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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Odor hedonics"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 29 marzo 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Odor hedonics"

Kermen, Florence, Nathalie Mandairon e Laura Chalençon. "Odor hedonics coding in the vertebrate olfactory bulb". Cell and Tissue Research 383, n. 1 (gennaio 2021): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03372-w.

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AbstractWhether an odorant is perceived as pleasant or unpleasant (hedonic value) governs a range of crucial behaviors: foraging, escaping danger, and social interaction. Despite its importance in olfactory perception, little is known regarding how odor hedonics is represented and encoded in the brain. Here, we review recent findings describing how odorant hedonic value is represented in the first olfaction processing center, the olfactory bulb. We discuss how olfactory bulb circuits might contribute to the coding of innate and learned odorant hedonics in addition to the odorant’s physicochemical properties.

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Joussain, Pauline, Amadine Chakirian, Florence Kermen, Catherine Rouby e Moustafa Bensafi. "Physicochemical influence on odor hedonics". Communicative & Integrative Biology 4, n. 5 (settembre 2011): 563–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.15811.

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Rouby, Catherine, Sandra Pouliot e Moustafa Bensafi. "Odor hedonics and their modulators". Food Quality and Preference 20, n. 8 (dicembre 2009): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.05.004.

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Cary, Julianne, Joseph LaFrance, Sara Costello e Emily R. Bovier. "Olfactory Identification, Odor Hedonics, and Atypical Behaviors". Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 24, n. 3 (2019): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn24.3.184.

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Moberg, Paul J., Steven E. Arnold, Richard L. Doty, Christian Kohler, Stephen Kanes, Steven Seigel, Raquel E. Gur e Bruce I. Turetsky. "Impairment of Odor Hedonics in Men With Schizophrenia". American Journal of Psychiatry 160, n. 10 (ottobre 2003): 1784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1784.

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Osako, Masahiro, Konosuke Nishida e Kenichi Shishida. "Impact of odor hedonics on sensory odor intensity. Physiological intensity and sensory intensity." Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene) 44, n. 5 (1989): 1002–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1265/jjh.44.1002.

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Kermen, Florence, Maëllie Midroit, Nicola Kuczewski, Jérémy Forest, Marc Thévenet, Joëlle Sacquet, Claire Benetollo, Marion Richard, Anne Didier e Nathalie Mandairon. "Topographical representation of odor hedonics in the olfactory bulb". Nature Neuroscience 19, n. 7 (6 giugno 2016): 876–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4317.

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Alaoui-Ismaïli, O., E. Vernet-Maury, A. Dittmar, G. Delhomme e J. Chanel. "Odor Hedonics: Connection With Emotional Response Estimated by Autonomic Parameters". Chemical Senses 22, n. 3 (1997): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/22.3.237.

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Perry, Rosemarie E., Syrina Al Aïn, Charlis Raineki, Regina M. Sullivan e Donald A. Wilson. "Development of Odor Hedonics: Experience-Dependent Ontogeny of Circuits Supporting Maternal and Predator Odor Responses in Rats". Journal of Neuroscience 36, n. 25 (22 giugno 2016): 6634–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0632-16.2016.

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HASE, Hiroko, Naoko SAHASHI, Yuka HIRABAYASHI, Yuki UCHITA e Norikazu Ohnishi. "1E2-2 The influence of hedonics with odor stimulus on sweat responses". Japanese journal of ergonomics 52, Supplement (2016): S194—S195. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.52.s194.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Odor hedonics"

Athanassi, Anna. "Impact of early life stress on odor hedonics and underlying brain alterations in mice". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10347.

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La maltraitance lors de la petite enfance peut être à l’origine d’un état dépressif à l’âge adulte. En effet, la négligence, les abus, le stress en début de vie peuvent perturber le développement cérébral, affectant l’équilibre émotionnel jusqu’à l’âge adulte. Par ailleurs, la dépression est souvent associée à des perturbations de la perception des odeurs. Or les odeurs jouent un rôle primordial dans de nombreux comportement vitaux tels que l’alimentation, les interactions sociales, l’évitement des dangers. Ainsi, toute altération de la perception olfactive et plus particulièrement de celle des odeurs plaisantes est susceptible de diminuer les plaisirs quotidiens et donc d’aggraver les symptômes de la dépression. Dans ce contexte, ma thèse vise à étudier les effets du stress précoce sur la perception des odeurs plaisantes à l’âge adulte et à identifier les bases neurales de ces altérations. Pour cela, j’ai utilisé un modèle murin de stress précoce via une restriction des conditions d’hébergement, permettant de confirmer une altération du comportement émotionnel à l’âge adulte, mais également de révéler une altération de la perception des odeurs plaisantes (ETUDE 1). Nous avons ensuite exploré les mécanismes de cette perturbation olfactive en nous intéressant tout d’abord aux interneurones du bulbe olfactif, dont le rôle dans le codage de la valeur hédonique des odeurs a été préalablement démontré. Ces interneurones qui naissent en postnatal (P0-P1), sont dans leur période critique d’intégration au moment de la phase de stress précoce et donc particulièrement vulnérables. Nos observations montrent en effet que le stress précoce altère la morphologie fine des interneurones répondant spécifiquement aux odeurs plaisantes. Les interneurones du bulbe olfactif ont également la particularité d’être la cible d’une neurogenèse adulte. Nous avons montré que les nouveaux neurones, bien que nés bien après la période de stress, ont une survie et une plasticité modifiées. Toutes ces perturbations conduisent à une modification globale de l’activité neuronale du bulbe olfactif en réponse aux odeurs plaisantes, perturbant le message de sortie de cette structure. Deux autres structures cérébrales, impliquées dans le codage de la valeur hédonique des odeurs, le tubercule olfactif et l’aire tegmentale ventrale sont également touchées. Ces structures font partie du circuit de la récompense et sont particulièrement actives lors du comportement d’approche envers les odeurs plaisantes. Leur activité en réponse aux odeurs plaisantes est altérée chez les animaux ayant subi un stress précoce. Enfin, le fait que les odorants plaisants puissent induire un comportement motivé, mobilisant le circuit de la récompense, suggère une libération de dopamine, molécule clé de ce circuit. Pour étudier directement la libération de dopamine en réponse aux odeurs, j’ai mis en place au laboratoire la technique de photométrie par fibre couplée au signal vidéo (ETUDE 2). Mes premières analyses montrent une augmentation de dopamine en réponse aux odeurs attractives comparées aux odeurs non attractives. L’analyse des effets du stress précoce sur ce mécanisme est actuellement en cours. En conclusion, nos résultats indiquent que le stress précoce modifie les substrats neuronaux responsables de la perception des odeurs plaisantes, ce qui a des implications pour la compréhension de la résilience à l'anhédonie et pour évaluer la gravité des symptômes dépressifs chez les individus avec des antécédents de stress précoce
Childhood maltreatment can lead to depressive states in adulthood. Neglect, abuse, and any form of early-life stress can disrupt brain development, affecting emotional balance into adulthood. Additionally, depression is often associated with disturbances in odor perception. Odors play a crucial role in many vital behaviors, such as eating, social interactions, and avoiding danger. Therefore, any alteration in olfactory perception, particularly of pleasant odors, may reduce daily pleasures and exacerbate depressive symptoms. In this context, my thesis aims to investigate how early-life stress affects the perception of pleasant odorants in adulthood, and seeks to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying these alterations. To do so, I used a murine model of early stress induced by limited nesting and bedding, which confirmed an alteration in emotional behavior in adulthood but also revealed a disturbance in the perception of pleasant odorants (STUDY 1). We then explored the mechanisms of this olfactory impairment by focusing first on the interneurons of the olfactory bulb, whose role in encoding the hedonic value of odors has been previously demonstrated. These interneurons, generated postnatally (P0-P1), are in their critical integration period during the early stress phase and are therefore particularly vulnerable. Our observations show that early stress alters the fine morphology of interneurons specifically responsive to pleasant odorants. Olfactory bulb interneurons are also the targets of adult neurogenesis. We demonstrated that the new neurons, although born long after the stress period, have altered survival and plasticity. All these disturbances lead to an overall modification of the neural activity of the olfactory bulb in response to pleasant odorants, disrupting the output signal of this structure. Two other brain structures involved in encoding the hedonic value of odorants, the olfactory tubercle and the ventral tegmental area, are also affected. These structures are part of the reward circuit and are particularly active during approach behavior toward pleasant odors. We revealed that their activity in response to pleasant odors is altered in animals subjected to early stress. Finally, the fact that pleasant odorants can induce motivated behavior, engaging the reward circuit, suggests dopamine release, a key molecule in this circuit. To directly study dopamine release in response to odors, I established the fiber photometry technique coupled with video signal analysis in the laboratory (STUDY 2). My initial analyses show an increase in dopamine in response to attractive odors compared to non-attractive odors. The analysis of the effects of early stress on this mechanism is currently ongoing. In conclusion, our results indicate that early stress modifies the neural substrates responsible for the perception of pleasant odors, which has implications for understanding resilience to anhedonia and for assessing the severity of depressive symptoms in individuals with a history of early stress

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Blåvarg, Christina. "The alluring nature of episodic odor memory : Sensory and cognitive correlates across age and sex". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-265010.

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Episodic memory for olfactory information is still relatively uncharted. The overall purpose of this thesis is to investigate the sensory and cognitive causes of the well-established age-related decline in olfactory episodic odor memory and of the age-independent sex difference in olfactory episodic memory. The purpose of Study I was to investigate the causes of the sex difference in olfactory episodic memory. The results show that the female advantage in episodic recognition memory seems to be explained by women´s higher aptitude in odor identification for familiar odors. With this background, the purpose of Study II was to investigate the age-related decline in olfactory episodic memory, with a particular eye to the role of odor identification. When controlling for the sensory variables olfactory threshold and odor quality discrimination, and the cognitive factor mental speed, the age-related deterioration in odor identification was eliminated. This suggests that changes in basic sensory and cognitive abilities underlie the age-related impairment in odor identification. The purpose of Study III was to investigate the role of recollective experience and intention to memorize for age-related and sex-related differences in episodic odor memory. Younger adults reported more experiences of remembering, and the elderly adults more experiences of feeling of knowing. The participants benefited from intentionality at encoding when the odors were unfamiliar, but intentionality did not affect memory for the familiar odors. The purpose of Study IV was to investigate the role of subjectively perceived qualities of the encoded odors for episodic memory across age and sex. Odors perceived as unpleasant, intense, and irritable were more easily remembered throughout the adult life span. The oldest adults selectively recognized the odors they rated as highly irritable indicating compensatory use of trigeminal activation. Overall, the result suggests that episodic odor memory rely heavily on both sensory and cognitive abilities, but in a different manner depending on demographic factors. The age-related decline appears to be driven by a sensory flattening disabling adequate cognitive processing. The age-independent sex difference on the other hand, is mainly cognitively mediated and driven by cognitive factors such as the ability to verbalize olfactory information.

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DiBenedictis, Brett. "Odor hedonics: processing of male pheromones in the female mouse brain". Thesis, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/15418.

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Female mice exhibit a hardwired preference to investigate pheromones released by male conspecifics. The neural pathways that convey pheromonal inputs to brain regions controlling motivated behaviors remain largely unknown. One brain region known to process pheromonal information conveyed via main- and accessory olfactory bulb inputs is the Medial Amygdala (Me), a limbic structure comprised of anterior (MeA) and posterior (MeP) subdivisions. Electrolytic lesions of the MeP blocked the normal preference of estrous female mice to investigate urinary odors emitted from breeding as opposed to castrated males whereas lesions of either the MeA or MeP significantly reduced females' display of the receptive lordosis posture in response to male mounts. Quantitative analysis of synaptic puncta in the efferent projection targets of these two amygdaloid subregions, visualized using fluorescent anterograde tract tracing techniques, revealed that the MeA and MeP differentially innervate several forebrain regions. The medial olfactory tubercle (mOT; a component of the ventral striatum) receives dense monosynaptic input from the MeA and responds selectively to breeding male (but not female) soiled bedding volatiles, indexed by augmented FOS expression. Using injections of the retrograde tracer, cholera toxin B (CTb), neurons were identified in the MeA and ventral tegmental area (VTA) that projected to the mOT in female mice and which also co-expressed FOS after exposure to breeding male, but not female, soiled bedding/urinary volatiles. This suggests that the MeA and VTA convey opposite-sex (male) pheromonal information to the mOT. Bilateral dopaminergic lesions of the anteromedial VS (a region which includes the mOT) eliminated females' preference for breeding male vs. female urinary pheromones, suggesting that dopaminergic modulation in the VS is necessary for the display of these behaviors. Lastly, bilateral silencing of mOT neuronal firing by the activation of the inhibitory DREADD receptor, hM4Di, induced by intraperitoneal injection of its ligand (CNO), also disrupted females' preference to investigate urinary odors from breeding males; this deficit was reversed when saline was administered instead of CNO. The Me, VTA, and mOT are essential segments of a neural reward circuit that motivates estrous female mice to seek out male pheromones, thereby facilitating mate recognition and reproductive success.

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Nováková, Lenka. "Faktory přispívající k interindividuálním rozdílům v čichových schopnostech a všímavosti vůči pachům". Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-326711.

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The main body of the thesis deals with selected factors underlying the considerable variability in human olfactory abilities and some odour awareness-related measures, addressed in samples ranging in age from middle childhood to young adulthood. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part (Chapter 1), first presents the major advances and developments that brought about something of a renaissance of scientific interest in the human sense of smell, including the recent proliferation of psychophysical studies, both basic research and clinical. Next, an outline of olfactory psychophysical measures and related olfactory abilities that are of relevance to the studies presented in this thesis is provided. Subsequently, the selected factors contributing to interindividual differences in olfactory abilities, that have been addressed by this thesis, are reviewed, namely the effect of sex (or gender), which is approached from a developmental perspective, childhood gender nonconformity, and personality. Finally, intraindividual fluctuations in olfactory performance are also mentioned in brief. Next, the focus shifts to odour awareness by first introducing the various approaches that can be adopted to get closer to the real-life context as opposed to laboratory setting (where most olfactory studies continue to be...

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Libri sul tema "Odor hedonics"

Birtwistle, Steven Graeme. Anxiolysis and hedonics: Investigations into properties of chamomile oil and measurement of odour pleasantness. Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 2000.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Odor hedonics"

Engen, T. "The acquisition of odour hedonics". In Perfumery, 79–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2558-3_4.

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Dantec, Morgane, Laura Chalençon, Marc Thévenet, Ines Adrar, Sylvie Baudino, Nathalie Mandairon e Moustafa Bensafi. "Measuring Hedonic Behaviors to Food Odors in Children". In Basic Protocols on Emotions, Senses, and Foods, 131–43. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2934-5_11.

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Hermans, Dirk, e Frank Baeyens. "Acquisition and Activation of Odor Hedonics in Everyday Situations: Conditioning and Priming Studies". In Olfaction, Taste, and Cognition, 119–39. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511546389.014.

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McGlone, Francis, Robert A., Luisa M. e Charles Spence. "The Crossmodal Influence of Odor Hedonics on Facial Attractiveness: Behavioural and fMRI Measures". In Functional Brain Mapping and the Endeavor to Understand the Working Brain. InTech, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56504.

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Wolfe, Jeremy M., Dennis M. Levi, Lori L. Holt, Linda M. Bartoshuk, Rachel S. Herz, Roberta L. Klatzky e Daniel M. Merfeld. "Olfaction". In Sensation & Perception. Oxford University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780197663813.003.0015.

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This chapter explores the intricate mechanisms and experiences of olfaction, beginning with the physiological and neural basis of smell perception. It examines olfactory physiology, focusing on how odorant molecules interact with the olfactory epithelium and how neural pathways in the brain interpret odors. The chapter then explains the neurophysiology of olfaction by describing how the brain processes olfactory signals and how receptor activation patterns transform chemical stimuli into distinct odor perceptions. It discusses psychological aspects, such as odor identification, adaptation, and the impact of hedonic preferences on smell perception, showing how olfactory experiences connect to emotions, memories, and individual differences. The role of the vomeronasal organ and human pheromones in detecting chemosignals underscores olfaction's relevance to social communication, while a forward-looking perspective considers technological and scientific advancements poised to deepen our understanding of this essential sense.

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Gębicki, Jacek, Bartosz Szulczyński, Hubert Byliński, Paulina Kolasińska, Tomasz Dymerski e Jacek Namieśnik. "Application of Electronic Nose to Ambient Air Quality Evaluation With Respect to Odour Nuisance in Vicinity of Municipal Landfills and Sewage Treatment". In Electronic Nose Technologies and Advances in Machine Olfaction, 175–201. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3862-2.ch009.

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This chapter contains information about application of the electronic nose type instruments to evaluation of ambient air odour quality connected with such sectors of human activity as municipal landfills or sewage treatment plants. The authors present potential sources of emission from these sectors, characterize the chemical compounds responsible for presence of unpleasant odours, describe the influence of those compounds on human health and related discomfort. Legal aspects pertaining to admissible odour concentration levels in selected countries are also presented. The chapter describes instrumental and sensory methods utilized for determination of odour concentration, odour intensity, or hedonic quality. The chemical sensors potentially and currently employed in the electronic nose type devices are also characterized. Moreover, the future prospects of application of the electronic nose instruments to evaluation of ambient air with respect to odour nuisance are discussed.

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Toontom, Nitchara, Chaloemporn Namyotha, Kasama Wongprachum, Tarinee Nilkamheang e Kukiat Tudpor. "Development of Health-Promoting Edible Cricket Products by Using Sensory Evaluation Techniques". In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti240085.

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Background: In the fields of food science and technology, sensory evaluation is extensively studied to assess personal perception and acceptability. However, studies on Thai consumers’ personal perceptions of and acceptability of food products containing crickets have not been conducted. Objectives: The overall goal of this study was to find out how well-liked two food products containing house crickets were by Thai customers in good health regarding their sensory qualities. Methods: The 3-point Just-About-Right (JAR) scale measured the foods’ sensory characteristics, including thickness, color, odor, sweetness, and saltiness. Food product approval among consumers was assessed using the 9-point Hedonic scale. Nutrient density was measured using the nutrient-rich foods (NRF) index, highlighting the potential health benefits of these products. Results: For every attribute, the goodness-of-fit score of the cricket puffed rice (CPR) was higher than 70%. The cricket-galangal chili paste (CGCP) received a score of greater than 70% for color and odor, but the sweetness was required more since it had a JAR score of 53.3 percent. The customer acceptance scores of CPR and CGCP were 6.63-7.60 and 6.60-7.50 on the 9-point Hedonic scale. The NRF indices of the CPR and CGCP were 19.19 and 20.44 (intermediate levels). Conclusion: There was no need for improvements in the cricket puffed rice product, but cricket-galangal chili paste should be improved. Further study on nutrition facts is required.

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Rouby, Catherine, e Moustafa Bensafi. "Is There a Hedonic Dimension to Odors?" In Olfaction, Taste, and Cognition, 140–59. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511546389.015.

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Boeckh, Jürgen. "Die Wahrnehmung des unsichtbaren Riechen und Schmecken: Moleküle als Sinnesreize". In European Brewery Convention, 373–86. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199634668.003.0041.

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Abstract Behavioral effects and different roles of chemical, especially olfactory sensory stimuli for nutrition, reproduction and social life in humans and their relatives. The importance of learning and valuation of odors; hedonic character, emotional and motivational effects. (2) The process of olfaction as the sensory detection and discrimination of complex chemical patterns, i.e. mixtures of certain components in certain ratios. The sensors for such stimuli in the nose, how they analyze such patterns and convey the result to the brain. (3) Olfactory centers in the brain and their modes of function.

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Shiner, Larry. "The Neuroscience and Psychology of Smell II". In Art Scents, 54–67. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190089818.003.0008.

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Chapter 3 turns to experimental evidence that suggests our sense of smell may lack sufficient cognitive powers to fund reflective aesthetic judgments. The chapter focuses on psychological theories that claim our olfactory system is (1) purely emotional, (2) only capable of simplistic hedonic judgments, (3) unable to reliably identify and name odors, and (4) incurably unconscious. Although these characterizations could be seen as supporting the negative intellectual tradition on smell, the chapter closes by examining recent neuroscience studies of olfactory experts that suggest the human sense of smell, despite its limitations, may indeed be able to support reflective aesthetic experience and judgments. This argument is corroborated by Andreas Keller’s conclusions on the philosophy of olfactory perception.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Odor hedonics"

Sven Nimmermark. "Characterization of Odor from Livestock and Poultry Operations by the Hedonic Tone". In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.21151.

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Bandara, T. M. M. P. S., e K. G. S. Madhushani. "Influence of Mimosa pigra-Based Bio Ferti lizer on the Sensory Properti es of MI-2 Chili Peppers (Capsicum annum)". In SLIIT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES, 2–6. Faculty of Humanities & Sciences, SLIIT, 2024. https://doi.org/10.54389/scoi1977.

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This study investigates the impact of Mimosa pigra-based bio fertilizers on the sensory properties of MI-2 chili pods (Capsicum annum). Utilizing Mimosa pigra-based bio fertilizers, this research examines how organic farming practices influence the sensory quality of MI-2 chili pods. The organic fertilizer was formulated by cutting Mimosa pigra into small pieces prior to its flowering stage and allowing them to decompose fully in a pit over a period of six months. The experiment was conducted using a randomized but complete block design, comprising four distinct treatments and nine replicates each. The first treatment consisted of a fertilizer mixture incorporating Mimosa pigra (MP). The second treatment combined Mimosa pigra with calcium carbonate (MP+C). The third treatment included a combination of Mimosa pigra and inorganic fertilizer (MP+IF). Additionally, a negative control (NC) treatment was included for comparative purposes. Each pot mixture was prepared using a combination of garden soil, goat manure, and sand at a 2:2:1 ratio. After comparing sensory ratings across the treatments using ANOVA, post-hoc tests were performed with significance defined at p < 0.05. The mean scores with 95% confidence intervals were used to present the results. A group of fifty participants joined in a sensory evaluation that evaluated the taste, color, texture, odor, and overall acceptability of the mixture using a 5-point hedonic scale. When compared to other treatments, chili pods treated with MP biofertilizer were rated as having the best overall acceptance (p = 0.02) and taste (p = 0.03). Pods from the MP+C, MP+IF and NC ferti lizers are among the most preferred in term of colour and texture. More importantly, the overall acceptability of the chili pods grown with the MP fertilizer was found to be the most preferred by the study participants. Also, the findings aim to enhance our understanding of the role of sustainable agricultural practices in shaping food quality and maintaining the cultural relevance of chili peppers in culinary traditions. Keywords: Hedonic scale; Mimosa pigra; Organic fertilizer; Questi onary survey

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