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1
Witherspoon, J. R., A. Sidhu, J. Castleberry, L. Coleman, K. Reynolds, T. Card e G. T. Daigger. "Odour emission estimates and control strategies using models and sampling for East Bay Municipal Utility District's collection sewage system and wastewater treatment plant". Water Science and Technology 41, n. 6 (1 marzo 2000): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0094.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For several years, public complaints regarding odours generated by East Bay Municipal Utility District's (EBMUD's) wastewater treatment plant and sewage collection system (SCS) have been increasing. In response, an Odor Control Master Plan was completed to develop near- and long-term odour abatement strategies for their wastewater system. The plan's strategies include using an advisory committee to assist in setting odour threshold levels, prioritizingodour sources, issuing an odour-status newsletter, and reviewing odour control options. The objective is to provide an odour-free community environment at least 99 percent of the year. This paper provides innovative approaches to estimate odour emissions and identify viable odour control options for SCSs through complete wastewater treatment. This paper also presents a CH2M HILL SCS odour model comparison to a comprehensive EBMUD sewage system corrosion study, illustrating that areas having high predicted odours also have high corrosion rates.
2
Both, R., K. Sucker, G. Winneke e E. Koch. "Odour intensity and hedonic tone - important parameters to describe odour annoyance to residents?" Water Science and Technology 50, n. 4 (1 agosto 2004): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0227.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Guideline on Odour in Ambient Air has been in use for many years for odour regulation in Germany . The main parameter that the odour regulation authority has to take into account is the odour frequency expressed as odour hours per year. In the guideline, limit values are given for the maximum odour frequency per year. These limit values are based on field investigations in which significant relationships between odour impact and odour annoyance was found. In these investigations, odour intensity did not yield a better description of the degree of annoyance caused to the residents. The hedonic tone was not mentioned. In a new research project finished in 2003, the influence of odour intensity and hedonic tone, in addition to odour frequency, has been assessed. Two installations emitting pleasant odours, two emitting neutral and two emitting unpleasant odours, have been selected. In each case grid field measurements by a panel were carried out, and the annoyance of the residents was assessed using a special questionnaire. The results of this project are: (1) A new method to measure odour intensity and hedonic tone in the field with data record forms was developed and validated. With this method, reliable and reproducible results are obtained. (2) The parameter odour frequency based on the system of “odour hours” is suitable and sufficient to predict the odour annoyance caused by unpleasant/neutral odours. (3) In the case of pleasant odours, hedonic tone has an abundantly clear effect on the dose-response relationship between odour frequency and annoyance. Pleasant odours have a significant lower annoyance potential than unpleasant/neutral odours. (4) The odour intensity has no additional influence on this relationship. If odours are recognisable then they can cause annoyance.
3
Hazlett, Brian. "Conditioned reinforcement in the crayfish Orconectes rusticus". Behaviour 144, n. 7 (2007): 847–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781476409.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe crayfish Orconectes rusticus can form a learned association between alarm odour (an unlearned signal of elevated predation risk) and a formerly neutral odour. In this study the odours of gyrinid beetles and of the snail Campeloma decisum were each paired with alarm odour and subsequently those odours significantly reduced feeding behaviours in the presence of food odour. To test for second-order (=conditioned) reinforcement, crayfish were first exposed simultaneously to one of the neutral odours and alarm odour and later exposed simultaneously to the two formerly neutral odours. When tested with the second neutral odour (which was not paired with alarm odour) the crayfish showed significant reductions in food-related behaviours, thus demonstrating second-order conditioning.
4
Decottignies, V., A. Huyard, R. F. Kelly e B. Barillon. "Development of a diagnostic tool: the wastewater collection network odour wheel". Water Science and Technology 68, n. 4 (1 agosto 2013): 839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.265.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The assessment of nuisance odour problems and the application of an effective odour management programme for the associated industrial activity may be achieved using a representative odour wheel and Odour Profile Analysis methodology. The odour wheel is a very useful tool for conducting odour quality control monitoring and developing a constructive dialogue regarding nuisance odours with the public. Previously, odours from wastewater treatment plant activities have been identified and described with a dedicated odour wheel. The oxidation state of the organic chemicals responsible for a given odour depends on multiple parameters specific to the individual wastewater collection networks (residence time of wastewater, topographic disposition and network slope, aeration and on line chemical treatment processes). This is especially important for odorous nitrogen, sulfur and volatile fatty acids. Trained sensory odour panels combined with chemical analyses have been used to study wastewater collection network odours and to adapt the wastewater odour wheel accordingly. The wastewater collection network odour wheel has been produced using the results of five sampling campaigns; eight out of the 11 odour families constituting the wastewater odour wheel have been identified and consequently validated for sewer networks. Different groups of odours have been perceived according to the presence or absence of wastewater effluents at the various sampling points.
5
Suffet, I. H., e P. Rosenfeld. "The anatomy of odour wheels for odours of drinking water, wastewater, compost and the urban environment". Water Science and Technology 55, n. 5 (1 marzo 2007): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.196.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the drinking water and air pollution fields, odour quality characterisation and intensity of each odour characteristic needs to be developed to evaluate the causes of the odours present. Drinking water quality characterisation has matured to the point where an “odour wheel” is described and the primary chemicals producing the odour are known and therefore a potential treatment can be defined from the odours reported. Sufficient understanding of the types of odorous compounds that can arise from wastewater and compost treatment processes and odours in the urban environment are starting to emerge. This article presents the anatomy of the odour wheels. It is hoped that the foundation of odour wheels will evolve as odour quality data are reported and linked with chemical causation. The compost and urban odour wheels are presented in print for the first time.
6
Lobmaier, Janek S., Urs Fischbacher, Urs Wirthmüller e Daria Knoch. "The scent of attractiveness: levels of reproductive hormones explain individual differences in women's body odour". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, n. 1886 (12 settembre 2018): 20181520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1520.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Individuals are thought to have their own distinctive body odour which reportedly plays an important role in mate choice. In the present study we investigated individual differences in body odours of women and examined whether some women generally smell more attractive than others or whether odour preferences are a matter of individual taste. We then explored whether levels of reproductive hormones explain women's body odour attractiveness, to test the idea that body odour attractiveness may act as a chemosensory marker of reproductive fitness. Fifty-seven men rated body odours of 28 healthy, naturally cycling women of reproductive age. We collected all odours at peak fertility to control for menstrual cycle effects on body odour attractiveness. Women's salivary oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone and cortisol levels were assessed at the time of odour collection to test whether hormone levels explain body odour attractiveness. We found that the men highly agreed on how attractive they found women's body odours. Interestingly, women's body odour attractiveness was predicted by their oestradiol and progesterone levels: the higher a woman's levels of oestradiol and the lower her levels of progesterone, the more attractive her body odour was rated. In showing that women's body odour attractiveness is explained by levels of female reproductive hormones, but not by levels of cortisol or testosterone, we provide evidence that body odour acts as a valid cue to potential fertility.
7
Pérez, A., C. Manjón, J. V. Martínez, J. M. Juárez-Galan, B. Barillon e L. Bouchy. "Odours in sewer networks: nuisance assessment". Water Science and Technology 67, n. 3 (1 febbraio 2013): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.595.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As odour nuisance can affect the quality of life, the population is more and more demanding and in many cities sewers are a critical source of odours. Both factors can lead to increasing numbers of complaints due to the odour nuisance perceived by the residents, affecting also the public image of the sewer management companies. Odours associated with sewer networks are very heterogeneous, in as much as the different ‘types of odours’ encountered are sewer site specific. The state of the art indicates that there are three parameters that play an important role with the nuisance generated by an odour: hedonic odour tone, odour concentration and odour intensity. This paper presents the results of the study on odour nuisance carried out in different points of the sewer network, with the aim to assess the nuisance generated and identify which points of the sewer should be targeted to implement corrective actions. Considering the different parameters assessed, pumping stations have been identified as critical points of odour nuisance in the sewers, being recommended to implement an odour treatment system in order to guarantee the odour comfort of residents.
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McDonald, S., A. Lethorn, C. Loi, C. Joll, H. Driessen e A. Heitz. "Determination of odour threshold concentration ranges for some disinfectants and disinfection by-products for an Australian panel". Water Science and Technology 60, n. 10 (1 novembre 2009): 2493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.662.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Taste-and-odour complaints are a leading cause of consumer dissatisfaction with drinking water. The aim of this study was to determine odour threshold concentration ranges and descriptors, using a Western Australian odour panel, for chlorine, bromine, chlorine added to bromide ions, the four major regulated trihalomethanes (THMs), and combined THMs. An odour panel was established and trained to determine odour threshold concentration ranges for odorous compounds typically found in drinking water at 25°C, using modified flavour profile analysis (FPA) techniques. Bromine and chlorine had the same odour threshold concentration ranges and were both described as having a chlorinous odour by a majority of panellists, but the odour threshold concentration range of bromine expressed in free chlorine equivalents was lower that that of chlorine. It is likely that the free chlorine equivalent residuals measured in many parts of distribution systems in Western Australia are comprised of some portion of bromine and that bromine has the potential to cause chlorinous odours at a lower free chlorine equivalent concentration than chlorine itself. In fact, bromine is the likely cause of any chlorinous odours in Western Australian distributed waters when the free chlorine equivalent concentration is between 0.04 and 0.1 mg L−1. Odour threshold concentrations for the four individual THMs ranged from 0.06–0.16 mg L−1, and the odour threshold concentration range was 0.10 ± 0.09 mg L−1 when the four THMs were combined (in equal mass concentrations). These concentrations are below the maximum guideline value for total THM concentration in Australia so odours from these compounds may possibly be observed in distributed waters. However, while the presence of THMs may contribute to any sweet/fragrant/floral and chemical/hydrocarbon odours in local drinking waters, the THMs are unlikely to contribute to chlorinous odours.
9
Calafat, Consuelo, e Aurea Gallego-Salguero. "Livestock odour dispersion and its implications for rural tourism: case study of Valencian Community (Spain)". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, n. 2 (10 giugno 2020): e0106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15819.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Aim of study: To study the relationship between the problem odours caused by livestock farms and the evolution of rural tourism.Area of study: A coastal region in Spain, the Valencian Community.Material and methods: The odour emission rates of 4,984 farms have been calculated, and the ambient odour concentration was determined to assess the odour nuisance. The odour concentration was modelled by applying the Gaussian model based on emission data and the most unfavourable meteorological conditions of the 45 climatic stations distributed throughout the analysis area. The dispersion model was implemented in a geographic information system, deducing the municipalities affected using the odour concentration thresholds. Furthermore, the evolution of rural tourism in municipalities was studied during the period of 2006-2017. The relationship between the evolution of rural tourism and the effects of odours is studied by means of a bivariate spatial correlation analysis.Main results: Pigs are the predominant species in areas with the greatest odour emission problems; ~ 29% of farms can result in annoyances among the population with odour concentrations greater than 5 OU/m3, and 46% of municipalities can be affected by odour problems. These odour nuisances had negative consequences in the municipality where measures were carried out to favour rural development, such as rural tourism. Municipalities were detected in which the problem of odours can be a deterrent to rural tourism, whereas in other municipalities it was observed that minimizing livestock activity can be a method to promote rural tourism.Research highlights: This study provides a methodology that allows modeling the odour dispersion of livestock and relates its implications to rural tourism. Municipalities have been identified where livestock odours can cause a stagnation of the rural tourism income.
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Hierl, Katharina, Ilona Croy e Laura Schäfer. "Body Odours Sampled at Different Body Sites in Infants and Mothers—A Comparison of Olfactory Perception". Brain Sciences 11, n. 6 (21 giugno 2021): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060820.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Body odours and their importance for human chemical communication, e.g., in the mother–child relationship, are an increasing focus of recent research. Precise examination of sampling methods considering physiology and feasibility aspects in order to obtain robust and informative odour samples is therefore necessary. Studies comparing body odour sampling at different body sites are still pending. Therefore, we sampled axilla, breast, and head odour from 28 mother–infant dyads and examined whether odour perception differs with regard to the body site. The participating mothers were asked to evaluate their own and their infant’s body odour samples, as well as odours of two unfamiliar mother–infant dyads. We tested whether maternal pleasantness and intensity evaluation, as well as recognition ability of the odours differed between the body sites. In infants, the head odour exhibited slightly lower pleasantness ratings than axilla and breast, and intensity ratings did not differ between body sites. In mothers, body site affected intensity ratings but not pleasantness ratings, as the breast odour was rated as less intense compared with head and axilla. Across all body sites, mothers rated the own and their infant’s odour as less intense when compared with unfamiliar samples. Recognition ability did not differ between body sites, and in line with previous studies, mothers were able to recognize their own and their own infant’s odour above chance. In sum, our study extends the previous methodological repertoire of body odour sampling and indicates that the axilla, breast, and head of adults as well as infants serve as informative odour sources.
11
Mori, E., W. Petters, V. A. Schriever, C. Valder e T. Hummel. "Exposure to odours improves olfactory function in healthy children". Rhinology journal 53, n. 3 (1 settembre 2015): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino14.192.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Short-term exposure to odours, also called "olfactory training" has been shown to improve olfactory function in healthy people but also in people with olfactory loss. Aim of this single center, prospective, controlled study was to investigate the change of olfactory function following twice-daily, short-term exposure to 4 odours over a period of approximately 12 weeks. Material and methods: We compared odour identification abilities and odour thresholds between an olfactory training group (TR group) and a group that did not perform such training (noTR group). Participants exposed themselves twice daily to 4 odours ("rose", "eucalyptus", "lemon", "clove"). Olfactory testing was performed before and after the training period using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test kit (odour identification plus odour thresholds). Results: At baseline the two groups were not significantly different in terms of age and measures of olfactory sensitivity. The TR group performed significantly better for odour thresholds for all 4 odours compared to the noTR group after 12 weeks of olfactory training. Also, with regard to odour identification the TR group outperformed the noTR group. No significant differences were found for diary-based intensity ratings. Conclusion: Repeated exposure to odours seems to improve general olfactory sensitivity in children.
12
Beghi, Sandra P., Jane Méri Santos, Neyval Costa Reis, Leandro Melo de Sá, Elisa Valentim Goulart e Elza de Abreu Costa. "Impact assessment of odours emitted by a wastewater treatment plant". Water Science and Technology 66, n. 10 (1 novembre 2012): 2223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.409.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Complaints from the Domingos Martins population about sewage odours in the city made the district attorney order an impact assessment of the odours emitted by the city wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This study comprised various techniques, models and population surveys. In 2007, an odour emission model proved that the main hydrogen sulphide emitter was the aeration tank of the WWTP (13.5 g h–1) and such emissions, according to CALPUFF model, should be perceived in the whole Domingos Martins city centre area. In this area, 58% of those interviewed were annoyed by the WWTP odours. However, in 2009, the odour monitoring panel recorded few odour occurrences. A second population survey showed that hereafter only 20% of those interviewed were annoyed by the WWTP emissions. Odour emission and dispersion models run with 2010 data proved a drastic reduction of the WWTP aeration tank emissions and consequently the city centre was not bothered by WWTP emissions anymore. The odour emission reduction was due to the modification of the WWTP aeration tank system. Despite the odour emission reduction, houses located southeast of the WWTP were still annoyed by sewage odours. However, in this part of the town, other sources of sewage odours have been found.
13
Gostelow, P., e S. A. Parsons. "Sewage treatment works odour measurement". Water Science and Technology 41, n. 6 (1 marzo 2000): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0090.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Public concern over odours from sewage treatment works is increasing. More people are being exposed to odours, due to development around existing works or the construction of new works. Raised awareness of both the environment and individual rights has meant people are now more likely to complain. Odourabatement and control is a major issue for sewage works operators. To control odours, they must first be measured. This is no easy task as response to odours is subjective and our understanding of the sense of smell is incomplete. In assessing an odour nuisance, odour formation, emission, dispersion and perception must be considered. There is no single measure that is suitable for this purpose. Odour measurements fall into two classes. Analytical measurements characterise odours in terms of their chemical composition and are more suited to formation, emission and dispersion models. Unfortunately, they tell us little about the perceived effect of the odour. Sensory measurements employ the human nose and characterise odours in terms of their perceived effect. A link between analytical and sensory measurements is clearly needed. In this paper data collected from odour surveys at 17 different wastewater treatment sites are evaluated to explore possibilities for linking analytical and sensory measures. The relationship between hydrogen sulphide concentration and odour concentration as measured by threshold olfactometry is explored. Correlations suggest power-law relationships between hydrogen sulphide and odour concentration, with r2 values as high as 0.69. This paper will assess the use of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and olfactometry measurements for a range of unit operations and abatement technologies.
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McKenzie, Kirsten J., Andrew T. Woods, Christine Leong, Jiana Ren, Jason Chan, Jai Levin, Michael Dodson e Carmel A. Levitan. "That smells blue! Differences between colour associations for odours and odour-evocative words". Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x647405.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Strong associations exist between specific odours and colours, and these associations have been found to be both consistent within populations and over time (Gilbert et al., 1996). Experimental manipulations of these associations have shown that both taste and odour perception rely heavily upon visual cues (e.g., Blackwell, 1995; Sakai et al., 2005); participants often make errors in odour judgements when stimuli have been artificially coloured (Morrot et al., 2001), and the presence of a strongly-associated colour can greatly enhance the detection of an odour and the intensity of aromas or flavours (Zellner and Kautz, 1990; Zellner and Whitten, 1999), as well as preference and enjoyment (Herz, 2001; Herz and Beland, 2004). Such associations between colour and odour appear to be based on prior experience (Blackwell, 1995; Morrot et al., 2001; Sakai et al., 2005; Stevenson and Oaten, 2008), and odours are usually perceived alongside visual, taste and tactile sensations, as well as higher order cues such as shape, size and object labelling. As such, an odour maybe perceived quite differently depending upon its current multisensory context, and experiencing an odour without these additional cues is likely to be different from experiencing the odour in a natural multisensory environment. Here we explore if odour-evocative words, rich in semantic connotations, differ in their colour associations compared to those associated with just odour. Twenty individuals were tested in each of four geographical locations; Germany, Malaysia, The Netherlands and the United States of America. Participants chose the three colours they most closely associated with both odours and odour-words from a chart of 36, using Xperiment software (www.xperiment.mobi). Preliminary results indicate that there were differences between odour-evocative words and odour cues in terms of the associated colours, for all populations.
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Lambert, S. D., A. L. Beaman e P. Winter. "Olfactometric characterisation of sludge odours". Water Science and Technology 41, n. 6 (1 marzo 2000): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0092.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Conventional olfactometric techniques have been used to evaluate odours from sewage treatment and sludge storage facilities primarily in terms of odour concentration relative to their detection thresholds. However, such data conveys limited information that would be useful for determining the causes of most odours or the most appropriate remediation measures to be taken. Thispaper discusses some recent work undertaken to characterise the olfactometric profiles of different odours. Standard descriptive terms were used to characterise odours at normalised, moderately strong concentrations. These were used directly for the calculation of hedonic tone. They were also collated into a small number of generic odour groups and plotted to allow visual comparisons of different odour profile fingerprints. Such odour characterisations have proved to be very useful and may easily be incorporated into normal olfactometric evaluations.
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Hazlett, Brian. "RESPONSES TO MULTIPLE CHEMICAL CUES BY THE CRAYFISH ORCONECTES VIRILIS". Behaviour 136, n. 2 (1999): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501261.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractTo investigate how organisms respond to multiple cues, the responses of the crayfish Orconectes virilis to natural chemical stimuli presented both one at a time and in combinations were recorded in the laboratory. Following the introduction of predator (snapping turtle) odours, individuals decreased the rate of non-locomotory movements compared to control levels. The addition of food odour resulted in an increase in movement as well as postural changes. When both signals were presented simultaneously, the level of food-elicited movements was reduced and the extent of inhibition of food-related responses depended upon the relative intensity of the two types of input. The behavioural effect of predator odour introduction lasted about two hours. When alarm odour and food odour were presented simultaneously, movements were reduced even more strongly than with the predator odour-food odour combination. Presentation of two signals associated with danger (alarm and predator odours) resulted in a significantly greater reduction of food odour-induced movement than for either danger signal by itself.
17
Héroux, M., T. Pagé, C. Gélinas e C. Guy. "Evaluating odour impacts from a landfilling and composting site: involving citizens in the monitoring". Water Science and Technology 50, n. 4 (1 agosto 2004): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0242.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The City of Montreal operates a large sanitary landfill site within a densely populated urban area. Adjacent to the landfill site is a yard waste composting facility that processes 10,000 metric tons per year using the windrow technique. Over the years, numerous complaints have been received from citizens in the surrounding area regarding odours, particularly during the fall period. Aware of this nuisance, the City of Montreal wanted to identify odour sources, management operations leading to odours, and weather conditions accentuating odours, as well as to quantify actual odour impact. Forty-three (43) citizens living adjacent to this site were recruited and trained to make odour observations during the fall of 2000. This paper presents the methodology used to select and train the citizens chosen to make odour observations, to quantify and to identify odours. It also presents the main results of the study.
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Kapinder, Tarkeshwar e Ashok Kumar Singh. "INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT ODOURS ON THE ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING OF LARVAL PARASITOID COTESIA PLUTELLAE (K.) (HYMENTOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)". Journal Of Advanced Zoology 42, n. 01 (30 novembre 2021): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v42i01.2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The ability of insect parasitoids to learn a wide range of volatiles enables them to exploit the habitats while still maintaining their searching efficiency and achieving efficient rates of oviposition. In the present study, learning of Cotesia plutellae adults on various inexperienced odours and their memory dynamics has been studied. The odours either repelled or acted as neutral stimulus under unexperienced condition. However, they were found to be equally efficient to associate the novel odour viz. coriander, rose, vanilla, and citral with food source in an olfactometer. After experiencing the wasps with different odours, the memory of rose and coriander odour remained for more than four hours but the memory faded on vanilla and citral within four hours. It was also found that thelearning in these wasps depended on the duration of exposure to the odour while feeding on food source. The C. plutellae females could learn two odours at a time and responded to both odours in olfactometer when provided individually. Females did not show any preference for learned odour of vanilla and citral when both were provided in two choice condition in the olfactometer. But female preferred the rose odour over vanilla in the olfactometer after experiencing both the odour. This finding can be utilized to design the innundative release of the parasitoids. Growing coriander or rose flower in the vicinity of field and experiencing the wasps to these odours before releasing into field can arrest these parasitoids in the field which ultimately increase parasitisation and can become a key factor for the success of biological control program.
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Both, R. "Directive on odour in ambient air: an established system of odour measurement and odour regulation in Germany". Water Science and Technology 44, n. 9 (1 novembre 2001): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0521.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The legal basis for any requirement with respect to ambient air quality is the German Federal Protection Act for Ambient Air. According to §3 Federal Protection Act all odours caused by plants are defined as an annoyance. The problem is to find out whether an annoyance has to be considered as a significant disturbance. In the Directive on Odour in ambient air a complete system is designed, beginning with measurement methods and concluding with ambient air quality requirements. In the following paper the tenor of the Directive on Odour is presented, some main aspects of more than five years of practical experience will be shown and a perspective on some future investigations and developments will be given. As a conclusion it is pointed out that in practice, the Directive on Odours has been successful. Both methods, field measurements with panels and dispersion modelling, are generally qualified for the determination of odour loads. The restriction of odour loads by limit values expressed as odour frequency per year for certain areas has been established in a lot of cases.
20
Hamer, Rowena, Francis L. Lemckert e Peter B. Banks. "Adult frogs are sensitive to the predation risks of olfactory communication". Biology Letters 7, n. 3 (12 gennaio 2011): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1127.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Olfaction is a common sensory mode of communication in much of the Vertebrata, although its use by adult frogs remains poorly studied. Being part of an open signalling system, odour cues can be exploited by ‘eavesdropping’ predators that hunt by smell, making association with odour a high-risk behaviour for prey. Here, we show that adult great barred frogs ( Mixophes fasciolatus ) are highly attracted to odour cues of conspecifics and those of sympatric striped marsh frogs ( Limnodynastes peronii ). This attraction decreased significantly with the addition of odours of a scent-hunting predator, the red-bellied black snake ( Pseudechis porphyriacus ), indicating that frogs perceived predation risks from associating with frog odours. Male frogs, however, maintained some attraction to unfamiliar conspecific scents even with predator odours present, suggesting that they perceived benefits of odour communication despite the risk. Our results indicate that adult frogs can identify species and individuals from their odours and assess the associated predation risk, revealing a complexity in olfactory communication previously unknown in adult anurans.
21
Mahin, T. D. "Comparison of different approaches used to regulate odours around the world". Water Science and Technology 44, n. 9 (1 novembre 2001): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0514.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A number of different countries, and states and local regulatory agencies within countries, have struggled with developing effective odour regulations or guidelines. The challenge is to develop regulations or guidelines that both avoid odour annoyance conditions and are not excessively conservative. This paper will present highlights of odour regulations or guidelines in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and North America. A comparison between the different approaches will be presented. With a number of countries reporting an increase in complaints due to odours, the field of odour assessment is rapidly evolving. Complaints due to odours from livestock facilities are also significantly increasing in many countries. A comparison of approaches used to regulate livestock operations is also included in the paper. The potential impact of European olfactometry standardisation efforts to existing assumptions about odour annoyance or nuisance levels is analysed.
22
McIntyre, A. "Application of dispersion modelling to odour assessment: a practical tool or a complex trap?" Water Science and Technology 41, n. 6 (1 marzo 2000): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0096.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The use of modelling techniques for predicting the dispersion of odours from wastewater treatment plants is considered in relation to both the resolution of odour problems and the design requirements for new facilities. The issues of community odour annoyance and nuisance are discussed in the context of modelling averaging times, short-term odour peaks and the nature of the individual odours. In addition, the derivation of acceptable odour annoyance criteria is discussed with a comparison of different international approaches and a practical approach to resolving design criteria is proposed. Four case studies include the analysis and resolution of severe odour problems at two major wastewater treatment facilities and the evaluation of “Cordons Sanitaire” in the planning of new housing developments. In the first two cases, modelling was used to identify the most significant processes in terms of off-site effects and then to assess the required abatement level to achieve an acceptable complaints frequency. Inthe third case, dispersion modelling was used to assess the effectiveness of planned odour control measures in the release of land for residential development. The fourth case study demonstrates how an overly-stringent approach to odour control can cause problems.
23
Mužniece-Treija, Evita. "ODOUR STUDY WITH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS IN VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF RIGA". Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (15 giugno 2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol1.2643.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Different emission sources of odours become increasingly important environmental problem which may have a negative impact on human health and quality of life. Human odour perception may be subjective, however on odour perception threshold is considered to be the odorant concentration where at least half of odour assessor’s group members confirm the existence of odour, and then it is 1 OUE /m3. Nowadays more and more advanced technologies are used to measure odour concentration. Olfactometer Scentroid SM100 allows users to accurately quantify ambient odour concentration in field. Also this equipment allows to collect source samples and analyze odour in a laboratory. Odour study in 2016 and 2017 with field olfactometer Scentroid SM100 and gas analyzer Gasmet DX-4030 in districts of Riga indicates that the highest concentrations of odour are in Bolderaja, Sarkandaugava, Kundzinsala, Mangalsala, Milgravis and Vecmilgravis. Study indicates that the highest odour concentrations, especially among producing companies can reach up to 6-7 odour units (OUE/m3), however gas analyzer Gasmet DX-4030 indicates oil products or carbon dioxide.
24
Brownlee, B. G., S. L. Kenefick, G. A. MacInnis e S. E. Hrudey. "Characterization of odorous compounds from bleached kraft pulp mill effluent". Water Science and Technology 31, n. 11 (1 giugno 1995): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0396.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Odour compounds in extracts of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME) have been characterized by olfactory gas chromatography (OGC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A variety of sulfury odours was detected by OGC in addition to woody and pulp mill-like odours. Three sulfur compounds were identified by comparison of retention times and partial mass spectra with authentic standards: dimethyl disulfide, 3-methylthiophene and thioanisole (methyl phenyl sulfide). Typical concentrations in BKME were 1, 0.05, and 0.5 μg/l, respectively. Their odour intensity is relatively low and they were not detected by OGC. Dimethyl trisulfide was tentatively identified by comparison of its partial mass spectrum with a literature (library) spectrum. Its concentration in BKME was estimated at 0.5-2 μg/l. It corresponded to a skunky odour in the OGC profiles. Efforts to identify another odour peak, eluting just after 3-methylthiophene, with a pronounced alkyl sulfide odour were unsuccessful.
25
Matsumoto, Yukihisa, e Makoto Mizunami. "Olfactory memory capacity of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus". Biology Letters 2, n. 4 (10 ottobre 2006): 608–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0540.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Olfactory learning in insects is a useful model for studying neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory, but memory storage capacity for olfactory learning in insects has not been studied. We investigate whether crickets are capable of simultaneously memorizing seven odour pairs. Fourteen odours were grouped into seven A/B pairs, and crickets in one group were trained to associate A odours with water reward and B odours with saline punishment for all the seven pairs. Crickets in another group were trained with the opposite stimulus arrangement. Crickets in all the groups exhibited significantly greater preference for the odours associated with water reward for all the seven odour pairs. We conclude that crickets are capable of memorizing seven odour pairs at the same time.
26
Budarina, Olga V., Zulfiya F. Sabirova e Zinaida V. Shipulina. "International experience of regulation of odourous substances in the ambient air (literature review)". Hygiene and sanitation 101, n. 12 (12 gennaio 2023): 1476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-12-1476-1481.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article provides an overview of the foreign literature data on the justification of permissible content of odourous substances in the ambient air. The process of harmonization of Russian legislation with international norms and rules, including the field of regulating atmospheric air pollution with specific odours, is shown to necessitate significantly expanding approaches to the issues of standardization and assessing environmental pollution by emissions from enterprises - odour sources. Analysis of foreign experience in odour management in the environment shows the main criteria for assessing air quality to include the absence of “annoyance” of the population by odours, maximum permissible concentrations for individual substances, maximum permissible concentrations for ambient odours, permissible odour frequency, minimum distances from the source, odour intensity, the maximum permissible amount of emissions, compliance with technological standards. Accordingly, in different countries recommended or mandatory limiting values were established on the base on which criterion for assessing odour exposure is decisive in this case. Typically, different jurisdictions use more than one approach to odour assessment, as do various regulatory indicators depending on the situation with the type of enterprise, the characteristics of residential sites and other receptor points. According to many authors, the application of various air quality standards for odour and a carefully thought-out approach to odour management can successfully or completely resolve most conflicts when working with the local population. The search for sources devoted to the issues of standardization of odourous substances was carried out in the text databases as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Research Gate, Springer Link and the scientific electronic library eLibrary.ru. The article analyzes the articles of journals indexed in the RSCI, Scopus, for 2001-2021.
27
Kaye, R., e K. Jiang. "Development of odour impact criteria for sewage treatment plants using odour complaint history". Water Science and Technology 41, n. 6 (1 marzo 2000): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0093.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Odour impact from a sewage treatment plant has been predicted using a Gausian plume atmospheric model (Ausplume). A wind tunnel system was used to determine the odour emission from processing units. An improved technique for odour emission rate modelling is proposed to take account of wind speeds and atmospheric stability classes. A new technique is proposed to define odour impact criteria for sewage treatment plants. The dispersion model was calibrated using two years of odour complaint data. An odour concentration of 23 OU/m3 as a one hour averaged 99.5th percentile was found to be appropriate to minimise adverse community impacts, assuming lognormal human nose response to odours and a “zero complaints” community objective. The proposed method can also be used to develop odour impact criteria for other industries.
28
Fletcher, Q. E., e R. Boonstra. "Do captive male meadow voles experience acute stress in response to weasel odour?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, n. 4 (aprile 2006): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-033.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The hormonal stress response is adapted to deal with acute (short-term) stressors; however, chronic (long-term) stressors have negative effects on survival and fitness. Field and laboratory evidence suggest that voles respond behaviourally to predator odours. However, it is unknown whether voles mount an acute hormonal stress response to predator odour. We determined whether reproductively active, captive male meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord, 1815)) mounted a more pronounced hormonal stress response to weasel odour (ermine, Mustela erminea L., 1758), one of their principal mammalian predators, than to nonpredator and control odours. We compared the corticosterone response of captive voles to weasel, jumping mouse ( Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann, 1780)), and control odours following acute (20 min) exposure. The hormonal stress response to the treatment odours did not differ, indicating that captive male voles in the reproductive season do not mount an acute stress response to predator odour. We hypothesize that voles do not respond to weasel odour because, independent of other stimuli, olfactory signals are not reliable enough to outweigh the costs, such as suppression of reproduction and reproductive behaviour, associated with a response.
29
Banks, Peter B., Andrew Daly e Jenna P. Bytheway. "Predator odours attract other predators, creating an olfactory web of information". Biology Letters 12, n. 5 (maggio 2016): 20151053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.1053.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many studies have reported the aversive reactions of prey towards a predator's odour signals (e.g. urine marks), a behaviour widely thought to reduce the risk of predation by the predator. However, because odour signals persist in the environment, they are vulnerable to exploitation and eavesdropping by predators, prey and conspecifics. As such, scent patches created by one species might attract other species interested in information about their enemies. We studied this phenomenon by examining red fox investigation of odours from conspecifics and competing species in order to understand what prey are responding to when avoiding the odours of a predator. Surprisingly, foxes showed limited interest in conspecific odours but were highly interested in the odours of their competitors (wild dogs and feral cats), suggesting that odours are likely to play an important role in mediating competitive interactions. Importantly, our results identify that simple, dyadic interpretations of prey responses to a predator odour (i.e. cat odour = risk of cat encounter = fear of cats) can no longer be assumed in ecological or psychology research. Instead, interactions mediated by olfactory cues are more complex than previously thought and are likely to form a complicated olfactory web of interactions.
30
Annett, Judith M., e Alan W. Lorimer. "Primacy and Recency in Recognition of Odours and Recall of Odour Names". Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, n. 3 (dicembre 1995): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3.787.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study examined the serial position curve for recognition of odours and recall of odour names, both with and without instructions for verbal elaboration. Participants were allocated to one of two experimental conditions, either with instructions to rehearse verbally the stimuli or with no elaboration instructions. After presentation of 17 odours, either recognition or free recall of the odours was tested immediately after presentation of the last target odour. Recognition showed evidence of primacy for the verbal elaboration condition and recency for both instruction conditions. Recall of odour names showed evidence of primacy for the verbal elaboration conditions and recency for both conditions. Instructions to verbalize did not significantly affect over-all performance for either test condition.
31
Majid, Asifa, Niclas Burenhult, Marcus Stensmyr, Josje de Valk e Bill S. Hansson. "Olfactory language and abstraction across cultures". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, n. 1752 (18 giugno 2018): 20170139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0139.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Olfaction presents a particularly interesting arena to explore abstraction in language. Like other abstract domains, such as time, odours can be difficult to conceptualize. An odour cannot be seen or held, it can be difficult to locate in space, and for most people odours are difficult to verbalize. On the other hand, odours give rise to primary sensory experiences. Every time we inhale we are using olfaction to make sense of our environment. We present new experimental data from 30 Jahai hunter-gatherers from the Malay Peninsula and 30 matched Dutch participants from the Netherlands in an odour naming experiment. Participants smelled monomolecular odorants and named odours while reaction times, odour descriptors and facial expressions were measured. We show that while Dutch speakers relied on concrete descriptors, i.e. they referred to odour sources (e.g. smells like lemon ), the Jahai used abstract vocabulary to name the same odours (e.g. musty ). Despite this differential linguistic categorization, analysis of facial expressions showed that the two groups, nevertheless, had the same initial emotional reactions to odours. Critically, these cross-cultural data present a challenge for how to think about abstraction in language. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain’.
32
Healy, T. P., e P. C. Jepson. "The location of floral nectar sources by mosquitoes: the long-range responses of Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) to Achillea millefolium flowers and isolated floral odour". Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, n. 4 (dicembre 1988): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300015509.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractA wind-tunnel bioassay system, developed previously for the evaluation of long-range host-location stimuli, was used to investigate the responses of Anopheles arabiensis Patton to floral odours. Mosquitoes were found to respond by flight and landing to Achillea millefolium inflorescences and also to the odour of A. millefolium in the absence of visual stimuli. An air-entrainment technique was used to extract floral odours for biological and chemical testing. Both sexes of Anopheles arabiensis were found to respond to the floral odour extract. The major component of the floral odour was tentatively identified as a cyclic or bicyclic monoterpene.
33
Belliure, Belén, Eduardo Mínguez e Ana De León. "Self-odour recognition in European storm-petrel chicks". Behaviour 140, n. 7 (2003): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853903770238382.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn common with many other species of Procellariform, the European storm-petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus) has a well-developed olfactory anatomy, and chicks are able to recognize their own nests by smell. However, it is not known which olfactory cues these birds use to locate their burrows. To find out if body scent is one of these olfactory cues we used a T-maze device to perform three different preference tests. Chicks were allowed to choose between their own odour plus their nest, and a neutral odour; between their own odour and a neutral odour (far from any nest); and finally between their own odour and the body scent of a conspecific chick. Storm-petrel chicks can apparently recognize their own body odour, even when tested against the body scent of a conspecific. Individually distinctive odours may play an important role in facilitating nest recognition. The results indicate self-odour recognition, and suggest that individual odour recognition could play an important role in social relationships of storm-petrels.
34
Archer, Nicholas S., Andrew Bluff, Andrew Eddy, Chreshall K. Nikhil, Nick Hazell, Damian Frank e Andrew Johnston. "Odour enhances the sense of presence in a virtual reality environment". PLOS ONE 17, n. 3 (30 marzo 2022): e0265039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265039.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Virtual reality (VR) headsets provide immersive audio-visual experiences for users, but usually neglect to provide olfactory cues that can provide additional information about our environment in the real world. This paper examines whether the introduction of smells into the VR environment enhances users’ experience, including their sense of presence through collection of both psychological and physiological measures. Using precise odour administration with an olfactometer, study participants were exposed to smells while they were immersed in the popular PlayStation VR game “Resident Evil 7”. A within-subject study design was undertaken where participants (n = 22) walked-through the same VR environment twice, with or without the introduction of associated congruent odour stimuli. Directly after each gameplay, participants completed a questionnaire to determine their sense of presence from the overall gameplay and their sense of immersion in each of the virtual scenes. Additionally, physiological measurements (heart rate, body temperature and skin electrodermal activity) were collected from participants (n = 11) for each gameplay. The results showed the addition of odours significantly increased participants’ sense of spatial presence in the VR environment compared to VR with no odour. Participants also rated the realism of VR experience with odour higher compared to no odour, however odour addition did not result in change in emotional state of participants (arousal, pleasure, dominance). Further, the participants’ physiological responses were impacted by the addition of odour. Odour mediated physiological changes were dependent on whether the VR environment was novel, as the effect of odour on physiological response was lost when participants experienced the aroma on the second gameplay. Overall, the results indicate the addition of odours to a VR environment had a significant effect on both the psychological and physiological experience showing the addition of smell enhanced the VR environment. The incorporation of odours to VR environments presents an opportunity to create a more immersive experience to increase a person’s presence within a VR environment. In addition to gaming, the results have broader applications for virtual training environments and virtual reality exposure therapy.
35
Lyman, Brian J., e Mark A. McDaniel. "Effects of Encoding Strategy on Long-Term Memory for Odours". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 38, n. 4 (novembre 1986): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748608401624.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effects of various encoding tasks on long-term recognition of odours were examined. Different groups of subjects were instructed (a) to form visual images of the source of the odour, (b) to generate the name of the odour and provide a dictionary-like definition, or (c) to describe a life episode of which the odour reminded them. A no-strategy control was simply told to try to remember the odours for a subsequent recognition test. One week later, subjects performed a yes–no recognition test for the odours. The second and third groups displayed significantly higher recognition than the controls. The visual imagery group did not differ significantly from the control group. The results seem to be accounted for best by dual coding theory.
36
Lindqvist, Anna, Anders Höglund e Birgitta Berglund. "The Role of Odour Quality in the Perception of Binary and Higher-Order Mixtures". Perception 41, n. 11 (1 gennaio 2012): 1373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7267.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Twenty participants scaled similarities in odour quality, odour intensity and pleasantness/unpleasantness of 10 binary and 5 higher-order mixtures of 5 odorous degradation products from the polymer Polyamide 6.6. The perceived odour qualities of all binary mixtures were represented well as intermediary vectors relative to their component-odour vectors in a three-component principal components analysis. The odour qualities of the “floral/fruity” 2-pentylcyclopentan-1-one and the “sharp/cheese-like” pentanoic acid contributed profoundly to their binary mixtures, as did the “minty” cyclopentanone, but in fewer cases. Conversely, the “ether-like” 2-methyl pyridine and “nutty” butanamide did not contribute much. Odour similarity was shown to be caused by odour quality, rather than odour intensity. Three out of five degradation products formed distinct clusters of odours and were therefore interpreted to be profound contributors to the odour quality of the binary mixtures. The higher-order mixtures created new odour qualities which were completely different and untraceable to their various parts as perceived alone. These results demonstrate that it is critical to research the perception of natural mixtures in order to be able to understand the human olfactory code.
37
Grzelka, Agnieszka, Elżbieta Romanik e Urszula Miller. "Odour nuisance assessment of the food industry wastewater treatment plant". E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000024.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Odour nuisance generated by food industry objects is a significant problem, the result of which is often numerous complaints from local residents about the quality of air. Apart from the production process, this problem often concerns industrial wastewater treatment processes, which contribute to a large extent to the emissions of odorants from the sulphur group, including hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans. In order to estimate the odorous air quality around these types of objects, the modelling of dispersion of pollutants: odours or odorants is often used. The paper presents the results of tests on odour emission as well as hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans emission as compounds typical for waste gases from the sewage treatment process from the food industry. In order to estimate the range of odour impact, model calculations using the Polish reference model for the aforementioned substances were made. The values of annual average concentrations and frequency of odour detection thresholds for odorants and odour concentration of 1 ouE/m3 for odours as a mixture in a computational grid of 1400 m x 1400 m with a step of 50 m were calculated. The results showed the highest range of odour impact of mercaptans, whose value of the average annual concentration exceeded the odour detection threshold up to 700 m in the east and west direction from the emission source.
38
Bokowa, A., e J. A. Beukes. "How reliable are odour assessments?" Water Science and Technology 66, n. 10 (1 novembre 2012): 2049–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.407.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper will demonstrate the differences found in odour test results, when odour sampling is performed at the same sources by two different consultants. By examining two case studies, this paper will highlight that the difference between the results can be significant. Both studies are based on odour sampling programs determining the odour removal efficiency of odour control units installed at two different facilities: a pet food facility and an oil/grease recycling facility. The first study is based on odour measurements at the inlet and outlet of the unit installed by Applied Plasma Physics AS at the pet food facility. Odour assessments were performed by two separate consultants at the same time. The second study is based on testing of the odour removal effectiveness of two units: a scrubber and a biofilter at an oil/grease recycling facility. During this study two odour sampling programs were performed by two consultants at different times, but under the same process conditions. This paper will show how varying results can play a role in choosing the adequate odour control technologies. The final results suggest that although, an odour control unit may appear to be insufficient, it actually is successful at removing the odours.
39
Zheng, Hongguang, Yan Ma, Xiaoming Du, Meng Zhang, Yi Shi, Juejun Yao e Weiguang Zhao. "Evaluation of the Barrier Effect of Polylactic Acid-Modified Membrane on Odours at the Excavated Soil Interface of a Pesticide-Contaminated Site". Atmosphere 13, n. 10 (16 ottobre 2022): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101695.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a highly promising bio-based polymer that can replace petroleum-based materials. The PLA-modified membrane has been found to effectively block soil odours in laboratory experiments, but its barrier effect at the excavated soil interfaces of actual pesticide sites requires further evaluation. This study investigates the barrier effect of the PLA-modified membrane on odours at the excavated soil interface of a pesticide-contaminated site in Guangdong Province, China. The membrane’s barrier effect on odours was comprehensively evaluated using the static chamber technique with three indicators: diffusion flux, odour concentration, and a health risk index. The results showed that the initial diffusion fluxes of six main odour substances: m- and p-xylene, o-xylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, and cumene were 1.95 × 100, 2.88 × 10−1, 7.27 × 10−3, 1.49 × 100, 2.97 × 10−3, and 3.89 × 10−3 mg/(m2·s) based on the contribution rate. After laying the PLA-modified membrane, the flux reduction rate of all six odour substances was generally > 90%. The background odour concentration in the test area was 109.56, and the odour concentration after laying the membrane was <1.12. The initial non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk indices of the test area were 3.03 and 1.62 × 10−4, respectively. After laying the membrane, these indices were <0.05 and <3.78 × 10−7, respectively, indicating no health risk. Overall, the PLA-modified membrane had a good barrier effect on odours in the on-site application, effectively reducing the diffusion and nuisances of odours, as well as their health risks.
40
Witherspoon, J. R., G. Adams, W. Cain, E. Cometto-Muniz, B. Forbes, L. Hentz, J. T. Novack et al. "Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) anaerobic digestion and related processes, odour and health effects study". Water Science and Technology 50, n. 4 (1 agosto 2004): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0206.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Biosolids odour emissions can affect the ability of wastewater utilities to implement beneficial biosolids processing and reuse programs. Communities often become more sensitised and vocal about biosolids issues, once they experience odours emanating from a nearby site. Odour impacts from biosolids, including potential human health effects, have been targeted recently by many national and local newspapers, citizens' groups, and regulatory agencies, who have raised significant concerns, ranging from viable disposal methods/sites to outright bans. Many national and local regulatory agencies in the United States are considering biosolids disposal bans in their communities because of misinformation, poor science, and citizen pressure, but primarily because of odour impact concerns. The wastewater industry has a relatively poor understanding of the operations and treatment parameters that influence biosolids odour emissions. Thus, wastewater treatment plants are often unable to control the odour quality of the biosolids that are delivered into communities. A research study to demonstrate the influence of anaerobic digestion, mechanical dewatering, and storage design and operating parameters on the odour quality of the final product was performed and is the subject of this paper. Established and new sampling and analytical methods were used to measure biosolids odour emissions from 11 test sites in North America. By determining the impacts of these control variables on biosolids odour quality, design and operations of anaerobic digestion systems might be enhanced. This paper also summarises a corollary study performed as part of the WERF research study that addresses the health effects of biosolids odours.
41
Durand, M. L., e A. M. Dietrich. "Contributions of silane cross-linked PEX pipe to chemical/solvent odours in drinking water". Water Science and Technology 55, n. 5 (1 marzo 2007): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.174.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A commonly used plastic plumbing pipe, silane-cross-linked polyethylene (PEX-b according to European standards), was investigated using the Utility Quick Test (UQT), which is a migration/leaching protocol recommended for evaluating taste-and-odour properties of materials prior to installation in distribution systems. After exposure of new PEX pipe to chlorine, monochloramine or no disinfectant, the odours in the leachate were described as “chlorinous” if chlorine or monochloramine were present and “chemical/solvent-like” with descriptors of sweet, bitter, chemical, solvent, plastic, burnt and mechanical/motor oil. The presence of disinfectant, chlorine or chloramines, did not alter the odour characteristics or intensity of the PEX odour. The “chemical/solvent-like” odours persisted even after multiple flushing periods. 2-Ethoxy-2-methylpropane, commonly called ETBE, was identified as a contributor to the described odour from the PEX pipe. Aqueous concentrations of ETBE in pipe leachate ranged from a low of 23 μg/L to >100 μg/L. The concentrations decreased with increased flushing. Panelists were able to smell ETBE at a concentration of 5 μg/L and assigned a rating of a weak odour. The need for taste and odour testing of plumbing materials prior to use in residential housing systems is necessary.
42
Lambert, S. D., e K. E. McGrath. "Can stored sludge cake be deodorised by chemical or biological treatment?" Water Science and Technology 41, n. 6 (1 marzo 2000): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0102.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The storage of sludge cake provides an opportunity for septicity to develop, withattendant odours. Moreover, the odour prevention, containment and minimisation procedures used successfully in the rest of the works may not be adaptable to sludge storage and subsequent transport and disposal. Odourscan be released throughout storage and, in addition, the subsequent movement of the cake can release high concentrations of odours which have accumulated. This paper focuses on the use of five types of chemical and biological treatment product to remediate odour in stored cake sludges: oxidising agents, bacteriological/enzymatic preparations, biological suppressants, nutrients, and odour neutralisers. Their action is described in terms of their effects on the microbial population of the sludge, the types of odours they are designed to eradicate, and how they are used in practice.
43
Scauzillo, Ryan C., e Michael H. Ferkin. "The effect of social odour context on the amount of time male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, self-groom". Behaviour 157, n. 10-11 (22 settembre 2020): 879–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10026.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Communicational behaviours by individuals provide information for not only the intended target(s) of the signal but any non-target individual(s) that may be nearby. For terrestrial mammals a major form of communication and social information is through odours via scent marking and self-grooming. Self-grooming is a ubiquitous behaviour in mammals with the function thought to primarily be centred on personal care. But it has been found in rodents that self-grooming will occur in the presence of social odours thus potentially serving a communicative role. For example, male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) self-groom in the presence of a female conspecific odour but not a male conspecific odour. Most studies examining self-grooming as a form of olfactory communication have used single odour donors but in a natural environment individuals will come across complex social odour situations. Therefore, we examined how male meadow voles respond to complex social odours with regards to their self-grooming behaviour. We tested the hypothesis that self-grooming can act as a form of olfactory communication and that male meadow voles will control this behaviour measured by differences in self-grooming rates based on social contexts. Male meadow voles did not show differences in the amount of time spent self-grooming to social odours that contained a female and varying number of rival males (0, 1, 3, or 5) or if the social odour contained an acquainted or novel male. Male meadow voles did self-groom more to a social odour that contained a female and a younger male compared to when the social odour contained a female and older male. Male meadow voles appear to adjust their self-grooming behaviour based on the context of the social information. This may be a strategy that can maximize that individual’s fitness by adjusting how much information is provided to potential rivals and mates.
44
Li, Weifang, Weihua Yang e Jiayin Li. "Characterization and prediction of odours from municipal sewage treatment plant". Water Science and Technology 2017, n. 3 (31 maggio 2018): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.233.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract One of the causes of public discomfort and complaint about odour in China is the nuisance odour, generated from the municipal sewage treatment plants. With the ability to be dispersed over a long distance, the odours can affect a large number of people. With the aim of identifying the compounds contributing the most to the overall odour emanating from municipal sewage treatment plant, and developing a prediction model for sensory odour concentration based on the compound odour activity value (OAV), odour samples from 2 days were collected at a municipal sewage treatment plant in Tianjin in the months of October and November 2013. Odour concentrations (OCs) were measured by the triangular odour bag method. Chemical components were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. According to the analysis of odour emission characteristics, it was found that hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were the key odorants responsible for the overall odour. To understand the interrelationship of these two odorants, 10 groups of a binary mixture of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, representing different levels of odour concentration and intensity, were prepared in the laboratory. OCs were regressed against OAV using multivariate linear regression. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between single-compound OAV and odour concentration (by both SPSS and Minitab software). Furthermore, the models were validated by field monitoring data, which showed the odour prediction concentration had a good fit to the measured concentration by using Minitab software. Lastly, the Austal 2000 model system was used for the simulation of the odour emission dispersion into the surrounding area. This study provides an effective way to predict the odour emission condition in municipal sewage treatment plant.
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Yeomans, Martin R., John Prescott e Natalie J. Gould. "Acquired hedonic and sensory characteristics of odours: Influence of sweet liker and propylthiouracil taster status". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, n. 8 (agosto 2009): 1648–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802557793.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Repeated pairings of novel food-related odours with sweet tastes can result in enduring changes in sweetness of the odour alone, but have less consistent effects on odour liking. Variation in ability to taste propylthiouracil (PROP) might account for this, since PROP supertasters (ST) have been reported both to experience stronger sweetness intensity and to be more likely to dislike sweetness than do PROP nontasters (NT). Alternatively, individual differences in liking for sweetness may transfer to sweet-paired odours independently of PROP sensitivity. To explore this, evaluations of sucrose, saccharin, and PROP solutions were used to classify 92 volunteers as either sweet likers or dislikers and as PROP ST, NT, or medium tasters (MT). Changes in pleasantness of odours that had been paired with the taste of saccharin increased in sweet likers but decreased in dislikers. Odour sweetness increased regardless of PROP taster or sweet liker status. PROP ST rated saccharin as more bitter than did other taster groups and also showed greater increases in acquired bitterness of the saccharin-paired odour. Overall, these data suggest that individual differences in evaluation of saccharin reliably predict subsequent changes in evaluation of saccharin-paired odours, with hedonic changes corresponding with liking for sweet tastes and sensory changes reflecting differences in sensory quality between PROP taster groups.
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Saveer, Ahmed M., Sophie H. Kromann, Göran Birgersson, Marie Bengtsson, Tobias Lindblom, Anna Balkenius, Bill S. Hansson, Peter Witzgall, Paul G. Becher e Rickard Ignell. "Floral to green: mating switches moth olfactory coding and preference". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, n. 1737 (8 febbraio 2012): 2314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2710.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mating induces profound physiological changes in a wide range of insects, leading to behavioural adjustments to match the internal state of the animal. Here, we show for the first time, to our knowledge, that a noctuid moth switches its olfactory response from food to egg-laying cues following mating. Unmated females of the cotton leafworm ( Spodoptera littoralis ) are strongly attracted to lilac flowers ( Syringa vulgaris ). After mating, attraction to floral odour is abolished and the females fly instead to green-leaf odour of the larval host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum . This behavioural switch is owing to a marked change in the olfactory representation of floral and green odours in the primary olfactory centre, the antennal lobe (AL). Calcium imaging, using authentic and synthetic odours, shows that the ensemble of AL glomeruli dedicated to either lilac or cotton odour is selectively up- and downregulated in response to mating. A clear-cut behavioural modulation as a function of mating is a useful substrate for studies of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioural decisions. Modulation of odour-driven behaviour through concerted regulation of odour maps contributes to our understanding of state-dependent choice and host shifts in insect herbivores.
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Waldrop, Lindsay D., Laura A. Miller e Shilpa Khatri. "A tale of two antennules: the performance of crab odour-capture organs in air and water". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, n. 125 (dicembre 2016): 20160615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0615.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Odour capture is an important part of olfaction, where dissolved chemical cues (odours) are brought into contact with chemosensory structures. Antennule flicking by marine crabs is an example of discrete odour capture (sniffing) where an array of chemosensory hairs is waved through the water to create a flow–no flow pattern based on a narrow range of speeds, diameters of and spacings between hairs. Changing the speed of movement and spacing of hairs at this scale to manipulate flow represents a complicated fluid dynamics problem. In this study, we use numerical simulation of the advection and diffusion of a chemical gradient to reveal how morphological differences of the hair arrays affect odour capture. Specifically, we simulate odour capture by a marine crab ( Callinectes sapidus ) and a terrestrial crab ( Coenobita rugosus ) in both air and water to compare performance. We find that the antennule morphologies of each species are adaptions to capturing odours in their native habitats. Sniffing is an important part of odour capture for marine crabs in water where the diffusivity of odorant molecules is low and flow through the array is necessary. On the other hand, flow within the hair array diminishes odour-capture performance in air where diffusivities are high. This study highlights some of the adaptations necessary to transition from water to air.
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Zarra, T., S. Giuliani, V. Naddeo e V. Belgiorno. "Control of odour emission in wastewater treatment plants by direct and undirected measurement of odour emission capacity". Water Science and Technology 66, n. 8 (1 ottobre 2012): 1627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.362.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Odour emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered to be the main causes of disturbance noticed by the exposed population and have relevant impacts on both tourism economy and land costs. Odour impact from WWTPs is generated by primary and secondary odour emissions. Primary odour emissions are related especially to the wastewater type and variability discharged into the sewer and directed to the WWTP, and to the wastewater collection and sewage system. Secondary odours are related to the treatment units of the plant. Several studies describe the key role of primary odour emissions and how they are strongly related to odour impacts of WWTPs. In this way, a opportune characterization of the emission capacity of primary odour could be an effective way to control odour emission in the WWTPs. In this study the odour emission capacity (OEC) of different domestic sewers was described and investigated; a correlation between the OEC and the main physical–chemical parameters of wastewater quality was also carried out. Results of this study identify the optimum conditions for sampling and measuring OEC in wastewaters and define its dependence by wastewater quality. These results can contribute to setting the standards for the maximum odourant content of wastewater that are discharged into the publicly owned sewage system.
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MacRae, A. W., M. Farrimond, J. Hodsoll, M. Falahee, J. Simms e R. Hopper. "Improving Odour Detection by Assessors". Water Science and Technology 40, n. 6 (1 settembre 1999): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0285.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In a test of theoretical predictions made by MacRae and Falahee (1995), trained assessors evaluated water samples which sometimes contained 10−5 mg/l of trichloroanisole, using three different procedures. Compared with the blue-book method of single-sample assessment, providing a reference sample identified to the assessor as being odour-free increased the proportion of responses reporting an odour. This decreased the number of odorous samples missed. Although this outcome may be valuable in itself, discrimination between odorous and odour-free samples was not really enhanced since ‘false alarms’ increased correspondingly. Incorporating additional, different odours into the sequence of samples and giving knowledge of results when these were judged, dramatically improved performance - the rates both of missing trichloroanisole and of mistakenly attributing odour to odour-free samples were halved.
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McGinley, Charles M., Thomas D. Mahin e Richard J. Pope. "Elements of Successful Odor/Odour Laws". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2000, n. 3 (1 gennaio 2000): 937–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864700785303141.
Testo completo