Articoli di riviste: "Optimisation of experimental protocols"

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Fox, Elliot John, Marcela Herrera, Ferdinand Schmidt-Kaler e Irene D’Amico. "Harnessing Nth Root Gates for Energy Storage". Entropy 26, n. 11 (6 novembre 2024): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26110952.

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We explore the use of fractional controlled-not gates in quantum thermodynamics. The Nth-root gate allows for a paced application of two-qubit operations. We apply it in quantum thermodynamic protocols for charging a quantum battery. Circuits for three (and two) qubits are analysed by considering the generated ergotropy and other measures of performance. We also perform an optimisation of initial system parameters, e.g.,the initial quantum coherence of one of the qubits strongly affects the efficiency of protocols and the system’s performance as a battery. Finally, we briefly discuss the feasibility for an experimental realization.

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Guo, Tianruo, Amr Al Abed, Nigel H. Lovell e Socrates Dokos. "Optimisation of a Generic Ionic Model of Cardiac Myocyte Electrical Activity". Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/706195.

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A generic cardiomyocyte ionic model, whose complexity lies between a simple phenomenological formulation and a biophysically detailed ionic membrane current description, is presented. The model provides a user-defined number of ionic currents, employing two-gate Hodgkin-Huxley type kinetics. Its generic nature allows accurate reconstruction of action potential waveforms recorded experimentally from a range of cardiac myocytes. Using a multiobjective optimisation approach, the generic ionic model was optimised to accurately reproduce multiple action potential waveforms recorded from central and peripheral sinoatrial nodes and right atrial and left atrial myocytes from rabbit cardiac tissue preparations, under different electrical stimulus protocols and pharmacological conditions. When fitted simultaneously to multiple datasets, the time course of several physiologically realistic ionic currents could be reconstructed. Model behaviours tend to be well identified when extra experimental information is incorporated into the optimisation.

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Bau, Luca, Niclas Westerberg, Richard Lane, LuNa Hu, Kritika Singh, John Callan, Anthony McHale, Daniele Faccio e Eleanor P. Stride. "Curiouser and curiouser—Sonoluminescence, sonoporation, and sonodynamic therapy". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, n. 3_Supplement (1 marzo 2024): A188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027266.

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The potential of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) for delivering highly localised therapy with minimal side-effects is extremely attractive for a range of applications, including multiple forms of cancer and antibiotic resistant infections. There is also increasing evidence of beneficial immunostimulatory effects for treating metastatic disease. Yet, despite the growing evidence for both the pre-clinical and now clinical efficacy of SDT, the mechanisms underpinning ultrasound mediated drug activation remain unclear. This has inhibited optimisation of ultrasound exposure conditions and dosing protocols. This talk will review the range of mechanisms proposed in the literature and the corresponding supporting and contradictory evidence. These will include recent investigations by the authors into the role of sonoporation, and theoretical and experimental quantification of sonoluminescence. The importance of selecting appropriate treatment monitoring protocols to detect cavitation will also be discussed.

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MOURELATOS (Σ. ΜΟΥΡΕΛΑΤΟΣ), S., M. TOURAKI (Μ. ΤΟΥΡΑΚΗ), G. SAVVIDIS (Γ. ΣΑΒΒΙΔΗΣ), G. SOULOUNIAS (Γ. ΣΟΥΛΟΥΝΙΑΣ) e K. KASTRITSIS (Κ. ΚΑΣΤΡΙΤΣΗΣ). "Experimental trial of bioencapsulation of antimicrobial agent for the treatment of bacterial etiology diseases in seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fry. Evaluation of different therapeutic regimes". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 50, n. 2 (31 gennaio 2018): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15704.

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Early stages of larval development of seabass and seabream are typically fed with live feeds (nauplii of Artemia). The different disease of microbial etiology with important economic consequences, constitute one of the most significant problems during this first larval period. Therapeutic interventions, implying oral delivery of appropriate antimicrobial agents, are considered more feasible and environmentally friendly. The method used consists in techniques of bioencapsulation (incorporation of therapeutics in the live feeds). In specially designed facilities of the Laboratory of General Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in the frame of a European Union research programme, experimental trials were carried out on seabass fry with Vibrio anguillarum strains, aiming at the optimisation of therapeutic and/or preventive schemes. Within this work, comparative results from separate experimental sets (each set comprising eight different experimental series [conditions], each series having five aliquots) are presented. The experimentation will be continued by using different strains and different bacterial species and by testing other relevant experimental protocols.

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Lin, Hsiao-Chung, Ping Wang, Wen-Hui Lin, Kuo-Ming Chao e Zong-Yu Yang. "Identifying the Attack Sources of Botnets for a Renewable Energy Management System by Using a Revised Locust Swarm Optimisation Scheme". Symmetry 13, n. 7 (19 luglio 2021): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13071295.

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Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks often use botnets to generate a high volume of packets and adopt controlled zombies for flooding a victim’s network over the Internet. Analysing the multiple sources of DDoS attacks typically involves reconstructing attack paths between the victim and attackers by using Internet protocol traceback (IPTBK) schemes. In general, traditional route-searching algorithms, such as particle swarm optimisation (PSO), have a high convergence speed for IPTBK, but easily fall into the local optima. This paper proposes an IPTBK analysis scheme for multimodal optimisation problems by applying a revised locust swarm optimisation (LSO) algorithm to the reconstructed attack path in order to identify the most probable attack paths. For evaluating the effectiveness of the DDoS control centres, networks with a topology size of 32 and 64 nodes were simulated using the ns-3 tool. The average accuracy of the LS-PSO algorithm reached 97.06 for the effects of dynamic traffic in two experimental networks (number of nodes = 32 and 64). Compared with traditional PSO algorithms, the revised LSO algorithm exhibited a superior searching performance in multimodal optimisation problems and increased the accuracy in traceability analysis for IPTBK problems.

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Beghriche, Abdesselem, e Azeddine Bilami. "A fuzzy trust-based routing model for mitigating the misbehaving nodes in mobile ad hoc networks". International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 11, n. 2 (11 giugno 2018): 309–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijicc-04-2017-0038.

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PurposeSecurity is one of the major challenges in the design and implementation of protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In such systems, the cooperation between nodes is one of the important principles being followed in the current research works to formulate various security protocols. Many existing works assume that mobile nodes will follow prescribed protocols without deviation. However, this is not always the case, because these networks are subjected to a variety of malicious attacks. Since there are various models of attack, trust routing scheme can guarantee security and trust of the network. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel trusted routing model for mitigating attacks in MANETs.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed model incorporates the concept of trust into the MANETs and applies grey relational analysis theory combined with fuzzy sets to calculate a node’s trust level based on observations from neighbour nodes’ trust level, these trust levels are then used in the routing decision-making process.FindingsIn order to prove the applicability of the proposed solution, extensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model, aiming at improving the network interaction quality, malicious node mitigation and enhancements of the system’s security.Originality/valueThe proposed solution in this paper is a new approach combining the fundamental basics of fuzzy sets with the grey theory, where establishment of trust relationships among participating nodes is critical in order to enable collaborative optimisation of system metrics. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is useful for reducing the effects of malicious nodes and for the enhancements of system’s security.

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Xue, Yike. "Optimisation of Automation Devices Based on IOT Big Data Algorithms". BIO Web of Conferences 72 (2023): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237202003.

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With the continuous development of communication, sensor and caching technologies, IoT technology has gained rapid opportunities for growth and a huge digital revolution has taken place at all levels of society. Blockchain technology has emerged rapidly in recent years and can be seen as a distributed, time-based ledger of distributed data. It utilises technologies such as consensus protocols, modern cryptography, P2P and smart contracts, which can provide a secure, stable, transparent, auditable and low-consumption system architecture that has a traceable, stable and efficient security management capability, and can provide a new solution to identity security for the Internet of Things. This paper absorbs the existing blockchain-based access management approach and improves it, proposing a new private chain-based security management approach that solves the problems of access dynamics, low intelligence and high overhead in the traditional access management approach. This paper designs a new control management architecture, the Novel-Capability-Based Access Control (NCBAC), which draws on the microkernel and microservice ideas of operating systems. Firstly, this paper abstracts the concept of management node to solve the problem of weak computing power and low storage performance of IoT devices that cannot meet the difficulty of direct communication between IoT devices and blockchain, and at the same time can reduce the network operation overhead; secondly, it constructs a multi-level smart contract system and designs three kinds of smart contracts, AC, ACC and AMC, to build a trusted and reliable access control entity model; finally, it adopts radial basis based (RBF) neural network and combines with access policy to dynamically generate the credit degree threshold of access nodes to build an intelligent access authority management model for IoT mass sensors. The model proposed in this paper designs a token mechanism based on the fact that IoT systems have multiple requests within a short period of time in a real production environment, which, according to experimental results, improves the performance of the system to a certain extent.

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Delgado, María Luisa, Jorge E. Jiménez-Hornero e Francisco Vázquez. "Design, Implementation and Validation of a Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Bench for Heating Systems in Conventional Coaches". Applied Sciences 13, n. 4 (9 febbraio 2023): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042212.

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Experimental work with heating systems installed in public transport vehicles, particularly for optimisation and control design, is a challenging task due to cost and space limitations, primarily imposed by the heating hardware and the need to have a real vehicle available. In this work, a hybrid hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test bench for heating systems in conventional coaches is introduced. This approach consists of a hardware system made up of the main heating components, assembled as a lab experimental plant, along with a simulation component including a cabin thermal model, both exchanging real-time data using a standard communication protocol. This scheme presents great flexibility regarding data logging for further analysis and easily changing the experimental operational conditions and disturbances under different scenarios (i.e., solar irradiance, outside temperature, water temperature from the engine cooling circuit, number of passengers, etc.). Comparisons between the hybrid system’s transient and steady-state responses and those from selected experiments conducted on an actual coach allowed us to conclude that the proposed system is a suitable test bed to aid in optimisation and design tasks. In this context, several closed-loop test experiments using the test bench were additionally carried out to assess the performance of the proposed control system.

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Guglielmi, G., D. Chiarani, D. P. Saroj e G. Andreottola. "Impact of chemical cleaning and air-sparging on the critical and sustainable flux in a flat sheet membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment". Water Science and Technology 57, n. 12 (1 giugno 2008): 1873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.126.

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The paper discusses the experimental optimisation of both chemical and mechanical cleaning procedures for a flat-sheet submerged membrane bioreactor fed with municipal wastewater. Fouling was evaluated by means of the critical flux concept, which was experimentally measured by short-term flux-stepping tests. By keeping constant most important parameters of the biological process (MLSS, sludge age), two different chemical cleaning protocols (2,000 mg L−1 NaOCl and 200 mg L−1 NaOCl) were applied with different frequency and, after approximately 9 months of operation, the criticality threshold was determined under different values of SADm (specific aeration demand per unit of membrane surface area). The weaker and more frequent chemical cleaning regime (200 mg L−1, monthly) proved much more effective than the stronger and less frequent strategy (2,000 mg L−1, once every three months). The improvement of performances was quantified by two TMP-based parameters, the fouling rate and the ΔTMP (difference between TMP values during the increasing and decreasing phase of hysteresis). The best performing configuration was then checked over a longer period by running four long-term trials showing an exponential trend of the sub-critical fouling rate with the imposed flux.

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Srinivasa Rao, V., Laeth H. J. Hamza, M. Shamila, Deepa Bisht e Ravi Kumar Panthangi. "Sensor network for monitoring and fault detection in drip irrigation systems based on embedded systems". E3S Web of Conferences 564 (2024): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456407010.

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Modern agriculture relies heavily on drip irrigation systems because they effectively distribute water to plant roots, maximising both crop yield and water usage. However, maintaining agricultural output depends on making sure these systems continue to function. In order to provide real-time monitoring and control inside irrigation networks, this article leverages embedded systems technology to investigate the integration of sensor networks for monitoring and fault detection in drip irrigation. Rather than only evaluating the literature, the study attempts to propose a unique sensor network architecture and demonstrate its effectiveness through experimental evaluation. It is determined that defect detection and real-time monitoring are essential for quickly resolving problems and maximising resource use. The suggested architecture makes use of actuators, sensors, embedded systems, and communication protocols that are all thoughtfully placed to gather pertinent data, including readings of soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and pressure. Algorithms for fault detection are designed to examine sensor data and spot irregularities in the irrigation system, allowing for prompt intervention and water-use optimisation. To evaluate how well the suggested sensor network design detects and locates defects, experimental validation in actual agricultural environments is carried out. The importance of sensor networks and embedded systems in improving drip irrigation sustainability and efficiency is highlighted by this study. It highlights the need for more study to address current issues and develop sensor network capabilities especially suited for agricultural applications, and it makes suggestions on possible advantages for agriculture and water management.

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Ilieva, Y., D. Mihaylova, A. IIlyazova, P. Penchev, D. Abadjieva e E. Kistanova. "Effects of the herbal preparation AyuFertin, used for anestrus overcome, on fatty acids composition of milk in Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes". BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 25, n. 3 (2022): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2384.

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The herbal protocols, used instead of hormones in buffalo breeding for reproduction optimisation, do not provide information of their effect on the milk quality of treated animals. This research analysed whether the herbal preparation AyuFertin (Indian Herbs Specialities Pvt. Ltd, Saharanpur), applied in postpartum period for recovering the ovary cycling, had a side effect on the milk composition. The experiment was conducted with buffaloes of the Bulgarian Murrah breed at average age of 50 months during May-June 2019, divided into control (n=6) and experimental (n=7) groups. The experimental buffaloes received AyuFertin orally for three consecutive days at a dose of 3 g/100 kg live weight since the 21st postpartum day. The animals without signs of estrus were treated again after 10 days. The milk samples were collected at test-days, before and after treatments. The fatty acid composition of the milk and Ayufertin was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Quantification of the identified fatty acids in milk was made by the area normalisation method. In general, the fatty acids composition did not differ after the treatment with AyuFertin. Deviation in the amounts of some fatty acids was established. The content of medium-chain fatty acids such as lauric and capric was decreased, while the amount of long-chain acids such as 11-hexadecanoic and stearic was increased in the experimental group. The main active components of AyuFertin - trienoic acids were not transferred into the milk of treated animals. In conclusion, due to the ability of AyuFertin to affect the fatty acids amount in the milk of treated buffaloes, farmers should strictly follow the manufacturer’s recommendation for the dose and duration of AyuFertin treatment to avoid negative effects on milk quality.

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Jiang, Dong, Zhuohuai Guan, Lan Jiang, Jun Wu, Qing Tang, Chongyou Wu e Yajun Cai. "Experimental Study on the Soil Conditions for Rapeseed Transplanting for Blanket Seedling Combined Transplanter". Agriculture 14, n. 2 (15 febbraio 2024): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14020310.

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To address the lack of available information on the soil physical conditions suitable for rapeseed blanket-shaped seedling transplanting, as well as the lack of protocols for the optimisation of soil tillage components in the utilisation of an integrated rapeseed blanket seedling combined transplanter, the physical parameters of different soil conditions and their impact on the growth of rapeseed after transplanting were investigated in this study. The aim was to determine the suitable soil physical parameters for rapeseed blanket-shaped seedling transplanting. First, the changes in soil firmness, soil bulk density, and soil moisture content during the installation of the rapeseed blanket seedling combined transplanter were tested and analysed, providing preliminary data for subsequent research. Using the variables of soil firmness and soil moisture content in the micro-environment around the roots and stems (30–50 mm) after rapeseed seedling transplantation and indicators such as the survival rate, root diameter, seedling height, and dry weight, an experiment on the growth of rapeseed blanket-shaped seedlings was conducted based on the furrow cutting transplanting principle. The results indicated that during the initial stage of rapeseed transplanting, the soil moisture content significantly influenced the vitality of the rapeseed plants. Under a high soil moisture content, the typically lengthy seedling period was shortened, and the effect on vitality was good, with minimal influence from the soil firmness. After seedling establishment, the rapeseed growth was significantly affected by the soil firmness. When the soil moisture content was less than 20%, increasing the soil firmness to 500 kPa was beneficial for moisture retention and rapeseed seedling growth. At a soil moisture content ranging from 20 to 25%, a soil firmness of 400 kPa was most suitable for both rapeseed vitality and late-stage growth. When the soil moisture content exceeded 25%, reducing the soil firmness to 300 kPa was beneficial for rapeseed growth, as an excessively high moisture content may lead to soil compaction, affecting seedling development. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the design of soil tillage components in the application of an integrated rapeseed blanket seedling combined transplanter and for the high-yield management of rapeseed after transplanting.

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Baccini, Michela, Emilia Rocco, Irene Paganini, Alessandra Mattei, Cristina Sani, Giulia Vannucci, Simonetta Bisanzi et al. "Pool testing on random and natural clusters of individuals: Optimisation of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in the presence of low viral load samples". PLOS ONE 16, n. 5 (18 maggio 2021): e0251589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251589.

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Facing the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic requires intensive testing on the population to early identify and isolate infected subjects. During the first emergency phase of the epidemic, RT-qPCR on nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, which is the most reliable technique to detect ongoing infections, exhibited limitations due to availability of reagents and budget constraints. This stressed the need to develop screening procedures that require fewer resources and are suitable to be extended to larger portions of the population. RT-qPCR on pooled samples from individual NP swabs seems to be a promising technique to improve surveillance. We performed preliminary experimental analyses aimed to investigate the performance of pool testing on samples with low viral load and we evaluated through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations alternative screening protocols based on sample pooling, tailored to contexts characterized by different infection prevalence. We focused on the role of pool size and the opportunity to develop strategies that take advantage of natural clustering structures in the population, e.g. families, school classes, hospital rooms. Despite the use of a limited number of specimens, our results suggest that, while high viral load samples seem to be detectable even in a pool with 29 negative samples, positive specimens with low viral load may be masked by the negative samples, unless smaller pools are used. The results of MC simulations confirm that pool testing is useful in contexts where the infection prevalence is low. The gain of pool testing in saving resources can be very high, and can be optimized by selecting appropriate group sizes. Exploiting natural groups makes the definition of larger pools convenient and potentially overcomes the issue of low viral load samples by increasing the probability of identifying more than one positive in the same pool.

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Smith, Samuel G., Sophie M. C. Green, Rachel Ellison, Robbie Foy, Christopher D. Graham, Ellen Mason, David P. French et al. "Refining and optimising a behavioural intervention to support endocrine therapy adherence (ROSETA) in UK women with breast cancer: protocol for a pilot fractional factorial trial". BMJ Open 13, n. 2 (febbraio 2023): e069971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069971.

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IntroductionWomen with breast cancer who do not adhere to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) have increased risks of mortality and recurrence. There are multiple barriers to AET adherence, including medication side-effects, beliefs about medication, memory and psychological distress. We developed four intervention components, each targeting a different barrier. This pilot trial is part of the preparation phase of the Multiphase Optimisation Strategy, and aims to establish key trial parameters, establish intervention component adherence, establish availability and feasibility of outcome and process data, estimate variability in planned outcome measures and estimate cost of developing and delivering each intervention component.Methods and analysisThe four intervention components are as follows: short message service text reminders (target: memory); a written information leaflet (target: medication beliefs); a guided self-help Acceptance and Commitment Therapy programme (target: psychological flexibility to reduce distress) and a self-management website (target: side-effect management). To evaluate the feasibility of recruitment, acceptability of the intervention components and the availability of outcome data, we will conduct a multisite, exploratory pilot trial using a 24-1fractional factorial design, with a nested process evaluation. We will randomise 80 women with early-stage breast cancer who have been prescribed AET to one of eight experimental conditions. This will determine the combination of intervention components they receive, ranging from zero to four, with all conditions receiving usual care. Key outcomes of interest include medication adherence and quality of life. Progression to the optimisation phase will be based on predefined criteria for consent rates, patient adherence to intervention components and availability of medication adherence data.Ethics and disseminationThe study was reviewed by the Wales Research Authority Research Ethics Committee 3 (21/WA/0322). Written informed consent will be obtained from all patients before randomisation. The results of this trial will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberISRTCN10487576.

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Anil, Kumar Bandani. "An intelligent base link recovery management and path stability in clustered randomly distributed mobile ad hoc networks". i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering 14, n. 1 (2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jele.14.1.20469.

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MANETs are networks of mobile nodes that are randomly distributed and play a major role in data transmission, route discovery, and route maintenance. Connection recovery and path stability are significant issues in the MANET, making data transfer problematic. When mobile nodes move out of range or when the node lacks adequate energy to maintain connection or path stability, data packet loss happens. We suggest a Clustered Intermediate System-Clustered Intermediate System Local Connection Failure Recovery Algorithm (Clustered Intermediate System-Clustered Intermediate System LLFRA) routing migration technique that builds the node while simultaneously repairing the broken link. Also utilised to look at node energy, energy- drained nodes, and route stability is Dolphin Partner Optimisation (DPO). The suggested approach's primary goal is to guarantee route stability while reducing packet loss. The suggested method is put to the test using the NS-2 simulator. The proposed recovery protocol beats the current technique in charge of PDR, end to end delay, throughput and node failures, according to experimental outputs.

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Vanbillemont, Brecht, Niels Nicolaï, Laurens Leys e Thomas De Beer. "Model-Based Optimisation and Control Strategy for the Primary Drying Phase of a Lyophilisation Process". Pharmaceutics 12, n. 2 (20 febbraio 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020181.

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The standard operation of a batch freeze-dryer is protocol driven. All freeze-drying phases (i.e., freezing, primary and secondary drying) are programmed sequentially at fixed time points and within each phase critical process parameters (CPPs) are typically kept constant or linearly interpolated between two setpoints. This way of operating batch freeze-dryers is shown to be time consuming and inefficient. A model-based optimisation and real-time control strategy that includes model output uncertainty could help in accelerating the primary drying phase while controlling the risk of failure of the critical quality attributes (CQAs). In each iteration of the real-time control strategy, a design space is computed to select an optimal set of CPPs. The aim of the control strategy is to avoid product structure loss, which occurs when the sublimation interface temperature ( T i ) exceeds the the collapse temperature ( T c ) common during unexpected disturbances, while preventing the choked flow conditions leading to a loss of pressure control. The proposed methodology was experimentally verified when the chamber pressure and shelf fluid system were intentionally subjected to moderate process disturbances. Moreover, the end of the primary drying phase was predicted using both uncertainty analysis and a comparative pressure measurement technique. Both the prediction of T i and end of primary drying were in agreement with the experimental data. Hence, it was confirmed that the proposed real-time control strategy is capable of mitigating the effect of moderate disturbances during batch freeze-drying.

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Bos, Frédéric, Laurent Le Magorou e Frédéric Rouger. "An approach to viscoelastic behaviour analysis of wood-based panels by an inverse method of characterisation". Holzforschung 59, n. 5 (1 settembre 2005): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.090.

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Abstract The main objective of this paper is to propose an alternative method for viscoelastic characterisation of wood-based panels. Our approach, based on inverse identification methods, allows simultaneous estimation of the whole bending/torsion stiffness matrix of orthotropic plates. Elastic or viscoelastic characterisations are carried out according to the same protocol. The first step consists of optimisation of the experimental set-up, i.e., determination of the best localisation and intensity of the applied stresses and of the best position for boundary conditions. This step is realised for each type of panel using generic algorithms to obtain sensitivities satisfying the test for each stiffness matrix component. An identification procedure is then performed using a finite element program. The measurement of the whole displacement field (500×500 mm2) is made using an optical system. Validation of the elastic identification is carried out by comparison with the mechanical properties obtained from a vibrating test and a simulation tool. Non-conventional analysis of the viscoelastic behaviour of wood-based panels is illustrated for two particular plywood panels.

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Grootveld, Martin, Benita C. Percival, Georgina Page, Kayleigh Hunwin, Mohammed Bhogadia, Wyman Chan e Mark Edgar. "Updates and Original Case Studies Focused on the NMR-Linked Metabolomics Analysis of Human Oral Fluids Part II: Applications to the Diagnosis and Prognostic Monitoring of Oral and Systemic Cancers". Metabolites 12, n. 9 (24 agosto 2022): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090778.

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Human saliva offers many advantages over other biofluids regarding its use and value as a bioanalytical medium for the identification and prognostic monitoring of human diseases, mainly because its collection is largely non-invasive, is relatively cheap, and does not require any major clinical supervision, nor supervisory input. Indeed, participants donating this biofluid for such purposes, including the identification, validation and quantification of surrogate biomarkers, may easily self-collect such samples in their homes following the provision of full collection details to them by researchers. In this report, the authors have focused on the applications of metabolomics technologies to the diagnosis and progressive severity monitoring of human cancer conditions, firstly oral cancers (e.g., oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma), and secondly extra-oral (systemic) cancers such as lung, breast and prostate cancers. For each publication reviewed, the authors provide a detailed evaluation and critical appraisal of the experimental design, sample size, ease of sample collection (usually but not exclusively as whole mouth saliva (WMS)), their transport, length of storage and preparation for analysis. Moreover, recommended protocols for the optimisation of NMR pulse sequences for analysis, along with the application of methods and techniques for verifying and resonance assignments and validating the quantification of biomolecules responsible, are critically considered. In view of the authors’ specialisms and research interests, the majority of these investigations were conducted using NMR-based metabolomics techniques. The extension of these studies to determinations of metabolic pathways which have been pathologically disturbed in these diseases is also assessed here and reviewed. Where available, data for the monitoring of patients’ responses to chemotherapeutic treatments, and in one case, radiotherapy, are also evaluated herein. Additionally, a novel case study featured evaluates the molecular nature, levels and diagnostic potential of 1H NMR-detectable salivary ‘acute-phase’ glycoprotein carbohydrate side chains, and/or their monomeric saccharide derivatives, as biomarkers for cancer and inflammatory conditions.

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Dai, Qian-yi, Bin Zhang e Shu-qin Dong. "A DDoS-Attack Detection Method Oriented to the Blockchain Network Layer". Security and Communication Networks 2022 (4 maggio 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5692820.

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By nature, a traditional attack method, denial-of-service (DDoS) attack poses a considerable threat to the security of the blockchain network layer. This paper proposes a distributed DDoS-attack traffic detection method based on a cross multilayer convolutional neural network model in the blockchain network layer. The method resolves the low generalisation, high misreporting rate, and low detection efficiency problems of the existing detection methods, which are caused by nondistinctive core features and the high complexity of robust features when detecting DDoS attacks transmitted by mixed protocols on a blockchain network layer. First, the model performs a convolution operation on preprocessed traffic on the blockchain network layer using a cross-layer method based on L2 regularisation. After this operation, the model can perceive the detailed features of attack traffic from multiple levels while enhancing the representational performance of key features; specifically, the parameters with high-variance terms are penalised to limit changes in the model’s weight parameters. The highly robust abstract features of attack traffic are extracted, thereby increasing the generalisation ability and reducing the misreporting rate of the model. Second, parametric encoding of the abstract features is performed by a stacked sparse autoencoder based on Kullback–Leibler divergence, and the sparsity of the model is adjusted to reduce the redundant data and the coupling between abstract features. The outputs of the encoded features are then effectively categorised. Finally, the global optimisation of parameters is performed by an improved random gradient-descent algorithm, which prevents oscillation of the training parameters and accelerates the model convergence. In an experimental evaluation, the proposed method achieved satisfactory binary- and multiclass detection of DDoS-attack traffic on both CSE-CIC-IDS 2018 on the AWS dataset and on the real mixed data of a blockchain network layer.

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Maide, Martin, Alise-Valentine Prits, Sreekanth Mandati e Rainer Küngas. "Multi-Functional Alkaline Electrolysis Setup for Industrially Relevant Testing of Cell Components". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n. 49 (22 dicembre 2023): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02493274mtgabs.

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Alkaline electrolysis is an industrially mature and promising method for the production of green hydrogen at scale [1]. Alkaline electrolysers are typically characterized by low investment costs compared to other electrolysis technologies [2]. Despite being used for industrial applications for almost 100 years, the efficiency of alkaline systems can still be significantly improved. To this end, rigorous testing and optimisation of cell components is paramount. Here, we report a multi-functional alkaline electrolysis setup, designed to facilitate testing of various cell components, including electrodes, diaphragms, and catalyst. The setup is a further development of the setup originally reported by Ju et al. [3]. Importantly, the setup allows cell components to be tested under industrially relevant conditions: temperatures up to 80°C, concentrated KOH, pressures of up to 30 barg. The setup features KOH recirculation, a drying column and gas analysers for estimating the purity of produced hydrogen and oxygen. The measurement setup further allows the use of different cell configurations, enabling comparative analysis and the identification of optimal combinations of cell components for specific use-cases. Example experimental results collected at various test conditions, including the EU harmonized test conditions for low-temperature electrolysis cells [4], are reported. References: Mueller-Langer, E. Tzimas, M. Kaltschmitt, S. Peteves, Int. J. Hydrogen En., 32, 3797–3810 (2007). Buttler, H. Spliethoff, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 2440–2454 (2018). Ju, M. V. F. Heinz, L. Pusterla, M. Hofer, B. Fumey, R. Castiglioni, M. Pagani, C. Battaglia, U. F. Vogt, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 6 (4), 4829–4837 (2018). Tsotridis, A. Pilenga, EU harmonised protocols for testing of low temperature water electrolysers, EUR 30752 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (2021). Figure 1

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Sussman, C. "Optimisation of treatment protocols". Journal of Wound Care 21, n. 1 (gennaio 2012): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2012.21.1.11.

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Herssens, Nolan, James Cowburn, Kirsten Albracht, Bjoern Braunstein, Dario Cazzola, Steffi Colyer, Alberto E. Minetti et al. "Movement in low gravity environments (MoLo) programme–The MoLo-L.O.O.P. study protocol". PLOS ONE 17, n. 11 (23 novembre 2022): e0278051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278051.

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Background Exposure to prolonged periods in microgravity is associated with deconditioning of the musculoskeletal system due to chronic changes in mechanical stimulation. Given astronauts will operate on the Lunar surface for extended periods of time, it is critical to quantify both external (e.g., ground reaction forces) and internal (e.g., joint reaction forces) loads of relevant movements performed during Lunar missions. Such knowledge is key to predict musculoskeletal deconditioning and determine appropriate exercise countermeasures associated with extended exposure to hypogravity. Objectives The aim of this paper is to define an experimental protocol and methodology suitable to estimate in high-fidelity hypogravity conditions the lower limb internal joint reaction forces. State-of-the-art movement kinetics, kinematics, muscle activation and muscle-tendon unit behaviour during locomotor and plyometric movements will be collected and used as inputs (Objective 1), with musculoskeletal modelling and an optimisation framework used to estimate lower limb internal joint loading (Objective 2). Methods Twenty-six healthy participants will be recruited for this cross-sectional study. Participants will walk, skip and run, at speeds ranging between 0.56–3.6 m/s, and perform plyometric movement trials at each gravity level (1, 0.7, 0.5, 0.38, 0.27 and 0.16g) in a randomized order. Through the collection of state-of-the-art kinetics, kinematics, muscle activation and muscle-tendon behaviour, a musculoskeletal modelling framework will be used to estimate lower limb joint reaction forces via tracking simulations. Conclusion The results of this study will provide first estimations of internal musculoskeletal loads associated with human movement performed in a range of hypogravity levels. Thus, our unique data will be a key step towards modelling the musculoskeletal deconditioning associated with long term habitation on the Lunar surface, and thereby aiding the design of Lunar exercise countermeasures and mitigation strategies.

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Buskbjerg, Cecilie, Mia Skytte O'Toole, Robert Zachariae, Anders Bonde Jensen, Yoon Frederiksen, Christoffer Johansen, Annika von Heymann, Anne Speckens e Maja Johannsen. "Optimising psychological treatment for pain after breast cancer: a factorial design study protocol in Denmark". BMJ Open 13, n. 3 (marzo 2023): e066505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066505.

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IntroductionOne in five breast cancer (BC) survivors are affected by persistent pain years after completing primary treatment. While the efficacy of psychological interventions for BC-related pain has been documented in several meta-analyses, reported effect sizes are generally modest, pointing to a need for optimisation. Guided by the Multiphase Optimization Strategy, the present study aims to optimise psychological treatment for BC-related pain by identifying active treatment components in a full factorial design.Methods and analysisThe study uses a 2×3 factorial design, randomising 192 women with BC-related pain (18–75 years) to eight experimental conditions. The eight conditions consist of three contemporary cognitive–behavioural therapy components, namely: (1) mindful attention, (2) decentring, and (3) values and committed action. Each component is delivered in two sessions, and each participant will receive either zero, two, four or six sessions. Participants receiving two or three treatment components will be randomised to receive them in varying order. Assessments will be conducted at baseline (T1), session by session, every day for 6 days following the first session in each treatment component, at post-intervention (T2) and at 12-week follow-up (T3). Primary outcomes are pain intensity (Numerical Rating Scale) and pain interference (Brief Pain Inventory interference subscale) from T1 to T2. Secondary outcomes are pain burden, pain quality, pain frequency, pain catastrophising, psychological distress, well-being and fear of cancer recurrence. Possible mediators include mindful attention, decentring, and pain acceptance and activity engagement. Possible moderators are treatment expectancy, treatment adherence, satisfaction with treatment and therapeutic alliance.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the present study was received from the Central Denmark Region Committee on Health Research Ethics (no: 1-10-72-309-40). Findings will be made available to the study funders, care providers, patient organisations and other researchers at international conferences, and published in international, peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT05444101).

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Raja, Tasneem, Helena Tuomainen, Jason Madan, Dipesh Mistry, Sanjeev Jain, Kamala Easwaran e Swaran P. Singh. "Psychiatric hospital reform in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of literature". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 56, n. 8 (21 aprile 2021): 1341–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02075-z.

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Abstract Purpose Psychiatric hospitals or mental asylums grew across the world in the colonial era. Despite concerns over quality of care and human rights violations, these hospitals continue to provide the majority of mental health care in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We sought to review the evidence of reform of mental hospitals and associated patient outcomes. Methods We adopted an integrative review methodology by including experimental and non-experimental research. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019130399). A range of databases and systematic hand searches were conducted by two independent reviewers. Research conducted between 1980 and May 2019, that focused on any aspect of reform in mental hospitals for adults (age 18 and upwards) with severe mental illness and published in English, were considered. Results 16 studies were included in the review. 12 studies met inclusion criteria, and four additional reports emerged from the hand search. Studies covered—India, China, South Africa, Grenada, Georgia, Sri Lanka, Argentina and Brazil. Key findings emphasise the role of judicial intervention as a critical trigger of reform. Structural reform composed of optimisation of resources and renovations of colonial structures to cater to diverse patient needs. Process reforms include changes in medical management, admission processes and a move from closed to open wards. Staff engagement and capacity building have also been used as a modality of reform in mental hospital settings. Conclusion There is some documentation of reform in psychiatric hospitals. However, poor methodological quality and variation in approach and outcomes measured, make it challenging to extrapolate specific findings on process or outcomes of reform. Despite being integral service providers, psychiatric hospitals still do not adopt patient centric, recovery-oriented processes. Hence, there is an urgent need to generate robust evidence on psychiatric reform and its effect on patient outcomes.

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Bartels, Sara Laureen, Sophie I. Johnsson, Katja Boersma, Ida Flink, Lance M. McCracken, Suzanne Petersson, Hannah L. Christie et al. "Development, evaluation and implementation of a digital behavioural health treatment for chronic pain: study protocol of the multiphase DAHLIA project". BMJ Open 12, n. 4 (aprile 2022): e059152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059152.

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IntroductionChronic pain affects about 20%–40% of the population and is linked to mental health outcomes and impaired daily functioning. Pharmacological interventions are commonly insufficient for producing relief and recovery of functioning. Behavioural health treatment is key to generate lasting benefits across outcome domains. However, most people with chronic pain cannot easily access evidence-based behavioural interventions. The overall aim of the DAHLIA project is to develop, evaluate and implement a widely accessible digital behavioural health treatment to improve well-being in individuals with chronic pain.Methods and analysisThe project follows the four phases of the mHealth Agile Development and Evaluation Lifecycle: (1) development and pre-implementation surveillance using focus groups, stakeholder interviews and a business model; (2) iterative optimisation studies applying single case experimental design (SCED) method in 4–6 iterations with n=10 patients and their healthcare professionals per iteration; (3) a two-armed clinical randomised controlled trial enhanced with SCED (n=180 patients per arm) and (4) interview-based post-market surveillance. Data analyses include multilevel modelling, cost-utility and indicative analyses.In October 2021, inter-sectorial partners are engaged and funding is secured for four years. The treatment content is compiled and the first treatment prototype is in preparation. Clinical sites in three Swedish regions are informed and recruitment for phase 1 will start in autumn 2021. To facilitate long-term impact and accessibility, the treatment will be integrated into a Swedish health platform (www.1177.se), which is used on a national level as a hub for advice, information, guidance and e-services for health and healthcare.Ethics and disseminationThe study plan has been reviewed and approved by Swedish ethical review authorities. Findings will be actively disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations, social media and outreach activities for the wider public.Trial registration numberNCT05066087.

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Oonan, Luke, Lauren Lomasney, Ciara McEntee, Peter MacMahon e Emer Kenny. "Optimisation of epilepsy protocols in MRI". Physica Medica 118 (febbraio 2024): 103281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2024.103281.

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Dahmash, Dania, Zakia Ramjee, Daniel Kirby, David Terry e Chi Huynh. "P002 Medicine use and optimisation for children and young adults aged 0–18 years old – medication administration and adherence of parent/caregiver and child". Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, n. 7 (19 giugno 2019): e2.4-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-nppc.12.

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AimTo systematically review all published evidence related to medication administration accuracy and its relation to improving medication adherence among paediatric population. The objectives are to identify, the main issues and challenges that the patients or their parents, caregivers or healthcare professionals face when administering or taking a medication any published methods or tools that improves medication administration accuracy and adherence among the paediatric population; and the health literacy and knowledge of parents/caregivers/healthcare professionals concerning medication administration.MethodsA systematic search of the literature to identify any related studies to medication administration among paediatrics was performed using the following bibliographic databases: PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library. The list of various synonyms of the keywords was defined following the PICOC model and a discussion between the authors. An information specialist was contacted to ensure the accuracy of the developed search terms. Search terms included a list of synonyms relating to i) paediatric ii) medication administration accuracy iii) medication adherence and iv) medication error. The search was limited to studies published in English. Only studies that report paediatric patients aged from 0 up to 18 years of age who are prescribed medication that requires administration by the parent, caregiver or themselves were included. Studies including mixed paediatric and adults were further investigated and data related to paediatric were extracted. Quality assessment will be integrated into the review process using ‘CASP’ checklist at the data extraction stage.1 The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO.ResultsAll databases were systematically searched (in April 2018). Overall, 1,018 citations were found; of which 994 remained after removal of duplicates. After screening of titles and abstracts, 46 studies were considered eligible for inclusion in this review. At data extraction stage, 12 studies were excluded, owing to the lack of paediatric specific information or medication-related errors. 34 studies were further investigated, among which, 30 (30/34, 88.2%) studies reported that dosing errors are the most common type of medication errors and are associated with parents or caregivers with inadequate health literacy. Over-the-counter liquid medications and antibiotics are commonly associated with dosing errors among parents and caregivers. Two (2/26, 7.7%) experimental studies indicated that both droppers and cups are the prime causes of dosing errors that occur via parents. Two (2/34, 5.9%) review studies indicated that medication administration errors are common among children with prescribed inhalers. Finally, two (2/34, 5.9%) observational studies identified that labels and information sheets of the medication contribute to medication administration errors.ConclusionThe preliminary findings of this review suggest that further integrated education strategies between healthcare-professionals and parents or caregivers is a priority to reduce medication administration and dosing errors among children and young adults. To our knowledge, limited studies were conducted in the UK about this topic, hence, further work is required to highlight the issue of medication errors among children and its association with parents or caregivers health literacy in the UK.ReferencesCASP Appraisal Checklists, [Internet]. 2017 [cited 1st of December]. Available from: https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/

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Schilling, Marcel, Andrea C. Pfeifer, Sebastian Bohl e Ursula Klingmüller. "Standardizing experimental protocols". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 19, n. 4 (agosto 2008): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2008.06.007.

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Balogová, Zdenka, e Lucie Súkupová. "OPTIMISATION OF ABDOMINAL CT EXAM PROTOCOLS IN OBESE PATIENTS". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 198, n. 9-11 (agosto 2022): 560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncac099.

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Abstract Obesity is marked as a global epidemic, and the number of obese people is steadily increasing. This disease affects various aspects of health care, which also includes radiodiagnostic imaging modalities. CT exams of bariatric patients are becoming common in radiological practice and bring problems of both technical and physical nature. Obesity affects the quality of CT images, therefore, optimisation of the used CT protocols is important, which is difficult to be carried out on patients, because of the principles of radiation protection and ethical point of view. This study evaluates and compares three available CT protocols for examination of the abdomen in terms of image quality, radiation dose and scan time on two CT scanners of the manufacturer Siemens. For optimisation, an anthropomorphic phantom of the abdomen was used, which, by its size and attenuation of the used materials, suitably simulated an obese patient.

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Lawal, Bello, Panos Bakalis, Samuel John Manam e Titus Eneh. "Performance Optimisation of Mobile Ad hoc Reactive Routing Protocols". Advanced Materials Research 367 (ottobre 2011): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.249.

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In this paper, we optimized the performance of Ad hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols through simulation. Numerical and simulation results presented illustrate how the performance of an ad hoc network protocol drastically changes as a result of changing the mobility model and ambient noise level in the network. The simulation results showed that, in the presence of ambient noise level in the network, AODV and DSR protocols have a significant improvement in end-to-end delay reduction with 68.5 % for AODV and 86.8% for DSR respectively. The network load simulation result revealed that DSR protocol maintains a constant routing load while the AODV protocol shows a 75% drop in routing load.

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Arpaia, P. "Experimental optimisation of flexible measurement systems". IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 143, n. 2 (1 marzo 1996): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:19960173.

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Pronzato, Luc, e Éric Thierry. "Sequential experimental design and response optimisation". Statistical Methods & Applications 11, n. 3 (ottobre 2002): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02509828.

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Edwards, Clementine J., Matteo Cella, Nicholas Tarrier e Til Wykes. "The optimisation of experience sampling protocols in people with schizophrenia". Psychiatry Research 244 (ottobre 2016): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.048.

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Strocchi, S., C. Vite, L. Callegari e L. Conte. "Optimisation of multislice computed tomography protocols in angio–CT examinations". La radiologia medica 111, n. 2 (marzo 2006): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11547-006-0024-5.

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McIntyre, Melissa, Puthenparampil Wilson, Peter Gorayski e Eva Bezak. "A Systematic Review of LET-Guided Treatment Plan Optimisation in Proton Therapy: Identifying the Current State and Future Needs". Cancers 15, n. 17 (25 agosto 2023): 4268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15174268.

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The well-known clinical benefits of proton therapy are achieved through higher target-conformality and normal tissue sparing than conventional radiotherapy. However, there is an increased sensitivity to uncertainties in patient motion/setup, proton range and radiobiological effect. Although recent efforts have mitigated some uncertainties, radiobiological effect remains unresolved due to a lack of clinical data for relevant endpoints. Therefore, RBE optimisations may be currently unsuitable for clinical treatment planning. LET optimisation is a novel method that substitutes RBE with LET, shifting LET hotspots outside critical structures. This review outlines the current status of LET optimisation in proton therapy, highlighting knowledge gaps and possible future research. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a search of the MEDLINE® and Scopus databases was performed in July 2023, identifying 70 relevant articles. Generally, LET optimisation methods achieved their treatment objectives; however, clinical benefit is patient-dependent. Inconsistencies in the reported data suggest further testing is required to identify therapeutically favourable methods. We discuss the methods which are suitable for near-future clinical deployment, with fast computation times and compatibility with existing treatment protocols. Although there is some clinical evidence of a correlation between high LET and adverse effects, further developments are needed to inform future patient selection protocols for widespread application of LET optimisation in proton therapy.

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Leong, Chi Leng, Sharon Coleman, Adrian M. Nightingale, Sammer-ul Hassan, David Voegeli, Martyn G. Boutelle e Xize Niu. "Lactate monitoring in droplet microfluidics: a cautionary tale in assay miniaturisation". Analytical Methods 11, n. 48 (2019): 6119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay02070e.

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We present the development of a droplet-based device for real-time continuous lactate measurement, highlighting how protocols from established homogeneous enzymatic assays require careful re-optimisation before transferring to microfluidic systems.

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Blumensaat, F., P. Staufer, S. Heusch, F. Reußner, M. Schütze, S. Seiffert, G. Gruber, M. Zawilski e J. Rieckermann. "Water quality-based assessment of urban drainage impacts in Europe – where do we stand today?" Water Science and Technology 66, n. 2 (1 luglio 2012): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.178.

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Traditionally, design and optimisation of urban drainage systems was mainly driven by cost efficiency, surface flood prevention, and later by emission reduction. More recent procedures explicitly include ecological conditions of the receiving water in the definition of acceptable pollutant discharges via sewer system and treatment plant outlets. An ambient Water Quality based impact Assessment (WQA) principle therefore requires an integrative system optimisation. However, a broad range of mostly national WQA protocols exist across Europe varying in structure and complexity, assessment concept, spatial and temporal scope and handling of uncertainty. This variety inherently implies a considerable risk of subjectivity in the impact assessment with highly variable outcomes. The present review identifies differences and similarities of WQA protocols in use and discusses their strengths and weaknesses through: (i) a systematic comparison of WQA protocols by selected attributes, (ii) a review of real-life cases reported in the literature and expert interviews, and (iii) an illustration of our main findings by applying selected WQA in an instructive example. The review discusses differences in structure and concept, which are mainly identified for simplistic WQA protocols. The application of selected protocols to an example case shows a wide variety of numerical results and conclusive decisions. It is found that existing protocols target different questions within the decision making process, which users should be more aware of. Generally, to make assessments more reliable, further fundamental research is required to fully understand the relationship between stressors and stream ecosystem responses which will make assessments more reliable. Technically, tools suggested in WQA protocols show severe deficiencies and an uncertainty assessment should be mandatory.

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Salkica, Nusret, Amela Begić, Adnan Beganović, Fuad Julardžija, Adnan Šehić, Halil Ćorović, Safet Hadžimusić e Amra Skopljak-Beganović. "Optimisation of the bone single photon emission computed tomography in oncology patients". Journal of Health Sciences 13, n. 3 (Suplement 1) (25 febbraio 2024): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17532/jhs.2023.2596.

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Introduction: The introduction of hybrid imaging systems such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT) has completely changed the scanning procedure of conventional diagnostic nuclear medicine protocols. Modern bone scintigraphy protocols include SUV quanitification and Whole Body (WB) SPECT/CT scanning modality. The major limitation of these new technologies is relatively long scanning time. New detector systems with modern reconstruction softwares have been developed for fast scanning SPECT protocolos. These new technologies can produce images of reduced acquisition with same quality as full scanning acquisition. As a result new studies suggest that planar WB scintigraphy should be replaced with WB SPECT/CT. Methods: One hundred oncology patients performed SPECT/CT as a part as their clinical follow-up. Three different scanning and three reconstruction protocols have been evaluated. Two nuclear medicine physicians evaluated with Likert scale image sharpness, lesion visibility, and lesion background detectability. The overall image quality was determined as the sum of these three parameters. Results: In terms of scan duration reduction on image quality, Volumetrix Evolution for Bone performed during ultra-fast SPECT acquisition achieved the highest score, which is superior compared to the standard SPECT acquisition protocol. The overall image quality was the best with the Volumetrix MI Evolution for Bone protocol for ultra-fast acquisition Conclusion: The Evolution for Bone protocol for ultra-fast acquisition showed best results compared to other protocols. The adoption of new acquisition SPECT protocol may offer more comfortable exams, resulting in higher patient satisfaction. The implementation of this new protocol can lead to an improvement in SPECT sensitivity, primarily due to the reduction of SPECT motion artifacts.

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Karia, Deepak C., e V. Godbole. "Mobility models and traffic pattern generation-based optimisation of reactive protocols". International Journal of Intelligent Engineering Informatics 2, n. 1 (2013): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijiei.2013.056044.

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Ordiales, J. M., E. Vano, J. M. Nogales, J. Ramos, J. R. López-Mínguez, G. Martínez, P. Cerrato e F. J. Álvarez. "Optimisation of imaging protocols in interventional cardiology: impact on patient doses". Journal of Radiological Protection 37, n. 3 (28 luglio 2017): 684–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/aa7dae.

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Reddick, Robert L. "Atherosclerosis—Experimental Methods and Protocols". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, n. 7 (1 luglio 2001): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-983b-amap.

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Šarlej, Marek, Pavel Petr, Jiří Hájek e Petr Stehlík. "Computational support in experimental burner design optimisation". Applied Thermal Engineering 27, n. 16 (novembre 2007): 2727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.04.020.

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Bahou, Calise, Daniel A. Richards, Antoine Maruani, Elizabeth A. Love, Faiza Javaid, Stephen Caddick, James R. Baker e Vijay Chudasama. "Highly homogeneous antibody modification through optimisation of the synthesis and conjugation of functionalised dibromopyridazinediones". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 16, n. 8 (2018): 1359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob03138f.

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Matjašič, Alenka, e Nejc Mekiš. "Optimisation of pelvic imaging radiography protocols in plain radiology: a scoping review". Radiološke tehnologije 12, n. 1 (30 novembre 2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.48026/issn.26373297.2021.12.1.3.

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Introduction: The purpose of this work is to explore which studies have been performed in the field of radiation dose reduction in pelvic x-ray imaging and to determine optimization techniques for dose reduction.Materials and methods: A scoping review was performed by using databases Science Direct, PubMed, EBSCO Host and Springer Link. The keywords used were "radiography", "dose reduction", "pelvis" and "pelvic". Exclusion criteria were the keywords "CT" and "MRI".Results: 15 scientific articles that analyse the current dose impacts in selected institutions or regions were reviewed as a starting point to optimise protocols, to establish diagnostic reference levels, or to suggest different measures for dose reduction. Studies suggest the use of digital image receptor, adaptation of exposure parameters; they also point out the use of air gap instead of radiographic grid and investigate the usefulness of the gonad protection. A difference was noticed in developing countries that focus more on the establishment of DRLs and following the guidelines provided by other countries rather than developing new dose optimisation techniques.Conclusion: A pelvic x-ray must be performed with a low radiation dose impact that still doesn't compromise the diagnostic value of the image, which can be achieved by following the ALARA principle and with certain adjustments, suggested by the considered studies, especially with exposure parameters. The establishment of national and local diagnostic reference levels is also required.

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Rubio Lopez, Irene, Michael J. Lain e Emma Kendrick. "Optimisation of Formation and Conditioning Protocols for Lithium‐Ion Electric Vehicle Batteries". Batteries & Supercaps 3, n. 9 (18 maggio 2020): 900–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/batt.202000048.

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Ahmed, Shakil, Md Akbar Hossain, Peter Han Joo Chong e Sayan Kumar Ray. "Bio-Inspired Energy-Efficient Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for the IoT in Disaster Scenarios". Sensors 24, n. 16 (19 agosto 2024): 5353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24165353.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology for sensing and monitoring the environment to reduce disaster impact. Energy is one of the major concerns for IoT devices, as sensors used in IoT devices are battery-operated. Thus, it is important to reduce energy consumption, especially during data transmission in disaster-prone situations. Clustering-based communication helps reduce a node’s energy decay during data transmission and enhances network lifetime. Many hybrid combination algorithms have been proposed for clustering and routing protocols to improve network lifetime in disaster scenarios. However, the performance of these protocols varies widely based on the underlying network configuration and the optimisation parameters considered. In this research, we used the clustering parameters most relevant to disaster scenarios, such as the node’s residual energy, distance to sink, and network coverage. We then proposed the bio-inspired hybrid BOA-PSO algorithm, where the Butterfly Optimisation Algorithm (BOA) is used for clustering and Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) is used for the routing protocol. The performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with that of various benchmark protocols: LEACH, DEEC, PSO, PSO-GA, and PSO-HAS. Residual energy, network throughput, and network lifetime were considered performance metrics. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm effectively conserves residual energy, achieving more than a 17% improvement for short-range scenarios and a 10% improvement for long-range scenarios. In terms of throughput, the proposed method delivers a 60% performance enhancement compared to LEACH, a 53% enhancement compared to DEEC, and a 37% enhancement compared to PSO. Additionally, the proposed method results in a 60% reduction in packet drops compared to LEACH and DEEC, and a 30% reduction compared to PSO. It increases network lifetime by 10–20% compared to the benchmark algorithms.

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Rowlands, Hefin, Jiju Antony e Graeme Knowles. "An application of experimental design for process optimisation". TQM Magazine 12, n. 2 (aprile 2000): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09544780010318325.

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Antony, Jiju, Steve Warwood, Kiran Fernandes e Hefin Rowlands. "Process optimisation using Taguchi methods of experimental design". Work Study 50, n. 2 (aprile 2001): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00438020110366330.

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Korkmaz, Kadir Burak, Sofia Werner e Rickard Bensow. "Investigations on experimental and computational trim optimisation methods". Ocean Engineering 288 (novembre 2023): 116098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116098.

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Kupczynski, Marian. "Bell Inequalities, Experimental Protocols and Contextuality". Foundations of Physics 45, n. 7 (25 dicembre 2014): 735–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10701-014-9863-4.

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