Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Oran, Battle of, 1732"

Simon Elliott, Ancient Greeks at War: Warfare in the Classical World from Agamemnon to Alexander. pp. 288, with 134 col. ills, 8 double-page col. maps, 5 col. battle-plans. Oxford & Philadelphia: Casemate Publishers, 2021. ISBN 978-1-61200-998-8, hardback £30; 978-1-61200-999-5, E-book £12.99.

The purpose of the article is to analyze a unique fragment of the manuscript of the hetman’s Pylyp Orlylk’s „Diary” („Diariusz”) from May-June 1730. The methodological basis is the understanding of handwritten notes in terms of combining matters of public importance and private life. The dominance of private discourse in the fragment analyzed here is obvious. In the tenth year of his exile in Thessaloniki, when Hetman Pylyp Orlyk actually lost hope of escaping from „mourning Babylon”, the eldest son came to the father incognito under a disguised name. The hetman’s diary entries about his last meeting with his son in Thessaloniki are extremely sincere and touching. These notes represent picturesque figures of people whom fate brought to distant Thessaloniki. Not only father and son, but the whole environment – multi-ethnic, multifunctional, multi-religious, multilingual, but still able to understand the threat of pandemic and war. In general, the „Diary” of 1720–1732 pp. – which is one of the largest in the history of world literature – is the dominant motive is „discourses”: conversations, games, discussions, including theological and philosophical. The arrival of his son inspires a powerful anthropology of memory. The conversations refresh those experiences that are related to everything that happened before and after the Poltava battle. And it was this defeat that shocked the whole being of the hetman. According to Vladislav Tatarkevich, none of the other events gives as much suffering as wars, including lost ones. The hetman noted in detail the meetings and conversations with his son. They convincingly testify that his young diplomat is a new type of figure, a strategist of the European type. Hryhor (Grégoire) Orlyk is the successor of the project by the hetmans Petro Doroshenko and Ivan Mazepa, seeks to rely on France, which during the 18th century – which was almost the only great power in Christendom – opposed Moscow’s expansion in Europe.

Orán hoy en día es una ciudad que está apenas presente en el mapa mental del mundo occidental. Aparte de los lectores de La peste de Albert Camus, poca gente sabe que Orán es una ciudad costera del oeste de Argelia. Menos gente aún sabe que, durante la mayor parte de la Epoca Moderna, perteneció a España (1509-1708, 1732-1792) y que, durante estos 260 años, fue una zona que acogió a muchos jóvenes europeos que buscaban una segunda oportunidad en el servicio militar español. Sus “sueños” se vieron concretizados de manera bien diferente de la que ellos esperaban: tuvieron que abandonar su vida pasada e instalarse en África del Norte, en una ciudad rodeada por enemigos, prácticamente aislados de la península y de su país, comiendo las raciones militares y ganando un salario bajo.

Cette thèse s'intéresse surtout à la deuxième époque de la présence hispanique à Oran (1732-1792), plus précisément aux années 1732-1745. Ce sont les années pendant lesquelles l'administration du roi Philippe V voulut restaurer le système de vie de l'ancien Oran. Cette volonté de restauration est la source d'un questionnement historiographique sur le rôle de cette ville dans la politique de l'empire espagnol pendant la période moderne. L'analyse de cette problématique a permis de critiquer la pertinence de certains concepts étroitement liés jusque-là à l'histoire de ces villes espagnoles dans les côtes du Maghreb. Le principal concept est celui d' « occupation restreinte », utilisé par F. Braudel. Associé à ce premier concept il y a aussi celui de « révolution militaire », popularisé surtout par G. Parker. La critique de ces deux notions propose un cadre de réflexion plus général sur l'histoire des rapports entre l'Espagne et le Maghreb sur plusieurs axes : histoire militaire, histoire politique et histoire sociale. De ce croisement critique entre périodes différentes ressort une nouvelle image d'Oran : une ville au cœur des intérêts méditerranéens et impériaux de l'Espagne au XVIIIe siècle ; une ville en rapport avec la population musulmane de la région oranaise, grâce aux négociations avec les tribus arabes et à l'utilisation d'une violence ciblée. Après la reconquête d'Oran en 1732 la couronne voulut restaurer ce système mais certains changements structurels comme la peste, la crise économique et la guerre freinèrent cet élan restaurateur dans lequel furent placés des groupes sociaux issus de l'ancien Oran : les familias de Oran, les moros de paz et les mogataces
This thesis focuses above ail on the second era of Hispanic presence in Oran, during the years 1732-1745 to be more precise. It was during these years that the administration of King Philip V wanted to restore the system of life of old Oran. This will of restoration is the source of a historiographical questioning on the role of this town in the politics of the Spanish empire in the modern period. The analysis of this problem has allowed the criticism of the pertinence of certain concepts closely linked until now, to the history of these Spanish towns on the coasts of the Maghreb. The main concept is one of "Iimited occupation", used by F. Braudel. To which, the concept of "military revolution", made popular especially by G. Parker is associated. The criticism of these two notions proposes a more general framework for reflection on the history of the relations between Spain and the Maghreb from several axes: military history, political history and social history. From this critical comparison on different periods, new light is shed on Oran: a town at the heart of Mediterranean and imperial interests of eighteenth century Spain; a town with links to the Muslim population of the Oran region through negotiations with the Arab tribes and the use of targeted violence. After the conquest of Oran again in 1732 the Crown wanted to restore this system but certain structural changes such as the plague, the economical crisis and the war held back this wave of restoration in which social groups from old Oran were placed: the familias de Oran, the moros de paz and the mogataces