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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Optimisation multi-échelle"
Admin - JAIM. "Résumés des conférences JRANF 2021". Journal Africain d'Imagerie Médicale (J Afr Imag Méd). Journal Officiel de la Société de Radiologie d’Afrique Noire Francophone (SRANF). 13, n. 3 (17 novembre 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.55715/jaim.v13i3.240.
Testo completoTesi sul tema "Optimisation multi-échelle"
Kempfer, Kévin. "Simulation multi-échelle de l'interaction polymère-charge". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC051.
Testo completoIn the tire industry, the addition of nanosized silica fillers into rubber is a commonly used process due to the outstanding mechanical properties of the resulting composite material. However, the link between the underlying chemistry and the mechanical behavior of this material remains unsolved. The aim of this thesis is to investigate this system using molecular simulation. In order to cover wide length and time scales, inherent to this type of material, we took the route of applying a multiscale simulation strategy. Starting from coarse-grained reference trajectories obtained from higher resolution molecular dynamics trajectories, we build realistic coarse-grained dissipative dynamics models by using the bayesian optimization method. Our models quantitatively predict the characteristic behavior of entangled polymer chains. This multiscale approach, extended to the polymer-silica interaction, allows us to successfully model the thermodynamic, the structural, and the dynamic properties of a system made up of one silica nanoparticle, grafted or not, dispersed in an amorphous polymer matrix. This work opens the way towards the quantitative prediction of the viscoelastic properties of reinforced rubbers on time scales up to the microsecond. These time scales, inaccessible by mean of an atomistic description, are now reachable thanks to our coarse potentials
Djourachkovitch, Tristan. "Conception de matériaux micro-architecturés innovants : Application à l'optimisation topologique multi-échelle". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI086.
Testo completoThe design on innovative micro-architectured materials is a key issue of modern material science. One can find many examples of this kind of materials such as composites materials, foams, and even micro-architectured materials (materials which come along with some periodicity properties at the small scale). A common criterion for these materials is their ratio between weight and stiffness. Topology optimization is well suited for the design of this kind of material since the criterion that is subject to improvement is directly integrated in the formulation of the minimization problem. In this context, we propose some methods for the design of micro-architectured materials using topology optimization and for several criteria. We afterwards illustrate the benefits of these materials thought multi-scale simulations based on the theory of the first gradient and the scale separability assumption in the homogenization framework.A coupled macro/micro optimization method is presented for the concurrent optimization of the these two interdependent scales. The development of a numerical demonstrator has allowed to illustrated those various methods and to test several optimization criteria, mechanical models etcetera. In order to reduce the computational costs that might become exorbitant especially for multi-scale problems since the number of design variables increases significantly, a database approach is proposed. A broad range of micro-architectured materials is stored (and enhanced) for several criteria (weight, stiffness, original behaviour). This database is then consulted throughout the coupled optimization
Rodriguez, Pila Ernesto. "Contribution aux choix de modélisations pour la conception de structures multi-échelle sous incertitudes". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0222/document.
Testo completoThe design of multi-scale structures is based on predictive and experimental modelling. To achieve a high level of precision, modelling rest on a high number of experimental tests and sophisticated analytical and numerical developments integrating all possible knowledge about the quantity of interest. Adding knowledge into models diminishes the uncertainty on quantities of interest and significantly impacts the cost of modelling, a high impact factor on the design cost. The designer must be able to control the suitability of the integration of knowledge into the prediction of quantities of interest and its impact on the cost of modelling. The research carried out in this work is structured around the development of a methodology of assistance to the design under uncertainties allowing the designer to choose combinations between several predictive and experimental models, called modelling paths, presenting different compromises between the cost of modelling and the uncertainty on quantities of interest. The work is based on a pyramidal representation of experimental and predictive modelling. Random and epistemic uncertainties related to materials, models and geometrical tolerances are aggregated and propagated in the pyramid up to the quantities of interest of the structure. An adaptive method based on fuzzy logics for estimating the cost of modelling has been proposed. The multi objective problem aiming to minimizing the uncertainties on the quantities of interest and the cost of modelling is solved by means of the « NSGA-II » genetic algorithm, allowing to identify robust optimized modelling paths. This methodology is applied to a thick composite vessel for hydrogen storage. The proposed methodology demonstrates the possibility of rationalization of experimental and predictive models carried out to obtain the burst pressure of the vessel with a controlled precision. In a second step, the methodology is used to redesign the vessel considering larger or smaller volumes and with different burst pressure targets. Robust modelling paths obtained deliver design solutions adapted to the redesign requirements with a controlled modelling cost and a managed level of uncertainty
Marcatili, Sara. "Multi-scale dosimetry for targeted radionuclide therapy optimisation". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30211/document.
Testo completoTargeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT) consists in killing tumour targets by using radiolabeled vectors (radiopharmaceuticals) that selectively bind to tumour cells. In a context of TRT optimization, a better determination of energy deposition within biologic material is a prerequisite to the definition of the absorbed dose-effect relationship and the improvement of future cancer treatment. This requires being able to quantitatively assess activity distribution (with the most appropriate molecular imaging technique) and perform radiation transport at the scale at which biologically relevant phenomena occur. The methodologies that should be applied and the problematic to be faced strictly depend on the scale (cell, tissue, body) of the application considered, and on the type of radiation involved (photons, electrons, alpha). This research work consisted in developing dedicated dosimetric techniques (single-scale dosimetry) capable of taking into account the peculiarity of different experimental scenarios (cellular, pre-clinical, clinical TRT)
Benabdallah, Nadia. "Optimisation de la dosimétrie en alphathérapie par approche multi-échelle : application au traitement des métastases osseuses par le ²²³Ra". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS565/document.
Testo completoTargeted therapy is based on the administration of a radiopharmaceutical, which will bind specifically in tumor regions in order to destroy them. Nowadays, this field is more and more promising thanks to the development of new radiopharmaceuticals, especially alpha emitters. Indeed, their characteristics confer a greater cytotoxicity to tumor cells while minimizing the unwanted radiation to healthy tissues in comparison with β- emitters.The goal here is to determine the administered activity, for each patient, which will ensure a maximum dose deposition in the tumor and a minimum dose deposition to the organs at risk. For alpha emitting radiopharmaceuticals, the dosimetric evaluation is a main challenge because of the particles short range.To meet this challenge, the proposed studies will focus on ²²³Ra (Xofigo®), which is the first alpha emitter that has received marketing authorization from European Commission in November 2013 for the treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer metastasized to bones. These studies were organized in three different challenges.The first challenge is to perform ²²³Ra imaging in order to determine the activity distribution in patient body. Indeed, the short path of alpha particles prevents their detection. Nevertheless, ²²³Ra and its daughters have several gamma emissions. An optimized ²²³Ra imaging protocol for gamma-camera was implemented in collaboration with the European Hospital George Pompidou. Many experiments were performed on physical phantoms. This protocol was then accepted in a new multicenter phase I/II clinical trial for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma with bone metastases.After the determination of the spatial distribution of the radiopharmaceutical, the temporal evolution must be taken into account. In order to calculate the cumulated activity from dynamic imaging, a biokinetic module has been implemented to the OEDIPE software (French acronym for “tool for personalized internal dose assessment”). This software developed by IRSN for the last fifteen years can perform precise and personalized Monte Carlo dosimetry from patient-specific anatomic and functional data.The second challenge involves the determination of the absorbed energy in the radiosensitive parts of the bone. Nowadays, the dosimetric parameters do not take the alpha particle energy, the bone site or the bone marrow proportion into account. Thus, dose calculations were optimized using the most recent and realistic bone models.Lastly, the third challenge is to characterize the distribution of ²²³Ra at the microscopic level in order to better assess the relationship between dose and biological effects. As theses parameters cannot be properly characterized on human, studies were performed on mice. Healthy mice and metastasis models, from a renal or prostate cancer, were developed in collaboration with the CIPA in Orléans. Differences of uptake between healthy tissues and metastases were studied in each model, at the microscopic scale using autoradiography methods performed in collaboration with the CRCNA at Nantes.Finally, this research work has helped to gain more insight into the various aspects of the ²²³Ra dosimetry. This work also offers tools to go further in dosimetry personalization for new alpha emitting radiopharmaceuticals, currently on the rise
Chouikhi, Najib. "Production de biométhane à partir de biogaz par technologie de séparation par adsorption PSA : optimisation numérique par approche multi-échelle". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST043.
Testo completoAs global interest in renewable energy intensifies, biogas production continues to grow as a clean, renewable source. Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is considered as one of the most interesting technologies for the valorization of biogas into biomethane. The great flexibility of the PSA process is linked in some way to its complexity with several design and operating parameters which control the performance of the separation unit. The identification of these parameters by an experimental approach is practically impossible. A numerical study stage is essential for sizing the unit, designing the pressure cycle and identifying the optimal operating conditions before any experimental test.The general objective of the thesis was focused on the development of simulation tools for a biomethane purification process using PSA technology.In a first stage, a simulation based on one-dimensional non-isothermal dynamic model, where the intragranular mass transfer kinetics was modelled using a double driving force (bi-LDF) approximation, was implemented. A carbon molecular sieve (CMS-3K) was selected. This adsorbent ensures a high kinetic selectivity of carbon dioxide with respect to methane (CH4). The optimized cycle, composed of five columns and fifteen steps including three equalization steps and a purge gas recycling allowed a CH4 recovery of 92% with a moderate specific energy consumption of 0.35 kWh/Nm3 , at the same time respecting the grid injection specifications (97% CH4 purity ). The performance obtained is thus compatible with industrial operation.The development of a multidimensional (3D) and multi-scale (column/grain/crystal) numerical model would serve to evaluate the limits of the assumptions and correlations used in usual simulators. The first step consists in simulating the gas flow in an adsorbent bed having a reaslistic stacking.. Thus, an inert packed bed was numerically generated by DEM calculation (discrete element modeling) for a column of laboratory size. The use of OpenFOAM (CFD software) allowed to calculate the three-dimensional tracer gas flow in the column. In parallel an experimental study of the breakthrough curves was carried out using a bed having the same dimensions and characteristics. The breakthrough times and the dispersion-diffusion coefficients calculated and measured were similar. However the simulation showed some divergences in the concentration of the tracer locally in the column, due to difficulties in meshing. The next step will consist in taking into account grain-fluid interactions by considering porous adsorbent grains
Billy, Frédérique. "Modélisation mathématique multi-échelle de l'angiogenèse tumorale : analyse de la réponse tumorale aux traitements anti-angiogéniques". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00631513.
Testo completoDuctor, Sylvain. "Mécanismes de coordination pour l'allocation dynamique de ressources dans des systèmes multi-agents large-échelle et ouverts". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066036.
Testo completoMAS offer a paradigm that is adapted to resolve distributed constraint optimisation problemsNowadays, more application must handle such problems, and notably in domains like cloud computing or ubiquitous computing. In those domains, differents agents, that may have potentially conflicting objectives, must coordinate in order to find a common solution. The aim is to optimise agents utilities while respecting problem constraints. We are interested in large-scale open and dynamic applications. Welfare engineering has recently propose a solid theoretical and experimental analysis for those kind of problems : iterated consensual negociation. This domain studies the relations between the agent rationalities, the coordination mecanism and the social abjective. However, as far as we know, no study of this domain was about formalising and designing coordination mecanisms. This thesis is about designing operational mecanisms in the context of welfare engineering. We firstly contribute to this domain by elaborating a formal model of coordination mecanisms and then we develop an abstract architecture for agent negociation. We propose five mecanisms that are applicable to large scale dynamic and open application. Four of them consider the restricted contect of resource allocation. Finally an experimental validation has been conducted and compared the mecanisms to a parallel and a distributed approach
Lopez, Castano Silvia. "Optimisation des propriétés statiques du Ti-6Al-4V obtenu par Déposition Directe de fil via une analyse multi-échelle des microstructures". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOU30108.
Testo completoAdditive manufacturing is of great interest to the aerospace industry in a context of competition to reduce costs and environmental footprint. It is especially attractive for parts made with high value-added materials such as titanium alloys, as is the case of the Ti-6Al-4V. Nowadays, Wire-Direct Energy Deposition processes are receiving particular attention from the industry as they can produce larger metallic parts more quickly than other technologies, making possible the serial production of aircraft components such as the pylon. However, these large-scale additive manufacturing technologies, and in particular the EBAM technique that uses an electron beam as energy source, involve layer thicknesses and melt pool sizes that generate complex thermal histories. These thermal conditions lead at the same time to singular microstructure and/or textures compared to traditional technologies, which would have a direct impact on mechanical properties. Therefore, the main goal of this Ph.D. thesis is to determine the optimal manufacturing conditions regarding the static properties. For this purpose, the identification of the main microstructural characteristics is carried out both at the macrostructure and microstructure scale to better understand the general characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V components obtained by the EBAM technique. The most remarkable aspects are the formation of large columnar β grains crossing several layers and especially the presence of parallel lines perpendicular to the substrate. In the vicinity of these lines, called layer bands, a change in the morphology and size of α lamellae occurs due to different thermal histories generated during the deposition of different layers. A study of the possible influence of this microstructural gradient on the distribution of plastic deformation in relation to the microstructure is performed. A deformation localization with large slip bands is observed just below these layer bands, where a “coarse” basketweave microstructure is present. Once the main characteristics are known, a study of the influence of some key operating parameters (interpass time, beam current, wire feed speed, and travel speed) on different aspects (thermal history, macro/microstructure, chemical composition) is carried out through a complete quantitative analysis with the aim of understanding their influence on the final properties and thus being able to design a guide for the optimization of the static properties. Finally, a β annealing heat treatment has been finally proposed as a possible alternative for the improvement of the mechanical properties
Fontecha, Dulcey Gilberto. "Modèle paramétrique, réduit et multi-échelle pour l’optimisation interactive de structures composites". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0247/document.
Testo completoThe design process of laminated composites faces a major challenge: while an engineer designing a metallic based mechanical product is mainly focusing on the development of a shape that will guarantee a specific behavior, the engineer designing a composite based product must find the best combination of the shape-material structure. Therefore, he must simultaneously create a material and the product topology. The number of design solutions can be huge since the solution space is considerable.Standard CAE systems (CAD, Finite Element Simulation) do not provide an approach to explore these solution spaces efficiently and interactively. A new numerical procedure is proposed to allow engineers to handle each design parameter of a laminated composite structure, each at its relevant scale.First, the Parametric and Reduced Behavior Model (PRBM) is a separated model that enables reasoning based on1- A multiscale approach: the mechanical parameters of the structure are explicitly described as coming from the material quality of each fiber, the matrix, each layer and the topology of the laminate,2- A multiphysical approach: independently the mechanical behavior of each layer and each interface is processed, leading to the behavior of the laminate. Some situations of static and dynamic behavior are studied. In the case of dynamic behavior, the creeping becomes a conceptual issue.Secondly, a method mixing fractional derivatives and the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) method allowed the creation of the PRBM. Integrated into a Parametric Knowledge Model (PKM) with other expert knowledge models, the PRBM makes the basis of an interactive method of design support.The PKM is processed by an evolutionary optimization method. As a result, the designer can interactively explore the design space. To qualify our models and our PRBM, we study two problems of design of laminated composite structures. The solutions determined are qualified versus finite element simulations or according to an empirical approach
El diseño de una estructura compuesta es un desafío mayor, mientras que un ingeniero que diseña un producto mecánico con materiales metálicos se concentra principalmente en el desarrollo de una geometría que garantice un comportamiento específico, el ingeniero que diseña un producto con materiales compuestos debe encontrar la mejor combinación forma – estructura del material. De esta manera, el ingeniero debe diseñar simultáneamente el material y la topología del producto, razón por la que esta combinación se vislumbra compleja, puesto que los espacios de solución son gran tamaño.Las herramientas CAO y de simulación por elementos finitos no ofrecen al diseñador una metodología que permita explorar los espacios de solución de manera interactiva y rápida. Por lo tanto, este trabajo de tesis propone un nuevo enfoque numérico que permite manipular parámetros de diseño que caracterizan la estructura compuesta, cualquiera que sea la escala de pertinencia.Como primera medida, el modelo de comportamiento paramétrico y reducido (Parametric and Reduced Behavior Model, PRBM) es un modelo definido de manera separada que permite:1- Un enfoque multiescala: los parámetros mecánicos se presentan de manera explícita en términos de las propiedades de cada fibra, de la matriz, de cada capa y de la topología del mismo apilamiento.2- Un enfoque multifísico: el comportamiento mecánico de cada capa y cada interface se modela de manera independiente para dar lugar al comportamiento del apilamiento. Se estudian situaciones de casos de comportamiento estático y dinámico. En el caso dinámico en particular, se tiene en cuenta también la característica viscoelástica de las interfaces.Como segunda medida, un método que combina derivadas no enteras y el uso de la descomposición propia generalizada (PGD), permite la realización del PRBM. Este constituye la base de un método interactivo de ayuda al diseño, pues está integrado dentro de un modelo de conocimiento (PKM) que también incorpora mejores prácticas aprendidas por expertos.El PKM es utilizado por un método de optimización evolucionaria. De esta manera, el diseñador puede explorar de manera interactiva los espacios de solución. Para validar nuestros modelos y el PRBM, se estudian dos problemas de diseño de estructuras apiladas. Las soluciones obtenidas se comparan con respecto a simulaciones obtenidas por el método de los elementos finitos y con respecto a resultados experimentales