Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Ocial influence"

Oral health has been found to have a profound effect on systemic health. The home environment has a huge influence on children's dental health and care. The family's influence on children's oral health and care is well recognized, and efforts to prevent Early Childhood Caries (ECC) development have focused on parents. Parental education, dental neglect, and difficulty in obtaining health care all serve as hurdles for the general public to adopt suggested child oral health-related behaviors. According to a recent survey, Internet penetration in India has reached about 47 percent in 2021, up from around 4 percent in 2007. The compelling power of internet-based knowledge and social media content has taken precedence over the world. Furthermore, the post-pandemic world and the generation affected directly by the aftermath of COVID have completely relied on social media and their opinions to maintain oral health. Delivering accurate and practical information to parents about their children's dental health is critical, but it can be difficult. These obstacles can be solved by targeting parents via social media networking and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). This expository narrative focuses on explaining the various facets of social media and their impact on the oral health of children and adolescents.

The revolutionary political, economic, and religious changes in England from the time of Henry VIII through the execution of Charles I accompanied the creation of the modern law of contracts. Most legal historians have ignored the impact of the Protestant Reformation and the rise of Puritanism on the development of the common law. Only a few historians have considered the influence of Puritanism on the law but have come to conflicting conclusions. This paper considers the question of Puritanism's impact on three aspects of the common law of contracts: the rise of the writ of assumpsit, the rationalization of the doctrine of consideration, and the independence of promissory conditions. The Authors conclude that Puritan theology was irrelevant to assumpsit and consideration but could have influenced the framework of analysis of the application of virtually absolute liability in Paradine v. Jane. 1 Second, the Puritan emphasis on discipline-personals, ocial, and ecclesiastical- represents an independent source of influence on the development of the common law of contracts. The disciplined life grew in cultural significance with the Reformation and the subsequent process of confessionalization. Of the three confessional traditions arising from the Reformation, the Reformed, which included the Puritans, implemented discipline to the greatest extent. The Puritan tools of discipline-self-examination, literacy, catechizing, and local ecclesiastical implementation-proved effective. The emerging modern state valued a disciplined citizenry and eventually co-opted the social gains produced by Puritanism. The particular forms of Puritan theology and discipline were contributing factors to the English Civil War. The Civil War both precipitated the monopolization of judicial power in the common law courts and exacerbated the need for the imposition of social order from above. These factors also underlay the decision in Paradine v. Jane.2 Thus, the Authors believe that Puritan social practice influenced the common law of contracts.

IntroductionEducational policy in the UK has moved towards inclusion (Lindsay, 2003), resulting in debate over the use of disability labels (Lauchlan & Boyle, 2007). Labelling influences social–identity (Olney & Brockelman, 2003), this paper suggests ocial–identity influences self–efficacy and, therefore, academic performance (Zimmerman, 1996, 2001).AimsTo investigate if past performance of in–group members will influence students’ self–efficacy beliefs.MethodA convenience sample of 30 undergraduates was recruited, half of whom were dyslexic. Participants were split equally into three conditions and informed of either high–dyslexic or high nondyslexic performance or were kept naive of past performance. Scores for efficacy beliefs were taken and analysed for differences between conditions.ResultsFor dyslexic participants both the high–dyslexic and high non–dyslexic performance conditions resulted in significantly differing self–efficacy scores when compared to dyslexic participants in the control group. Scores also significantly differed for non–dyslexic participants in the high–dyslexic performance compared to non–dyslexic controls, for one self–efficacy scale, however, no significant differences were found between non–dyslexic’s in the control condition and those in the high non–dyslexic performance condition.ConclusionsWhile, dyslexic students showed predicted differences in efficacy scores relative to in–group member’s performance. For non–dyslexic students, a significant d fference was only found for those in the high–dyslexic performance condition. Therefore, results suggest that dyslexic students’ self–efficacy was influenced by social identity. For non–dyslexics this was not the case. The small number of participant’s percondition and the impact of stereotyping are suggested as mitigating predicted significant differences in selfefficacy scores for non–dyslexics. The effect of past dyslexic performance on dyslexic self–efficacy scores is described in relation to disability labels. Due to alternative theoretical explications for data trends found, and methodological limitations the study’s principal conclusion is the need to expand on findings demonstrated.

Technological innovation has increased electronic and mechanical automation to traditional games that replace or augment human croupiers, and also change how the games are enjoyed. Little is known about how these automated products may influence people's gambling or entice new players to try these table and community games. Research regarding the characteristics of electronic gaming machines (EGMs) has provided insights into the potential consequences associated with technological enhancements. However, without knowing how these products differ to their traditional counterparts, it is difficult to begin to understand their implications on player expenditures and product safety. An Australian national environmental scan of these electronically and mechanically enhanced table-game and community-game products was conducted to identify the characteristics of these automated products Australia-wide. Based on EGM research (Armstrong & Rockloff, 2015), the "VICES" framework was identified as an appropriate organising principle for surveying the features of automated products. The VICES acronym specifies 5 criteria by which automated products might differ from traditional table-games: (v)isual and auditory enhancements, (i)llusion of control, (c)ognitive complexity, (e)xpedited play, and (s)ocial customisation. The findings suggest that automation provides the potential for the provision of products that intensify gambling engagement with the attendant potential for gambling-related harm. Further research, however, is needed to find if this potential harm is manifest in real-world gambling environments.

The article examines the problems associated with the impact of globalization on the state of crime and the factors of modernglobal processes that shape it’s destructive phenomenon – transnational organized crime. The study concluded that globalization ofcrime is now the main trend of it’s criminal transformation; transnational organized crime is a real step towards criminalization of society.Therefore, it is quite reasonable to assert that the formation of a transnational criminal environment is an antipode for a law-abidingsociety. The main factors of criminalization of society include: value-vacuum (weak state and the lack of values in society – this is theworst combination for society and the most advantageous for the progress of crime); informational influence, which justifies and legi -timizes criminal phenomenon; involvement people to the criminal society; instability. Besides improper state development leads to ocial non-adaptability, stratification of society. The modern “globalized progress”, that focused on alleged human values destroys thenormative base by legal, quasi-legal and criminal actions. Such transformation of society is the source for the transformation of organi -zed crime.It is actually nowadays to develop the fundamentally new attitude to the study of transnational crime, – sociocultural attitude,which can be based on such a postulate – the factors of the development of transnational criminal organizations associated with theemergence of appropriate opportunities at the global level.During exploring the transnational organized crime as a phenomenon that paradoxically is created by socio-cultural developmentof human civilization, firstly, it is necessary to understand that this phenomenon is a completely separate segment of crime, which hasit’s own and system characteristics.Secondly, the scientific definition of the features of transnational organized crime should be based on an analysis of it’s systemicinteractions, which will enable to solve the problem of developing and implementing a national and consolidated concept of combatingtransnational organized crime at the international level.

<p><em>This research aims to find out the problems of the </em><em>a</em><em>rchitectural Style of the Indis in Boyolali 1910 – 1915 who stay in city center and affected by the existence of the Boyolali village from socio-cultural. The problems related to this study are</em><em> k</em><em>nowing the background of the history of Boyolali City, development of the architectural style of the building Indis,</em><em> and</em><em> </em><em>s</em><em>ocial and cultural impact of the architectural style of the building Indis in boyolali.</em><em> </em><em>Based on the problem above, this research uses methods of historical research in the form of </em><em>h</em><em>euristics, </em><em>s</em><em>ource </em><em>c</em><em>riticism, </em><em>i</em><em>nterpretation, </em><em>and </em><em>historiography. </em><em>The r</em><em>esults </em><em>are </em><em>th</em><em>at</em><em> architecture of Indis have a major influence on the dynamics of Boyolali</em><em> which t</em><em>meeting of two different cultures between European and indigenous cultures</em><em>.</em><em> Indis architectural style buildings in Boyolali can be seen in the city center in Pandanaran street Boyolali, and around Merapi and Merbabu street</em><em>.</em><em> Appearence architectural style Indis resulting cultural and social impact in the community. The impact of culture reflected in language, sciene and architecture. Social impact on the emergency of class and social status based on architectural style residence, Indis style and education.</em></p>

AbstractIn 1941, the well-known international Cold War actor Serafino Romualdi traveled to South America for the first time. As a representative of the New York-based Mazzini Society, Romualdi sought to grow a robust anti-fascist movement among South America's Italian communities, finding the most success in Uruguay. As Romualdi conducted his tour of South America, he began writing a series of reports on local fascist activities, which caught the attention of officials at the Office of the Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs (OCIAA), a US government agency under the direction of Nelson Rockefeller. The OCIAA would eventually tap Romualdi and his growing connections in South America to gather intelligence concerning Italian and German influence in the region. This investigation sheds light on the critical function that Romualdi and his associates played in helping the US government to construct the initial scaffolding necessary to orchestrate various strategies under the umbrella of OCIAA-sponsored cultural diplomacy. Despite his limited success with Italian anti-fascist groups in Latin America, Romualdi's experience in the region during the early 1940s primed him to become an effective agent for the US government with a shrewd understanding of the value in shaping local labor movements during the Cold War.

Universal Church concerns deeply to social-economic problem of human race. Social Doctrine of The Church then appears as a way to solve social-economic problems of human race. That is why, the Indonesian apostolates attends in a ocial-economic Development (PSE) where it has been depeloped at all dioceses. Although, the development of socio-economic program is not supported well, but nowdays, Klepu-Ponorogo St. Hilary Parish has been traying to develope this program. They have some kinds of social-economic developments program such as: farming training school, home industry, organic rice farming, barns, mushrooms cultivation, urine liquid fertilizer. Eventhough, practically, they find some problems different interests on PSE program. It is actually influenced by the ineffectiveness of the program socialization to the whole people. Another factor is that, the people has not been yet interested to join in the program.

The influence of extinction ratio (ER) on the performance of 120 Gbps return-to-zero octal differential phase-amplitude-shift keying (RZ-ODPASK) modulation format in single-channel transmission is investigated. Based on the modulation and demodulation schemes, the structures of RZ-ODPASK transmitter and receiver are presented; and expressions for the output optical fields and electrical currents of amplitude and phase tributaries are analytically acquired. As ER is a tradeoff for good performance of the two tributaries, the optimal ER for back-to-back configuration is theoretically derived as 2.32 dB for the first time, which is verified by simulation. Then the tolerances to residual chromatic dispersion (CD) and fiber nonlinearity of RZ-ODPASK transmission are numerically studied, respectively. The results indicate that phase tributary is more robust against both dispersion and nonlinearity impairment than the amplitude tributary. To balance the performance of the two tributaries, curves of the optimal ER values with the change of residual CD and fiber nonlinearity are also obtained, respectively. The results can be useful for the design of RZ-ODPASK systems; in the meantime, the analytical methodology described in this paper is applicable to other multilevel RZ-DPASK modulation formats.

This paper is devoted to obtaining and investigating polymer composites based on polyamide-6 and carbon nanotubes. Polyamide 6, type 210/310, was used as a polymer matrix, and carbon nanotubes manufactured by OcSiAl were used as a modifier. The components were compounded in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder HAAKE Rheomex OS PTW 16 to obtain granulate. The granulate was processed by injection molding on a Babyplast 6/10V machine to obtain test samples as double-sided blades (ISO-527-2, type 5A). Elastic strength tests were carried out on a Gotech UAI-7000M universal tensile-testing machine. It has been shown that introduction of 0.15% CNT promotes an increase in the yield point and the initial modulus of elasticity with a significant decrease in the ultimate strength. The maximum value of the tensile strength (161 MPa) has been obtained for the specified composition at an injection rate of 12.9 ml/s.

La stigmergie constitue un mécanisme de coordination générique largement exploité dans les sociétés animales, dans lequel les traces laissées par un individu dans l'environnement guident et stimulent les actions ultérieures de cet individu et d'autres individus. Dans le contexte humain, avec la numérisation de la société, de nouvelles formes de processus stigmergiques ont émergé à travers le développement de services en ligne qui exploitent largement les traces numériques laissées par leurs utilisateurs, notamment par le biais de systèmes de recommandation ou d'évaluation. Dans ce contexte, il est essentiel de comprendre l'influence de ces traces numériques sur la prise de décision individuelle et collective. Dans un premier temps, j'analyse et modélise l'interaction de groupes d'individus avec leurs traces numériques, et détermine comment ils peuvent exploiter ces traces pour coopérer dans une tâche de recherche d'informations. Par la suite, j'étudie l'influence de la compétition, tant au sein du groupe qu'entre les groupes, sur la manière dont les individus coopèrent pour mener à bien cette tâche. Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons conçu le jeu multijoueur en ligne Stigmer, que nous avons utilisé pour mener 16 séries d'expériences. Dans ce jeu novateur, des groupes d'individus déposent et exploitent des traces numériques dans le cadre d'une tâche de recherche d'informations qui intègre un système d'évaluation à 5~étoiles. Ce système est similaire à ceux utilisés par de nombreuses plateformes en ligne, où les utilisateurs peuvent évaluer des produits, des services ou des vendeurs. Dans le jeu, les participants interagissent sur le même tableau de valeurs cachées, recherchant les cellules ayant les valeurs les plus élevées, en exploitant uniquement les informations indirectes fournies sous la forme de traces colorées résultant de leurs évaluations collectives. Ce cadre expérimental contrôlé permet une analyse quantitative approfondie du comportement individuel et collectif, en offrant la possibilité de manipuler et d'étudier l'impact combiné de la compétition intra et intergroupe sur la dynamique de coopération. Les résultats expérimentaux et de la modélisation montrent que le type et l'intensité de la compétition influent sur la manière dont les individus interprètent et utilisent les traces numériques, et sur la fiabilité des informations fournies par ces traces. Cette étude révèle que les individus peuvent être classés en trois profils comportementaux qui diffèrent par leur degré de coopération : les collaborateurs, les neutres et les trompeurs. En l'absence de compétition, les traces numériques induisent spontanément une coopération entre les individus, soulignant ainsi le potentiel des processus stigmergiques pour favoriser la collaboration dans les groupes humains. De même, la compétition entre deux groupes favorise le comportement coopératif des membres d'un groupe qui cherchent à surpasser la performance des membres de l'autre groupe. Cependant, la compétition au sein d'un groupe peut engendrer des comportements trompeurs, où les individus manipulent leurs évaluations pour obtenir un avantage compétitif sur les autres membres du groupe. Ainsi, dans les processus de prise de décisions, une information sociale non fiable renforce l'utilisation d'informations privées au détriment de cette information sociale. Enfin, les situations qui combinent à la fois de la compétition intragroupe et intergroupe font apparaître des niveaux variables de coopération entre les individus, expliqués par notre étude. En mettant en lumière les liens entre compétition, coopération, tromperie, et prise de décision, ces travaux établissent les fondements pour comprendre des interactions stigmergiques dans les environnements numériques. Ces résultats peuvent contribuer au développement d'algorithmes de prise de décision personnalisés et de systèmes d'intelligence collective artificielle fondés sur la stigmergie
Stigmergy is a generic coordination mechanism widely used by animal societies, in which traces left by individuals in the environment guide and stimulate the subsequent actions of the same or different individuals. In the human context, with the digitization of society, new forms of stigmergic processes have emerged through the development of online services that extensively exploit the digital traces left by their users, in particular, using rating-based recommendation systems. Therefore, understanding the impact of these digital traces on both individual and collective decision-making is essential. This study pursues two main objectives. First, I investigate and modelize the interactions of groups of individuals with their digital traces, and determine how they can exploit these traces to cooperate in an information search task. Subsequently, the research explores the impact of intragroup and intergroup competition on the dynamics of cooperation in the framework of this information search task. To answer these questions, we have developed the online multiplayer Stigmer game, on which we base 16 series of experiments under varying conditions. In this game, groups of individuals leave and exploit digital traces in an information search task that implements a 5-star rating system. This system is similar to recommendation systems used by many online marketplaces and platforms, where users can evaluate products, services, or sellers. In the game, all individuals interact with a grid of hidden values, searching for cells with the highest values, and using only indirect information provided in the form of colored traces resulting from their collective ratings. This controlled environment allows for a thorough and quantitative analysis of individual and collective behaviors, and offers the possibility of manipulating and studying the combined impact of intragroup and intergroup competition on cooperation. The experimental and modeling results indicate that the type and intensity of competition determine how individuals interpret and use digital traces, and impact the reliability of the information delivered via these traces. This study reveals that individuals can be classified into three behavioral profiles that differ in their degree of cooperation: collaborators, neutrals, and defectors. When there is no competition, digital traces spontaneously induce cooperation among individuals, highlighting the potential for stigmergic processes to foster collaboration in human groups. Likewise, competition between two groups also promotes cooperative behavior among group members who aim to outperform the members of the other group. However, intragroup competition can prompt deceptive behaviors, as individuals may manipulate their ratings to gain a competitive advantage over the other group members. In this situation, the presence of misinformation reinforces the use of private information over social information in the decision-making process. Finally, situations that combine both intragroup and intergroup competition display varying levels of cooperation between individuals, that we explain. This research establishes the foundations for understanding stigmergic interactions in digital environments, shedding light on the relationships between competition, cooperation, deception, and decision-making. The insights gained may contribute to the development of sustainable and cooperative personalized decision-making algorithms and artificial collective intelligence systems grounded in stigmergy