d’être à Chefchaouen, une ville rurale du Maroc : vers une anthropologie de la présence". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100015.
This work attempts to describe the copresence of urbanity and rurality in Chefchaouen, Morocco. In this small city of the western Rif Mountains, the expression of rurality is pregnant. Rurality manifests itself through practices and representations of the city and its neighborhoods, in ways of going to the souk. It finds expressions in relation to rural surroundings as well as rural products. Rurality is also given consistency with reference to origins and family histories, values and ways of being in society. Rurality can be understood out of daily routinized or on the contrary, unusual encounters with a variety of non-human beings, visible or invisible: God, jinn-s, Shaytan or animals, including cats, the sacrificial animal of Aid el Kabir or goats raised in the city and its vicinity. This Ph.D. thesis aims at rendering how urban and rural are present and are objects of varying attentions, according to the scales and individuals considered. Several disciplines are engaged with in this work: urban ethnology, anthropology of religion and the question of belief, human-animal relations and the question of ontology in anthropology. Grounded in an anthropographical perspectivism, this research demonstrates how the individual apprehended in his daily life and the continuity of its existence, offers a situated perspective on categories which enables to think from anew the diversity of relations between humans and other beings. It also sheds light on the plurality of experiences. This perspective allows two demonstrations: firstly, it sets the importance of the singular and unique relationship everyone is able to have with other beings, especially animals,; and secondly, it focuses on the question of “believing” keeping the attention on the commitment individuals develop from situation to situation while facing non-humans - especially God and jinn-s. These are the contributions the Ph.D. thesis intends to make to the "ontology debate." This can only be accomplished by putting individuals at the heart of the anthropological project, both in their singularity and in their ways of being as social beings
Noguchi, Tetsuro. "Caractérisation de nouvelles séquences transformantes humaines : structure moléculaire, mécanisme d'activation : contribution à l'étude des oncogènes humains". Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22009.
Noguchi, Tetsuro. "Caractérisation de nouvelles séquences transformantes humaines structure moléculaire, mécanisme d'activation : contribution à l'étude des oncogènes humains /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376085251.
Eichholz, Karsten. "Influence de protéin[e]s de l'hôte sur la réponse immunitaire innée face aux adénovirus humains dans les phagocytes humains". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS059.
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) cause a broad spectrum of clinical diseases in immunocompromised and –competent patients and are also versatile tools for gene transfer and vaccination. Pre-existing humoral immunity may be in part responsible for the adverse responses towards AdV vectors seen in several clinical vaccine trials. Furthermore, a variety of host proteins like mouse coagulation factor X (FX) or immunoglobulin G bind HAdV exacerbate the pro-inflammatory response. Pre-clinical risk assessment is often done in mice, albeit there are multiple differences between human and mice in the interaction with HAdV. The binding of FX to HAdV activates a pro-inflammatory response in mouse via Toll-like receptor 4. In another clinical relevant scenario, immune complexed-HAdV (IC-HAdV-C5) induces more inflammasome activation in human phagocytes than HAdV-C5 alone but by unknown mechanism. In this regard, I participated in two studies. First, we investigated a potential role of FX and TLR4 in the innate response to HAdV-C5 by using only human components. We found that there is no detectable FX-HAdV-TLR4 axis in human and FX did not affect the innate immune response elevated by IC-HAdV-C5 in human phagocytes.Second, we addressed the underlying mechanism of IC-HAdV-C5-induced inflammation. We found that IC-HAdV-C5 induces inflammasome formation in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and this is dependent on pVI-mediated endosomal escape and activation of cytosolic inflammasome sensors. Our findings help us to better understand the differences in preclinical testing in mice and clinical use in humans and how pre-existing immunity shapes the innate immune response to HAdV to improve treatment for HAdV diseases and HAdV vector effectiveness
Bernier, Sophie. "Modèle théorique de la rigidité des doigts humains". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25278.pdf.
Ait, Mebarek Mazhoura. "Nouvelles approches méthodologiques pour l'obtention d'anticorps humains monoclonaux". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829106.
Gaultier, Rémi. "Essais sur la punition coûteuse chez les humains". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD005.
The aim of this thesis is to investigate the evolutionary roots of costly punishment in humans. In chapter 1, we show that available experimental data are more compatible with behavioral patterns sculpted by individual selective pressures than higher-population processes. In chapter 2, we provide experimental evidence that punishing decisions mostly rely on intuitive reasonings originally adapted to direct reciprocity environments. Finally, in chapter 3, we cast doubt on the (recent) claim that cheap partner switching opportunities make costly punishment anecdotal in the wild. In sum, our results emphasize the maladaptive nature of punitive behaviors observed in anonymous, one-shot laboratory settings
Jacquin, Elise. "Biomarqueurs de la carcinogenèse associée aux papillomavirus humains". Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA3015.
The main risk factor of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions is a persistent infection with the same high-risk HPV (HR-HPV). Screening based on precancerous lesions and HR-HPV detection considerably reduced cervical cancer incidence in developed countries. A current challenge remains the identification of new biomarkers in order to improve cervical cancer screening. This work was conducted with the purpose of (i) exploring HR-HPV infection natural history through viral factors such as viral load, integration, viral oncogene expression and viral promoter methylation and (ii) evaluating the clinical value of these potential markers. After optimization and validation of several molecular biology methods, the analysis of cervical smears representative of the full spectrum of cervical diseases allowed a better knowledge of transforming HPVI6-infection natural history. Our data confirm the potential diagnostic value of viral load. show that HPVI6 promoter methylation seems to be a late event in cervical carcinogenesis, and suggest that viral oncogene expression levels are not robust enough to be transferred to clinical practice. Moreover, our data highlight similar molecular behavior between closely related HR-HPV genotypes. Finally, the characterization of anal tumors with markers identified a molecular signature pattern of HPVI6-associated tumors
Naud, Jean-François. "Expression et polymorphisme des isotypes C-LAMBDA humains". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2000. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3288.
Weill, François-Xavier. "Etablissement de lignées immortalisées de myofibroblastes hépatiques humains". Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR23061.
Dumont, Christine. "Analyse chromosomique d'ovocytes humains après fécondation in vitro". Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11172.
Mentzel, Chapelon Marianne. "Embryons et foetus humains : recherche de qualifications normatives". Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010281.
Laroche-Traineau, Jeanny. "Caracterisation et production d'anticorps monoclonaux humains anti-plaquettaires". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28317.
Disorders of primary haemostasis highlight the need to detail the function of platelet receptors. Qualitative or quantitative abnormalities of GP IIb-IIIa in patients with Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia (QT) manifest in platelet aggregationabnormalities. The thrombasthenic state has shed light on possible therapeutic manoeuvres in the treatment of thrombotic states. Human monoclonal antibodies directed against the GP IIb-IIIa complex are capable of inhibiting aggregation by blocking interaction of this complex with adhesive proteins. Our aim was to produce "in vitro" human monoclonal specific for GP IIb-IIIa and capable of inhibiting aggregation, from the B lymphocytes of patients producing antibodies against this complex. Sera of patients with thrombocytopenic purpura or GT were screened using the MAIPA technique (Monoclonal Antibody-Immobilization of Platelet Antigens). We then attempted to immortalize the B lymphocytes of these immunised patients ; we achieved this with the use of EBV infecion and stimulation of B lymphocytes, followed by fusion with a myeloma cell line. In the course of our experiments, we performed detailed study of one patient (C. V. ) with ITP. The presence in her serum of an anti-idiotypic antibody against a public epitope was proven. In another patient immortalization of B lymphocytes produced a stable clone which produced an antibody recognising platelet myosin. This antibody fixed strongly to cardiac myosin also. Characterization of the affinity of Fab fragments for human heart myosin and the evaluation by immunoscintigraphy for detection of cardiac myocyte death may permit the use of this antibody in the clinical scenarios of diagnosing of myocardial infarction and surveillance following cardiac transplantation
Lévy, Thierry. "Les interferons alpha recombinants humains utilises en therapeutique". Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA114099.
Thirant, Cécile. "Approche protéomique de la physiopathologie des gliomes humains". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066338.
Niel, Christian. "Contribution aux études d'épidémiologie moléculaire des adénovirus humains". Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10093.
Belloir, Christine. "Récepteurs gustatifs humains : étude des relations structure-fonction". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK064.
Sweet, umami and bitter taste detectors are membrane receptors that belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are characterized by the existence of a hydrophobic transmembrane domain (TMD) and an activation mechanism that involves a heterotrimeric G protein.Human has 25 bitter taste receptors TAS2R. These receptors belong to class A GPCRs. Their architecture consists of a TMD structured in 7 -helix which form the orthosteric binding site of bitter molecules. The umami taste receptor is a heterodimer composed of the TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 subunits, while the TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 subunits form the sweet taste receptor. Each subunits belongs to the class C GPCRs and shares a common architecture, consisting of a large extracellular N-terminal domain (NTD) connected to the TMD by a cysteine-rich region (CRR). However, the relative contribution of each subunit to the heterodimeric receptors function remains largely unknown.Because of their amphipathic nature, GPCRs are extremely difficult to study from a biochemical point of view. Characterizing their interactions and determining their structures are important issues and a real challenge for the next years. In this work, we have developed different expression systems to understand molecular mechanisms that govern receptor-ligand interactions.For the study of umami taste, the TAS1R1 and TAS1R3 NTDs were produced in E. coli bacteria as inclusion bodies and then folded in vitro. By combining biochemical approaches and functional cell assays, we have shown that inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP), an umami flavor enhancer, binds to TAS1R3-NTD and acts synergistically with sucralose and neotame.Regarding the sweet taste receptor, the subunit (full size) of TAS1R2 was overexpressed in a tetracycline inducible cell line HEK293S. Solubilization and purification protocol allows to obtain functional TAS1R2 receptor. Far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis revealed that TAS1R2 is well folded. Multiangle light scattering coupled with gel filtration showed that TAS1R2 was predominantly present in dimeric form. Interactions with sugar ligands measured by intrinsic fluorescence revealed micromolar range affinities in agreement with cellular assays and the sweetening powers of molecules.In parallel, to study bitter receptors, we designed different TAS2R14 receptor expression vectors in order to improve receptor expression and target to the plasma membrane. We showed that use of the QBI SP163 sequence upstream of the translational initiation codon, associated with the signal peptide of the rat somatostatin 3 in the N-terminal position and the FLAG tag in the C-terminal position, increase the functional response of the receptor to bitter ligands both in terms of amplitude and sensitivity. This plasmid construct represents a promising tool to help identify some orphaned TAS2R agonists
Rouleau, Mélanie, e Mélanie Rouleau. "Étude fonctionnelle des variants d'épissage des UGT1A humains". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27480.
Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2014-2015
La réaction de glucuronidation prise en charge par les enzymes UDP-glucuronosyltransférases est une voie majeure du système de détoxification cellulaire qui influence la biodisponibilité de molécules endogènes et exogènes. Notre laboratoire a récemment découvert l’existence de nouvelles protéines UGT nommées i2 dérivées de l’épissage alternatif du gène UGT1A. Ces protéines sont dépourvues d’activité transférase. Nous avons démontré par immunohistochimie que les enzymes i1 et les protéines alternatives i2 sont coexprimées dans plusieurs tissus du tractus gastro-intestinal, ainsi que dans les mêmes types cellulaires de ces tissus. Les i2 sont localisées dans la membrane du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) avec les i1, mais sont également présentes dans le cytosol. Étant donné la proximité physique des i1 et i2 au RE, nous avons généré des modèles cellulaires surexprimant différentes combinaisons d’enzymes i1 et de protéines i2. Nos données démontrent que la coexpression de ces deux types de protéines diminue l’activité de glucuronidation de 20 à 80 % dépendamment du substrat et de l’enzyme testés. Par co-immunoprécipitation, nous avons démontré que cette répression survient via l’interaction physique des i1 avec les i2. À l’inverse, l’augmentation de l’activité de glucuronidation suite à la répression des formes i2 endogènes a permis de confirmer ce rôle de modulateur négatif des i2. Il semble aussi que les i2 soient en mesure de moduler significativement l’activité UGT même lorsque leur niveau d’expression est inférieur à celui des i1, tel que retrouvé dans plusieurs tissus humains. Nos données supportent également l’influence de ces protéines alternatives sur la réponse pharmacologique. En effet, la répression de l’expression des i2 endogènes dans une lignée de cancer de côlon entraîne un avantage de survie sous traitement chimiothérapeutique. Enfin, l’identification de l’interactome tissulaire des isoformes des UGT1A démontre qu’elles ont le potentiel d’interagir avec des enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme énergétique et la migration cellulaire. Nos données supportent que les i2 ont même la capacité de modifier le potentiel migratoire de cellules cancéreuses. Nous avons également démontré que les i2 ont la capacité de moduler le stress oxydatif cellulaire, entre autres via l’interaction avec des protéines antioxydantes, telle la catalase. En conclusion, nos résultats démontrent que les protéines alternatives i2 auraient le potentiel de moduler le système de défense cellulaire à plusieurs niveaux, en plus d’influencer la réponse aux médicaments.
La réaction de glucuronidation prise en charge par les enzymes UDP-glucuronosyltransférases est une voie majeure du système de détoxification cellulaire qui influence la biodisponibilité de molécules endogènes et exogènes. Notre laboratoire a récemment découvert l’existence de nouvelles protéines UGT nommées i2 dérivées de l’épissage alternatif du gène UGT1A. Ces protéines sont dépourvues d’activité transférase. Nous avons démontré par immunohistochimie que les enzymes i1 et les protéines alternatives i2 sont coexprimées dans plusieurs tissus du tractus gastro-intestinal, ainsi que dans les mêmes types cellulaires de ces tissus. Les i2 sont localisées dans la membrane du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) avec les i1, mais sont également présentes dans le cytosol. Étant donné la proximité physique des i1 et i2 au RE, nous avons généré des modèles cellulaires surexprimant différentes combinaisons d’enzymes i1 et de protéines i2. Nos données démontrent que la coexpression de ces deux types de protéines diminue l’activité de glucuronidation de 20 à 80 % dépendamment du substrat et de l’enzyme testés. Par co-immunoprécipitation, nous avons démontré que cette répression survient via l’interaction physique des i1 avec les i2. À l’inverse, l’augmentation de l’activité de glucuronidation suite à la répression des formes i2 endogènes a permis de confirmer ce rôle de modulateur négatif des i2. Il semble aussi que les i2 soient en mesure de moduler significativement l’activité UGT même lorsque leur niveau d’expression est inférieur à celui des i1, tel que retrouvé dans plusieurs tissus humains. Nos données supportent également l’influence de ces protéines alternatives sur la réponse pharmacologique. En effet, la répression de l’expression des i2 endogènes dans une lignée de cancer de côlon entraîne un avantage de survie sous traitement chimiothérapeutique. Enfin, l’identification de l’interactome tissulaire des isoformes des UGT1A démontre qu’elles ont le potentiel d’interagir avec des enzymes impliquées dans le métabolisme énergétique et la migration cellulaire. Nos données supportent que les i2 ont même la capacité de modifier le potentiel migratoire de cellules cancéreuses. Nous avons également démontré que les i2 ont la capacité de moduler le stress oxydatif cellulaire, entre autres via l’interaction avec des protéines antioxydantes, telle la catalase. En conclusion, nos résultats démontrent que les protéines alternatives i2 auraient le potentiel de moduler le système de défense cellulaire à plusieurs niveaux, en plus d’influencer la réponse aux médicaments.
The glucuronidation reaction mediated by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) enzymes is a major pathway of cellular detoxification system and has a clear effect on xenobiotic and endobiotic bioavailability. We have recently discovered nine new UGT proteins, named i2, which are derived from UGT1A alternative splicing. Those proteins are devoid of transferase activity. Using immunohistochemistry, we have demonstrated that i1 enzymes and i2 alternative proteins are coexpressed in multiple tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and also in the same cell types. Alternative i2 are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane along with i1, but are also detected in the cytosol. Given the physical proximity of i1 and i2 at the ER, we have generated cellular models overexpressing different combinations of enzymes and i2 alternative proteins. Our data revealed that coexpression of those two types of proteins leads to a decrease of 20 – 80 % of the glucuronidation activity depending on the substrate and enzyme tested. By co-immunoprecipitation experiments, we have demonstrated that this modulation occurs via the physical interaction of i1 and i2. We have confirmed the negative modulator function of i2 alternative proteins by RNA interference. Our results demonstrates that repression of endogenous i2 leads to a significant increase of cellular glucuronidation activity. Data also support the importance of expression ratio of i2 :i1. Indeed, even an expression of i2 below the level of i1, as found in several tissues, consistently resulted in a significant modulation of UGT activity. Our data also support the role of i2 alternative proteins on pharmacological response. Repression of endogenous i2 in a colon cancer cell line leads to an increased cell viability under chemotherapeutic treatment. Furthermore, identification of UGT1A endogenous interactome reveals their capacity to physically interact with protein implicated in energy metabolism and cell migration. Our data support that i2 alternative proteins have the capacity to modulate migration potential of cancer cells. We have also demonstrated that i2 alternative proteins are able to modulate cellular oxidative stress, in part via protein-protein interaction with anti-oxidant proteins, such as catalase. In conclusion, our results demontrate that i2 alternative proteins have the potential to modulate the cellular defense system at multiple levels in addition to influence pharmacological response.
The glucuronidation reaction mediated by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) enzymes is a major pathway of cellular detoxification system and has a clear effect on xenobiotic and endobiotic bioavailability. We have recently discovered nine new UGT proteins, named i2, which are derived from UGT1A alternative splicing. Those proteins are devoid of transferase activity. Using immunohistochemistry, we have demonstrated that i1 enzymes and i2 alternative proteins are coexpressed in multiple tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and also in the same cell types. Alternative i2 are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane along with i1, but are also detected in the cytosol. Given the physical proximity of i1 and i2 at the ER, we have generated cellular models overexpressing different combinations of enzymes and i2 alternative proteins. Our data revealed that coexpression of those two types of proteins leads to a decrease of 20 – 80 % of the glucuronidation activity depending on the substrate and enzyme tested. By co-immunoprecipitation experiments, we have demonstrated that this modulation occurs via the physical interaction of i1 and i2. We have confirmed the negative modulator function of i2 alternative proteins by RNA interference. Our results demonstrates that repression of endogenous i2 leads to a significant increase of cellular glucuronidation activity. Data also support the importance of expression ratio of i2 :i1. Indeed, even an expression of i2 below the level of i1, as found in several tissues, consistently resulted in a significant modulation of UGT activity. Our data also support the role of i2 alternative proteins on pharmacological response. Repression of endogenous i2 in a colon cancer cell line leads to an increased cell viability under chemotherapeutic treatment. Furthermore, identification of UGT1A endogenous interactome reveals their capacity to physically interact with protein implicated in energy metabolism and cell migration. Our data support that i2 alternative proteins have the capacity to modulate migration potential of cancer cells. We have also demonstrated that i2 alternative proteins are able to modulate cellular oxidative stress, in part via protein-protein interaction with anti-oxidant proteins, such as catalase. In conclusion, our results demontrate that i2 alternative proteins have the potential to modulate the cellular defense system at multiple levels in addition to influence pharmacological response.
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The aim of the present study was to characterize human progenitor cells isolated from primary keratinocyte cultures. For that purpose, the Hoechst exclusion assay described for haematopoietic cells was adapted to keratinocytes to isolate SP cells that exclude the dye. We show that SP cells represented an average of 0. 16 % of the total population. These keratinocytes exhibited a larger expansion potential in long-term cultures ; indeed, one SP cell can generate enough keratinocytes to cover the whole body. To further characterize SP cells, cDNA microarrays spotted with 9120 probes were used to identify their molecular signature. Transcriptome analysis showed that 41 genes were differentially expressed, with 37 up-regulated genes and only 4 down-regulated genes in SP cells. In conclusion, SP keratinocytes can be isolated from primary cultures of adult human epidermis. These cells exhibit a high proliferative potential and a specific gene expression profile