Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "OneHealth"

There is increased global and national attention on the need for effective strategies to control zoonotic diseases. Quick, effective action is, however, hampered by poor evidence-bases and limited coordination between stakeholders from relevant sectors such as public and animal health, wildlife and forestry sectors at different scales, who may not usually work together. The OneHealth approach recognises the value of cross-sectoral evaluation of human, animal and environmental health questions in an integrated, holistic and transdisciplinary manner to reduce disease impacts and/or mitigate risks. Co-production of knowledge is also widely advocated to improve the quality and acceptability of decision-making across sectors and may be particularly important when it comes to zoonoses. This paper brings together OneHealth and knowledge co-production and reflects on lessons learned for future OneHealth co-production processes by describing a process implemented to understand spill-over and identify disease control and mitigation strategies for a zoonotic disease in Southern India (Kyasanur Forest Disease). The co-production process aimed to develop a joint decision-support tool with stakeholders, and we complemented our approach with a simple retrospective theory of change on researcher expectations of the system-level outcomes of the co-production process. Our results highlight that while co-production in OneHealth is a difficult and resource intensive process, requiring regular iterative adjustments and flexibility, the beneficial outcomes justify its adoption. A key future aim should be to improve and evaluate the degree of inter-sectoral collaboration required to achieve the aims of OneHealth. We conclude by providing guidelines based on our experience to help funders and decision-makers support future co-production processes.

Waterborne zoonotic diseases such as Diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, Brucellosis cause heavy loss to the livestock farmers and cause growing health risk to the citizens and economy as exemplified by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The global Onehealth initiative aims to map and reduce the risk of zoonotic i.e. animal borne microbial diseases through an integrated approach to the human & livestock health. Preventive strategies such as water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are vital and even herbal medicines can address the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), due to the overuse of the antibiotics. We studied such integrated approach in the India focussed on 2 bacterial pathogens- Escherichia coli & Salmonella enterica, causing diarrhoea and gastroenteritis respectively at Pune city and in Dehradun District, Uttarakhand state. Our study using stakeholder consultations and literature survey indicated that (a) India has established draft national Onehealth mission, and is gearing up to meet the challenge, including initiatives such as by the Kerala state, (b) surveillance mechanism needs to be improved especially animal and water testing, reporting and tracking, in the less developed states such as in the Himalayas or central and eastern Indian forests, (c) public awareness campaign on WASH and AMR is needed for enhanced biosecurity as is observed at Pune, (d) Ministry of Jal Shakti (Water power), Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan, Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA) and Central Water Resource Ministry and biogas scheme/ non renewable energy department needs to be involved in livestock waste reuse for circular economy and reduce contamination risk.

In my letter I refer to publications around syndemics, and link them up to other health concepts, calling for a stronger link between medical, social and environmental sciences to advance the global management of pandemic threats. Calling for close collaboration of ecological and conservation sciences with medical sciences is very timely. This letter will raise awareness that concepts like EcoHealth, OneHealth and medical terms such as Syndemics are largely overlapping and that only a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach will move our understanding forward on the inextricable link of human health and environmental health.

Holistic and life-long medical surveillance is the core of personalised medicine and supports an optimal implementation of both preventive and curative healthcare. Personal medical records are only partially unified by hospital or general practitioner informatics systems, but only for citizens with long-term permanent residence. Otherwise, insight into the medical history of patients greatly depends on their medical archive and memory. Additionally, occupational exposure records are not combined with clinical or general practitioner records. Environmental exposure starts preconceptionally and continues during pregnancy by transplacental exposure. Antenatal exposure is partially dependent on parental lifestyle, residence and occupation. Newborn screening (NBS) is currently being performed in developed countries and includes testing for rare genetic, hormone-related, and metabolic conditions. Transplacental exposure to substances such as endocrine disruptors, air pollutants and drugs may have life-long health consequences. However, despite the recognised impact of transplacental exposure on the increased risk of metabolic syndrome, neurobehavioral disorders as well as immunodisturbances including allergy and infertility, not a single test within NBS is geared toward detecting biomarkers of exposure (xenobiotics or their metabolites, nutrients) or effect such as oestradiol, testosterone and cytokines, known for being associated with various health risks and disturbed by transplacental xenobiotic exposures. The outcomes of ongoing exposome projects might be exploited to this purpose. Developing and using a OneHealth Medical Record (OneHealthMR) may allow the incorporated chip to harvest information from different sources, with high integration added value for health prevention and care: environmental exposures, occupational health records as well as diagnostics of chronic diseases, allergies and medication usages, from birth and throughout life. Such a concept may present legal and ethical issues pertaining to personal data protection, requiring no significant investments and exploits available technologies and algorithms, putting emphasis on the prevention and integration of environmental exposure and health data.

One hundred years after the 1918 influenza outbreak, are we ready for the next pandemic? This paper addresses the need to identify and develop collaborative, interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral approaches to modelling of infectious diseases including the fields of not only human and veterinary medicine, but also plant epidemiology. Firstly, the paper explains the concepts on which the most common epidemiological modelling approaches are based, namely the division of a host population into susceptible, infected and removed (SIR) classes and the proportionality of the infection rate to the size of the susceptible and infected populations. It then demonstrates how these simple concepts have been developed into a vast and successful modelling framework that has been used in predicting and controlling disease outbreaks for over 100 years. Secondly, it considers the compartmental models based on the SIR paradigm within the broader concept of a ‘disease tetrahedron’ (comprising host, pathogen, environment and man) and uses it to review the similarities and differences among the fields comprising the ‘OneHealth’ approach. Finally, the paper advocates interactions between all fields and explores the future challenges facing modellers. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.

Burkholderia pseudomallei est l'agent pathogène responsable de la mélioïdose, une infection opportuniste. Elle est endémique en Asie du Sud, en Asie du Sud-Est et dans le Nord de l'Australie. En 2015, le nombre de cas annuels de mélioïdose était estimé à 165 000 dans le monde. Cette bactérie a la capacité d'infecter l'homme et les animaux par inhalation, ingestion ou contact cutané. Depuis plusieurs années, des cas humains de mélioïdose sont signalés en dehors des zones endémiques connues, notamment dans la région Antilles-Guyane. Depuis 1993, vingt cas humains de mélioïdose ont été recensés en Martinique et cinq en Guadeloupe. Des enquêtes épidémiologiques ont révélé que de nombreux patients n'avaient jamais voyagé dans des zones endémiques, suggérant une contamination locale. L'objectif de cette thèse était de confirmer l'implantation locale de B. pseudomallei dans la région Antilles-Guyane, en utilisant une approche « Une seule santé » qui étudie l'homme, l'animal et l'environnement. À cette fin, une collecte exhaustive des cas humains a été réalisée, accompagnée d'enquêtes sérologiques chez les animaux et d'enquêtes environnementales. En parallèle, un outil de typage moléculaire a été développé pour prédire la provenance géographique des souches isolées.Une revue de la littérature et des entretiens avec les cliniciens ont été menés pour recenser les cas humains. Les analyses sérologiques ont été effectuées à l'aide d'un kit ELISA-GLANDA. Deux types d'enquêtes environnementales ont été menées : des enquêtes ciblées dans les élevages présentant des animaux séropositifs et des enquêtes aléatoires en Guadeloupe et aux Saintes.Le recensement des cas humains a permis d'identifier vingt cas publiés dans la littérature, auxquels s'ajoutent cinq cas supplémentaires suite à des entretiens avec les cliniciens. L'enquête sérologique a révélé la présence d'animaux séropositifs sur tous les territoires, suggérant une présence locale de la bactérie, avec des taux de séroprévalence plus élevés chez les équins (24%) et les bovins (16%) en Guyane, chez les équins (9%) en Martinique et chez les caprins (39%) aux Saintes. Les enquêtes environnementales ciblées dans les élevages aux Saintes ont permis d'isoler une souche de B. pseudomallei, tandis que les enquêtes aléatoires en Guadeloupe et aux Saintes ont révélé des sols positifs en PCR, confirmant ainsi la présence locale de la bactérie.Cette thèse représente la première étude de ce type réalisée dans la région Antilles-Guyane. La mise en place d'une approche « Une seule santé » a permis d'obtenir des données préliminaires sur la présence de B. pseudomallei dans cette région. Ce projet constitue une première étape vers d'autres initiatives. Pour confirmer la présence de B. pseudomallei en Martinique et en Guyane, il est nécessaire de mener des enquêtes environnementales dans les élevages où des animaux séropositifs ont été identifiés. De plus, de nouvelles recherches pourraient être entreprises en Guadeloupe pour caractériser les types de sols où la présence de B. pseudomallei a été détectée, enrichissant ainsi la littérature scientifique. Cette étude souligne la possibilité d'appliquer une approche interdisciplinaire basé sur concept « Une seule santé » pour mieux comprendre la répartition d'autres bactéries environnementales pathogènes
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the pathogen responsible for melioidosis, an opportunistic infection. It is endemic in South Asia, Southeast Asia and northern Australia. This bacterium is capable of infecting humans and animals through inhalation, ingestion or skin contact and in 2015, the number of annual global burden of melioidosis was estimated at 165,000. Human cases of melioidosis have been reported outside known endemic areas, notably in the Antilles-Guyane region. Since 1993, twenty human cases of melioidosis have been recorded in Martinique and five in Guadeloupe. Epidemiological investigations revealed that many of these patients had no history of travel to endemic areas, suggesting local contamination. The aim of this thesis was to confirm the local establishment of B. pseudomallei in the Antilles-Guyane region, using a "One Health" approach that studies humans, animals and the environment. To this end, an exhaustive search for human cases was implemented, accompanied by serological investigations in animals and environmental surveys. At the same time, a molecular typing tool was developed to predict the geographical origin of isolated strains.A literature review and interviews with clinicians were conducted to identify human cases. Animal serological analyses were carried out using an ELISA-GLANDA kit. Two types of environmental surveys were carried out: targeted surveys in farms with seropositive animals, and random surveys in Guadeloupe and Les Saintes.The survey of human cases identified twenty cases published in the literature, plus five additional cases based on interviews with clinicians. The serological survey revealed the presence of seropositive animals in all territories, suggesting a local presence of the bacterium, with higher seroprevalence rates among equines (24%) and cattle (16%) in French Guiana, equines (9%) in Martinique and goats (39%) in Les Saintes. Targeted environmental surveys on two goat farms in Les Saintes resulted in the isolation of one strain of B. pseudomallei, while random surveys in Guadeloupe and Les Saintes revealed PCR-positive soil, confirming the local presence of the bacterium.This thesis represents the first study of this type to be carried out in the Antilles-Guyane region. The implementation of an interdisciplinary "One Health" based approach has enabled us to obtain preliminary data on the presence of B. pseudomallei in this region and represents a first step towards other initiatives. To confirm the presence of B. pseudomallei in Martinique and French Guiana, it is necessary to carry out environmental surveys on farms where seropositive animals have been identified. In addition, new research could be undertaken in Guadeloupe to more finely characterize the types of soil where the presence of B. pseudomallei has been detected, thus enriching the scientific literature. This study highlights the interest of applying the "One Health" approach to better understanding the distribution of other pathogenic environmental bacteria