Tesi sul tema "Occupation territoriale"

Dans ce mémoire, nous partons de l'hypothèse que les dynamiques spatiales et les évolutions des usages des objets géographiques peuvent, en partie, être expliquées ou anticipées par leurs historiques de changements de fonctions et de co-localisations. Nous proposons d'exploiter la recherche des motifs fréquents et des règles d'associations pour en extraire des règles régissant ces dynamiques. Ce travail adapte également le processus de fouille de données pour tenir compte de la spécificité des données spatio-temporelles utilisées, en particulier, leur asymétrie.Dans ce contexte, notre proposition traite des questions liées à la modélisation des relations spatio-temporelles incorporées dans le jeu de données, la représentation adéquate des données d'apprentissage, pour ainsi, produire des règles adaptées à notre problème de prédiction. La prise en compte de l'asymétrie des attributs d'apprentissage en termes de fréquence est traitée selon deux approches : une approche utilisant plusieurs seuils de support minimum et une approche traitant disjointement les attributs. Pour la première approche, deux adaptations de l'algorithme MSApriori ont été proposées pour la définition et l'affectation de ces seuils. Pour la seconde, nous proposons l'algorithme BERA pour la génération de règles en allant de la construction de la conclusion vers la construction des prémisses.Afin de vérifier et évaluer nos propositions, nous proposons une étude expérimentale menée sur différents jeux de données issus des données Corine Land Cover dans le cadre d’un dispositif expérimental appelé SAFFIET
In this dissertation, we start from the hypothesis that spatial dynamics and geographical object usage evolution may partially be explained or predicted by their different previous spatial configuration. Thus, we propose to exploit frequent pattern mining and association rule mining in order to extract rules governing these dynamics. This work tries, as well, to adapt the data mining process to take into account the specificity of the used spatiotemporal data, in particular, their asymmetry. In this context, our proposal deals with questions related to the modeling of the spatiotemporal relations incorporated in the data set, the adequate representation of the learning data in order to produce rules adapted to our prediction problem. Addressing the asymmetric aspect of learning attributes, mainly in terms of their frequencies, is tackled according to two approaches: the first one is based on using multiple minimum supports (minsup) and the second one consists in addressing the attributes in a disjointed manner. The first approach is based on two adaptations of the MSApriori algorithm for the definition and assignment of these thresholds. The second approach exploits the novel BERA algorithm which is based on semantics of the predicates for the generation of rules, going from the construction of the conclusion part to the construction of the premise part. In order to verify and evaluate our proposals, an experimental study is carried out on different datasets from Corine Land Cover in an experimental tool called SAFFIET

La présente étude vise à réévaluer la politique territoriale menée par Lord Dalhousie de 1848 à 1856 en mesurant les pressions idéologiques et politiques exercées par ses deux autorités de tutelle, l'East India Company et l'India Board dépendant du gouvernement britannique. Elle rend compte du contextye politique, historique et géostratégique à l'interieur du sous-continent et de sa périphérie, de la position du gouvernement de l'Inde vis-à-vis des états princiers et pays frontaliers, ainsi que des motifs qui ont présidé aux choix politiques et stratégiques de Dalhousie. Des choix qui révèlent une conception nouvelle du sous-continent indien perçu comme un ensemble que Dalhousie entreprend de faire accéder au statut de nation
This study aims at reappraising the territorial policy carried out by Lord Dalhousie from 1848 to 1856 by assessing the ideological and political constraints imposed by the two autorities he was accountable to, the East India Company and the British Government's India Board. It considers the political, historical, strategic context within and without the subcontinent's borders, the Government of India's attitude toward native states and neighbouring countries, as welle as the motives for Dalhousie's political and strategic choices. Decisions that reveal Dalhousie's new conception of the Indian subcontinent as a whole which he endeavoured to shape into a nation

Par le biais des concessions foncières et des usages du réseau hydrographique, cette étude vise à comprendre le processus d'occupation territoriale de la capitainerie de Goiás, située au cœur de l'Amérique portugaise, au cours du XVIIIe siècle. L'objectif de la recherche est d'étudier la manière dont la terre et l'eau ont contribué à l'occupation territoriale par les Luso-Brésiliens mais aussi par des peuples autochtones qui ont été assimilés, annihilés ou qui ont résisté à la colonisation de différentes manières. Bien que la capitainerie de Goiás soit au centre de nos préoccupations, les territoires adjacents font également l'objet de cette étude, car l'analyse géographique doit prendre en compte d'autres éléments au-delà des frontières politiques. Les bornes chronologiques reflètent également ce choix théorico-méthodologique : elles changent selon selon l'échelle spatiale adoptée. On passe du temps long, lorsqu'il s'agit d'étudier la configuration d'éléments naturels, à des temporalités plus courtes, celle des actions d'individus qui ont produit les territoires coloniaux. L'approche géographique permet d'exploiter des éléments présents dans les sources historiques grâce à la cartographie numérique, qui révèle des liens entre des aspects morphologiques (le relief, l'altitude, le sol et les bassins versants) et les usages des concessions foncières (sesmarias) et du réseau hydrographique. Des cartes du passé sont également mobilisées : ce sont des sources très riches et importantes pour comprendre les représentations coloniales du territoire de l'Amérique portugaise et des peuples autochtones (en particulier les Gê). Ces derniers se sont opposés vigoureusement à l'invasion luso-brésilienne, démontrant que les sertões n'étaient pas des espaces vides, mais des territoires dynamiques, peuplés et disputés
Through land concessions and uses of the hydrographic network, this study aims to understand the process of territorial occupation of the captaincy of Goiás, located in the heart of Portuguese America, during the 18th century. The aim of the research is to investigate how land and water contributed to territorial occupation by Luso-Brazilians, but also by indigenous peoples who were assimilated, annihilated or resisted colonization in different ways. Although the captaincy of Goiás is the focus of our study, the adjacent territories are also included, as the geographical analysis must consider other elements beyond political boundaries. The chronological boundaries also reflect this theoretical and methodological approach: they vary according to the adopted spatial scale. We move from the long term, when studying the configuration of natural elements, to shorter temporalities, that of the actions of individuals who produced colonial territories. The geographical approach makes it possible to exploit elements present in historical sources through digital cartography, which reveals links between morphological aspects (relief, altitude, soil and watersheds) and the uses of land concessions (sesmarias) and the hydrographic network. Historical maps are also employed: they are rich and important sources for understanding colonial representations of the territory of Portuguese America and of indigenous peoples (particularly the Gê). The latter vigorously opposed the Luso-Brazilian invasion, demonstrating that the sertões were not empty spaces, but dynamic, populated and disputed territories

Ce travail vise à comprendre comment, dans un espace de guerre, la Palestine, construit un processus de patrimonialisation. Il dévoile les nombreux acteurs de la patrimonialisation ainsi que les stratégies mises en œuvre dans un contexte identitaire compliqué et souvent dramatique. Dans le cadre du travail, le projet de rénovation de la ville d’Al-Khalil illustre, chez les Palestiniens, cette volonté d’affirmation identitaire dans un espace menacé brisé par les guerres, le déplacement et la dépossession par l’occupant israélien. Le patrimoine est lié à la convergence de trois affirmations : identité, territoire et souveraineté. Ici, géographie historique et élaboration d’une conscience patrimoniale sont intimement liées et contribuent à exprimer fortement le fait national palestinien
This work aims to understand how Palestine affected by a space war, has launched a processcreating heritage value. It reveals the many actors involved and the strategies implemented in creating acomplex and often dramatic identity. In this framework the renovation project of the city of Al-Khalilillustrates among the Palestinians, the desire to assert identity in an a turbulent landscape shattered bywars, displacement, and dispossession by the Israeli occupation. Heritage relates to the convergence ofthree statements: identity, territory and sovereignty. Here, historical geography and development ofheritage consciousness are intimately linked and contribute to highly express the Palestinian nation

Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The multidisciplinary study of the landscape characteristics, as well as its evolution allows to understand the influence of human intervention in the landscape. The landscape we observe today is the outcome of the interaction between Man and Nature for centuries. This intensive analysis is of great importance for a conscious reflection on the future. The Sintra’s Mountain Range is a valuable representation of World Heritage, which connects a continued human occupation since prehistory with an indescribable landscape beauty. The cultural value contained in it is priceless for modern society to understand its development until today, especially for the physical and historical differences presented on the different slopes (north and south) of the hill. Thus, the elaboration of the present work aims to analyze the evolution of Sintra’s Mountain Range in a holistic way, and infer how the different soil and climatic characteristics intervened in its historical evolution, and also in its physical expression

Nel contesto della grande trasformazione del lavoro, è emersa già da alcuni anni, anche la necessità di un’evoluzione degli strumenti e delle infrastrutture che accompagnino i cambiamenti relativi alle dinamiche del mercato del lavoro, alla demografia, alla tecnologia e alla dimensione produttiva e organizzativa dell’impresa. Questi cambiamenti hanno però generato traiettorie di sviluppo differenziato sui territori, a seconda del tessuto sociale ed economico specifico, per cui ad oggi il territorio si configura come l’ambito cruciale in cui rafforzare le infrastrutture a sostegno della competitività e della sostenibilità del lavoro. La presente ricerca indaga la realtà del welfare territoriale studiando, in particolare, le azioni e le progettualità realizzate con il coinvolgimento delle parti sociali. Attraverso la contrattazione sociale territoriale, si stanno diffondendo partnership pubblico-private che provano a integrare diversi strumenti. Tra questi anche il welfare occupazionale e aziendale, sviluppato per il tramite della contrattazione collettiva, rappresenta uno dei fenomeni più interessanti con cui le parti sociali possono contribuire a integrare e rafforzare il sistema di welfare territoriale nonché a ridefinire le dinamiche di scambio e redistribuzione del valore generato in azienda e sul territorio. Adottando una prospettiva di relazioni industriali, si offre dunque una lettura funzionale del welfare sviluppato nell’ambito della contrattazione sociale territoriale e della contrattazione collettiva, rispetto a quella che è la sua capacità di contribuire alla ridefinizione di nuovi modelli di welfare territoriale che siano in grado di ricomporre la tensione tra diritti del lavoro e diritti di cittadinanza sociale cercando, altresì, di comprendere quale ruolo stanno giocando in tale processo gli attori della rappresentanza.
In the context of the great transformation of work, the need for an evolution of tools and infrastructures to protect people for (and not from) the changes has also emerged for some years now. These changes, however, have generated different development trajectories in the territories, depending on the specific social and economic context, so that today the territory is configured as the crucial area in which to strengthen the infrastructure to support competitiveness and sustainability of work. This research investigates the reality of territorial welfare, studying, in particular, the actions and projects carried out with the involvement of the social partners. Through territorial social dialogue, public-private partnerships are spreading and are trying to integrate various instruments at the local level. Among these, occupational and corporate welfare, developed through collective bargaining, represents one of the most interesting phenomena with which the social partners can contribute to integrating and strengthening the territorial welfare system as well as redefining the dynamics of exchange and redistribution of the (shared) value generated in the company and in the territory. Adopting a perspective of industrial relations, we offer a functional reading of the welfare developed within the framework of territorial social dialogue and collective bargaining, with respect to its capacity to contribute to the redefinition of new models of territorial welfare able to recompose the tension between labor rights and rights of social citizenship, also trying to understand what role the actors of representation are playing in this process.

Este trabalho busca acompanhar a elaboração de uma política de urbanização por meio da análise de iniciativas de criação urbana promovidas na capitania de São Paulo entre 1765 e 1811, detendo-se com mais atenção no período de administração do Morgado de Mateus (1765-1775). O estabelecimento de vilas e povoações é considerado o principal agente de reorganização do território no contexto de afirmação da soberania portuguesa na América do Sul. A análise atenta para o modo como designações emanadas do poder régio procuraram conformar a transformação do território e a produção das formas urbanas. Pretende-se mostrar, entretanto, que práticas, experiências e dinâmicas locais foram determinantes para a definição de uma política de urbanização. Para a elaboração da tese, foram retomados documentos escritos e imagens pertinentes a iniciativas de criação urbana em São Paulo, bem como estudos precedentes, buscando-se identificar possíveis nexos entre as demandas e circunstâncias que se apresentavam em cada situação e as determinações impostas pela administração da capitania. Desse modo, procura-se tratar essa política urbanizadora como um processo desenvolvido num contexto de conflitos mais do que como produto de um projeto predelineado por autoridades metropolitanas.
The objective of this study is to cover the development of a policy of urbanization through an analysis of urban creation initiatives undertaken in the captaincy of São Paulo between 1765 and 1811, with special emphasis on the period of the administration of the Morgado de Mateus (1765-1775). The establishment of villages and settlements is considered to be the main factor in the restructuring of this territory, in the context of the assertion of Portuguese sovereignty in South America. The analysis focuses on the manner in which the directives issued by the royal authority attempted to control the transformation of the territory and the production of urban formations. At the sametime, the study intends to show that local customs, experience and dynamics were determining factors in the definition of the policy of urbanization. During the development of this thesis, written documents and images pertaining to creation initiatives for urban areas in São Paulo were researched, as well as previous studies on similar topics, in an attempt to identify possible links between the demands and circumstances presented in each situation and the guidelines imposed by the administration of the captaincy. Thus, this urbanization policy is dealt with as a process developed within a context of conflict rather than as the product of a pre-defined project created by metropolitan authorities.

O território estudado localiza-se na região sul do estado de Goiás, no município de Morrinhos, e denomina-se Assentamento São Domingos dos Olhos Dágua. O estudo partiu do pressuposto que o território é um espaço onde o poder e a dominação são predominantes. No território desenvolve-se a relação desigual de forças que lutam pelo domínio e apropriação do espaço mediante o controle político-econômico. A conquista de uma fração do território é um trunfo na luta pela terra, que viabiliza o processo de territorialização do próprio combate. Esse processo é entendido, no seu caráter mais geral, na luta contra a expropriação e contra a exploração do desenvolvimento capitalista. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, e por realizar-se em uma localidade onde não existem trabalhos semelhantes ao proposto classifica-se como pesquisa exploratória. Não deixa, porém, de ser uma pesquisa descritiva, pois apresenta características comuns a outras pesquisas que também se enquadram nessa denominação. Em campo realizaram-se 72 entrevistas e foram observados o acervo da CPT, relatórios do INCRA, e atas das entidades ligadas ao PA, com o objetivo de melhor compreender as relações de poder relacionadas à ocupação do território no contexto da reforma agrária em âmbito local. A pesquisa revelou que existem forças antagônicas no processo de ocupação e territorialização do espaço rural, o que torna o território uma zona onde as ações são conflituosas. As políticas públicas implementadas nas últimas décadas foram apenas paliativas, pois, como exposto no estudo, a reforma agrária brasileira ainda não subsidia seus beneficiários de ferramentas e condições para uma produção alternativa frente ao modelo capitalista vigente. Ficou evidente, ainda, que o assentamento é um espaço social complexo, marcado por disputas políticas, em que grupos se interpelam na busca de organizar o território ocupado com práticas sociais e estratégias de luta oriundas dos interesses distintos dos sujeitos sociais participantes do processo, circunstâncias que perpassam por conflitos de várias dimensões no seu interior.
The study area is located at the southern region of the state of Goiás, municipality of Morrinhos, and is called São Domingos dos Olhos DAgua Settlement. The study assumed that the territory is an area where power and domination structure social and production relations. The study area shows the unequal balance of forces fighting for dominance and appropriation of space through political and economic control. The conquest of a land fraction is a triumph in the struggle for land. It enables the process of territorialization of the struggle itself. This process is understood in its most general character as the fight against expropriation and exploitation of capitalist development. This is a case study and due to the fact that it was carried out in a municipality where there is no similar work to that proposed here, this research was classified as exploratory. However, it is also a descriptive research because it presents features similar to other studies that also fall under this denomination. Overall, 72 field interviews were performed. In addition, CPT collection, INCRA reports and proceedings of entities linked to PA were searched in order to better understand the power relations related to the occupation of the territory in the context of land reform at local level. The research revealed that there are opposing forces in the process of occupation and territorialization of rural areas, which makes it an area where actions are conflicting and apparently, public policies implemented in recent decades were only palliative, because as reported in this study, land reform in Brazil does not provide beneficiaries with tools and conditions for alternative production in relation to the current capitalist model. It was also evidenced that the settlement is a complex social space marked by political disputes where groups interpellate, seeking to organize the occupied territory through social practices and struggle strategies coming from different interests of social actors participating in the process, circumstances that last through conflicts of various dimensions.

L’île de Mayotte, un bout de France dans l’océan Indien entre Madagascar et l’Afrique de l’est, est un territoire insuffisamment équipé. Elle a longtemps été victime dans son développement spatial et socio-économique, d’une succession de statuts juridiques jamais stables, ne favorisant pas une politique de développement et d’aménagement. Mais depuis le changement de statut de l’île en collectivité départementale en 2001 (101 ème département français en 2011), Mayotte a entamé sa phase de mutation. Ainsi, le nouvel objectif de l’ile est de rattraper son retard par rapport à la Métropole et aux autres Départements d’Outre-Mer (DOM). Mais ici, plus qu’ailleurs, les projets d’aménagement sont sources de tensions du fait d’une conjonction de nombreux facteurs parmi lesquels le statut du foncier régi par deux juridictions, d’une part, coutumière et d’autre part le droit commun français
The island of Mayotte, a piece of France in the Indian Ocean between Madagascar and East Africa, is an insufficiently equipped territory. It was the victim of a succession of never stable legal status, not promoting a policy of planning. But since the change of status of the island in to a departmental authority in 2001 (101 th French department in 2011), Mayotte begain its mutation. Thus, the new goal of the island is to catch up with the metropolis and other Overseas Departments (DOM). But here, more than elsewhere, development projects are a source of tension due to a combination of many factors, including the status of land governed by two jurisdictions, the customary on the one hand, and the French law on the other hand

Orientador: Nilson Ghirardello
Resumo: Durante o século XIX, principalmente a partir de 1850, o império brasileiro planejou a instalação de colônias militares que deveriam ser implantadas por todo o território. Enquanto na maioria dos países o problema é a falta de espaço geográfico, no Brasil, a imensidão de terras constituiu-se como permanente preocupação dos administradores. Assim, as colônias militares tinham por principal função promover a “povoação e cultura agrícola” de determinadas regiões, bem como a de “policiar e proteger” o interior do país. Ambos os modelos, colônias militares e civis, representavam, antes de tudo, um esforço de levar a “civilização” e marcar presença em locais não ocupados ou mal ocupados pelo homem branco. Na província de São Paulo duas colônias foram implantadas: Itapura e Avanhandava; sendo a primeira, motivo de alguns trabalhos acadêmicos, e a segunda jamais pesquisada. O trabalho proposto pretende estudar a Colônia Militar do Avanhandava, buscando definir os primórdios de sua formação, ocupação inicial e administração. Visa ainda, analisar o material textual e cartográfico coletado em Arquivos Públicos sobre a colônia, especialmente plantas e projetos nunca antes trazidos à luz. O objetivo é demonstrar que havia um ideal que estava além de demarcar, vigiar e proteger o território; mas principalmente, implantar estabelecimentos sob projeto racional, cujas bases parecem vir de colônias militares romanas somadas às questões urbanas do século XIX. O propósito era construir em meio à... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: During the nineteenth century, especially from 1850 on, the Brazilian empire planned the installation of military colonies that should be implanted throughout the territory. While in most countries the problem is the lack of geographic space, in Brazil the immensity of territory has been a permanent concern of the administrators. Thus, the military colonies had as main goal to promote the population and also the agricultural culture of certain regions, as well to keep under control and protect the countryside. Both models, military and civilian colonies, were, above all, an effort to bring “civilization” into the interior of the country and to be present in unoccupied or poorly occupied places by the white man. In the Province of São Paulo two colonies were built: Itapura and Avanhandava; being Itapura, subject for some academic research, and Avanhandava has never been studied. This dissertation intends to study the Military Colony of Avanhandava, searching to define the beginnings of formation, initial occupation and administration. It also aims to analyze the textual and cartographic material collected in Public Archives about the colony, especially plants and projects never before brought to light. The objective is to demonstrate there was an ideal that was beyond demarcating, overseeing and protecting the territory; but mainly, the goal of determining settlements under a rational design, whose bases seems to come from roman military colonies added to urban issues of the 1... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Urbanization in their mearing simpler, the agglomeration of people, occurred from the time that the productive activities have to be based on trade. The first cities arose when the evolution of agriculture allowed the production and storage of surpluses. However, with industrialization was that urbanization becomes intense, according to Singer (1987), the industrial revolution was to stage, from the beginning, the urban area. It requires, in its proximity, the presence of a large number of workers. With respect to the Cariri cearense, the occupation of its territory is associated with the movement of agricultural surpluses produced and reproduced under the hegemony of merchant capital and due to the development of extensive cattle that promoted the territorial occupation of Cear?. From the 1960s, the region has undergone changes in its productive structure due to industrial planning policies of the government of Cear?. However it was in the 1990s that the region itself as economic and urban polo because policies to attract investments from the state government of Cear?. This policy led to boosting trade and services marking the predominance of tertiary activities in the region, especially the retail, wholesale , medical services and education. Investments also consolidated the industrial park area making it diverse, especially the footwear industries, mining, non-metallic minerals, transport equipment, pharmaceutical chemical, food and beverages, rubber and leather and construction. Thus, the aim of this study was to review the region of Cariri cearense occupation of its territory institutionalizing its metropolitan region, to understand what factors influenced the Cariri cearense become an important area in urban and economic terms in the interior of Cear?. In order to develop this research in that refers to the methodological perspective, research is guided by bibliographic studies and also makes use of secondary data analysis (population, GDP, urbanization rate, employment) of the main databases the country, as IBGE, IPEADATA and RAIS - MTE
A urbaniza??o no seu sentindo mais simples, o de aglomera??o de pessoas, ocorreu desde o momento em que as atividades produtivas passaram a basear-se nas trocas comerciais. As primeiras cidades surgiram quando a evolu??o da agricultura permitiu a produ??o e estocagem de excedentes. Por?m, foi com a industrializa??o que a urbaniza??o se torna intensa. De acordo com Singer (1987), a revolu??o industrial teve por palco, desde o inicio, a ?rea urbana. Ela exige, em sua proximidade, a presen?a de um grande n?mero de trabalhadores. No que concerne ao Cariri cearense, a ocupa??o do seu territ?rio est? associada ? circula??o dos excedentes agr?colas produzidos e reproduzidos sob a hegemonia do capital mercantil e em decorr?ncia do desenvolvimento da pecu?ria extensiva que promoveu a ocupa??o territorial do Cear?. A partir da d?cada de 1960, a regi?o passou por mudan?as na sua estrutura produtiva devido ?s pol?ticas de planejamento industrial do governo do Cear?. No entanto foi na d?cada de 1990 que a regi?o se consolida como polo econ?mico e urbano devido ?s pol?ticas de atra??o de investimentos do governo do estado do Cear?. Esta pol?tica propiciou a dinamiza??o do com?rcio e dos servi?os marcando o predom?nio das atividades terci?rias na regi?o, com destaque para o com?rcio varejista, atacadista, servi?os m?dicos e ensino. Os investimentos tamb?m consolidaram o parque industrial da regi?o tornando-o diversificado, com destaque para os setores cal?adista, extrativo mineral, minerais n?o met?licos, material de transporte, qu?mica farmac?utica, alimentos e bebidas, borracha e couros e constru??o civil. Posto isto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho ? analisar a regi?o do Cariri cearense da ocupa??o do seu territ?rio a institucionaliza??o da sua Regi?o Metropolitana, para compreender quais fatores influenciaram o Cariri cearense a se tornar uma regi?o importante em termos urbanos e econ?micos no interior cearense. Com o intuito de desenvolver a presente pesquisa no que refere-se ? perspectiva metodol?gica, a pesquisa ? pautada em estudos bibliogr?ficos e tamb?m utiliza-se de an?lise de dados secund?rios (populacionais, PIB, taxa de urbaniza??o, emprego) das principais bases de dados do pa?s, como IBGE, IPEADATA e RAIS-MTE

Depuis de nombreuses années, Grand fait l'objet de recherches pour définir cette agglomération gallo-romaine particulière. Se concentrant sur la partie urbaine, les chercheurs ne se sont pas penchés sur son environnement et sa place au sein de la cité des Leuques : l'image d'un sanctuaire au centre d'une clairière perdure. L'intérêt de ce travail est de remettre toutes les données à plat, de les mettre en relation et d'en amasser de nouvelles tout en replaçant l'étude dans un contexte géographique plus large et diachronique. L'étude dans un contexte géographique plus large et diachronique. La comparaison avec d'autres agglomérations leuques montre que Grand occupait une place particulière et ne ressemblait à aucune autre agglomération. Mais, la reprise de la documentation révèle aussi que l'agglomération n'était pas isolée : elle était bien desservie par des voies et elle était entourée de sites ruraux et d'ateliers artisanaux avec lesquels elle pouvait entretenir des liens commerciaux
For many years, Grand has been a research subject to define this peculiar Gallo-roman city. Focusing on its urban part, researchers did not look into its environment and its place within the city of Leuci: we still picture a sanctuary in the middle of a lost forest clearing. The interest of this work is to review all the data, to link them and to gather new ones while putting the study in a larger geographic and diachronic scale.Comparison with other Leuci cities shows that Grand was distinctive and did not look like any others. However, the re-reading of the literature also reveals that this city was not isolated; it was easily accessible by paths and surrounded by rural sites and artisanal workshops that it could have as trading partners

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.
Com o desenvolvimento e a centralização dos serviços nas cidades o abandono do meio rural foi grande e despovoou o interior de Portugal, em favor do litoral. No Algarve, esse fenómeno foi potenciado pelo desenvolvimento turístico e crescimento da indústria do “sol e praia”. O território do interior ficou ao abandono pois a população fugia do trabalho rigoroso do campo em busca de melhores condições de vida na cidade. Com o avanço tecnológico e a utilização de máquinas na agricultura agilizaram-se processos agrícolas e desenvolveram-se novas formas de trabalhar, o que minimizou, em parte, os efeitos negativos deste êxodo. No Algarve o problema mantém-se. A maioria da população vive no litoral e trabalha no sector terciário; a população que vive no interior trabalha na agricultura e não consegue valorizar suficientemente os seus produtos agrícolas tradicionais. Falta organização aos produtores, formação e conhecimento para que se unam e desenvolvam em conjunto uma valorização do que produzem. Os produtos são vendidos em bruto, sem qualquer tipo de transformação, e dessa forma não é possível obter maiores lucros e atividades financeiramente sustentáveis. Este projeto pretende ajudar a criar no interior algarvio uma cooperativa de produtores locais que explorem algumas das riquezas da produção local: o medronho, o mel, e as ervas aromáticas. A cooperativa seria um contributo para o desenvolvimento do território e iria atrair população para trabalhar e permanecer no local, funcionando ligada a um centro interpretativo de valorização do interior algarvio, para que existisse uma relação próxima e esclarecida entre ambiente, produto, produtor e consumidor. Foi escolhida a aldeia do Talurdo, no concelho de Silves, pela sua localização geográfica interior e próxima dessas matérias-primas, pela existência de habitações e rede elétrica, e pela proximidade de pequenos produtores instalados. O presente estudo terminará com uma estratégia de reocupação e desenvolvimento local que possa conferir à aldeia do Talurdo um programa adequado, sustentável do ponto de vista histórico-cultural, arquitetónico, ambiental e, sempre importante e decisivo, economicamente viável.
ABSTRACT: The present work intends to think, question and act on the rurality of the Algarve’s countryside, more accurately on the village of Talurdo, in the municipality of Silves. It’s done, in this sense, an extensive analysis of the Algarve’s region involving his geographic, demographic, economic and architectonic characteristics. We approach the region that, until the proclamation of the republic, was considered as the second kingdom of the Portuguese crown (King of Portugal and Algarve’s). This region rely on a vast sand area, possessing extensive beaches and a mild climate, which has promoted an appropriation of the coast on the part of the fishing, canning and hotel activities. Nowadays the region of Algarve works as a touristic stop for the rest of the country, seizing specially the coast area, raising little awareness about the cultural reality and most genuine traditions. The Algarve’s Countryside was left to oblivion and abandonment, without investment in the improvement of infrastructures and in the quality of life of the population, much smaller in comparison with the seaside (they had no access to basic sanitation, electricity…). Silves is the second biggest municipality of the Algarve, accomodating the coastline (Pêra e Armação de pêra) the “barrocal” area (Alcantarilha, Algoz, Silves e Tunes), and the mountains (S. Bartolomeu de Messines e S. Marcos da Serra). Silves is a historical city that developed around it’s strategic geographic location. It’s placed on the limit between “barrocal” and the mountains, on the top of a hill with sight to the sea and all the Arade’s riverbed (formerly navigable). The city was occupied by Romans, Visigoths and Muslims, responsible for it’s development and fortification. The village of Talurdo it’s located in the municipality of Silves, in the road that connects Silves to S. Marcos da Serra and crosses the mountainous area of Silves (municipal 502). This track is characterized by twists and turns, ascents and descents that offer panoramic views of the Algarve’s Interior.
N/A

Stress, burnout, mal-être, bien-être, conditions de travail, Risques Psycho Sociaux (RPS), la santé au travail recouvre une multitude de notions. Nous avons choisi dans le cadre de ce travail d’envisager la santé à travers le prisme des ressources et de mobiliser la théorie de la conservation des ressources (COR) de Hobfoll (1989, 1998, 2001). Ses apports majeurs sont d’envisager la santé non plus seulement dans sa dimension pathogénique mais également dans une perspective salutogénique (Abord de Chatillon, 2005 ; Neveu, 2007, 2012 ; Richard, 2012) et d’aborder le phénomène en tant que processus tenant compte à la fois de ses aspects internes et externes. L’enjeu du présent travail est d’analyser plus finement le processus à l’œuvre, à la fois de maintien et de dégradation de la santé au travail dans le contexte spécifique des fonctions publiques territoriale et hospitalière. Depuis plusieurs décennies, ce secteur subit des transformations avec notamment la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de Nouveau Management Public (NMP) et la volonté d’appliquer des modes de gestion privés au public. Cette rationalisation bien que nécessaire économiquement a pour conséquence une intensification du travail qui affectent l’organisation du travail et la santé des agents. Ainsi notre étude qualitative à travers les trois articles qui la constituent défend la thèse suivante : la santé au travail est un processus dynamique auquel concourent l’individu, le collectif et l’organisation qui s’exprime à travers la relation aux ressources. Notre thèse contribue ainsi à identifier de nouvelles ressources organisationnelles, mettre en évidence le mécanisme de sollicitation des ressources et la capacité proactive et résiliente des individus, expliciter le processus de spirale, et confirmer le lien peu exploré entre Nouveau Management Public et stress au travail
Stress, burnout, well-being, work conditions, psychosocial risks, occupational health covers multiple notions. We choose to consider health according to the conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 1998, 2001). Its major contributions consist firstly in considering health not only from a pathogenic aspect but also from a salutogenic one (Abord de Chatillon, 2005 ; Neveu, 2007, 2012 ; Richard, 2012). Secondly, it proposes to study health as a whole process including its internal and external aspects. The issue of this study is to analyse both the process of maintenance and decline of occupational health in the specific public context. For several decades, this sector has been undergoing major transformations with New Public Management reforms. Although economically necessary this rationalization results in work intensification which influence work organization and health of public agents. Thus, our qualitative study through the three articles considers that occupational health is a dynamic process (in which individuals, collective and organization participate) expressed through the relationship to resources. Our thesis offers several contributions to help identify new organizational resources, to highlight the process of resource mobilization and the proactive capacity, to explicit the spiral process and to confirm the link, not sufficiently explored, between the NPM and job stress

Durant les premières années de leur vie, plus de la moitié des enfants de zéro à cinq ans en France sont pris en charge par d'autres personnes que leurs parents. La demande en structures d'accueil pour les enfants d'âge préscolaire s'est intensifiée. Malgré les disparités régionales et les carences en équipements dans certaines communes, un dispositif a été mis en place sur le territoire national qui consiste à mettre à la disposition des enseignants des écoles maternelles, des personnels devant les seconder auprès des jeunes enfants. De nombreux professionnels de la petite enfance et différents responsables sont conscients que les premières années de scolarisation de l'enfant sont importantes. Il est donc indispensable de l'entourer d'un personnel disponible et qualifié. Des études montrent que l'existence du phénomène de la scolarisation des enfants de deux ans pose entre autre problème celui de l'identification de certaines professions liées à la petite enfance. Ainsi, nous consacrons essentiellement notre recherche au travail d'assistance à l'enseignant proposé par l'agent territorial spécialisé des écoles maternelles (Atsem) sous le titre «la professionnalisation du métier d’agent territorial spécialisé de l’école maternelle : évolution du statut professionnel et enjeux éducatifs». Le choix du sujet se justifie par rapport à l'importance de son rôle pédagogique dès les premières années de la scolarisation du jeune enfant. Aussi, cette thèse comble un vide, puisqu’elle traite de la question des enjeux éducatifs et sociaux d’un métier de la petite enfance peu connu dans une démarche de professionnalisation. En outre, nous mettons en relief trois périodes importantes de l’évolution du statut professionnel en lien avec la réalisation de l’activité professionnelle de manière à identifier les configurations distinctes qui traduisent les modalités différentes de professionnalisation dans l’analyse des pratiques d’une part, et d’appréhender au-delà des enjeux de professionnalisation, les conditions d’accueil et de prise en charge du jeune enfant en maternelle d’autres part. Cette recherche aborde également un aspect du domaine sensible de la scolarisation de la petite enfance de 2/5 ans. Sans doute que les transformations structurelles et organisationnelles très profondes de l’école maternelle ont contribué largement à modifier les espaces d’apprentissage et les enjeux éducatifs du travail de l’ATSEM et des enseignants
During the first years of their life, more half of the children from zero to five years in France are dealt with by other people that their parents. The request of reception facilities for the preschool Childs intensified. In spite of regional disparities and the deficiencies out of equipment in certain communes, device was set up on the national territory which consists in putting at the disposal of teachers of the nursery schools, of staffs having to assist them near the young children. Many professionals of early childhood and different responsible are conscious that the first years of schooling of the child are important. It is thus essential to surround it by a staff available and qualified. Studies show that the existence of the phenomenon of the schooling of the two-year-old children amongst other things poses problem that of the identification of certain professions related to early childhood. Thus, we devote primarily our research to the work of assistance to the teacher proposed by the territorial agent specialized of the nursery schools (Atsem) under the title “the professionalisation of the trade of territorial agent specialized in the nursery school: evolution of the professional statute and educational challenges”. The choice of the subject is justified compared to the importance of its teaching role as of the first years of the schooling of the young child. Also, this thesis fills a vacuum, since it treats question of the educational and social challenges of a trade of early childhood little known in a approach of professionalisation. Moreover, we highlight three important periods of the evolution of the professional statute in bond with the realization of the occupation so as to identify the distinct configurations which translate the methods different of professionalisation in the analysis of the practices on the one hand, and to apprehend beyond the challenges of professionalisation, the conditions of reception and assumption of responsibility of the young child in nursery school of other share. This research also approaches an aspect of the significant field of the schooling of the 2/5 years early childhood. Undoubtedly that the transformations structural and organisational very major of the nursery school largely contributed to modify spaces of training and the educational challenges of the work of the Atsem and the teachers

L'objectif initial de ce travail vise à la compréhension des processus de transformation de l'habitat et du paysage d'un espace donné, en mettant l'accent sur les mutations et les disparitions des phénomènes observés, de manière à restituer la ou les dynamiques du peuplement sur la longue durée, à micro-échelle. L'espace étudié est constitué des communes de Tavant, L'Ile-Bouchard et Crouzilles situées dans la vallée de la Vienne en Indre-et-Loire. Elles couvrent à elles trois, une surface de 2 332 ha qui s'inscrit dans un rectangle d'emprise d'environ 5 500 ha.

L'adoption d'une progression par échelles géographiques emboîtées qui caractérise ce travail, a été dictée par les rythmes spatio-temporels propres à chaque source exploitée – les sources textuelles, matérielles, morphologiques et paléoenvironnementales – et les contraintes pratiques qui imposent au chercheur des cadres d'observation géographique et chronologique qu'on suppose être représentatifs de l'ensemble considéré. La démarche globale qui consiste à croiser les sources selon la logique du système territoire s'impose comme un cadre adapté à une étude pluridisciplinaire et diachronique, parce qu'elle permet de respecter et des gérer les rythmes d'espace-temps de chaque source sollicité et parce qu'elle pose les bases d'une modélisation de l'histoire du peuplement de la Protohistoire à nos jours dans la vallée de la Vienne. Toutefois, c'est seulement à l'issue de la critique et de l'exploitation des différents corpus de données que le système territoire commence à prendre forme, à travers la connaissance partielle de l'organisation de l'espace géographique et du jeu des acteurs de l'espace anthropisé, politique et institutionnel.

Este trabalho analisa um projeto de urbanização de favelas, onde foi implantado o Programa de Saneamento Ambiental da Bacia do Guarapiranga, localizado na região Sudoeste da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). O local selecionado para o estudo é conhecido como a Comunidade Sete de Setembro, instalada numa área de proteção aos mananciais e pertencente à SubPrefeitura de Capela do Socorro.No estudo do referido caso, adotou-se o método denominado Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO), que se constitui num conjunto de métodos e técnicas, aplicado em ambientes já construídos e já ocupados. Foi analisado como o usuário se apropriou das benfeitorias promovidas no local e apresentado o grau de satisfação dos moradores em relação às intervenções efetuadas.
This work analyses a slum (favela) upgrading project which is part of the Programa de Saneamento Ambiental da Bacia do Guarapiranga (Program of Environmental Sanitation of the Guarapiranga Basin), located in the Southeast region of Sao Paulo´s Metropolitan Area. The slum selected for this case is known as Comunidade Sete de Setembro. It is located in a protected area for water catchment and belongs to the borough of Capela do Socorro. In the study a Post-Occupation Evaluation (POE) methodology was used. This method consists on the aplication of a series of methods and techniques in applied research of built environments which are in use. It analyses mainly how the user is appropriating the intervention. This work presents the satisfaction of the residents regarding the upgrading interventions performed.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O rio Jaguaribe està localizado na regiÃo Leste do Estado do Cearà e representa a maior e mais relevante reserva hÃdrica cearense. Juntamente com seus tributÃrios mais importantes, os rios Banabuià e Salgado, formam as bacias do Alto, MÃdio e Baixo Jaguaribe. A Ãrea abrangida por sua bacia hidrogrÃfica compreende aproximadamente 80.000 km2, praticamente a metade da Ãrea do Estado. Apesar da irregularidade hÃdrica fluvial cearense, o rio Jaguaribe teve um papel de destaque na ocupaÃÃo e no desenvolvimento econÃmico do Estado. A partir de uma abordagem histÃrica, desde o inÃcio de sua colonizaÃÃo, no sÃculo XVII atà os dias de hoje, em conjunto com os elementos naturais, associada aos diversos usos e Ãs vÃrias atividades econÃmicas desenvolvidas na Ãrea, buscou-se apresentar e analisar os diversos impactos decorrentes dessa ocupaÃÃo na bacia do mÃdio e baixo Jaguaribe, inclusive em face do Projeto do Novo CÃdigo Florestal aprovado pelo Senado em dezembro de 2011, bem com a importÃncia da avaliaÃÃo dos impactos ambientais de maneira mais integrada e sistÃmica, levando-se em consideraÃÃo os eventuais impactos ambientais residuais e/ou cumulativos gerados isoladamente ou pela somatÃria das atividades desenvolvidas na regiÃo, a fim de prevalecer o uso racional e sustentÃvel do meio ambiente para as futuras geraÃÃes. A presente pesquisa possui caracterÃsticas exclusivamente qualitativa, tendo como procedimentos tÃcnicos, as pesquisas bibliogrÃfica e documental, e quanto à coleta de dados, a observaÃÃo simples, entrevistas, e levantamento fotogrÃfico. Como referencial teÃrico, dentre as inÃmeras obras utilizadas, destacam-se: GirÃo, R. (1985, 1986 e 2000), Studart, B.D. (1896, 1898) e ThebÃrge (1895, 1973). No que se refere à conclusÃo desse processo de investigaÃÃo cientÃfica, pode-se considerar que, historicamente, a ocupaÃÃo das margens do rio Jaguaribe ocorreu levando em consideraÃÃo tÃo somente os interesses antrÃpicos.
The Jaguaribe river is located in the East region of the Cearà State and represents the greater and more relevant hydric reserve of the State. Together with its more important tributaries, the Banabuià and Salgado rivers, form the basins of the High, Medium and Low Jaguaribe. The enclosed area for its hydrographic basin comprehends approximately 80,000 km2, practically the half of the area of the State. Although the hydric irregularity of the rivers in CearÃ, the Jaguaribe river had an important role in the occupation and economic development of the State. From a historical approach, since the beginning of its colonization in the seventeenth century to the present day, together with the natural elements, linked to the various uses and the various economic activities in the area, sought to present and analyze the various impacts of this occupation in the Middle and Lower basin Jaguaribe, also in face of the Project of the New Forestry Code approved by the Senate in December of 2011, this research presents the importance of the evaluation of the environmental impacts in a integrated and systematic way, taking in consideration the eventual residual and/or cumulative environmental impacts generated separately or for the addition of all the activities developed in the region, in order to prevail the rational and sustainable use of the environment for the future generations. This research has exclusively qualitative characteristics, with the technical procedures, literature and documentary research, and the data collection, the simple observation, interviews, and photographic survey. As theoretical framework, among the numerous works used are: GirÃo, R. (1985, 1986 and 2000), Studart B.D. (1896, 1898) and Theberge (1895, 1973). Regarding the conclusion of this process of scientific research, one can consider that, historically, the occupation of the Jaguaribe river was taking into account the interests solely anthropogenic.

Esta pesquisa desenvolveu-se em uma área de estudo localizada em Garopaba, na zona costeira de Santa Catarina. Apesar do histórico de alterações ambientais sofridas, decorrentes da expansão agrícola, a área de estudo têm um caráter natural, na qual ocorrem grande diversidade de ecossistemas costeiros e paisagem com rara beleza. Atualmente, o acelerado processo de urbanização estimulado pela crescente indústria do turismo, representa uma séria ameaça à manutenção da qualidade ambiental na região. O Projeto Ambiental Gaia Village, localizado na área de estudo, objetiva contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável da região e vem realizando ações para regeneração e recuperação ambiental desde 1969. O Projeto Ambiental Gaia Village apoiou e deu suporte ao desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa, como mais uma ação em direção ao desenvolvimento sustentável da região. O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa é a sistematização de procedimentos que contribuam para melhor compreensão de questões ambientais relevantes à tomada de decisões, para orientar o ordenamento territorial preliminar de áreas situadas em zonas costeiras, visando a manutenção da qualidade ambiental. A sistematização dos procedimentos propostos, desenvolveu-se a partir da análise de uma área de estudo. Como base teórica, essa pesquisa se fundamentou em revisão de fontes secundárias, cujos tópicos se concentraram em ecossistemas costeiros e ações antrópicas na zona costeira. Como base para a elaboração dos mapas temáticos realizados, foi utilizado uma imagem de satélite com elevada resolução espacial (satélite QuickBird) e informações de fácil acesso. O método para a análise da imagem foi o da interpretação visual. O software de sistemas de informações geográficas utilizado para os mapeamentos, foi o ArcGIS 9.0. Mapas temáticos foram elaborados, sistematizando informações conforme os critérios estabelecidos. A sobreposição dos mapas temáticos levou a definição de novos mapas com informações relevantes à tomada de decisões para ordenamento territorial no contexto em que se encontra a área de estudo, como áreas a conservar e de possível uso, unidades de planejamento ambiental, entre outras. Para as unidades de planejamento ambiental, foram elaboradas diretrizes que visam minimizar o impacto das atividades antrópicas, de acordo as características e fragilidades da mesma. As diretrizes tiveram como base conceitual, a revisão realizada na fase inicial da pesquisa. O presente estudo visa racionalizar e ordenar a ocupação da região, manter os ecossistemas costeiros e a qualidade ambiental ao longo do tempo, buscando um equilíbrio entre desenvolvimento e conservação da natureza. Dentro do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável, essa pesquisa tem ênfase na dimensão ambiental.
This research is being performed in a study area localized in Garopaba, seashore region of Santa Catarina. Despite the environmental alterations decurrent from the agricultural expansion, the study area has a natural character, where great coastal ecosystem diversity and landscape with rare beauty occur. This area is going through an accelerated process of urbanization motivated by an increasing tourism industry, what represents a serious threat to the maintenance of the environmental quality. The Gaia Village Environmental Project, sited in the studied area, seeks to contribute to a sustainable development of the region and is carrying out several actions to regenerate the environment. The Gaia Village Environmental Project has supported and assisted the present work as one more action towards the sustained development of the region. The main object of the present work is the systematization of procedures to contribute for a better understanding of environmental questions, to order the preliminary land occupation of areas sited in coastal zones, aiming at the maintenance of the environmental quality. The proposed procedures systematization was developed from the analysis of a study area. The theoretical base of this research is a revision of secondary sources, whose topics is concentrated in coastal ecosystems and human actions in coastal zone. Thematic maps were done using, as basis, a high-resolution satellite image (QuickBird satellite) of the selected area and readily access information. To imagem analysis was used the visual interpretation method. For mapping, was used a GIS application ArcGIS version 9.0. Thematic maps has been done, systemizing information according to established criteria. The overlapping of thematic maps has originated new maps, which has relevant information to decisions takings to territorial order for the study area context, as areas for conservation or human use, environment planning units, and others. For environment planning units, recommendations were elaborated to minimize environmental impact of human actions in accordance with the coastal ecosystem particularities. Recommendations were done according to the revision carried through in the initial phase of the research. The present study aims at to rationalize and promote an orderly occupation of the area, preserving the environmental quality and the coastal ecosystems and, thus, a equilibrium between urban development and nature preservation. Within the concept of sustained development, this research has emphasis in the environmental dimension.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This research allowed to understand the way the Managing Plan of Hydroelectric Plants affects the organization of the territory. The use and occupation of the surrounding of the reservoirs of major hydroelectric enterprises have shown irregularities caused by the inappropiate use of these areas for tourism and recreation. Therefore, this work ananlyses the Managing Plans of the Hydroelectric Plants of Capim Branco I (CBI) and Capim Branco II (CBII) and examines the applicability and inclusion of their guidelines in the Managing Plan of Uberlandia, in order to avoid inadequate use and occupation of the bording of the lakes. The field research is based on the process of elaboration and execution of the Managing Plan of CBI and CBII, which had a participative character and took place from January to June, 2005. The major impacts caused by hydroelectric enterprises in the Basin of Araguari River are the substitution of agricultural activities by touristic and recreational activities, which were stimulated by the artificial lakes of the Hydroelectric Plant of Nova Ponte, Miranda and, recently, of CBI and CBII. The survey has shown that there are other environment impacts in these areas, such as: deforestation of the boundaries of the affluents of Araguari River, contamination/ pollution of the water by waste water emission and large-scale use of fertilizers and pesticides and deviation of watercourses, causing the desorganization of the territory. The research shows that the Managing Plan of CBI and CBII was ignored by the government of Uberlandia, when the Managing Plan of the Municipality was elaborated. Some zones were created to the area of CBI and CBII in a way that only banefits a small social group and do not consider the necessities of local inhabitants. In order to execute succefully the Managing Plan of CBI and CBII, the government of each Municipality will have to determine the priorities, create laws and rules, control and manage financial resources and programs. This present work has emphasized the beginning of a research proposal to the occupation of the surrounding areas of the lakes of CBI and CBII in consonance to the Managing Plan of Uberlandia.
Esta pesquisa possibilitou compreender a forma como os Planos Diretores de Usinas Hidrelétricas afetam a organização territorial. Os grandes empreendimentos hidrelétricos apresentam irregularidades no uso e ocupação do entorno de seus lagos, pois, entre suas conseqüências, além da produção energértica, percebe-se a utilização dessas novas paisagens, oriundas dos lagos formados pelos reservatórios, para fins turísticos e recreativos. Assim, a Dissertação centrou-se em analisar a forma com que o poder público de Uberlândia determinará a aplicabilidade e posterior inclusão, no Plano Diretor municipal, ainda em processo de (re) elaboração, a proposta de uso e ocupação do solo do PD dos AHEs CB I e CB II, de modo que este sirva de referência ao poder público municipal em relação à forma de ocupação dessa bacia de contribuição, evitando, desse modo, a desorganização da ocupação territorial existente no entorno das usinas hidrelétricas vizinhas, que se constitui em uma realidade presente. A pesquisa de campo fundamentou-se no acompanhamento do processo de elaboração e execução do PD dos AHEs CB I e CB II, de caráter participativo, no período de janeiro a junho de 2005. Finalizando, reuniram-se todos os dados obtidos no levantamento teórico, de campo e técnico que compõem o foco de estudo. Tais dados obtidos serão transformados em material de base para a finalização do trabalho. Nota-se que os impactos causados por empreendimentos hidrelétricos nos territórios em que se encontram instalados, sobretudo àqueles localizados na bacia do rio Araguari/MG, área deste estudo, podem ser elucidados por meio da substituição das atividades agropecuárias do entorno desses lagos por atividades turísticas e de lazer, impulsionadas pelo alagamento provocado pela formação dos reservatórios das UHEs de Nova Ponte e de Miranda e dos lagos dos AHEs CB I e CB II. Ademais, constatam-se, ainda, outros impactos ambientais nessas áreas, a exemplo de desmatamento das margens dos afluentes do seu rio principal, a contaminação/poluição da água por emissão de esgoto ou uso indiscriminado de agrotóxico, assoreamento de canais e desvio de cursos d água, fruto da ocupação desordenada do entorno desses reservatórios. Durante a pesquisa, verificou-se uma manobra política que acabou desconsiderando um Plano Diretor com perspectiva avançada no aspecto de uso e ocupação do solo do entorno dos AHEs CB I e CB II para aprovar, posteriormente, um novo zoneamento que beneficie os interesses de um pequeno grupo social atuante no setor imobiliário, determinado pelo Plano Diretor do Município de Uberlândia. Diante dessa realidade, para que possa realizar com sucesso as diretrizes propostas do Plano Diretor enfocado, será necessário proceder à ordenação do território em conjunto com os anseios da comunidade local. Paralelamente, órgãos públicos de cada município deverão determinar as prioridades, criando leis e normas, principalmente de fiscalização, administrando os recursos e gerenciando o desenvolvimento dos programas direcionados ao cumprimento de tais diretrizes. Por conseguinte, a presente Dissertação enfatizou o início de uma proposta de pesquisa com desdobramentos possíveis quanto à forma de ocupação do entorno dos lagos dos AHEs CB I e CB II e quanto à efetiva ocupação e uso dessas áreas em consonância com os Planos Diretores instituídos.
Mestre em Geografia

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This proposes to develop a critical analysis about the process of occupation of environmentally fragile areas, pointing out contradictions between reality and the legislation that involve alarming precariousness. Searchs discuss the function of the law like as a induction in the territorial occupation, and the conduction urban planning. Wants to understand why the disordered occupation occurs intensely on the fringes of legality in areas with legal restrictions on their occupation. These areas with specific legal restrictions are often occupied by informal settlements, with different patterns of income and, ultimately, by virtue of legal restrictions remain on the fringe of the city's legal benefits, deepening the process of environmental degradation, social and urban development. Takes as a case study the city of Suzano/SP, which has part of its territory that is inserted into the protection area of the watershed (73%), Tiet? River's environmental protection area (7%), and other environmental constraints.
O presente trabalho desenvolve uma an?lise cr?tica sobre o processo de ocupa??o dos espa?os ambientalmente fr?geis, apontando contradi??es existentes entre a realidade e a legisla??o que acarretam em n?veis de precariedades alarmantes. Busca-se debater o papel da legisla??o na forma de indu??o da ocupa??o do territ?rio, e na condu??o do planejamento urbano. A pesquisa realizada colabora na compreens?o das raz?es que levam ? ocupa??o desordenada ocorrer intensamente ? margem da legalidade em ?reas com restri??es legais para sua ocupa??o. Estas ?reas com restri??es legais espec?ficas s?o frequentemente ocupadas por assentamentos informais, com diferentes padr?es de renda e, acabam, por for?a de restri??es legais permanecendo ? margem dos benef?cios da cidade legal, agravando o processo de degrada??o ambiental, urban?stica e social. Toma como estudo de caso o munic?pio de Suzano/ SP, que possui parte de seu territ?rio inserido em ?rea de prote??o aos mananciais (73%), ?rea de preserva??o ambiental do rio Tiet? (7%), al?m de outras restri??es ambientais.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des travaux réalisés sur les dynamiques organisationnelles de la prévention des risques professionnels, conduits en particulier par l’Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS). L’enjeu central de la thèse est de proposer des modalités d’action qui tiennent compte des réalités du travail et des réalités industrielles. A partir d’interventions menées dans cinq centres de tri des déchets d’emballages ménagers, dans un contexte d’industrialisation de la filière du recyclage, cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre le travail des opérateurs de tri pour identifier des leviers d’action en prévention. Les centres de tri des déchets sont des entités productives inscrites dans le secteur de l’économie verte, dont les enjeux industriels sont porteurs des deux dimensions structurantes du développement durable : la territorialité et la durabilité sociale. La méthode mobilisée vise à proposer une objectivation du travail des opérateurs de tri, tenant compte de la spécificité de ce secteur et dans la perspective d’une prévention durable. Pour cela, une analyse de l’activité a été menée, couplée à l’utilisation de différents outils de confrontation mobilisés auprès des opérateurs de tri, individuellement ou collectivement. Les analyses ont montré que les centres de tri sont des lieux de production inscrits dans leur territoire. Les opérateurs sont amenés à réguler la production en raison des limites du système technique, qui ne tient pas compte du caractère territorialisé des déchets. En effet, les déchets issus des collectes sélectives des ménages qui sont acheminés sur le site en vue d’être triés comportent des caractéristiques territorialisées : en fonction de dimensions économiques et sociales spécifiques au territoire, de dimensions politiques concernant les choix au niveau de la collecte et du tri des déchets, de dimensions liées au mode de consommation et de vie des habitants sur le territoire, de dimensions liées aux caractéristiques morphologiques de l’espace, ou encore d’attractivité du territoire. Cependant, nous avons pu constater que cette dimension n’est pas prise en compte lors de la conception des centres de tri et lors de la mise en place de stratégies de prévention. L’expérimentation d’extension des consignes de tri à laquelle nous avons contribué a même conduit à argumenter que s’opéraient un découplage entre les caractéristiques du système technique et celles du territoire, qui peut engendrer une intensification du travail et ainsi affecter la durabilité du travail. Ces résultats nous permettent de proposer deux orientations pour l’action en prévention afin de contribuer à la conception de systèmes de travail de tri durables. La première vise à mieux identifier la coordination des acteurs de niveaux décisionnels différents : internes à l’entreprise et externes positionnés à l’échelle des territoires. Pour répondre à cet objectif, le champ de l’ergonomie a été déplacé pour mobiliser des cadres théoriques issus d’autres approches disciplinaires, dont celle de l’économie des proximités. Ce déplacement du champ vise à mieux prendre en compte les exigences posées par le réel et à produire des dispositifs mobilisant ces acteurs pour satisfaire l’exigence de transformation effective des situations de travail. La seconde vise à proposer des recommandations pour la conception de systèmes technico-organisationnels plastiques favorables à la santé et à l’efficacité. Les apports de cette thèse conduisent à proposer une approche de la prévention « en adhérence » qui articule les exigences essentielles d’une prévention réglementaire et les réalités industrielles des organisations productives et pour laquelle trois conditions ont ainsi été identifiées :
This thesis is a part of the studies carried out on organizational dynamics regarding occupational risks prevention, led in particular in the French National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS). The key issue is to put forward terms and conditions of prevention which take into account the work realities and industrial realities.From interventions carried out in five waste sorting centres for household packaging, in a context of industrialization of the waste recycling sector, this research aims to better understand the work of sorting operator, in order to determine vectors for actions in prevention. The waste sorting centres are productive entities, part of green business sector, where industrial challenges carry two major dimensions of sustainable development: territoriality and social sustainability.The method that we chose aims to put forward an objectification of the waste sorting operator’s work activity, taking into account the specifics of this sector, in the prospect of a sustainable prevention. To do so, an analysis of the work activity, according to the ergonomics work analysis method (EWA) was conducted, complete by several confrontation tools used with workers, both individually and collectively.The results showed that waste sorting centres are production sites located in a specific territorial context. Workers have to manage the production while taking into account the limits of their technical system, faced with waste as a territorialized object. Waste comes from separate households’ collection and is brought in the centre for the purpose of being sorted. It has territorialized characteristics, depending on specific territorial economical and social factors. Additionally, political factors regarding choices in terms of waste collecting and sorting, factors related to the consumption pattern and households’ lifestyle on the territory, factors related to the morphological features of the territory, and related to territorial attractiveness are also considered. However, this dimension is not taken into account during both the waste sorting centres design phase and the implementation of prevention strategies. The national testing phase for an extension of waste sorting instructions that we contributed to led to, argue that a disconnection was taking place between the characteristics of the technical system and the characteristics of the territory. This disconnection may lead to work intensification, directly impacting work sustainability.These results allow us to put forward two directions for actions in prevention in order to contribute to the design of sustainable sorting work systems. The first aims to better identify the coordination between actors belonging to different decision-making levels: some internal stakeholders, within the sorting centres, and external actors, on a territorial scale. To achieve this goal, the field of ergonomics has been shifted to mobilize theoretical frameworks originating from other disciplinary approaches, as proximity economics. This shifting aims to better take into account the requirements of industrial realities, and to produce mechanisms mobilizing these actors to satisfy the need for an effective transformation of work situations. The second direction aspire to put forward recommendations for the design of technical and organizational plastic systems, i.e. systems which leave sufficient rooms of manoeuver, factor for operators’ health, and that make work systems more efficient. The contributions of this thesis lead to develop an approach of prevention « in connection » which articulate the essential requirements of a regulatory prevention, and the industrial realities of the productive organization, for which three requirements have been identified: (i) develop the prevention problem from the knowledge co-production with workers, (ii) articulate work and industrial performance requirements, (iii) including prevention into territorialized industrial projects

Les travaux archéologiques et paléoenvironnementaux conduits dans les Alpes du sud, témoignent de l’existence de pratiques pastorales continues depuis le Néolithique. Ces dernières auraient entraîné une ouverture constante du milieu dont résulterait la construction des paysages actuels. Les signaux renvoyés par l’archéologie, l’histoire et le paléoenvironnement concernant les pratiques d’élevage et les activités impactant les paysages depuis la Protohistoire sont revisités au travers d’une synthèse de l’état des connaissances. L’analyse est menée en recherchant les sources d’impacts paysagers et les articulations entre les pratiques pastorales, les territoires d’habitats et les zones d’échanges économiques. Une approche globale du territoire et des vestiges anthropiques est réalisée au travers de l’analyse du cadastre napoléonien et des couvertures ortho-photographiques. Les bases de données construites à partir de ces supports sont enrichies par l’intégration des données environnementales issues des bases SIG liées aux contextes environnementaux. L’ensemble livre un nouveau corpus de données archéologiques qui permet d’appréhender la diversité spatiale et qualitative des vestiges pastoraux. Trois études de cas apportent des informations sur le poids des occupations protohistoriques et antiques dans les étages subalpins. Deux d’entre elles permettent, d’aborder le thème de la construction des espaces territoriaux protohistoriques et antiques et de leurs évolutions postérieures. Un sanctuaire héroïque et naturiste gaulois situé à 1800 m. d’altitude et un sanctuaire de Col témoignent de l’importance de l’orographie dans la construction mentale des populations du Mercantour
Archaeological and paleo-environmental research carried out in the Southern Alps attest to the existence of pastoral practices continuous from the Neolithic period. The latter brought about a constant opening-up of the environment which resulted in the formation of present-day landscapes. The signals sent back by archaeology, history and the paleo-environment concerning rearing practices and activities having had an impact on the landscape since the Iron Age are re-examined through a synthesis of the current state of knowledge. Analysis of existing documentation is used to ascertain sources of impact on the landscape and relationships between pastoral practices, settlement lands and areas of economic exchange. Comprehensive study of the territory and anthropic remains is carried out using the Napoleonic cadastral survey and orthophotographic coverage. The data bases built using these supports are enriched by the incorporation of environmental data taken from GIS bases connected to environmental contexts. This data set provides a new corpus of archaeological information which enables us to apprehend the spatial and qualitative diversity of pastoral remains. Three case-studies provide information concerning the weight of Iron Age and Roman occupation in the sub-Alpine floors. Two of these allow consideration of the construction of Iron Age and Roman territorial areas and their subsequent development. A Gallic sanctuary located at an altitude of 1800m, dedicated to hero and nature-worship, and another sanctuary located on a pass illustrate the importance of orography within the mental constructs of the Mercantour populations

Disasters are complex events characterized by damage to key infrastructure and population displacements into disaster shelters. Assessing the living environment in shelters during disasters is a crucial health security concern. Until now, jurisdictional knowledge and preparedness on those assessment methods, or deficiencies found in shelters is limited. A cross-sectional survey (STUSA survey) ascertained knowledge and preparedness for those assessments in all 50 states, DC, and 5 US territories. Descriptive analysis of overall knowledge and preparedness was performed. Fisher’s exact statistics analyzed differences between two groups: jurisdiction type and population size. Two logistic regression models analyzed earthquakes and hurricane risks as predictors of knowledge and preparedness. A convenience sample of state shelter assessments records (n=116) was analyzed to describe environmental health deficiencies found during selected events. Overall, 55 (98%) of jurisdictions responded (states and territories) and appeared to be knowledgeable of these assessments (states 92%, territories 100%, p = 1.000), and engaged in disaster planning with shelter partners (states 96%, territories 83%, p = 0.564). Few had shelter assessment procedures (states 53%, territories 50%, p = 1.000); or training in disaster shelter assessments (states 41%, 60% territories, p = 0.638). Knowledge or preparedness was not predicted by disaster risks, population size, and jurisdiction type in neither model. Knowledge: hurricane (Adjusted OR 0.69, 95% C.I. 0.06-7.88); earthquake (OR 0.82, 95% C.I. 0.17-4.06); and both risks (OR 1.44, 95% C.I. 0.24-8.63); preparedness model: hurricane (OR 1.91, 95% C.I. 0.06-20.69); earthquake (OR 0.47, 95% C.I. 0.7-3.17); and both risks (OR 0.50, 95% C.I. 0.06-3.94). Environmental health deficiencies documented in shelter assessments occurred mostly in: sanitation (30%); facility (17%); food (15%); and sleeping areas (12%); and during ice storms and tornadoes. More research is needed in the area of environmental health assessments of disaster shelters, particularly, in those areas that may provide better insight into the living environment of all shelter occupants and potential effects in disaster morbidity and mortality. Also, to evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of these assessments methods and the data available on environmental health deficiencies in risk management to protect those at greater risk in shelter facilities during disasters.

The thesis explores the extent to which the UN post-conflict administrations are accountable towards the populations of the territories they administer. The post-conflict administrations temporarily assume legislative and administrative powers to support the peace processes, to help to resolve the sovereignty issues or to establish administrative structures that might be non-existent in these territories. The thesis argues that, while the exercise of these extensive powers entails the accountability of the UN, in practice this accountability is not effectively engaged. As opposed to other forms of accountability, the focus is on the international legal responsibility of the UN as the prominent and most meaningful form of accountability, in the accountability relationship between the administrator and the administered, which gives the populations of the administered territories the opportunity to challenge the acts of international administrations and seek redress. In exploring the legal responsibility of the UN and in line with Article 4 of the ILC Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations, which states only an act of an international organization that constitutes a breach of an international obligation entails its responsibility, this thesis initially explores the extent of international obligations arising from, and the extent of applicability of, three bodies of law. First, the thesis discusses the applicability of international humanitarian law, the fundamental principles of which have traditionally been part of UN peace operations practice. Next, it considers the applicability of the law of occupation, which shares stark factual similarities with the UN post-conflict administrations. Finally, the applicability of international human rights law, which is consistently part of the applicable law in post-conflict territories, and the protection and promotion of which is consistently included in the mandates of post-conflict administrations is examined. The thesis argues that the simultaneous application these bodies of law would help to create a legal framework to engage the accountability of UN post-conflict administrations and this legal framework should be complemented by effective accountability mechanisms.

L’occupation sans titre porte atteinte au droit de propriété des personnes publiques sur leurs domaines public et privé. Il s’agit de faits récurrents dans les collectivités territoriales de l’article 73 de la Constitution que sont la Guadeloupe, la Martinique, la Guyane, La Réunion, et Mayotte. Pour juguler cette occupation illégale, vectrice d’insécurité juridique et foncière, nonobstant l’atteinte portée à leur droit de propriété, ces personnes publiques procèdent à des régularisations foncières axées sur la délivrance ou la validation d’un titre de propriété au profit des occupants sans titre de leur domaine public, dont la zone des cinquante pas géométriques, grâce à des dispositifs légaux, et de leur domaine privé, grâce à des dispositifs locaux. Ces procédures de régularisation sont-elles appropriées pour répondre de manière définitive à l’objectif du législateur de juguler l’occupation sans titre outre-mer, dans les collectivités territoriales de l’article 73 de la Constitution, et ne constituent-t-elles pas la légitimation d’une atteinte portée au droit de propriété des personnes publiques = ? Devant la persistance de l’occupation sans titre outre-mer, il conviendrait de passer d’une régularisation foncière à moyens inégaux à une régularisation d’intérêt public, mieux encadrée. La régularisation foncière est une limite nécessaire au droit de propriété, dont le fondement est dans la volonté du propriétaire, dans l’intérêt public, voire dans l’utilité publique. Adossée au respect de la dignité humaine et au droit au logement digne, elle induit une amélioration de ses outils, et contribue à l’émergence d’un véritable droit de la régularisation foncière outre-mer
Untitled occupancy infringes the property rights of public persons in their public and private domains. These are recurrent facts in the local authorities of Article 73 of the Constitution: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyana, Reunion, and Mayotte. To curb this illegal occupation, which is the vector of legal and land insecurity, notwithstanding the infringement of their property rights, these public persons carry out land regularizations focused on the issuance or validation of a title of property for the benefit of untitled people of their public domain, including the fifty geometric steps zone, through legal arrangements, and their private domain, through local arrangements. However, the question is: are these regularization procedures appropriate to definitively respond to Parliament's objective of curbing untitled overseas occupation in local authorities of Article 73 of the Constitution and, on the contrary, do they not constitute the legitimization of an infringement on the property rights of public persons? Given the persistence of untitled occupation overseas, it would be appropriate to move from unequal land regularization to public interest land regularization, better regulated. Land regularization is a necessary limit to the right of ownership, the basis of which is in the will of the owner, in the public interest, or even in the public utility. Backed by respect for human dignity and the right to dignified housing, it leads to an improvement in its tools, and contributes to the emergence of a real right of land regularization overseas

Suggérant une forme de primauté du fait sur le droit, la notion d’effectivité est paradoxalement présente au sein même du droit international positif. Sa signification fait l’objet de nombreuses controverses qui ont pour racine la dichotomie existant entre ce qu’elle évoque sur un plan général, et ce qui est fait en son nom. En pratique, l’effectivité est à la fois opposée et intégrée au droit international. De nombreuses règles internationales limitent la reconnaissance de situations ou de pratiques au nom de différentes valeurs. Mais dans certains cas, la prise en compte de ces « effectivités » paraît indispensable à l’effectivité du droit. Le souci d’assurer le respect du droit mène alors parfois les Etats, les juges et les auteurs de doctrine à apprécier les faits au regard de leur seule « effectivité », c’est-à-dire sans égard à certaines règles qui semblent pourtant applicables, ou à certaines représentations juridiques de ces faits. Cette exclusion du droit dans le traitement du fait est cependant toujours partielle, et ses dimensions comme les conséquences juridiques qui en sont tirées varient en fonction de choix politiques. Le recours à la notion d’effectivité en droit international ne peut donc être compris comme le simple « enregistrement » du fait en droit. Dans l’ordre juridique international, « l’effectivité » remplit principalement deux fonctions : en premier lieu, l’effectivité du pouvoir est un critère d’identification des sujets de droit, qui permet de délimiter le champ territorial et personnel de leurs compétences, de les soumettre aux règles internationales et d’engager leur responsabilité de manière pragmatique. En second lieu, l’effectivité des prétentions émises par les Etats sur la scène internationale, et l’effectivité de certains éléments de leur droit interne sont employées comme des conditions de leur opposabilité internationale. Plutôt que la primauté du fait sur le droit, l’étude menée montre le caractère paradoxal des exigences pratiques d’une défense efficace de la sécurité juridique, de la justice et de la paix
The principle of effectiveness suggests that facts have primacy over law. However the notion of effectiveness is paradoxically featured in international law itself. The meaning of effectiveness is the subject of much controversy due to the dichotomy between what effectiveness means in general and the actions taken to achieve it. The notion of effectiveness is, in practice, both contrary to and included in international law. For moral reasons, many international rules restrict the recognition of effective situations. Yet, in many cases taking effective situations into account is essential for the effectiveness of the law. In order to ensure compliance with the law, the States, judges and scholars may assess the facts as regards their “effectiveness”, without considering the rules which seem however to be applicable or the legal representations of these facts. However law is only partially excluded when dealing with the facts and the way it is done as well as the legal consequences of this exclusion differ according to political choices. That is why the use of the principle of effectiveness in international law cannot be considered as a mere registration of fact. In international law the notion of effectiveness has two main functions. Firstly, the effectiveness of power acts as a way of identifying subjects of international law which makes it possible to define the territorial and personal scope of their jurisdiction, makes them subject to international rules and pragmatically assesses whether they are liable. Secondly, the effectiveness of States' international claims or the effectiveness of some aspects of their national laws are used as conditions to assess their legal effects internationally. This research does not focus on the primacy of fact over law but shows the paradox between the practical requirements of an effective defence of legal certainty, justice and of peace

La crisi dello stato sociale, che si trascina da quasi quarant’anni, unitamente agli effetti della crisi economica del 2007 hanno portato l’attenzione di imprese e istituzioni sul tema del welfare aziendale quale potenziale anello di congiunzione tra la ricerca di nuovi modelli per la competitività delle imprese e il processo di ricalibratura del welfare pubblico. Tuttavia, in Italia il fenomeno riguarda un numero ancora molto limitato di imprese – in prevalenza di grandi dimensioni -, prevalgono misure ancora non pienamente in grado di intercettare efficacemente i nuovi bisogni sociali e non si è ancora registrato un forte sviluppo di modelli in grado di coinvolgere il territorio per la generazione di reti di servizi che possano inserirsi a pieno titolo in un sistema di “secondo welfare”, ovvero un’arena in cui attori di natura diversa – fondazioni, associazioni, organizzazioni sindacali, associazioni datoriali, imprese, eccetera – mobilitano risorse non pubbliche per sviluppare servizi in grado di sostenere ed integrare il welfare pubblico da un punto divista quali-quantitativo. Uno dei modi per coniugare tali aspetti e contribuire allo sviluppo del welfare aziendale è ritenuto essere l’aggregazione tra aziende in rete. L’obbiettivo del presente lavoro è quello di fare chiarezza su quelle che possono essere le criticità e i vincoli, nonché il potenziale, delle reti nate per creare servizi di welfare comuni tra le aziende aderenti e valutare se effettivamente quello della rete può essere uno strumento in grado di portare a uno sviluppo del welfare aziendale in chiave territoriale e a portata delle imprese di piccole e medie dimensioni. La ricerca è stata svolta tramite la metodologia dello “studio di caso” e ha visto il coinvolgimento di due importanti realtà italiane. I risultati mostrano che le reti nate per la creazione di misure di welfare comuni possono agevolare l’avvicinamento delle PMI al tema del welfare aziendale e possono rappresentare un potenziale laboratorio di sperimentazione sul territorio per nuovi servizi in risposta a nuovi bisogni. Tuttavia, per facilitare tali processi occorre prestare particolare attenzione, in fase di progettazione della rete, alle caratteristiche di quello che sarà il territorio di riferimento, ai sistemi di relazioni industriali delle aziende partecipanti e ai meccanismi di regolamentazione interna.

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A expansão da soja no Sul do Maranhão tem sido um processo marcado por contradições, mobilizações e conflitos, apreendidos pela análise das disputas entre diferentes estratégias políticas orientadas por atividades agrícolas que articulam atores e ambientes, a que chamamos de projetos territoriais. Projetos territoriais expressam intencionalidades, mais ou menos explicitadas pelos atores sociais, referentes às formas desejadas de apropriação do espaço e à definição das formas de acesso e usos dos recursos naturais a serem priorizados. Estes projetos informam padrões de distribuição do poder entre diferentes grupos sociais que mobilizam instituições para implementar modelos agropecuários, e que se esforçam para legitimar suas intencionalidades, ancoradas em objetivos sociais mais gerais, conseguindo assim a adesão ou a simpatia de um espectro mais amplo da sociedade, extrapolando inclusive as fronteiras regionais. O que se denomina de projeto territorial sojícola será confrontado a outros dois projetos territoriais que, entre 1977 e 2010, apresentaram graus variados de mobilização institucional: o projeto pecuário e o projeto agropecuário familiar. A avaliação dos diferentes graus de institucionalização e de legitimação dos projetos territoriais foi orientada pelo uso das escalas de fatores socioambientais: a local, a regional, a nacional e a global. A ecologia política complementa a noção de projetos territoriais porque possibilita a análise dos conflitos e dos processos de mudança ambiental relativos às reconversões produtivas vivenciadas no mundo rural, rejeitando a idéia de que a natureza é um ambiente neutro. O estudo dos conflitos socioambientais partiu da análise intensiva de casos históricos nos Gerais de Balsas, a fim de elucidar como os atores sociais em disputa estavam ligados entre si por modos específicos de dependência recíproca, pautados num equilíbrio móvel de tensões, que resultaram em processos de territorialização, compreendidos enquanto transformações nas formas de apropriação do espaço e seus recursos naturais, que são constantemente estruturadas, desestruturadas e reestruturadas pelas práticas dos grupos sociais e as relações de interdependência estabelecidas, que os ligam uns aos outros pelas redes de interesses referentes à figuração social. Propõe-se, assim, uma ecologia política figuracional, que parte da idéia de que mudanças ambientais e processos de territorialização são equivalentes, porque refletem transformações nas relações entre sociedade e natureza. A diferença é que o foco nas mudanças ambientais prioriza transformações ambientais provocadas pelas práticas dos atores sociais e os processos de territorialização, o entrelaçamento das práticas dos atores sociais e seus efeitos sobre o espaço.
Soybean expansion in the Southern Maranhao has been a process marked by contradictions, demonstrations and conflicts, apprehended by the analysis of disputes among different political strategies conducted by agricultural activities that articulate social actors and environments, which are called territorial projects. Territorial projects express intentionalities, more or less explained by social actors, referring to the desired forms of appropriation of space and to the definition of forms of access and uses of natural resources to be prioritized. These projects inform standards of distribution of power among different social groups that mobilize institutions to implement livestock models, and make effort to legitimize their intentionalities, anchored in broader social goals, thereby achieving the adhesion or sympathy from a wider spectrum of society, extrapolating even the regional boundaries. What is called territorial soybean project will be confronted with two other territorial projects that, between 1977 and 2010, showed varying degrees of institutional mobilization: the livestock project and the agricultural family project. The evaluation of different degrees of institutionalization and legitimation of territorial projects was guided by use of the scales of socio-environmental factors: the local, the regional, the national and the global. Political ecology complements the notion of territorial projects because it enables the analysis of conflicts and processes of environmental change related to the productive reconversion experienced in rural areas, rejecting the idea that nature is a neutral environment. The study of socio-environmental conflicts stemmed from the intensive analysis of historical cases at Gerais of Balsas in order to elucidate how social actors in dispute were bound together by specific modes of mutual dependence, interlined by a moving equilibrium of tensions, which resulted in territorialization processes, understood as transformations in the forms of appropriation of space and their natural resources, which are constantly structured, unstructured and restructured by the practices of social groups and the established interdependent relationships, that bind them to each other by networks of interests relating to social figuration. It is proposed therefore a figurational political ecology that assume the idea that environmental changes and territorialization processes are equivalent, because they reflect transformations in the relations between society and nature. The difference is that the focus on environmental changes prioritizes environmental transformations caused by the practices of social actors and the territorialization processes, the interweaving of practices of social actors and their effects on space.

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Esta pesquisa aborda conflitos de terra que configuraram a ocupação territorial fluminense submetida ao projeto colonizador português. O objeto de destaque nestas disputas é uma localidade denominada Quilombo, atualmente situada no município de Casimiro de Abreu (RJ). A presença deste nome em mapas contemporâneos como designação oficial de uma região onde não há negros, mas descendentes de colonos suíços, foi o indício primordial para uma investigação acerca da resistência escrava naquela localidade. Em cartas, ofícios e declarações produzidos durante a década de 1820, colonos suíços afirmaram que prenderam quilombolas e destruíram quilombos, se apossando de suas terras. Notícias de jornal e mapas das três primeiras décadas do século XIX também forneceram informações sobre qui8lombolas e suas instalações nesta região. No âmago das relações de trabalho que constituíram o escravismo colonial brasileiro, o marco cronológico de limiar desta pesquisa é a implantação da família real e corte portuguesa no Rio de Janeiro, em 1808, quando mudanças demográficas expressivas ocorreram, expandindo a colonização antes concentrada no litoral para o interior, com a ocupação da Serra do Mar onde se localizavam quilombos. O marco que finaliza o período desta pesquisa é o término do reinado de D. Pedro I, em 1831, quando foi promulgada a lei Feijó, que garantia liberdade aos escravos chegados ao país a partir desta data, e ano de suspensão oficial das imigrações européias.
This research approach land conflicts that shaped the territorial occupation of Rio de Janeiro submitted to the Portuguese colonizing project. The object highlighted in these disputes is a place called Quilombo (Maroon settlement on runaway slave settlement), currently located in the municipality of Casimiro de Abreu (RJ). The presence of this name in contemporary maps as the official denomination of a region where there are no blacks, but descendants of Swiss colonists, was the primary indication for an investigation into the slave resistance in the locality. In letters, crafts and statements produced during the 1820s, Swiss colonists said they arrested Maroons and destroyed the Maroons settlements, seizing their lands. Newspaper reports and maps of the first three decades of the nineteenth century also provide information about Maroons and their settlement in this region. At the core of labor relations that constituted the Brazilian colonial slavery, the chronological milestone threshold of this research in the transference of the Portuguese royal family and court to Rio de Janeiro, in 1808, where significant demographic changes occurred, before expanding colonization concentrated on the coast to the interior, the occupation of the Serra do Mar (Sea’s Mountain) where was located Maroon settlements. The milestone that ends the period of this research is the conclusion of D. Pedro I’s reign in 1831, when the Act Feijó was enacted, which garanteed freedom to slaves arrived in Brazil as from this date, and year of official suspension of European immigration.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'examiner comment s'effectue pour la France le règlement des restitutions allemandes au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale. Cette question est en effet extrêmement importante en raison de l'ampleur sans précédant des spoliations tant directes qu'indirectes effectuées par l'occupant nazi entre 1940 et 1944. Une première partie expose les projets français et interalliés entre 1943 et 1945 dans le cadre des études relatives à une convention d'armistice, puis les tentatives des quatre puissances occupantes de l'Allemagne en vue d'élaborer un cadre réglementaire compatible avec le système des réparations. Cette partie permet de connaître les divergences fondamentales entre les conceptions très larges des français d'une part, et les conceptions minimalistes des anglo-saxons et des soviétiques d'autre part. Une seconde partie décrit l'exécution pratique des restitutions entre 1945 et 1954. Sont examinées successivement les restitutions d'outillage et de matériel agricole, les restitutions de l'or monétaire et des valeurs mobilières, les restitutions d'œuvres d'art et d'objets précieux. Le dernier chapitre de cette seconde partie donne un bilan global en 1954 et tente de mesurer l'impact des restitutions sur les économies de la France et de l'Allemagne
Athe aim of this thesis is the study of the settlement of the important question for france of the german restitutions after world war ii. Its first part shows french and interallied plans between 1943 and 1945 within the framework of the studies of an armistice convention and then, the attemps of the four occupying powers of germany to elaborate a method of restitutions consistent with reparations. This part permit to know the deep differences of opinion between the french one part, and the american, the british and the soviets, other part. In the second time thesis exposes the execution of restitutions in the years 1945-1954, are successively scutinized restitutions of economic goods (industrial and agricultural), of monetary gold and transferable securities, of precious and artistic goods. The last chapiter gives a global evaluation at the year of 1954 and tries to estimat the impact of restitutions on french and german economies

Investment in human capital is a key tool for the social and economic progress in every country. Thus one of the most important public policies in the last century has focused on increasing the level and quality of education among the population. This goal has been reached by all developed countries. However, the rapid increase of the percentage of the population with high education in developed economies during the last decades has probably contributed to labour market inefficiency. It is observed that part of this population is not working in jobs that require their level of education; otherwise they end up in jobs that require workers with a lower level of education. This situation is called overeducation. This dissertation examines several aspects related to the overeducation phenomenon in Spain. In particular, the first empirical analysis studies whether overeducated workers obtain a higher return on this training – specifically, non-education training activities – than the rest of workers. If it is so, overeducated workers could overcome part of the wage penalty derived from their education-occupation mismatch. The results showed that non-formal education activities have a positive effect on wages, but only overeducated workers who have undergone non-formal education activities receive a wage premium. It seems that this type of training provides overeducated workers with new abilities that permit them to reduce the wage penalisation derived from the mismatch between their level of education and occupation. The aim of the second empirical analysis is to test a supported theory based on the existence of individuals’ skill heterogeneity to explain the wage penalty associated with overeducation. From such a perspective, the wage penalty associated with overeducation is due to the huge variation of skills between workers with the same level of education. Then, overeducated workers would not suffer a wage penalty. In fact, they would earn lower wages as a result of their lower skills. Our hypothesis was that the wage penalty associated with overeducation could be explained by lower skill levels. As a consequence, overeducated workers may not be suffering a wage penalty in Spain, but their earnings are determined by their skill level. Our results show that individuals’ skill heterogeneity explains only 18% of the effect of educational mismatch on wages in Spain. The wage penalty still remains for those overeducated workers who are not less skilled than properly matched workers. Finally, the last empirical analysis aims to identify a relationship between the situation of overeducation of parents and the educational performance of their children. Previous literature found that children of highly educated parents tend to perform better than children of less educated parents. One possible explanation for the positive relationship between parents’ human capital and students’ performance is based on children’s perceptions about the importance of education. In this sense, students whose parents have a high level of education and good jobs might be more aware of the value of education and, consequently, have higher motivation and perform better than other students. Under this point of view, our hypothesis is that the existence of parents’ job-education mismatch can modify the students’ perception about the importance of education and, consequently, have an effect on their performance at school. In particular, we analyse whether there is a relationship between parents’ educational mismatch and the educational performance of their children, and we checked whether it is similar across the performance distribution or, by contrast, whether there are differences between students at the top and at the bottom of the performance distribution. The results shows that students whose parents are overeducated have a penalty in their academic achievement in all three subjects analysed, this effect being stronger for students with lower educational outcomes. So, the results seemed to confirm our hypothesis.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Geografia Humana, Planeamento e Territórios Saudáveis apresentado à Faculdade de Letras
O presente relatório retrata o estágio curricular realizado no Gabinete de Planeamento, Urbanismo e Informação Geográfica da Câmara Municipal de Oliveira de Frades, no âmbito da obtenção do grau de mestre em Geografia Humana, Planeamento e Territórios Saudáveis. A Geografia abrange uma diversidade de temas e áreas que a tornam uma das ciências sociais mais abrangentes. O geógrafo tem desempenhado funções importantes em várias áreas de trabalho. Nas autarquias, o seu papel está diretamente ligado à área do planeamento que, devido à sua multidisciplinaridade, torna o geógrafo importante num trabalho que deve ser feito com uma equipa abrangente. As questões do planeamento têm-se tornado cada vez mais importantes no dia-a-dia da gestão do município. A preocupação com o desenvolvimento do território, assegurando a sua sustentabilidade, evidenciam o papel do geógrafo na autarquia. Mas o ano de 2017 foi caracterizado por uma tragédia que afeta de modo direto o trabalho do geógrafo. Os incêndios de outubro devastaram grande parte da Região Centro de Portugal, atingindo o concelho de Oliveira de Frades. O número elevado de danos em habitações e empresas coloca questões relativas para o futuro, como um melhor planeamento da classificação e ocupação do solo no interface urbano-florestal. Os processos de reconstrução visam melhorar a resiliência da população para situações de risco. Tendo como possível explicação as alterações climáticas, torna-se evidente a aplicação de medidas que visem minimizar os seus efeitos nas gerações futuras.
This report portrays the curricular internship in the Spatial Planning, Urbanism and Geographic Information Office of the Oliveira de Frades Municipality, to achieve the Master´s degree on Human Geography, Spatial Planning and Healthy Territories. Geography covers a diversity of themes and areas that makes it one ofe the social sciences more embracing. The geographer has played an important role in various work areas. In municipalities, his role is directly connected to the Spatial Planning area, wich due to the multidisciplinarity of this area, makes the geographer important in a work that most be made by a wide team. Spatial Planning issues have become increasingly important in a day by day of the municipality’s management. The concern about the development of the territory, ensuring their sustainability, evidence the role of the geographer on the municipality. But the year of 2017 was characterized by a tragedy wich directly affects the work of the geographer. The wildfires of october devastated much of the Central Region of Portugal, reaching the municipality of Oliveira de Frades. The high number of damages in houses and companies poses questions to a better planning of land classification and occupation in the urban forest interface for the future. The reconstruction processes aim to improve the resilience of the population to future risk situations. Having as possible explanation the climate changes, i tis clear that the implementation of measures to minimize their effects on future generations.

Suggérant une forme de primauté du fait sur le droit, la notion d’effectivité est paradoxalement présente au sein même du droit international positif. Sa signification fait l’objet de nombreuses controverses qui ont pour racine la dichotomie existant entre ce qu’elle évoque sur un plan général, et ce qui est fait en son nom. En pratique, l’effectivité est à la fois opposée et intégrée au droit international. De nombreuses règles internationales limitent la reconnaissance de situations ou de pratiques au nom de différentes valeurs. Mais dans certains cas, la prise en compte de ces « effectivités » paraît indispensable à l’effectivité du droit. Le souci d’assurer le respect du droit mène alors parfois les Etats, les juges et les auteurs de doctrine à apprécier les faits au regard de leur seule « effectivité », c’est-à-dire sans égard à certaines règles qui semblent pourtant applicables, ou à certaines représentations juridiques de ces faits. Cette exclusion du droit dans le traitement du fait est cependant toujours partielle, et ses dimensions comme les conséquences juridiques qui en sont tirées varient en fonction de choix politiques. Le recours à la notion d’effectivité en droit international ne peut donc être compris comme le simple « enregistrement » du fait en droit. Dans l’ordre juridique international, « l’effectivité » remplit principalement deux fonctions : en premier lieu, l’effectivité du pouvoir est un critère d’identification des sujets de droit, qui permet de délimiter le champ territorial et personnel de leurs compétences, de les soumettre aux règles internationales et d’engager leur responsabilité de manière pragmatique. En second lieu, l’effectivité des prétentions émises par les Etats sur la scène internationale, et l’effectivité de certains éléments de leur droit interne sont employées comme des conditions de leur opposabilité internationale. Plutôt que la primauté du fait sur le droit, l’étude menée montre le caractère paradoxal des exigences pratiques d’une défense efficace de la sécurité juridique, de la justice et de la paix
The principle of effectiveness suggests that facts have primacy over law. However the notion of effectiveness is paradoxically featured in international law itself. The meaning of effectiveness is the subject of much controversy due to the dichotomy between what effectiveness means in general and the actions taken to achieve it. The notion of effectiveness is, in practice, both contrary to and included in international law. For moral reasons, many international rules restrict the recognition of effective situations. Yet, in many cases taking effective situations into account is essential for the effectiveness of the law. In order to ensure compliance with the law, the States, judges and scholars may assess the facts as regards their “effectiveness”, without considering the rules which seem however to be applicable or the legal representations of these facts. However law is only partially excluded when dealing with the facts and the way it is done as well as the legal consequences of this exclusion differ according to political choices. That is why the use of the principle of effectiveness in international law cannot be considered as a mere registration of fact. In international law the notion of effectiveness has two main functions. Firstly, the effectiveness of power acts as a way of identifying subjects of international law which makes it possible to define the territorial and personal scope of their jurisdiction, makes them subject to international rules and pragmatically assesses whether they are liable. Secondly, the effectiveness of States' international claims or the effectiveness of some aspects of their national laws are used as conditions to assess their legal effects internationally. This research does not focus on the primacy of fact over law but shows the paradox between the practical requirements of an effective defence of legal certainty, justice and of peace

This master thesis, The reform movement and the normalization of relations in Jihlava (1960-1971), maps the course of that period in Jihlava, the capital of the region Vysočina. The first part of this work includes a brief introduction into the atmosphere in Czechoslovakia in 1960s and the historical development in Jihlava in the same period. The second chapter describes the course of events from the beginning of year 1968, colloquially called "The Prague Spring". New politicians ascended to the politic power and established a new theory, which was called "Socialism with a human face". The third part deals with the invasion of the Warsaw Pact army of Czechoslovakia on 21st August 1968. The text focuses mainly on Jihlava. The fifth chapter describes the course of events in Czechoslovakia since the second half of year 1968 to April 1971. This period is called normalization and is characterized by retreating from the post-January policy, personnel changes, restoring censorship, etc. The last part of the thesis concerns itself with Evžen Plocek. He was an active reform politician in Jihlava and committed suicide in April 1969. He burned himself to death due to the consequences of the Warsaw Pact army invasion of The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in 1968.