Tesi sul tema "Oceans worlds"

L'objectif scientifique de cette etude est de quantifier a l'echelle globale les flux de carbone organique apportes chaque annees aux oceans, afin d'evaluer le role de ces flux dans le cycle global du carbone. Les flux de carbone organique concernent, de maniere a peu pres equivalente, le carbone organique dissous (cod) et le carbone organique particulaire (cop). Pour ces deux formes de carbone, les facteurs de controle sont identifies et des modeles empiriques sont etabli pour extrapoler les flux a l'echelle globale et regionale. Ces flux etant fortement associes aux flux d'eau (cod, cop) et de sediments (cop), une telle investigation n'est possible qu'avec un examen detaille des facteurs principaux de controle de ces deux parametres cles a l'echelle globale. L'approche de cette etude est basee sur un ensemble de 60 grands fleuves du monde. Les caracteristiques hydroclimatiques, biologiques, geomorphologiques et lithologiques des bassins versants de ces fleuves sont extraites d'un grand nombre de banques de donnees globales a partir des contours digitalises de ces bassins. Ensuite, ces caracteristiques sont utilisees pour des analyses statistiques avec les donnees de la litterature sur les flux de carbone, d'eau et des sediments dans ces fleuves. Lorsqu'on applique le modele de regression pour le cod a la surface totale des continents a partir de l'ensemble des donnees existantes, la quantite totale de carbone organique dissous exporte vers les oceans est estimee a environ 0,21 gigatonnes de carbone par an (gtc/an). Pour le cop, cette quantite est d'environ 0,16 gtc/an. Les flux correspondant d'eaux et de sediments sont respectivement de 44400 km#3/an et 16 gt/an. Pour tous ces transports fluviaux, des cartes globales representant la distribution spatiale des flux specifiques sur les continents sont ainsi presentees, et des bilans detailles sont proposes pour les differents continents, bassins oceaniques et type de climats. Finalement, la modelisation des transports fluviaux de carbone organique est couplee a une modelisation de carbone inorganique developpee par amiotte-suchet 1995

本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第4974号
理博第1371号
新制||理||765(附属図書館)
UT51-92-J21
京都大学大学院理学研究科地球物理学専攻
(主査)教授 今里 哲久, 教授 奥西 一夫, 教授 廣田 勇
学位規則第4条第1項該当

In The Pearl Button, Patricio Guzman explores the role water played in shaping how the Selk’nam inhabited the coasts of the Tierra del Fuego in Patagonia through “cosmovisions,’ sequences that extend beyond human perception, even as they link the habitation of indigenous peoples to subsequent colonial and political projects. Guzman’s “cosmovisual aesthetic” warrants dissection in the form of a video essay because of its complicated interplay between editing and shot distance, which establishes a critical bioregionalism that acknowledges the unique qualities of place, here the Tierra del Fuego, as well as the forces of globalization that threaten it. Guzman’s cosmovisual aesthetic ranges from extreme close-ups to reveal minute details in objects to aerial shots that articulate the shapes of coasts and even to telescopic shots depicting planets and nebulae. He works with archival photography and the superimposition of images/sounds in order to create a pluriverse of peoples and environments, which moves beyond human audiovisual and temporal perception. In doing so, The Pearl Button links the ways in which the Selk’nam inhabited Chile, depending on its waters, to the ocean as the source of the colonial project of Spain and site of political murders under the later dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. Guzman’s cinematic elaboration of Indigenous worldviews resonates with contemporary Chilean philosophers Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela, and Ricardo Rozzi. From cybernetics to ecological philosophy, this video essay weaves the insights of these Chilean philosophers with Guzman’s cosomovisions in order to highlight the complex ecological insights at the intersection of Indigenous thought and film form. In particular, it extends Rozzi’s practical model of Field Environmental Philosophy to communicating ecological philosophy through media.

Marine phytoplankton is responsible for ~50% of global primary productivity, it supports the oceanic food web and affects biogeochemical cycles. I participated in a large mesocosm experiment that observed altered community structure and carbon drawdown in response to increased CO2. There was a 27% reduction in community primary production at the peak of an Emiliania huxleyi-dominated bloom in mesocosms initially at 760 ppm CO2 compared to present day pCO2. There were changes in community structure but not dominance; Synechococcus and large pico-eukaryote abundances were reduced by ~60%, E. huxleyi was reduced by ~50%. A number of E. huxleyi strains persisted throughout the experiment in both treatments and no malformation or significant change in lith size occurred at increased CO2. In a second field experiment in the oligotrophic ocean off the Canary Islands, 760 ppm pCO2 did not change community structure or cell division rates of Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus or pico-eukaryotes.In laboratory experiments, I maintained the diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1335 at 760 ppm and present day pCO2 for ~100 generations in gas equilibrated continuous cultures – one of the longest experiments that has been attempted to investigate the effect of increased CO2 on marine phytoplankton. No clear evidence of adaptation or acclimation to increased CO2 was found, neither were there consistent changes in transcription of RuBisCO or carbonic anhydrase genes. Non-calcified E. huxleyi CCMP1516 and calcified CCMP371 grown in gas equilibrated semi-continuous cultures for several weeks showed no change in cell division rate at 760 ppm CO2. An understanding of the underlying changes in communities is required for modelling responses to increasing CO2, molecular tools may prove useful for this task. The strong community response in the mesocosms shows that rising atmospheric CO2 can greatly affect phytoplankton productivity and biogeochemical cycling.

Sebbene studi recenti abbiano contribuito a far luce su alcuni aspetti dell’interazione tra uomo anatomicamente moderno e forme umane arcaiche, come Neandertal e Denisova, sappiamo ancora ben poco riguardo all’interazione tra popolazioni di nostri antenati e altre forme umane oggi estinte – come ad esempio l’enigmatico Homo floresiensis – con cui siamo convissuti per migliaia di anni. In questo progetto abbiamo analizzato il genoma completo (coverage ~40x) di 10 individui appartenenti ad una popolazione pigmea dell’isola di Flores, in Indonesia orientale. Il villaggio abitato da questa popolazione si trova nelle vicinanze della grotta di Liang Bua dove i fossili di H.floresiensis sono stati rinvenuti, e i suoi abitanti presentano delle caratteristiche morfologiche in comune con H. floresiensis. Abbiamo analizzato questi dati - che rappresentano anche i primi dati di genomi complete dell’Indonesia ottenuti finora - utilizzando un approccio recentemente sviluppato che consente di identificare DNA ereditato a seguito di ibridazione con specie umane arcaiche, senza la necessita’ di conoscere il genome della specie arcaica. Le nostre analisi hanno rivelato la presenza nei pigmei di Flores, di regioni genomiche divergenti, che potrebbero derivare da ibridazione con H. floresiensis e che potrebbero quindi contribuire a fornire una nuova visione della nostra interazione con specie estinte, in questa regione del mondo che e’ stata cruciale per la nostra evoluzione – e dove non e’ possibile, al momento, ottenere DNA da resti fossili. Infine, abbiamo applicato lo stesso approccio a dati di genomi completi di 1,523 individui di diverse popolazioni mondiali, che includono 35 nuovi genomi Melanesiani da noi prodotti, con lo scopo di identificare sequenze ereditate dall’ibridazione con Neandertal e Denisova. Abbiamo mostrato che l’ibridazione con i Neandertal sarebbe avvenuta numerose volte in diverse popolazioni non-Africane, abbiamo caratterizzato regioni genomiche che appaiono significativamente impoverite di sequenze arcaiche, ed infine abbiamo identificato la presenza di introgressione adattativa in questi genomi.
Although recent genetic findings have contribuited to shed light on some aspects of the interaction between anatomically modern humans and archaic hominin forms, such as Neandertals and Denisovans, very little is known about the interaction between our ancestors and other extinct species - such as the enigmatic Homo floresiensis - with which they co-existed for thousands of years. Here we analyzed 10 new high coverage genomes (~40x) from a pygmy population in the Island of Flores (Eastern Indonesia). This village is near where remains of H. floresiensis were found and its people have been reported to have morphological similarities to Homo florensiensis. We used a newly developed approach to identify DNA inherited from archaic hominin ancestor, which does not rely on ancient genomes. Moreover, our data represent to date the first complete genomes from Indonesia. Our analysis revealed the presence of highly divergent genomic regions in the Flores pygmies, that might result from past admixture with H. floresiensis, and contribuited to provide new insights on the landscape of hominin interactions in this part of the world crucial for our evolutionary history – where ancient DNA work may not be tractable. Finally, we applied the same approach to whole-genome sequences from 1,523 geographically diverse individuals, including 35 new Island Melanesian genomes with the goal of identifying sequences inherited from Neandertals and Denisovans. We showed that Neandertal admixture occurred multiple times in different non-African populations, we characterized genomic regions that are significantly depleted of archaic sequence, and identified signatures of adaptive introgression.

La présence d'océans sous la surface de certains des satellites glacés de Jupiter (e.g. Europe) et de Saturne (e.g. Titan, Encelade) couplée à l'existence de geysers permettant l'échantillonnage de leurs profondeurs a fait émerger le fort potentiel exobiologique de ces corps planétaires du système solaire. De telles découvertes ont suscité le développement de futures missions spatiales (Dragonfly pour Titan et concepts de missions pour Europe et Encelade) pour comprendre la chimie de surface de ces mondes-océan, et par extension de rechercher des traces de chimie prébiotique ou de vie passée ou actuelle. La quête de telles signatures nécessite un analyseur chimique à bord des sondes qui seront envoyées dans le système solaire externe. De nombreuses techniques analytiques peuvent être mises en œuvre mais la chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (CPG-SM) apparaît comme une technique de premier choix pour tenter de répondre à ces questions, de par son héritage dans l'exploration spatiale, sa capacité à analyser une large gamme de composés organiques et son potentiel pour détecter des biosignatures notamment par l'étude de l'énantiomérie des espèces chirales.L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de préparer la future analyse chimique in situ de ces lunes glacées, d'une part par l'amélioration des connaissances scientifiques et d'autre part par l'optimisation technique des instruments. Il s'agit d'évaluer et d'optimiser les capacités analytiques de la CPG-SM et des méthodes de préparation d'échantillon associées, afin de détecter des molécules organiques et biosignatures avec les contraintes analytiques connues et/ou attendues sur ces corps planétaires (richesse en matière organique des échantillons prélevés pour Titan et présence d'eau de sels pour les échantillons à la surface d'Europe et d'Encelade). Dans le cas d'Europe et Encelade, l'étude d'échantillons hypersalins terrestres a permis de mettre en avant les capacités de la CPG-SM et des méthodes de prétraitements associées pour la recherche de molécules organiques d'intérêt pour l'exobiologie malgré la présence de sels. Pour évaluer l'impact du sel sur ces méthodes, le développement d'un protocole de dessalement a été entrepris et mis en place. Outre l'aspect analytique, mon travail a permis la sélection et la caractérisation des performances des colonnes chromatographiques (générale et chirale) qui seront intégrées à l'instrument DraMS à bord de la sonde Dragonfly (e.g. Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer, DraMS). Pour ces différents aspects, ce travail s'est appuyé sur l'étude d'échantillon analogues synthétiques (tholins pour Titan) mais aussi naturels (lac hypersalin pour Europe et Encelade)
The presence of oceans beneath the surface of some of Jupiter's (e.g. Europa) and Saturn's (e.g. Titan, Enceladus) icy satellites, coupled with the existence of geysers that allow their depths to be sampled, has highlighted the strong exobiological potential of these planetary bodies in the solar system. Such discoveries have motivated the development of future space missions (Dragonfly for Titan and mission concepts for Europa and Enceladus) to understand the surface chemistry of these ocean worlds, and by extension to search for traces of prebiotic chemistry or past or present life. The search for such signatures requires a chemical analyzer on board the probes that will be sent into the outer solar system. Many analytical techniques can be used, but gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) appears to be one of the best techniques for answering these questions, thanks to its heritage in space exploration, its ability to analyze a wide range of organic compounds, and its potential for detecting biosignatures, especially by studying the enantiomery of chiral species.The aim of this thesis is to prepare for future in situ chemical analysis of these icy moons, both by improving our scientific knowledge and by technically optimizing our instruments. The main purpose is to evaluate and optimize the analytical capabilities of GC-MS and associated sample preparation methods, in order to detect organic molecules and biosignatures within the analytical constraints known and/or expected on these planetary bodies (richness in organic matter in samples from Titan, and presence of water and salts in samples from the surface of Europa and Enceladus, etc.). In the case of Europa and Enceladus, the study of hypersaline terrestrial samples has highlighted the ability of GC-MS and associated pretreatment methods to find organic molecules of interest for exobiology, despite the presence of salts. In order to assess the impact of salt on these methods, a desalination protocol was developed and implemented. In addition to the analytical aspect, my work has enabled the selection and characterization of the performance of the chromatographic columns (general and chiral) that will be integrated into the DraMS instrument on board the Dragonfly probe (e.g. Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer, DraMS). For these different aspects, this work was based on the study of synthetic analogous samples (tholins for Titan) as well as natural ones (hypersaline lake for Europa and Enceladus)

Since the 1800s, carbon dioxide emissions due to human activities have contributed significantly to the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Approximately a third of this carbon is absorbed by the ocean, through air-sea fluxes at the ocean surface (Sabine, 2004). Increased CO2 has changed the carbon chemistry of the ocean and hence the pH. pH is expected to drop by 0.4 by the year 2100. It is unclear how this lower pH will affect carbon cycling and sequestration with respect to the biological carbon pump. Most studies have focused on open ocean phytoplankton or bacterial communities in large, stationary mesocosms. Few studies have coupled both phytoplankton and bacterial processes and even fewer have investigated coastal communities, where pH and pCO2 can vary drastically. This study focused first on developing and evaluating a mesocosm and alternative method for elevating pCO2. The second goal was to determine how potential changes in phytoplankton DOC release and community structure and the resulting carbon pool may affect bacterial secondary production and ectoenzyme activity in a natural coastal community. Mesocosms aimed to mimic natural pCO2 fluctuations by maintaining CO2 concentration of 1250 ppm in the headspace, as aqueous pCO2 may change with biological processes. Six mesocosms were filled with 40L of water from the Chesapeake Bay (three ambient pCO2 and three 1250 ppm) and monitored over 15 days. Chlorophyll a, DOC, bacterial respiration, bacterial production, and enzyme activity were measured. Bacterial production and respiration were used to calculate bacterial growth efficiency (BGE). Results showed that there was no significant difference between the ambient and elevated groups with respect to chlorophyll a, DOC, BGE and enzymes activity. However, differences in bacterial respiration and bacterial production during the first four days of the experiment may suggest that bacteria require time to acclimate to elevated pCO2. Phytoplankton and bacteria in coastal areas are exposed to a wide range of abiotic factors such as seasonal temperature variations, salinity, mixing, and terrestrial inputs. The pH of the Chesapeake Bay ranges between 7.5 and 8.3, and it is possible that the phytoplankton and bacteria are adapted to cope with a wide range of pH (Wong, 2012). This study suggests that the biological carbon pump may not be significantly altered in our future ocean.

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Results of a highly vectorized and multitasked model of the world ocean circulation were analyzed. This model which uses realistic physics, geometry, and forcing on a high-resolution grid, was run on the NCAR Cray X-MP/48 using a robust-diagnostic strategy. Twenty years of model integration using one-half degree horizontal resolution and 20 levels of vertical resolution were accomplished after 200 wall-clock hours at a maximum FORTRAN performance speed of 450 megaflops. Seven key regions of the world ocean were analyzed using an ocean model processor. A representation of the global ocean circulation emerged that compared well with observations and that included strong advective features, fronts, and subtropical meanders. A diagnostic analysis program was developed to analyze meridional heat and volume transports. The results in all basins appear to be reasonable when compared to the results of other studies. For example, an anomalous northward heat transport of 3.8 x 10 to the 14th power W at 30 deg in the South Atlantic compares favorably with the estimate of 4.2 x 10 to the 14th power W at 32 deg S by Bennett (1978) using hydrographic data. The results of simulations conducted in this study can be compared and contrasted against the results of future eddy-resolving simulations. Keywords: Digital simulation, Advection, Heat transport, Meridional volume transport, Oceanographic fronts, Meanders, Thermoclines, Finite difference analysis. Theses. (EDC)
http://archive.org/details/analysisofresult00bart
Lieutenant Commander, United States Naval Reserve

This thesis presents a subset of the author’s published works, and describes the impact his work has had on ocean forecasting systems. This impact can be broadly divided into two themes, the underpinning development of ocean forecasting models and the implementation, tuning and evaluation of those models to ensure they provide skilful products, with value to users. The systems described in this dissertation are recognised as amongst the best available, and are being used by commercial operators, military decisions makers and governmental organisations, as well as research users. They also form the basis on which future systems will be developed, meeting the challenges and addressing the priorities discussed in the thesis. The author expects to have a substantive impact on driving the research agenda in these areas over the coming years.

This thesis casts a new light on the role of Southeast Asia in the ancient Indian Ocean World. It brings together data and approaches from archaeology and historical linguistics to examine cultural and language contact between Southeast Asia and South Asia, East Africa and the Middle East. The interdisciplinary approach employed in this study reveals that insular Southeast Asian seafarers, traders and settlers had impacted on these parts of the world in pre-modern times through the transmission of numerous biological and cultural items. It is further demonstrated that the words used for these commodities often contain clues about the precise ethno-linguistic communities involved in their transoceanic dispersal. The Methodology chapter introduces some common linguistic strategies to examine language contact and lexical borrowing, to determine the directionality of loanwords and to circumvent the main caveats of such an approach. The study then proceeds to delve deeper into the socio-cultural background of interethnic contact in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean as a whole, focusing on the oft-neglected Southeast Asian contributions to the cultural landscape of this region and addressing the nature of pre-modern contact between Southeast Asia and the different parts of the Indian Ocean Word. Following from that, the last three chapters look in-depth at the dispersal of respectively Southeast Asian plants, spices and maritime technology into the wider Indian Ocean World. Although concepts and their names do not always neatly travel together across ethno-linguistic boundaries, these chapters demonstrate how a closer examination of lexical data offers supportive evidence and new perspectives on events of cultural contact not otherwise documented. Cumulatively, this study underlines that the analysis of lexical data is a strong tool to examine interethnic contact, particularly in pre-literate societies. Throughout the Indian Ocean World, Southeast Asian products and concepts were mainly dispersed by Malay-speaking communities, although others played a role as well.

Els microplàstics s’han convertit en un gran problema mediambiental. La sobreproducció i l’ús excessiu del plàstic ha dificultat el seu correcte tractament y això provoca que sigui el sector amb un major creixement en la generació de residus. Els residus plàstics, a través de diversos processos es degraden i es trenquen en partícules mes petites donant lloc als microplàstics. També es poden trobar un altre tipus de microplàstics, aquells originats i fabricats d’aquesta mida de forma intencionada. Tot i que s’han publicat diversos articles científics demostrant la presencia de microplàstics a zones mol localitzades, cap d’ells mostra una visió global sobre aquest problema mediambiental. En aquesta tesis presentem el desenvolupament d’una nova metodologia de mostreig de microplàstics a més de la retenció d’altres contaminants orgànics suspesos en l’aigua de mar. Per això, hem col·laborat amb la Fundació de Navegació Oceànica de Barcelona (FNOB), entitat organitzadora de la Barcelona World Race (BWR) y amb el grup Sailing Technologies. A través d’aquesta col·laboració, hem desenvolupat un dispositiu de mostreig instal·lat en un dels vaixells participants en la BWR 2015 que es capaç de col·lectar microplàstics i contaminants orgànics en aigua superficials en varies localitzacions del mon passant per quatre oceans (Mar Mediterrani i Oceans Atlàntic, Pacífic e Índic). Hem realitzat la caracterització dels microplàstics mostrejats durant la BWR 2015. L’anàlisi de la seva morfologia, composició i distribució ens ha permès conèixer el nivell de contaminació i l’impacte de tenir aquest tipus de micropartícules en els oceans. També hem demostrat el efecte concentrador dels microplàstics. Hem desenvolupat un mètode analític reproduïble per l’extracció i quantificació de varies famílies de contaminants orgànics de diferents tipus de micropartícules polimèriques. Per últim, es desenvolupa una metodologia per l’elució dels cartutxos SPE utilitzats durant la BWR 2015. A més, s’ha realitzat un anàlisis PCA i s’han agrupat les mostres en funció de diferents paràmetres com les corrents, la localització o la seva posició respecte l’equador. En conclusió, aquesta tesis proporciona informació sobre l’estat global dels oceans en relació als microplàstics i les seves conseqüències. L’estudi del efecte dels microplàstics en els oceans de forma global ajuda a comprendre la situació mediambiental actual.
Los microplasticos se han convertido en un gran problema medioambiental. La sobreproducción y el uso excesivo del plástico ha dificultado mucho su tratamiento y esto provoca que sea el sector con un mayor crecimiento en la generación de residuos. Los desechos plásticos, a través de varios procesos se degradan o rompen en partículas más pequeñas dando lugar a los microplasticos. También se pueden encontrar otro tipo de microplasticos, esos originados y fabricados en ese tamaño de forma intencionada. Aunque ya se han publicado varios artículos científicos demostrando la presencia de microplasticos en zonas localizadas, ninguno de ellos muestra una visión global acerca de este problema medioambiental. En esta tesis presentamos el desarrollo de una nueva metodología de muestreo de microplásticos además de la retención de otros contaminantes orgánicos suspendidos en agua de mar. Para ello, hemos colaborado con la Fundación de Navegación Oceánica de Barcelona (FNOB), entidad organizadora de la Barcelona World Race (BWR) y con el Grupo Sailing Technologies. A través de esta colaboración, hemos desarrollado un nuevo dispositivo de muestreo instalado en uno de los barcos participantes en la BWR 2015 que es capaz de colectar microplasticos y contaminantes orgánicos de agua superficial en varias localizaciones del mundo pasando por cuatro océanos (Mar Mediterráneo y Océanos Atlántico, Pacífico y Índico). Hemos realizado la caracterización de los microplasticos muestreados durante la BWR 2015. El análisis de su morfología, composición y distribución nos ha permitido conocer el nivel de contaminación y el impacto de tener este tipo de micropartículas en los océanos. También hemos demostrado el efecto concentrador que poseen los microplasticos. Hemos desarrollado un método analítico reproducible para la extracción y cuantificación de varias familias de contaminantes orgánicos de distintos tipos de micropartículas poliméricas. Por último, se desarrolla una metodología para la elución de los cartuchos SPE usados en la BWR 2015. Además, se ha realizado un análisis PCA y se han agrupado las muestras en función de varios parámetros como las corrientes, la localización o su posición respecto al ecuador. En conclusión, esta tesis proporciona información sobre el estado global de los océanos en relación con los microplasticos y sus consecuencias. El estudio del efecto de los microplasticos en los océanos de forma global es de ayuda para comprender la situación medioambiental actual.
Microplastics have become a huge environmental concern in recent years. The overproduction and excessive use of plastic have made difficult a proper manage and that is why it has become the fastest growing segment of the waste stream. Plastic debris, through several physical, chemical and biological processes can degrade or breakdown resulting in microplastics. In addition to these it can also find other type of microplastics which are those originally and intentionally manufactured in that size. Although several research studies have been published demonstrating the presence of microplastics in localised coastal regions, any of them show a global scenario about this environmental concern. Here we present the development of a new methodology for microplastics sampling and retention of pollutants present in seawater. In this sense, we have collaborated with the Barcelona World Race (BWR) organization and the “Fundació de Navegació Oceànica de Barcelona” (FNOB). Throughout this collaboration, we have developed a device, named COA device, installed in a racing boat of the BWR 2015 which collects microplastics and pollutants on superficial seawater from the different locations of the world going through four oceans (Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans). Furthermore, we performed the characterization of the microparticles collected during the BWR 2015. The analysis, based on microscopic techniques, of their morphology, composition and distribution has allowed us to know better the level of pollution of the marine environment and which is the global impact of having that particles in the oceans. In addition to that, we demonstrate the microplastics concentration effect of persistent organic pollutants. We also developed a reproducible analytical methodology based on a new approach for the release and quantification of different families of pollutants from polymeric microparticles. Finally, different analytical methods have been optimized for the analysis of several pollutants solved in seawater. The elution of pollutants retained in the SPE cartridges used in the BWR 2015 has been performed. In conclusion, this thesis provides information about the overall status of the oceans in terms of microplastics and their consequences at present. The study of the role of microplastics in seawater in a global way have been helpful to understand the actual environmental situation.

BITTENCOURT, L. P. Resposta da circulação no oceano Atlântico Tropical oeste ao Modo Meridional do Atlântico. 2016. 81 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais) - Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2016.
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This work analyzed Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) influence on ocean circulation of Tropical Atlantic (TA) during extreme precipitation years. Were used temperature and current velocity data of SODA reanalysis, the dipole index and standardized precipitation anomalies in Fortaleza between 1980 and 2008. Positive and negative composites were chosen using years presenting, positive index and standardized precipitation anomalies below -0.5 (four drier years), and negative index and standardized precipitation anomalies above 0.5 (eight rainiest years), respectively. Surface and subsurface means and two meridional sections were performed on TA to make composites of each variable. In drier years, positive temperature anomalies prevail on east and northeast Brazilian coast and NEA region presents highest intensification of positive anomalies, which can cause droughts in Fortaleza. The opposite occurs in rainiest years. Small transport values were found for Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) because the chosen section is close to its forming region. Higher EUC transport was find during AMM negative phase (rainiest years), the opposite of what was expected, being higher in March and April in both events. The North Brazilian Undercurrent/North Brazilian Current (NBUC/NBC) presents weakening during rainiest years and presents the biggest differences when the extreme precipitation years are compared, being always stronger in drier years. In drier years, with the NBUC/NBC intensification and positive temperature anomalies on east and northeast Brazilian coast, more heat is transported from the South hemisphere to the North hemisphere, which can increase the northern region temperatures. This temperature rise displaces the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) northward, causing droughts in Fortaleza. The opposite occurs in rainiest years. Since the transports was similar in extreme precipitation years, it was not possible to find relationship between North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) and EUC with the occurrence of extreme precipitation years. Equatorial upwelling strengthens over the months in drier years due to east-west temperature gradient intensification. In drier years, downwelling in northeast Brazilian coast is enhanced by northeast trade winds intensification.
Neste trabalho foi analisada a influência do Modo Meridional do Atlântico (MMA) na circulação oceânica do Atlântico Tropical (AT) para os anos extremos de seca e de chuva em Fortaleza. Para isso, foram utilizados dados de temperatura e de velocidade de correntes da reanálise do SODA, os índices de dipolo e as anomalias normalizadas de precipitação em Fortaleza entre 1980 e 2008. Por composição, foram construídos anos positivos (4 anos) e negativos (8 anos) e foram escolhidos os que apresentaram, respectivamente, índices positivos e anomalias normalizadas de precipitação abaixo de -0.5, e índices negativos com anomalias de precipita-ção normalizadas acima de 0.5. Foram realizadas médias dos 200 primeiros metros no AT e duas seções meridionais no AT oeste para os compostos de cada variável estudada. Nos anos extremos de seca, as anomalias positivas de temperatura prevalecem na costa leste e nordeste do Brasil e a região Noroeste do Atlântico Equatorial (NAE) apresenta maior intensificação dessas anomalias positivas, o que diminui as chuvas em Fortaleza. O contrário ocorre nos anos extremos de chuva. Os baixos valores de transporte encontrados para a Subcorrente Equatorial (SCE) ocorrem porque a seção escolhida está próxima à sua região de formação. No geral, os maiores transportes da SCE foram encontrados durante os anos negativos do MMA (extremos de chuva), o contrário do esperado, sendo maiores nos meses de março e abril em todos os eventos estudados. Já o sistema Subcorrente Norte do Brasil/Corrente Norte do Brasil (SCNB/CNB) foi o que apresentou maior diferença quando a comparação é realizada entre os anos extremos de precipitação, estando sempre mais intenso nos anos extremos de seca devido à intensifica-ção dos alísios de sudeste. Com a intensificação do SCNB/CNB nos anos de MMA positivo e com as anomalias positivas de temperatura na costa leste e nordeste do Brasil encontradas nessa fase, ocorre maior transporte de calor do Hemisfério Sul para o Hemisfério Norte por essas correntes, o que pode levar a um aumento das temperaturas na região norte do oceano AT. Esse aumento de temperatura pode atrair a Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT) para si, causando chuvas acima da média na região e abaixo da média em Fortaleza. O contrário acontece nos anos de MMA negativo. Como os transportes de volume da Contra Corrente Norte Equatorial (CCNE) e da SCE são similares quando se comparam as fases extremas do MMA, não foi possível determinar com segurança a relação dessas correntes com a ocorrência de anos extremos de precipitação. A ressurgência equatorial é intensificada no decorrer dos meses durante os anos extremos de seca devido ao aumento do gradiente de temperatura leste-oeste e consequente fortalecimento dos ventos de leste equatoriais nessa fase. O contrário ocorre nos anos extremos de chuva. Na costa nordeste do Brasil, os processos de subsidência são mais intensos nos anos extremos de seca devido à intensificação do transporte de Ekman em direção à costa na região.

The present work is mainly concerned with the commercial relations between the Arab world and India in the 3rd and 4th / 9th and 10th centuries. The thesis consists of an Introduction and five chapters. The introduction contains a brief survey of the historical background to the Arab-Indian trade links In the period prior to the period of the research. lt also includes the reasons for choosing the subject, and the difficulties with which the research was faced. The introduction also contains the methods of the research and a study of the main sources. Chapter One deals with the Arab provinces, the main kingdoms of India, the political situation in the Arab world and India, and its effects on the subject. It also deals with the main economic products in the countries concerned. Moreover, the chapter focuses on the factors which encouraged the Arab-Indian trade. Chapter Two deals with the trade routes (Land and Sea routes), the caravans, ships, the sea ports and the commercial cities in the Arab world and India. Chapter Three deals with the trade procedures between the Arab world and India. It also deals with the taxes levied in ports and some land posts. The chapter ends by giving some details of the prices of of goods in both countries. Chapter Four gives a detailed account of goods exported and imported by both sides, and the real causes behind the export and import of these goods. The chapter also gives an account of how sometimes goods are imported by one side from the other in order to meet the local demands or to be exported in a process of trading nn a world wide scale. Chapter Five deals with a conclusion of what has been discussed earlier, in addition to some cultural aspects which have not been dealt with in the chapters above.

This dissertation examines the art and material culture of the Anglo-American cotton trade in the nineteenth century to consider how these transnational processes influenced different modes of production: artistic, industrial and textile. The Anglo-American cotton trade's importance in the nineteenth century rested on the Atlantic slave trade and its aftereffects. Therefore this study foregrounds the centrality of African American history and culture to the trade's structures of exchange, encounter and transmission as they inflected nineteenth-century British and American artistic production and industrial expansion. In four chapters beginning in 1840 and ending at the beginning of the twentieth century, I juxtapose the work of contemporary artists with historical case studies. I argue that these contemporary artists – Leonardo Drew, Lubaina Himid and Yinka Shonibare – offer new interpretive frameworks for approaching the transactional and transnational contexts of nineteenth-century British, American and African American art and material culture.

Chapter one focuses on the relationship between plantations in the American South and New England, using prints, paintings and textiles that reveal the plantation and factory to be connected landscape. I trace how cotton's movement shaped constructions around place, and materialized connections between communities of labor in antebellum America. Chapter two opens with Lubaina Himid's Cotton.com (2002) and expands the historical relationship of plantation and factory out across the Atlantic. Centralizing Eyre Crowe's Slaves Waiting for Sale, Richmond, Virginia (1861) and the export of printed cotton from Manchester, it examines the convergence of the trade in cotton with the trade in slaves. It considers how these market relations shaped the commodification of the enslaved body, British experiences of factory labor, and Manchester production of printed cloth for consumers across the globe. Chapter three begins with Leonardo Drew's Number 25 to consider the tensions between materiality and abstraction in the production and commodification of cotton and art objects. I then examine paintings by Edgar Degas, A Cotton Office in New Orleans (1873), and Winslow Homer, The Cotton Pickers, (1876) to explore how these artists negotiated the status of cotton as a global commodity and grappled with the changing networks, of labor, production and commerce in postbellum America. Eyre Crowe's painting of factory workers in Lancashire, The Dinner Hour, Wigan (1874) concludes this section, which examines how the international market for cotton was influencing the representation and experience of industry in north west England. My final chapter, commencing with an installation by Yinka Shonibare MBE Scramble for Africa (2003), focuses on the commercial logic and visual rhetoric of three Southern international exhibitions. I examine how these exhibitions constructed the South – through visions of cotton plantations and black cotton pickers – as a space for domestic colonial expansion. Alongside this I look at the ways Africa was being constructed as a new cotton market – both as a site of cultivation and a site of consumption. In both sections I underscore how the language of commerce, colonialism and cotton shaped particular constructions of space and meanings around the African, and African American body. I conclude with the work of Meta Warrick Fuller to briefly examine how black Americans dismantled these tropes of exclusion, signified by cotton, to project claims for equality.

The project argues that the art works under examination here draw on an economic language to visualize particular ideas and constructions around labor, production and race in three ways. It traces the contours of a market-driven aesthetic in the ways cotton was used to illustrate or materialize connections to a circulating economy of goods. It describes how cotton's movement shaped the construction of imagined geographies around sites of labor and spaces of consumption. And it sketches out the speculative vision that emerged throughout the nineteenth century in the material and metaphorical associations of cotton, commerce and African American identity. In revealing the representational possibilities of cotton in this way, this dissertation looks at understudied objects to consider the nuanced ways that local cultural forms have, historically, intersected with global processes in the Atlantic world. It centralizes the experience of African Americans, within an Anglo-American culture of exchange and its relationship to a global network of trade and transmission. In doing so it seeks to reframe the ways we might approach historical processes of visuality and perception in the long nineteenth century in order to create a more global, or at least transnational, perspective on the art of this period.

Kinesiology
Ph.D.
Participants were 15 professional sailors, ranging in age from 23-49 years (M age = 35.9 years; SD = 7.4), who competed in the 2005/06 VOR. After receiving approval from the Temple University Institutional Review Board, the researcher recruited participants who were subsequently required to provide informed consent to participate in the study. Using a semi-structured interview format, face-to-face interviews were completed with three sailors in Miami, FL, and with nine sailors in Valencia, Spain (three interviews with individual participants, one interview with two participants, and a focus group with four participants). Three interviews were completed via telephone. All interviews were transcribed verbatim. Each transcript was then analysed through an inductive open coding process. Data analysis revealed nine major themes (Background, Skiffs on Steroids, Boat Breakdowns, Managing Self, Pressure, Tragedy, Extreme, Team, and Reflecting) with associated subthemes, and three dimensions (Resonance, Edgework, and Performance Capacities) with associated subdimensions. A framework for understanding the experiences of the sailors was conceived in the form of a model depicting the dimensions of resonance (a passion for adventure and the VOR in particular), edgework (a desire and ability to perform in high-risk, life threatening situations), and performance capacities (team, individual, and boat). The model suggests an interplay between the dimensions of edgework and resonance, against which is set the performance dimension. This study is the first to take a glimpse inside the experiences of professional ocean racing sailors who compete in fully crewed around-the-world races. Findings confirm the widely held belief that the VOR is an extreme and unique event in the world of sport.
Temple University--Theses

This project focuses on the travel literature produced through the Indian Ocean world of the dhow trade. It examines the medieval story of "Sindbad the Sailor and Sindbad the Porter" alongside the 20th century travel narrative Sons of Sindbad (1940) written by mariner and author Alan Villiers. Both texts engage with the ocean and the ways in which immersion in the watery world result in an uneasy sense of hybridization. In "Sindbad", the sailor's world is represented as a place of deep encounter that renders him indelibly changed and so sets up a paradox between home and away. His voyages and adventures, while often explored purely in terms of their fantastic value, depict an Indian Ocean world that is densely connected through trade and travel. Alan Villiers' narrative uses "Sindbad" as a trope and signifier for this world and through him seeks to rekindle the romance of the free sea and pure-sail that is encroached upon by maritime modernity. Villiers constructs himself as a citizen of the sea and so straddles an uneasy line between the Arab sailors and his own colonial affiliations. It is a position that means he is constantly narrating from a perspective that is simultaneously inside and out. This minor dissertation will look at the way in which travel narratives located in the Indian Ocean render the subjects foreign to themselves and how the sense of identity flux engendered through the tales shed light on and open new paths for enquiry, what I have called archipelagic thinking, focusing not on constructed borders but connectivity across time and between disparate locations.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased due to human activity from a pre-industrial value of about 280 ppm to the present level of 399 ppm. The ocean acts as an important natural carbon sink that effectively removes 1/3 of this anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere, buffering global warming effects. However, the dissolution of CO2 causes a dramatic change in seawater chemistry and ultimately results in the phenomenon commonly known as "ocean acidification" (OA). As a consequence, the pH value and the saturation states for calcium carbonate decline in the surface seawater, posing a threat to calcareous marine organisms that build their shells using exquisite biomineralization mechanisms. Biological minerals produced by marine organisms are compositionally and structurally more complex than geological minerals. Although changes in biomineral formation in response to OA has been intensively investigated, the features of calcified products in terms of their composition, architectures and mechanical properties have been overlooked in climate change research. The tubeworm is a favourite marine model organism in larval biology. Its life cycle is well understood hence provides a good opportunity to study OA impacts on the stochastic early life. In addition, the model enables comprehensive observation of the sophisticated biomineralization events. In this thesis, four studies on the biomineralization of Hydroides elegans, using a multidisciplinary collaborative approach combining larval biology and material science were conducted. (1) The tube mineral composition at different juvenile stages (4, 11, 18, 25 days) were characterized. (2) The impacts of different predicted OA scenarios (pH 8.1, 7.9, 7.6, and 7.4) on the resultant calcification products were compared. (3) A multiple-stressor investigation of OA (pH 8.1 and 7.8), reduced salinity (33 ‰ and 27 ‰) and increased temperature (25 °C and 29 °C) was conducted to further determine the more environmentally realistic OA impacts. (4) Calcification sites were examined by using a microscopy approach The main findings from each study were: (1) H. elegans produced both calcite and aragonite forms of CaCO3, which have distinctive physical and chemical properties. Thus, the tubeworm serves as an interesting model for studying OA impacts on biomineralization. The early juvenile stages are expected to be more sensitive to OA than the later life stages because the juvenile tubes are rich in aragonite and amorphous calcium carbonate. (2) Under experimental OA conditions, the composition and architecture of the tube structures were adversely affected, ultimately producing tubes with weaker mechanical properties. (3) Warming appeared to strengthen the tube structures and mitigated the adverse OA effects. (4) Calcification sites correlated to regions with higher pH values of 8.5 - 9.0. These regions may be sensitive to OA and should be further analyzed to study the mechanisms of OA impacts on calcification. This series of experiments study biomineralization and larval biology using a variety of modern multidisciplinary approaches provided new insights into the impacts of OA and climate change impacts on marine organisms and also helped us to project which species might adapt or succumb to future scenarios.
published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

This study focuses on the Chinese community of Manila from 1570 to 1770, revealing that the community was not an insular, ethnic enclave unified in its efforts and aspirations but one made up of different groups with varying goals. Not all Chinese saw the Spanish presence as conducive to their livelihoods but certain sectors of the community did. I argue the collaboration of these elements within the Chinese community was essential in maintaining the Spanish presence in Manila. Those whose interests most closely aligned with Spanish aims included a small group of wealthy Chinese merchants involved in supplying the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade with merchandise (mainly silk), merchants and artisans in the Chinese quarter called the Parián and Chinese leaders who acted as middlemen linking the needs of the regime with Southern Fujianese workers to supply the city with services, food, and labor. In return, Spaniards provided New Spanish silver, government monopolies and recognition of the authority of Chinese elites over laborers. In that way, the Spanish empire in the Asia-Pacific region was a collaborative enterprise, constructed in the cooperation of various interest groups.

When the abuses of Spanish authorities threatened the lives of those they ruled, Chinese intermediaries could not maintain their claims of mitigating the demands of the regime on behalf of Chinese workers and lost control of those under their supervision. In 1603, 1639, and 1662, Chinese laborers raised the banner of revolt. These moments of violent rupture with the colonial order indicate that mediation was crucial to preserving the Spanish presence in Manila. Coercion could put down threats to control but on its own could not hold colonial society together.

The Chinese, with others, created the ties that bound colonial society together through kinship and credit networks for mutual aid. Compadrazgo (coparenthood), padrinazgo (godparenthood), and marriage connected Chinese to colonial society and provided a means of profit, protection and recruiting labor. These links persisted into the nineteenth century and helped the Chinese shape the ecology of Manila to their purposes, albeit within the confines of Spanish sovereignty.

Sources: baptismal records, notarial books (protocolos de Manila ), court cases.

On etudie les concentrations en chrone et vanadium dissous le long de profils verticaux en atlantique nord dans l'ocean indien, dans l'ocean pacifique nord est et en mer mediterranee. Les analyses sont faites par spectrophotometrie d'absorption atomique sans flamme. Des processus de soustraction-remobilisation expliquent les concentrations de chrome dans les bassins profonds: ceux-ci sont parametres a l'aide de modele a 1 dimension ou en boite et de bilans. Le cycle du vanadium est lie a celui des phosphates. Son budget oceanique souligne l'importance du transport particulaire biogenique de la surface vers les eaux profondes

Historians have long recognized the symbiotic relationship between learned culture, urban life and Iberian expansion in the creation of “Latin” America out of the ruins of pre-Columbian polities, a process described most famously by Ángel Rama in his account of the “lettered city” (ciudad letrada). This dissertation argues that this was part of a larger global process in Latin America, Iberian Asia, Spanish North Africa, British North America and Europe. It is thus a study of the “global lettered city,” known to contemporaries as the “republic of letters,” from its rapid expansion in the sixteenth century to its reordering in the Enlightenment and the Age of Revolutions with a particular focus on the function of its key scholarly-literary practice, classicizing rhetoric and oratory as revived by renaissance humanists. This dissertation is divided into five chapters. In Chapter 1, I argue that renaissance humanism and classical rhetoric played a pivotal role in shaping and diffusing the political ideology of the global Spanish Monarchy. As the centerpieces of multisensory Baroque rituals regularly celebrated in urban centers, such as Mexico City, Lima, and Manila, classicizing orations and sermons bolstered the Spanish Monarchy through appeals to Greco-Roman imperial models and Christian humanist ideas of virtue. In the same vein, in Chapter Two, I argue that classical rhetoric was an instrument of global spiritual conquest on the Jesuit route from Rome to Japan. This dissertation then treats some less well-known applications of humanism and the classical rhetorical tradition, cultural practices that also served to undermine or even directly oppose European imperial ambitions. In Chapter 3, I examine the role of late-humanist eloquence and erudition in the expression of a local “Mexican” identity. In Chapter 4, I show that late-humanism served to build community in Benjamin Franklin’s quarter of the “global lettered city.” Finally, in Chapter 5, I examine the role of post-humanist classicizing rhetoric in the articulation of radical political and social ideas in Age of Revolutions. In preparing this global history, I have examined primary sources in thirteen countries.
History

The main aim of this thesis was to determine how marine metazoans might persist as ocean acidification (OA) conditions intensify. This was done using a combination of field surveys, field transplants and laboratory experiments with polychaetes from a site where volcanically-derived CO2 gas bubbles through the seafloor and drives the seawater pH down, resulting in a marine ecosystem representative of global OA projections for, or before, the year 2100. My first objective was to identify phenotypes, or traits, associated with OA tolerance (Chapter 2 and 5). To do this, I characterized the distribution of dominant calcifying polychaetes along natural pH gradients and used a comparative species recruitment trial to investigate life history traits underlying species’ OA tolerance, or vulnerability. I first found two dominant, closely related species of polychaete: Pileolaria militaris Claparède, 1870 and Simplaria sp. (Serpulidae, Spirorbinae). I then found that increased fecundity and rapid settlement are important traits in determining species’ abilities to persist in low pH environments (Chapter 2). Afterwhich, I investigated the life history traits of the non-calcifying polychaete, Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1834), of one of the few species from the low pH site known to have broadcasting, pelagic development. I performed breeding experiments on P. dumerilii collected in both ambient and low pH sites and found that specimens from the low pH site were actually the direct developing brooder sister species, Platynereis massiliensis (Moquin-Tandon, 1869). By reanalayzing the distributions of both species at each site using genetic barcoding, I found clear evidence that direct development and brooding are dominant traits at low pH site, and for OA persistence (Chapter 5). My second objective was to use reciprocal transplant experiments to compare the relative importance of local adaptation and/or plasticity as potential mechanisms responsible for the differential tolerances of populations of the polychaete species Simplaria sp. to low pH. Laboratory transplants indicate that a local adaptation response occurred through genetic accommodation in the Simplaria sp. population from the low pH site. However, neither local adaptation nor plasticity appeared responsible for this species natural low pH persistence when assessed in situ (Chapter 3 & 4). My final objective was to create a framework using the polychaete vent model to identify other types of marine metazoans that are likely to be able to adapt to, and survive, under the predicted environmental conditions (Chapter 5). I overviewed the life history strategies of all dominant polychaetes in the low pH sites, and related trends in their life history strategies to those of other marine invertebrates. Brooding and direct development appear to be key traits for species likely to persist in future oceans pH. I conclude by summarizing how research regarding evolutionary responses may be advanced to add confidence to our projections of future marine metazoan responses.

Large organic inputs to the deep seafloor such as the remains of whales or pieces of wood are termed ‘organic falls’. Despite over 30 years of research on these interesting deep-sea habitats, we still have only a basic understanding of their taxonomic composition and for some ocean basins, no natural or experimental studies have ever been conducted. The degree of connectivity between these isolated habitats, as well as how quickly organic matter is remineralised by specialist organic-fall fauna (e.g bone-eating Osedax worms and wood-eating Xylophaga molluscs) is poorly known. In this thesis, I report the discovery of the first Antarctic whale fall and the diverse assemblage of fauna encrusting it (Chapter 2). The microdistribution of fauna on the whale bones provided evidence for the ‘oil-gradient’ hypothesis that more lipid-rich bones support a greater abundance of sulfophilic bacterial mats, which are also correlated with the abundance of grazing fauna. The abundance of Osedax species on bones however, showed a negative correlation with the bacterial-mat cover, and hence the greatest abundance was on bones predicted to have the lowest lipid content. The Osedax species discovered were investigated in detail (Chapter 3) and revealed two new species and a third previously-known species; Osedax rogersi sp. nov., Osedax crouchi sp. nov. (described in this thesis and associated paper) and Osedax antarcticus. The new species, O. crouchi as well as another new species, Osedax nordenskioeldi sp. nov. (also described in this thesis and associated paper) and Osedax antarcticus were also found on implanted whale bones off Smith Island in the Bransfield Strait. These two localities are approximately 1800 km apart demonstrating the remarkable dispersal capability of species within this genus. As well as the Antarctic study, I report on wood and bone-colonisation experiments on the Southwest Indian Ridge at two seamounts. A large number of species were found colonising the deployments; 53 species at Coral Seamount and 38 species at Atlantis Bank seamount with only 11 species in common and several putative new species present. Apart from Xylophaginae and Idas bivalves, few organic-fall specialists were present, possibly as there were major differences between the two seamounts suggesting that there were barriers to dispersal (Chapter 4). The wood deployments from each seamount were investigated in further detail using X-ray micro-computed tomography to examine the nature of intact Xylophaga borings, the comparative abundances and population size structures of the species, their rates of growth and their consumption rates of wood (Chapter 5). Two more sets of samples from the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre and the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas were scanned also. The wood at each deployment site was colonized by a different species of Xylophaga. This novel analysis has shown that an individual Xylophaga can bore between 0.235 and 0.606 cm3 of wood per year depending on the species, emphasising the importance of the genus Xylophaga with regard to wood remineralisation in the deep sea and its role as an ecosystem engineer.

Decisions have both short and long-term consequences. Sometimes we cannot see the consequences and do not know the outcomes, but we take a step and make a choice. Some after-effects are irrevocable, and some are fixable. Some decisions affect us immediately and exclusively while others have consequences that are global. When we make decisions, we sometimes doubt our decisions and ask ourselves what might have happened if another choice was made. We make choices daily, small or great, for good or bad. After World War II, South Korean president Rhee Syngman put many alleged Communists in a rehabilitation program known as the National Guidance League. Many of them were executed between 1945 and 1953 to prevent them from joining the Communist north. Rhee's decision affected many families including my own. What we choose to do has intentional and unintentional consequences. Extreme choices produce dire consequences that can subsequently influence future generations and, on a larger scale, an entire nation for decades.

The methods, experimentations, philosophies and influential artists mentioned in this thesis all form part of my artistic exploration and art from the level of cells to the large oceanic water world. As an artist of Fine Arts at the University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley, my main emphasis is to associate these concepts with my personal experiences, cultural traditions and artistic perspectives with my likes for lines, colors and spaces in what I called, Nature, Essence and Spirit. Furthermore, my artistic approach was mostly influenced by the views of artists such as, Vasily Kandinsky, Frank Stella, Piet Mondrian, Paul Klee, Dale Chihuly and Tauba Auerbach.

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentration and the oceans are absorbing around 1/3 them. The CO2 hydrolysis increases the H+ concentration, decreasing the pH, while the proportions of the HCO3- and CO32- ions are also affected. This process already led to a decrease of 0.1 pH units in surface seawater. According to "business-as-usual" models, provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the pH is expected to decrease 0.3-0.5 units by 2100 and 0.7-0.8 by 2300. As a result the surface ocean carbonates chemistry will also change: with increasing pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon will increase and the equilibrium of the carbonate system will shift to higher CO2 and HCO3– levels, while CO32– concentration will decrease. Surface seawaters will progressively become less saturated towards calcite and aragonite saturation state and some particular polar and cold water regions could even become completely undersaturated within the next 50 years.

Responses of marine organisms to environmental hypercapnia, i.e. to an excess of CO2 in the aquatic environment, can be extremely variable and the degree of sensitivity varies between species and life stages. Sea urchins are key stone species in many marine ecosystems. They are considered to be particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification effects not only due to the nature of their skeleton (magnesium calcite) whose solubility is similar or higher than that of aragonite, but also because they lack an efficient ion regulatory machinery, being therefore considered poor acid-base regulators. Populations from polar regions are expected to be at an even higher risk since the carbonate chemical changes in surface ocean waters are happening there at a faster rate.

The goal of this work was to study the effects of low seawater pH exposure of different life stages of sea urchins, in order to better understand how species from different environments and/or geographic origins would respond and if there would be scope for possible adaptation and/or acclimatization.

In a first stage we investigated the effects of ocean acidification on the early stages of an intertidal species from temperate regions, the Atlantic Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin, and of a sub-Antarctic species, Arbacia dufresnei. The fertilization, larval development and larval growth were studied on specimens submitted through different pH experimental treatments. The fertilization rate of P. lividus gametes whose progenitors came from a tide pool with high pH decrease was significantly higher, indicating a possible acclimatization or adaptation of gametes to pH stress. Larval size in both species decreased significantly in low pH treatments. However, smaller A. dufresnei echinoplutei were isometric to those of control treatments, showing that size reduction was most likely due to a slower growth rate. In the pH 7.4 (predicted for 2300) treatment, P. lividus presented significantly more abnormal forms than control ones, but A. dufresnei did not. The latter does not seem to be more vulnerable than temperate species, most likely due to acclimatization/adaptation to lower pH seasonal fluctuations experienced by individuals of this population during spring time.

In a second stage, adult physiological responses of P. lividus and A. dufresnei to low pH seawaters were studied. Intertidal field P. lividus specimens can experience pH fluctuations of 0.4 units during low tidal cycles, but their coelomic fluid pH will not change. During experimental exposure to low pH, the coelomic fluid (extracellular) pH of both species decreased after weeks of exposure to low seawater pH. However, it owned a certain buffer capacity (higher than that of seawater) which did not seem to be related to passive skeleton dissolution. In laboratory studies, the feeding rate of P. lividus, the RNA/DNA ratio (proxy for protein synthesis and thus metabolism) of both the gonads and the body wall of the studied species and the carbonic anhydrase activity in the body wall (an enzyme involved in calcification and respiratory processes) of A. dufresnei did not differ according to seawater pH. The same was true for spine regeneration (a proxy for calcification) of both species. This shows that both P. lividus and A. dufresnei are able to cope when exposed to mild hypercapnia (lowest investigated pH 7.4) for a mid-term period of time (weeks). In a different set of experiments, pH effects were tested on P. lividus individuals together with two temperatures (10ºC and 16ºC). The pH decrease of the coelomic fluid did not vary between temperatures, neither did its buffer response. The oxygen uptake rates of P. lividus (as a proxy for global metabolic state of the whole organism) increased in lower pH treatments (7.7 and 7.4) in organisms exposed to lower temperatures (10ºC), showing that this was upregulated and that organisms experienced a higher energetic demand to maintain normal physiological functions. For instance, gonad production (given by the RNA/DNA ratio) was not affected neither by temperature, nor pH.

Finally, possible morphological and chemical adaptations of cidaroid (“naked”) spines, which are not covered by epidermis, to low magnesium calcite saturation states were investigated. Deep sea field specimens from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica), Ctenocidaris speciosa were studied. Cidaroid spines have an exterior skeleton layer with a polycrystalline constitution that apparently protects the interior part of the monocrystaline skeleton, the stereom (tridimensional magnesium calcite lattice). The cortex of C. speciosa was by its turn divided into two layers. From these, it presented a thicker inner cortex layer and a lower Mg content in specimens collected below the aragonite saturation horizon. The naked cortex seems able to resist to low calcium carbonate saturation state. We suggest that this could be linked to the important organic matrix that surrounds the crystallites of the cortex.

Some echinoid species present adaptive features that enable them to deal with low pH stresses. This seems to be related to the environmental conditions to which populations are submitted to. Therefore, organisms already submitted to pH daily or seasonal fluctuations or living in environments undersaturated in calcium carbonate seem to be able to cope with environmental conditions expected in an acidified ocean. Under the realistic scenario of a decrease of ca. 0.4 units of pH by 2100, sea urchins, and echinoderms in general, appear to be robust for most studied processes. Even thought, this general response can depend on different parameters such as exposure time, pH level tested, the process and the life stage considered, our results show that there is scope for echinoids to cope with ocean acidification.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis addresses the issue of the publication of translations, specifically the under-representation of literary works in one language of limited diffusion (LLD), the Malay language, in English translation. It sets out to examine the role of two parties which are thought to play a vital role in the publication of Malay literary works in English translation for international consumption: publishers in the United Kingdom and the translation organisation in Malaysia. The aim of the research, more specifically, is to investigate how both parties bear upon the translation of Malay literary works into English. Some of the questions which are central to the issue of the publication of Malay literary works in English translation include: To what extent are the two parties involved in the publication of Malay literary works in English translation for international consumption? What are the policies of these organisations where the translation of Malay literary works and other literary works in LLD are concerned? Who decides what to translate? What factors are taken into account in deciding what to publish in English translation? Given that this thesis sets out to examine the role of the two parties mentioned above, two main strategies have been employed: surveys and case studies. Drawing on responses from individuals from publishing companies, translation organisations, and other organisations which support translation, I have been able to show that the problem in the publication of Malay literary works in English translation is not merely a translation problem but also a problem of image and promotion. This study thus details the different forces working against the translation of Malay literary works into English for international consumption.

Au travers d’une monographie des sites archéologiques d’Acoua, village de parler kibushi kimaore situé au nord-ouest de Grande Terre, cette recherche propose d’étudier la période des XIIe-XVIe siècles à Mayotte. Cette période est caractérisée par d’importants changements culturels, religieux et politiques conduisant à l’instauration progressive d’une société stratifiée et islamisée. Il sera notamment question, au travers des thématiques explorées par notre étude archéologique (pratiques funéraires, évolutions de la culture matérielle, intégration dans les réseaux marchands de l’océan Indien), de déterminer les filiations et processus culturels qui ont contribué à façonner la société ancienne de Mayotte, île dont le peuplement complexe, caractéristique des cultures dites « de franges », selon l’expression popularisée dans cette partie du monde par Paul Ottino, est située à la rencontre de grandes aires culturelles : monde africain bantou, monde malgache et monde arabo-persan, hissant cette île de l’archipel comorien au rang de véritable interface culturelle, commerciale et migratoire entre l’Afrique et Madagascar, « plaque tournante et microcosme de l’océan Indien » pour reprendre l’expression de Claude Allibert
Through this monograph of Acoua’s archaeological sites - a Kibushi kimaore speaking village located in the northwest of Grande Terre - this research proposes to study the XIIth-XVIth centuries period, in Mayotte. This period is characterized by important cultural, religious and political changes leading to the gradual establishment of a stratified and Islamized society. It will be question here, through the themes explored by our archaeological study (funerary practices, evolutions of material culture, integration in the Indian Ocean trading networks), to determine the cultural affiliations and processes that have contributed to shaping Mayotte’s ancient society, an island whose complex settlement, characteristic of cultures known as "fringes" - according to the expression popularized in this part of the world by Ottino - is located at the meeting of meany great cultural areas: African Bantou world, Malagasy world and Arab-Persian world, hoisting this island of the Comorian archipelago to the rank of true cultural, commercial and migratory interface between Africa and Madagascar : a "hub and microcosm of the Indian Ocean", to use the expression of Claude Allibert

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Stephen H. Rapp, committee chair; Donald M. Reid, committee member. Electronic text (210 p. : ill. (some col.), maps, facsim.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Dec. 20, 2007; title from file title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-210).

The majority of the available studies which have been done on word order in Arabic are derived from improvised and restricted data taken from the classical variety of Arabic. ALL these studies are generatively-oriented, and consequently their main concern was to find out which word order is the basic one and which orders derive from it. In brief, all these studies are basically structural and have very little, if anything, to do with the situations in which the language was used or with the factors that motivated it's use. We think that such treatments are inadequate, because: (1) the modern standard variety has been totally neglected, and (2) the basic functions of Language as a tool of human communication is not accounted for by these studies. To make up for these inadequacies we are going to approach the issue of word order from a functional vantage point which seeks to relate the structure and it's function. Secondly, we will choose 'Modern Standard Arabic' to be our field of inquiry. Thirdly, all the examples which we are going to discuss will be taken from concrete linguistic situations. We intend to test the following hypotheses: 1. The traditional dichotomy of word order in marked/unmarked terms at the sentence level is unsatisfactory. 2. It is useful to differentiate between basicness and unmarkedness of word order. 3. The frequency with which each word order type occurs may depend on the type of text, and the attitude of the writer towards his/her addressees. 4. A switch from a certain word order-type to another within the same text can sometimes be determined by a shift in the text-typologicalfocus. 5. Permutations of sentence constituents in Arabic sometimes change the grammatical status of the constituents permuted and sometimes do not. 6. The Principle of Functional Sentence Perspective has great influence in Arabic Language, 7. Passivization as a syntactic device influences the order of words in Arabic. 8. Reasons for having different word orders in Arabic can be elucidated by appealing to other cornrnunicative considerations. 9. Different word orders in Arabic serve semantic, syntactic and pragmatic functions.

Les phases de construction des grands projets miniers qui se sont développés en Nouvelle-Calédonie au cours de la dernière décennie, en marge (pour le projet du Sud) ou dans le cadre (pour le projet du Nord) du processus mis en place par l’Accord de Nouméa, constituent un terrain d’étude exemplaire pour observer et analyser la complexité des phénomènes du plurilinguisme et des pratiques interculturelles en situation professionnelle. La thèse, menée parallèlement à une activité de prestataire de services au sein de ces espaces multiculturels, porte donc sur la question : comment les compétences langagières plurilingues des acteurs locaux contribuent-elles à la résolution des écarts constatés entre les langues et les cultures dans un monde du travail globalisé ? Les résultats de la recherche permettent de restituer toute l’importance des savoirs expérientiels et spécifiques des passeurs de langues, acteurs en fonction discrète à des postes administratifs et dont l’œuvre de parole est indispensable à l’organisation qui les emploie. Ce faisant la thèse cherche à mettre en évidence les enjeux sociolinguistiques liés aux transformations du monde du travail en ce début de XXIème siècle
The construction phases of the big mining projects which developed in New Caledonia during the last decade, in margin (for the South project) or in the frame (for the North project) of the process set up by the “Accord de Nouméa”, constitute an exemplary field of study to observe and analyze the complexity of the phenomena of the plurilingualism and the intercultural practices in professional situation. The thesis led in a parallel to an activity of service provider within these multicultural spaces, deals with the question: how do the plurilingual linguistic skills of the local actors contribute to the resolution of the linguistic and cultural gaps when working in a globalized world? The results of the research enlighten the importance of the specific experimented knowledges of the languages go-between, actors in discreet function in administrative positions and their ability to act as a wordforce essential to the organization which employs them. It doing the thesis tries to highlight the sociolinguistic challenges bound to the transformations of the working world at this beginning of XXIth century

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2008.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references.
Ecological processes at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges are punctuated by frequent physical disturbance. Larval dispersal among disjunct vent sites facilitates the persistence of sessile invertebrate species in these geologically and chemically dynamic habitats despite local extinction events. Regional population extension and rapid recolonization by the siboglinid tubeworm Riftia pachyptila have been well documented along the East Pacific Rise and the Galápagos Rift. To analyze spatial and temporal population genetic patterns and the processes governing them at ephemeral and disjunct habitats, a suite of 12 highly variable microsatellite DNA markers were developed for this species. Eight of these loci were used to assess the regional and within-ridge genetic structure of recent colonists and resident adults collected from nine sites in the eastern Pacific Ocean over period of three to seven years. A significant seafloor eruption during the seven-year sampling period allowed investigation into the role of local extinction in population genetic diversity at the Tica vent site at 9°N EPR, while collections within two and five years of an eruption that created the Rosebud vent field at 86°W GAR provided insights into genetic diversity input over population establishment. For the first time, this thesis demonstrated significant genetic differences between Riftia populations on the East Pacific Rise and Galápagos Rift. Moreover, the separate treatment of colonist and resident subpopulations revealed a high potential for local larval retention at vent sites. This mechanism for recruitment likely sustains disjunct populations and supports the recolonization of locally extinct areas after disturbance events, while episodic long-distance dispersal maintains genetic coherence of the species.
(cont.) Temporal population genetic consideration at the Tica site on the East Pacific Rise suggests that the 2005-2006 seafloor eruption had little to no discernable effect on local population genetic composition. Yet local populations appear to exhibit a small degree of genetic patchiness, with a high degree of relatedness (half-sibs) among subsets of individuals within both colonist and resident cohorts. This thesis broadens the application of recently developed molecular techniques to study the effect of ridge-crest processes and offers new perspectives into marine dispersal, gene flow, and population differentiation.
by Abigail Jean Fusaro.
Ph.D.

Depuis une vingtaine d'années, la qualité de la prévision de la trajectoire des cyclones tropicaux a fortement progressé mais peu d'améliorations ont été apportées à la prévision de l'intensité. Cette thèse s'intéresse aux changements d'intensité des cyclones tropicaux du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien sous l'angle original de l'activité électrique.Une première étude climatologique s'appuyant sur les données du réseau de détection d'éclairs World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) a permis de valider la qualité de ces données et de montrer que les cyclones tropicaux pouvaient être une source importante de production d'éclairs à l'échelle du bassin. À partir de ce résultat, une étude ciblée a été menée en considérant la spécificité du bassin et trois régions ont été définis (océan ouvert, région à proximité de la côte est de Madagascar et Canal du Mozambique). L'activité électrique des cyclones tropicaux dépend de la région où ils se trouvent ainsi que de leur stade d'intensité. Les éclairs semblent être un marqueur des phases d'intensification et d'affaiblissement dans certains situations. La troisième étape de cette thèse a consisté à simuler de manière idéalisée un cyclone tropical mature et a tenté d'expliquer les processus physiques à l'origine de l'activité électrique. Le modèle reproduit bien le comportement sporadique des éclairs habituellement observé. Des bilans montrent que ce cyclone présente trois phases caractéristiques, chacune associée à un comportement dynamique, microphysique et électrique différent. Enfin, une deuxième étude purement numérique a tenté d'identifier des estimateurs de l'activité électrique. Pourcelà deux approches ont été adoptées : une étude globale et une étude par cellule. Dans les deux cas, les meilleurs estimateurs sont la masse totale de graupel, le volume d'updraft et le produit des flux des masses de glace précipitante et non précipitante
Tropical cyclone track forecast has improved over the past two decades but little improvement have been done in intensity changes forecast. This thesis focuses on the intensity changes of tropical cyclones in the southwest Indian ocean through the original aspect of lightning activity. A climatology of lightning activity in the southwest Indian ocean using data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) is first proposed. Results showed that the WWLLN was able to locate and capture the lightning activity in the basin and that tropical cyclones can be considered as a major source of lightning flashes in some oceanic parts of this region. From this result, study of lightning activity in tropical cyclones of the southwest Indian ocean has been done considering the basin configuration. Thus, three regions were defined: open ocean, region near the eastern coast of Madagascar and the Mozambique Channel. The location and intensity of lightning activity depend on the region and the intensity stage. Lightning flashes seem to be a proxy of intensification or weakening under some conditions. The third step of this thesis was to simulate in an idealized framework a mature tropical cyclone. The model was first able to reproduce the sporadic behavior of lightning activity as observed. Budgets have shown that the presence of three distinctive phases characterized by different dynamical, microphysical and electrical behaviors. Finally, another purely numerical work tried to identify some proxies of lightning activity according two approaches : a global analysis anda per-cell analysis. In both cases, the best proxies are the total graupel mass, the updraft volume and the product of precipitating and non-precipitating ice mass fluxes

Depuis une vingtaine d'années, la qualité de la prévision de la trajectoire des cyclones tropicaux a fortement progressé mais peu d'améliorations ont été apportées à la prévision de l'intensité. Cette thèse s'intéresse aux changements d'intensité des cyclones tropicaux du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien sous l'angle original de l'activité électrique. Une première étude climatologique s'appuyant sur les données du réseau de détection d'éclairs World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) a permis de valider la qualité de ces données et de montrer que les cyclones tropicaux pouvaient être une source importante de production d'éclairs à l'échelle du bassin. À partir de ce résultat, une étude ciblée a été menée en considérant la spécificité du bassin et trois régions ont été définies (océan ouvert, région à proximité de la côte est de Madagascar et Canal du Mozambique). L'activité électrique des cyclones tropicaux dépend de la région où ils se trouvent ainsi que de leur stade d'intensité. Les éclairs semblent être un marqueur des phases d'intensification et d'affaiblissement dans certains situations. La troisième étape de cette thèse a consisté à simuler de manière idéalisée un cyclone tropical mature et a tenté d'expliquer les processus physiques à l'origine de l'activité électrique. Le modèle reproduit bien le comportement sporadique des éclairs habituellement observé. Des bilans montrent que ce cyclone présente trois phases caractéristiques, chacune associée à un comportement dynamique, microphysique et électrique différent. Enfin, une deuxième étude purement numérique a tenté d'identifier des estimateurs de l'activité électrique. Pour celà deux approches ont été adoptées : une étude globale et une étude par cellule. Dans les deux cas, les meilleurs estimateurs sont la masse totale de graupel, le volume d'updraft et le produit des flux des masses de glace précipitante et non précipitante.

Notre recherche porte sur la cartographie italienne de l’Océanie entre 1790 et 1850, mais en suivant son développement au travers des dialogues (et des conflits) entretenus avec les autres pays européens, et en particulier la France, et en liant intimement les discussions sur les premiers toponymes posés sur les cartes (les inventions de Oceania, Micronesia, Meganesia, Mondo Marittimo, etc.) avec les premières classifications des peuples énoncées par ces mêmes géographes qui voulaient ajouter aux noms géographiques des classifications permettant de distinguer les peuples, les variétés humaines, les « races » : Pinkerton, Malte-Brun, Walckenaer, Dumont d’Urville, Galanti, Balbi, Borghi, de Luca et Marmocchi. Trois parties se succèdent. Dans la première, nous observons le travail des géographes de cabinet en Angleterre et en France avant d’observer en détail les écoles italiennes. En contrepoint, nous observons les géographes qui furent navigateurs-explorateurs, en commençant avec l’Italie du 16e siècle, puis une revue rapide des tentatives qui furent faites pour nommer l’Océanie entière (la « cinquième partie du monde ») et ses régions. L’étude des écoles italiennes nous conduit dans les villes : Milan, Venise, Rome, Florence et Naples, leurs lieux d’échanges (académie, cabinet littéraires), en regardant aussi qui furent les grands éditeurs ou géographes-éditeurs. Nous terminerons cette première partie par une comparaison des théories proposées en France, Angleterre et Italie pour la classification des peuples, en général et en Océanie en particulier, selon que le type de discrimination choisi était les langues, les « nations » ou encore les « races ». La deuxième partie est consacrée aux relations entre géographes au niveau européen : les relations entretenues par les Italiens avec leurs voisins, surtout français et anglais, et parfois allemands, et nous observons la manière dont les savoirs se diffusent et sont discutés, avec Adriano Balbi comme fil d’Ariane : chronologie des publications, des dénominations, les cas particuliers des inventions d’Ulimaroa, Terres Océaniques, Notasie, puis les échanges sur les termes Océanique-Océanie, Mondo Marittimo et les choix de Balbi, la création italienne de Meganesia et de Micronesia, les discussions sur la classification des peuples, de Balbi à Dumont d’Urville, et la manière dont la plupart des écoles italiennes restent à l’écart du modèle de Dumont d’Urville pendant une vingtaine d’années. La troisième partie revient en détail sur les inventions et les appropriations des géographes italiens : la Meganesia, la Micronesia, le Mondo Marittimo. Cette observation montre l’imbrication extrême des dialogues, ou des conflits, entre nos géographes italiens et avec leurs voisins français et anglais. Elle nous conduit aussi, à propos de l’appropriation du terme « Micronésie », à regarder de bien plus près le rôle de Dumont d’Urville à cette époque, sa manière bien particulière d’imposer ses points de vue et d’écarter ceux des autres géographes, et l’on pourra mesurer, sans aucun doute quant aux motivations, à quel point sa fameuse carte de l’Océanie fut entièrement le produit d’une théorie sur les « races » et non une simple proposition cartographique. Cette clarification sera singulièrement renforcée par l’étude que nous ajoutons d’un long texte de Dumont d’Urville, un manuscrit qu’il avait rédigé en 1825-1826, resté inachevé et inédit, et que nous avons analysé et transcrit. Notre conclusion nous fait rester dans l’univers cartographique italien, et dans la manière dont une carte peut imposer un point de vue, mais en passant de l’Océanie à l’Italie. En effet, trois des principaux géographes italiens qui nous auront accompagnés durant l’examen des cartes de l’Océanie furent aussi des acteurs de premier plan dans une cartographie au service de la construction politique d’une Italie unitaire (le Risorgimento) et l’on commentera cette autorité que la carte peut imposer à l’occasion
Our research deals with the Italian cartography of Oceania, between 1790 and 1850. Its development is followed through dialogues and conflicts with the other European countries, mainly with France, intimately binding them with discussions over first place names on maps (the invention of Oceania, Micronesia, Melanesia, Mondo Marittimo), including the very first classifications of peoples stated by the same geographers who wanted to add classifications to geographical names, thus allowing to distinguish between peoples, human diversities, races: Pinkerton, Malte-Brun, Dumont d’Urville, Galanti, Balbi, Borghi, de Luca and Marmocchi. There’s a succession of three sections. In the first section, we are studying the works of the cabinet geographers in England and France before examining in detail the Italian schools. Conversely, we are watching these geographers who were navigator-explorers, starting first with sixteenth-century Italy then having a short overview of the attempts made to name the whole of Oceania (“The fifth part of the globe”, etc.) and its regions. The study of the Italian schools is taking us into the cities of Milan, Venice, Rome, Florence and Naples, as well as into these navigator-explorers’ places of exchange (academies, literary societies), taking into account who the major publishers or geographer publishers were. The second section is dedicated to the links between the geographers on a European level: the relationship between the Italians and their neighbors, mostly French and English, sometimes German. We are also looking at the way knowledge spreads and is debated upon with Adriano Balbi shaping a sort of breadcrumbs trail: first, chronology of publications and new names, with the special cases of the inventions of Ulimaroa, Ocean Lands, Notasia, and the withdrawal of Magellania, next the discussions on the names Oceanica-Oceania, Maritime World-Mondo Marittimo then, Balbi’s choices, the Italian inventions of « Meganesia, Micronesia », the discussions on the classification of the peoples, from Balbi to Dumont d’Urville and the way most of the Italian schools kept away from Dumont d’Urville’s pattern for a good 20 years. The third section documents and details the Italian geographers’ appropriations: Meganesia, Micronesia, Mondo Marittimo. This study shows the extreme interlocking of dialogues and conflicts among the Italian geographers themselves but also with their French and English counterparts. Regarding the appropriation of the word « Micronesia », it also leads us to observe closely the part played by Dumont d’Urville at the time, his very specific way to impose his views, excluding the other geographers’ opinions. We shall see that there is no doubt whatsoever about the motives leading to his famous 1832 map of Oceania so often considered as a map-based suggestion while we can doubtlessly show that it was the product of a theory on races. This clarification will be notably enhanced by the added study of a long text written by Dumont d’Urville, a manuscript drafted in 1825-1826, which remained incomplete and unpublished but reviewed and transcribed in this research. Our conclusion allows us to stay in the Italian cartographic world, to grasp the way a map may well impose a point of view, leading us from Oceania to Italy. Indeed, three of the four main Italian geographers we followed were also prominent protagonists in a cartography serving the political building up of a united Italy (Risorgimento) and we shall comment upon the power that a map may occasionally play
La nostra ricerca si concentra sulla cartografia italiana dell'Oceania tra il 1790 e il 1850, ma segue il suo sviluppo attraverso dialoghi (e conflitti) con altri paesi europei, e in particolare con la Francia, e collegando intimamente le discussioni sui primi toponimi collocati sulle carte geografiche (le invenzioni di Oceania, Micronesia, Meganesia, Mondo Marittimo, ecc.) con le prime classificazioni dei popoli formulate dai questi stessi geografi che volevano aggiungere ai nomi geografici delle classificazioni che consentissero di distinguere i popoli, le varietà umane, le “razze”: Pinkerton, Malte-Brun, Dumont d’Urville, Galanti, Balbi, Borghi, de Luca and Marmocchi. Tra parti si succedono. Nella prima, osserviamo il lavoro dei geografi di gabinetto in Inghilterra e in Francia prima di osservare nei minimi particolari le scuole italiane. In contrappunto, osserviamo i geografi che furono navigatore-esploratori, a partire dall'Italia del XVI secolo, poi una rapida rassegna dei tentativi di dare un nome all'intera Oceania (la "quinta parte del mondo" ecc.) e le sue regioni. Il studio delle scuole italiane ci porta elle città: Milano, Venezia, Roma, Roma, Firenze e Napoli, nonché ai loro luoghi di scambio (accademia, gabinetto letterario), guardando pure chi furono i grandi editori o geografi-editori. Finiremo questa prima parte con in confronto alle teorie proposte in Francia, Inghilterra e Italia per la classificazione dei popoli, in generale e in Oceania in particolare, a seconda che il tipo di discriminazione scelto fosse la lingua, le "nazioni" od ancora le "razze". La seconda parte è dedicata ai rapporti tra geografi a livello europeo: i rapporti che gli italiani intrattengono con i loro vicini, soprattutto francesi e inglesi, e talvolta tedeschi, ed si osserviamo la maniera in cui la conoscenza è diffusa e discussa, con Adriano Balbi come filo conduttore: cronologia delle pubblicazioni, delle denominazione, i casi particolari delle invenzioni di Ulimaroa, Terres Océaniques, Notasie, e l'abbandono di Magellania, poi gli scambi sui termini Oceanic-Oceania, il Mondo Marittimo e le scelte di Balbi, la creazione italiana di Meganesia e Micronesia, le discussioni sulla classificazione dei popoli da Balbi a Dumont d'Urville, e su come la maggior parte delle scuole italiane rimane al di fuori del modello di Dumont d'Urville per venti anni. La terza parte ritorna minutamente sulle invenzioni e l’accaparamento dei geografi italiani: Meganesia, Micronesia, Mondo Marittimo. Questa osservazione mostra l'estremo intreccio di dialoghi, o di conflitti, tra i nostri geografi italiani, tra loro e con i loro vicini francesi e inglesi. Essa ci conduce anche, per quanto riguarda l'appropriazione del termine "Micronesia", a guardare da più vicino il ruolo di Dumont d'Urville a questa epoca, il suo modo bene particolare di imporre i suoi punti di vista e di allontanare quelli degli altri geografi, e vedremo che ormai non c'è nessun dubbio per quanto riguarda alle motivazioni che l’hanno condotto alla sua famosa mappa dell'Oceania del 1832, così considerata spesso come una semplice proposta cartografica, mentre ora possiamo misurare fino a che punto fosse interamente il prodotto di una teoria sulle "razze". Questa chiarificazione sarà soprattutto rinforzata par lo studio che aggiungiano a un lungo testo di Dumont d'Urville, un manoscritto che aveva redatto nel 1825-1826, rimasto incompiuto e inedito, che abbiamo analizzato e trascritto.La nostra conclusione ci fa rimanere nell'universo cartografico italiano, e nella maniera in cui una mappa può imporre un punto di vista, ma passando dall'Oceania all'Italia. Infatti, tre dei principali geografi italiani che ci avranno accompagnati durante l'esame delle mappe dell'Oceania furono anche degli attori di primissimo piano nel una cartografia al servizio della costruzione politica di un'Italia unitaria (il Risorgimento) e ci commenteremo questa autorità che la carta può imporre a volte

La formation professionnelle à l'Entrepreneuriat (création d'entreprise, conseil en entreprise, intrapreneuriat) procède de trois dimensions indissociables : structurale, cognitive et praxéologique. Les interactions entre ces trois dimensions en font des facteurs clés de réussite du projet entrepreneurial : le facteur structural renvoie à la problématique de la mise en place de l'entreprise, le facteur cognitif renvoie aux contenus de la formation comme ressources stratégiques ouvrant sur le monde de l'entreprise dans toutes ses dimensions et le facteur praxéologique renvoie à la démarche de projet en formation. Dans le contexte de l'Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), la formation professionnelle à l'entrepreneuriat dispensée par l'Institut de la Francophonie pour l'Entrepreneuriat (IFE), situé à l'université de Réduit, à l'île Maurice, s'inscrit dans un vaste réseau de partenaires, administré par l'Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF). L'émergence de l'entrepreneur francophone passe par son entrée en formation professionnelle auprès de formateurs francophones internationaux, par la prise de risque au retour dans son pays et par l'appui d'un réseau de partenaires financiers et commerciaux francophones. L'intérêt de la thèse réside dans la capacité à en faire émerger les aspects fondamentaux par la recherche sur la formation professionnelle à l'Entrepreneuriat, et, à partir des aspects appliqués, à développer les singularités propres au contexte de la francophonie et à l'expérience de l'IFE.

The thesis comprises a collection of short fiction, Maps for the Lost, and a critical essay, “Human / Nature Ecotones: Climate Change and the Ecological Imagination.” In ecological terms, areas of interaction between adjacent ecosystems are known as ecotones. Sites of relationship between biotic communities, they are charged with fertility and evolutionary possibility. While postcolonial scholarship is concerned with borders as points of cross-cultural contact, ecocritical thought focuses upon the ecotone that occurs at the interface between human and non-human nature. In their occupation of the liminal zones between human and natural realms, the characters and narratives of Maps for the Lost reveal and nurture the porosity of conventional demarcations. In the title story, a Czech artist maps the globe by night in order to find his lover. The buried geographies of human landscapes coalesce with those of the non-human realm: the territories of wolves and the scent-trails of a fox mingle imperceptibly with nocturnal Prague and the ransacked villages of post-war Croatia. In “Seeds,” a narrative structured around the process of biological growth, the lost memories of an elderly woman are returned to her by her garden. “The Skin of the Ocean” traces the obsession of a diver who sinks his yacht under the weight of coral and fish, while in “Drift,” an Iranian refugee writes letters along the tide-line of a Tasmanian beach. The essay identifies the inadequacy of literature and literary scholarship’s response to the threat of climate change as a failure of the imagination, reflecting the transgressive dimension of the crisis itself, and the dualistic legacy which still informs Western discourse on non-human nature. In order to redress this shortfall, which I argue the current generations of writers have an urgent moral responsibility to do, it is critical that we learn to understand the natural world of which we are a part, in ways that cast off the limitations of conventional representation. Paradoxically, it is the profoundly disruptive (apocalyptic?) nature of the climate crisis itself, which may create the imaginative traction for that shift in comprehension, forcing us, through loss, to interpret the world in ways that have been forgotten, or are fundamentally new. By analysing Alexis Wright’s The Swan Book, and Les Murray’s “Presence” sequence, the essay explores the correlation between imaginative and ecological processes, and the role of voice, embodiment, patterning and story in negotiations of nature and place. In the context of the asymptotical essence of the relation between text and world, and the paradox of phenomenological representation, it calls for a deeper cultural engagement with scientific discourse and indigenous philosophy, in order to illuminate the multiplicity and complexity of human connections to the non-human natural world

The Bronx Cocked Back And Smoking is a collection of multifarious prose performances recounting the historical, personal, social, political and cultural constructs of a city birthed by violence. This body of work is accompanied by video, audio, photography, and theatre performance texts. St. Mary’s Housing project, in the Bronx, is the foundation where most of this literary work takes place. The modern day Griot (storyteller) is a Poet, guiding his audience through the social inequalities and disparities that plague St. Mary’s community. The Poet shares personal traumatic insights while simultaneously utilizing writing as a form of survival to the conditions of the Bronx. This multi-platform performance highlights the metaphorical and physical concerns with the cycle of violence. This question is answered through the Poet’s choice by selecting the pen over the gun.