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1
United Nations. Committee on the Rights of the Child. Examen des rapports présentés par les États parties en application de l'article 44 de la Convention: Observations finales du Comité des droits de l'enfant : République du Congo. Brazzaville, République du Congo: UNICEF, 2008.
2
Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge. Local government finances and financial management in Tanzania: Observations from six councils, 2000-2003. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Published for Research on Poverty Alleviation by Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2004.
3
1818-1898, Laflèche Louis François, e Église catholique. Diocèse de Trois-Rivières. Evêque (1870-1898 : Laflèche), a cura di. [Lettre]: Dans ma lettre du 28 juillet dernier, je disais: "Il y a encore plusieurs autres observations importantes à faire, spécialement en ce qui regarde les componendes ...". [S.l: s.n., 1986.
4
Zimbalist, Andrew S. The bottom line: Observations and arguments on the sports business. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2006.
5
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Transport Committee. First special report [from the] Transport Committee, session 1995-96: Government observations on the fourth report of the Committee, session 1994-95 (railway finances). London: HMSO, 1995.
6
Favi, Sonia. Self Through the Other. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-237-6.
Abstract (sommario):
The book focuses on the editorial fortune of and on the imaginary built by sixteenth-century European lay and missionary sources on Japan. The author examines the cultural and economic processes that led to the circulation, or, in some cases, the lack of circulation of the sources. By exploring the interplay, in their contents, between ‘factuality’ and ‘myth’, between ‘classical imagery’ and ‘current observation’, she investigates the way their depiction of ‘Japan’ reflects ‘European’ self-images and desires. Finally, using the Italian editorial world – dominating the European book market at that time – as a case study, the author analyses the published sources from the perspective of historical bibliography, evaluating their impact on the readership.
7
Brunton-Smith, Ian. Systematic Social Observation. A cura di Gerben J. N. Bruinsma e Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.34.
Abstract (sommario):
Systematic social observation (SSO) is the application of rigorous, replicable, and generalizable approaches from survey methodology to field observation (ethnography). SSO provides researchers with independent, robust, and quantifiable data about the forms of social interactions most commonly obtained through qualitative inquiry. This chapter begins with a general overview of the SSO approach. Section 14.3 describes the application of SSO approaches to environmental settings. Section 14.4 discusses the ecometric approach first proposed by Raudenbush and Sampson (1999), demonstrating how the science of SSO and the science of ecological analysis were intimately related. Finally, section 14.5 discusses current developments in SSO for environmental analysis. It focuses on three areas: interviewer observational data routinely collected as part of larger social surveys; participant-generated observations using space–time budgets; and Google Street View as a repository for environmental audit data. Developments in crowdsourced SSO data like Mapilliary are also briefly discussed.
8
Montyon, M. De. Particularités et Observations Sur les Ministres des Finances de France. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
9
Davenport, Christian, Erik Melander e Patrick M. Regan. Concluding Observations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680121.003.0006.
Abstract (sommario):
This concluding chapter revisits the core argument of the book—that is, that a definition of peace is much broader than the mere absence of violence. It discusses the different approaches the three authors have taken to define peace and to develop reliable measures of peace that can extend beyond time and place. The chapter also considers the lessons about the field of peace research that the three authors learned while developing their individual concepts, which blended in the end to common views on the subject. Finally, the authors lay out a research program for what should be done in the future in this broad, interdisciplinary field. They do not attempt to push a particular program, but do identify how such new programs in the subject should be structured and framed.
10
d'Inverno, Ray, e James Vickers. Introducing Einstein's Relativity. 2a ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862024.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The aim of this book is to provide the reader with a sound mathematical introduction to Einstein’s theory of relativity, both special relativity and general relativity, as well as an understanding of the physical insights needed to explore the subject and the principles that guided Einstein in his search for the general theory of relativity. A feature of the book is that it has the numerous illustrative diagrams and exercises (of varying degrees of difficulty) which help the reader develop insight and confidence in using the mathematics. The book starts out by introducing special relativity and then the mathematics required for the rest of the book is carefully introduced. The principles underlying general relativity are introduced and it is shown how these lead to the basic field equations. These are then discussed and solved in some simple but physically important situations. The final three sections deal with the major applications of the theory and cover the topics of black holes, gravitational waves, and cosmology. These sections further develop the theory but also relate the theoretical predictions to current observations. These include the recent observation of gravitational waves by LIGO, evidence for supermassive black holes at the centre of most galaxies and the detailed observations of the cosmic microwave background that provide the evidence for modern cosmology.
11
Fassin, Didier. Who Gets Punished? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888589.003.0005.
Abstract (sommario):
Who gets punished? We believe that punishment should be both just, i.e. proportionate to the offense, and fair, i.e. equitably distributed across society. Yet this is frequently not the case, and there are considerable excesses and disparities in practice. This observation therefore leads to a second question: What do we think should be punished? Statistical and observational data indicate that the differences in severity are related not to the seriousness of the offense but to the social characteristics of the offenders. The final question then becomes: Whom do we deem punishable, and whom do we want to spare? Following Foucault, one can see that punishment serves not only to reduce crime or dispense justice but also, and perhaps above all, to differentiate society.
12
Genge, Matthew J. Geological Field Sketches and Illustrations. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835929.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
Drawings, illustrations, and field sketches play an important role in Earth Science since they are used to record field observations, develop interpretations, and communicate results in reports and scientific publications. Drawing geology in the field furthermore facilitates observation and maximizes the value of fieldwork. Every geologist, whether a student, academic, professional, or amateur enthusiast, will benefit from the ability to draw geological features accurately. This book describes how and what to draw in geology. Essential drawing techniques, together with practical advice in creating high quality diagrams, are described the opening chapters. How to draw different types of geology, including faults, folds, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, and fossils, are the subjects of separate chapters, and include descriptions of what are the important features to draw and describe. Different types of sketch, such as drawings of three-dimensional outcrops, landscapes, thin-sections, and hand-specimens of rocks, crystals, and minerals, are discussed. The methods used to create technical diagrams such as geological maps and cross-sections are also covered. Finally, modern techniques in the acquisition and recording of field data, including photogrammetry and aerial surveys, and digital methods of illustration, are the subject of the final chapter of the book. Throughout, worked examples of field sketches and illustrations are provided as well as descriptions of the common mistakes to be avoided.
13
Bluestein, Howard B. Tornadoes and Their Parent Convective Storms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676889.013.15.
Abstract (sommario):
In the past four decades much has been discovered about tornado formation and structure from observations, laboratory models, and numerical-simulation experiments. Observations include nearby movies and photographs of tornadoes, fixed-site, airborne, and ground-based mobile Doppler radar remote measurements, and in situ measurements using instrumented probes. Laboratory models are vortex chambers and numerical-simulations are based on the governing fluid dynamical equations. However, questions remain: How and why do tornadoes form? and How does the wind field associated with them vary in space and time? Recent studies of tornadoes based on observations, particularly by radar, are detailed. The major aspects of numerically simulating a tornado and its formation are reviewed, and the dynamics of tornado formation and structure based on both observations and laboratory and numerical-simulation experiments are described. Finally, future avenues of research and suggested instrument development for furthering our knowledge are discussed.
14
Bluestein, Howard B. Tornadoes and Their Parent Convective Storms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699420.013.15.
Abstract (sommario):
In the past four decades much has been discovered about tornado formation and structure from observations, laboratory models, and numerical-simulation experiments. Observations include nearby movies and photographs of tornadoes, fixed-site, airborne, and ground-based mobile Doppler radar remote measurements, and in situ measurements using instrumented probes. Laboratory models are vortex chambers and numerical-simulations are based on the governing fluid dynamical equations. However, questions remain: How and why do tornadoes form? and How does the wind field associated with them vary in space and time? Recent studies of tornadoes based on observations, particularly by radar, are detailed. The major aspects of numerically simulating a tornado and its formation are reviewed, and the dynamics of tornado formation and structure based on both observations and laboratory and numerical-simulation experiments are described. Finally, future avenues of research and suggested instrument development for furthering our knowledge are discussed.
15
Aminoff, Michael J. Clinical Observations on the Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190614966.003.0009.
Abstract (sommario):
With his remarkable knowledge of anatomy and his analytical mind, Bell developed into an outstanding clinical neurologist even before the specialty had been invented. Thus it was that in his later years, when finally he returned to the University of Edinburgh as professor of surgery, referrals and requests for consultation were often for him to provide a neurological opinion rather than to perform surgical operations. His clinical observations regarding motor or sensory disturbances involving the face are of particular interest given his interests in the facial expression of emotions and the innervation of the face. Bell described or elaborated on several clinical disorders, although not always recognizing them as distinct entities—Bell’s palsy and spasms; the numb chin; motor neuron diseases; muscular dystrophy; myotonia; various movement disorders (torticollis and writer’s cramp); atlantoaxial dislocation; trigeminal neuralgia; and referred pain.
16
Williams, Craig A. Maximal intensity exercise. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0017.
Abstract (sommario):
Despite a surge of interest over the past 10 years in young people’s maximal intensity exercise, the growth and maturation of anaerobic performance is still poorly understood. This observation is interesting for a number of reasons. First, during the prepubertal years, children’s physical activity patterns are characterized by short duration but high intensity bouts of effort.5 Second, investigators are limited by the range of available methodologies, most of which are assessing external but indirect mechanical indices of maximal intensity so as to deduce metabolic changes. Third, there are few data available from females. Finally, due to the importance of maximal intensity efforts during team sports and the increasing emphasis on organized youth sport programmes, the differentiation between growth and maturation and training adaptations of maximal intensity performance need to be addressed. As a consequence of these four observations, important reliability and validity issues need to be resolved prior to paediatric exercise scientists determining which key factors influence maximal intensity exercise during childhood and adolescence. This chapter will therefore focus on the variables that have been most commonly measured and review the explanatory factors related to maximal intensity exercise during growth and maturation.
17
Hoffmann, George. No Place Anywhere: Observation as Worship. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808763.003.0006.
Abstract (sommario):
Though often read as proto-ethnographic documents, French reformed accounts of the New World reveal their indebtedness to the exoticizing tropes of satiric literature. A growing sensitivity to custom as a function of place and to reformers’ own mobility, both geographical and mental, led to a precocious notion of universality—church could be anywhere one joined one’s hands in prayer. Far from merely disdaining “local” customs, reformers practiced keen forms of observation whose debt to traditional disciplined observance makes them count as a mode of worship, not an anticipation of scientific empiricism. Finally, satiric defamiliarization predisposed French reformers to accept their diasporic destiny.
18
Monti, Mario Rossi. Jaspers’ ‘Critique of Psychoanalysis’: between past and future. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609253.003.0003.
Abstract (sommario):
Karl Jaspers publishes his Critique for psychoanalysis in 1950. This contribution represents the culmination of a journey originated many years before with the publication of General Psychopathology in 1913. In order to better understand the culmination of Jaspers’ journey the Author will take the following points into consideration: the stages that marked the history of Jaspers’ critical thought; the historical context; the tone of his criticism and, finally, its content. The final part of this essay attempts to show how some of Jaspers’ critical observations on psychoanalysis should not be considered as a thing of the past, because they were and still are a fundamental topic of discussion and debate within the Freudian psychoanalytic movement (International Psychoanalytical Association).
19
Topintzi, Nina, e Stuart Davis. On the weight of edge geminates. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0012.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter focuses on edge geminates (EGs), which, compared to intervocalic geminates, are rarer and potentially structurally different. An initial typology of the weight properties of EGs is presented and observations are made that may predict whether an EG patterns as heavy or light. Moreover, the relationship and possible correlations between EGs and edge consonant clusters in the languages under consideration are explored. An initial finding suggests that if EGs are unique in a language, i.e. the language lacks edge clusters, then the geminate is more likely to pattern as moraic (cf. Trukese and Pattani Malay initially and Hadhrami Arabic finally). Additionally, weightless EGs seem to co-occur with weightless clusters at the same edge. Weight asymmetries between initial and final geminates in the same language are also attested. Finally, tentative thoughts are offered as to why the typology is shaped the way it is.
20
Eyre, Janet. Clinical approach to developmental neurology. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0171.
Abstract (sommario):
The objectives and principles of neurological history and examination in children are the same as those in adults. This chapter therefore, will not provide an all-encompassing description of the neurological assessment of children, but highlights where the approach must differ substantially from that used in adults. Further it aims to provide a practical and useful approach to the examination of children, who may be preverbal and certainly will show less stamina for cooperation than adults. Of course as children get older, the examination can become more conventional and systematized. By adolescence the examination can be the same as the adult examination.The first and overriding factor for success is to be flexible and to make observations when the opportunity arises rather than to wait for abnormalities to arise during the course of a more systematic approach. Nonetheless a systematic approach to recording these results is essential, so as to bring together related observations made disparately in time. The history is of paramount importance in guiding the examination. Since it is unlikely that you will be able to complete a full examination, it is important to prioritize the observations needed in light of a differential diagnosis before you begin examining. Rather than rushing straight into the examination it is rewarding to gain a young child’s confidence by playing briefly with them. Also, instead of insisting on examining the child on a couch, it helps to become adept at examining young children on their parent’s or caretaker’s knee. Finally, no matter how cooperative a child is, potentially disturbing investigations should be left until last, including tendon reflexes or examination of the tongue, fundi, and ears. Otherwise all subsequent cooperation from the child may be lost after these examinations.The examination room environment is the key to a successful neurological examination and requires careful thought. There should be sufficient space to accommodate families and for the children to play. The room needs to be friendly and conducive to encouraging play. It needs to be equipped with carefully selected toys, pictures, pencils and paper, and books of interest to children over a wide age range. Observation of the child’s play whilst you are taking a history from the parents or caregivers will allow assessment of the child’s motor skills and developmental stage. Their use of play material can yield important clues to the nature of a deficit, by revealing ataxia, weakness, involuntary movements, tics, or spasticity. Play also provides an opportunity to assess the child’s behaviour, for instance their impulsivity, distractibility, and attention span. Interaction of the child with parents or caregivers can be observed also. If the child participates actively in the history taking, their understanding and contribution to the session allows you to make assessments of their language and intellectual skills.
21
Bock, Mary Angela. Seeing Justice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190926977.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
Seeing Justice examines the way criminal justice in the United States is presented in visual media by focusing on the grounded practices of visual journalists in relationship with law enforcement. The book extends the concept of embodied gatekeeping, the corporeal and discursive practices connected to controlling visual media production and the complex ways social actors struggle over the construction of visual messages. Based on research that includes participant observation, extended interviews, and critical discourse analysis, the book provides a detailed examination of the way these practices shape media constructions and the way digitization is altering the relationships between media, citizens, and the criminal justice system. The project looks at contemporary cases that made the headlines through a theoretical lens based on the work of Michel Foucault, Walter Fisher, Stuart Hall, Nicholas Mirzoeff, Nick Couldry, and Roland Barthes. Its cases reveal the way powerful interests are able to shape representations of justice in ways that serve their purposes, occasionally at the expense of marginalized groups. Based on cases ranging from the last US public hanging to the proliferation of “Karen-shaming” videos, this monograph offers three observations. First, visual journalism’s physicality increases its reliance on those in power, making it easy for officials in the criminal justice system to shape its image. Second, image indexicality, even while it is subject to narrative negation, remains an essential affordance in the public sphere. Finally, participation in this visual public sphere must be considered as an essential human capability if not a human right.
22
Etinson, Adam, a cura di. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
The introduction explains the main thematic preoccupations of the volume, starting principally with the observation that human rights have various “natures” or modes of existence: Human rights (plausibly) exist as moral rights, on the one hand, but also as socially, politically, and legally practised rights, on the other. The introduction uses this observation to pick out some of the sources of the Orthodox–Political debate, and to explain the broader variety of topics covered in the volume itself. The final sections of the introduction offer a comprehensive summary and analysis of the main arguments in the book.
23
Antonio R, Parra. 12 Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767466.003.0012.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter provides some general observations based on the history presented in this book. The chapter also considers how ICSID might meet the new challenges presented in the preceding chapter regarding mediation or conciliation, transparency and an appellate mechanism and permanent investment tribunal. The final section of the chapter puts forward possible changes at ICSID of rules and procedures in several other areas.
24
Austerweil, Joseph L., Samuel J. Gershman e Thomas L. Griffiths. Structure and Flexibility in Bayesian Models of Cognition. A cura di Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend e Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.9.
Abstract (sommario):
Probability theory forms a natural framework for explaining the impressive success of people at solving many difficult inductive problems, such as learning words and categories, inferring the relevant features of objects, and identifying functional relationships. Probabilistic models of cognition use Bayes’s rule to identify probable structures or representations that could have generated a set of observations, whether the observations are sensory input or the output of other psychological processes. In this chapter we address an important question that arises within this framework: How do people infer representations that are complex enough to faithfully encode the world but not so complex that they “overfit” noise in the data? We discuss nonparametric Bayesian models as a potential answer to this question. To do so, first we present the mathematical background necessary to understand nonparametric Bayesian models. We then delve into nonparametric Bayesian models for three types of hidden structure: clusters, features, and functions. Finally, we conclude with a summary and discussion of open questions for future research.
25
Almeida, Joseph A. Solon’s Reception of Hesiod’s Works and Days. A cura di Alexander C. Loney e Stephen Scully. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190209032.013.41.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter presents observations about the relationship between the poetry of Hesiod and of Solon (Works and Days 213–326 and Solon frr. 4 and 13). In the first half of fr. 4 Solon, through a series of allusions, incorporates into his poem Hesiod’s authority on dikē to validate condemnation of injustice in his own city, and in the second half of the poem he turns the Hesiodic pessimism of this injustice into an optimistic hope for his city’s just future. In fr. 13 Solon expands Hesiod’s notion of Zeus as the punisher of injustice to create a pessimistic view of human life darker than Hesiod’s own. A final discussion of the scholarly division on the question of whether dikē in Solon is essentially Hesiodic or something new in Greek thought rounds out the observations on the relation between the poets and confirms Solon’s dependence on Hesiod.
26
Bates, Robert H. From Case Studies to Social Science: A Strategy for Political Research. A cura di Carles Boix e Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0007.
Abstract (sommario):
This article presents a strategy for political research. It first explores the ways people comprehend and briefly discusses the forms of comprehension. The next section introduces the author's fieldwork in the coffee zones of East Africa. This reveals that the first step of the strategy is immersion, and the second is a movement from insight to explanation, which is marked by the production of theory. Finally, it shows that the resultant explanation may be logically coherent, faithful to the original intuition, and consistent with the observations that inspired it.
27
Swan, James. National Arithmetick : Or, Observations on the Finances of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: With Some Hints Respecting Financiering and Future Taxation in This State. Gale ECCO, Print Editions, 2018.
28
Ritchie, Craig W. Psychopharmacology in older people. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0013.
Abstract (sommario):
It is well recognised that older people are particularly sensitive to psychotropic medication. In general, pharmacological interventions in the elderly pose specific problems due to the patient exhibiting both altered pharmacokinetic drug profiles due to gerontological effects on absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drug and pharmacodynamic effects related to aging and polypharmacy. Adherence to medication in later life also mediates sub-optimal pharmacological care. Finally, the effects of comorbidities which accumulate with advancing years should also influence prescribing practice in the elderly. The general principles underlying these changes and observations are discussed with specific examples listed to illustrate these points.
29
Murthy, Y. S. R. Challenges of Creating a World-Class Global Private University in India. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199480654.003.0012.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter is divided into 5 parts. In part 1 of this chapter, state obligations relating to the right to education are reviewed while part 2 deals with the higher education scenario in the country. In part 3, the vision and mission of O.P. Jindal Global University have been discussed while impediments in the way of creating a world class global university are covered in part 4. In this part, an attempt has been made to analyse the challenges in the back drop of state obligations. In part 5, final observations have been presented.
30
Peari, Sagi. Choice Pillar I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622305.003.0003.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter provides a re-examination of the choice-of-law theory of the foundational father of the discipline, Friedrich Carl von Savigny and shows how Savigny’s theory has been misconceived in choice-of-law literature. First, the chapter introduces Savigny’s three basic interrelated insights on the nature of the subject which serve as a basis for Savigny’s argument development. Secondly, it presents the central contention that the principle of “voluntary submission” lies at the heart of Savigny’s choice –of-law theory rather than the mythical so-called “universal seat” formula. Finally, this chapter demonstrates several of Savigny’s deviations from his own organizing principles and makes some observations about them.
31
Mumford, Michael D., Tyler J. Mulhearn, Logan L. Watts, Logan M. Steele e Tristan McIntosh. Leader Impacts on Creative Teams. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0006.
Abstract (sommario):
Although many variables influence the creativity of teams, leadership has been found to be one of the more important influences. In the present effort, a tripartite model describing the key functions leaders must perform to encourage team creativity is proposed. This model holds that leadership of creative teams requires complex thinking skills. In addition, leaders must be able to plan creative projects, and they must be able to sell these projects to others. Finally, leaders must build the psychological, or creative, capital of team members. The implications of these observations for effective leadership of creative teams and the development of leadership potential are discussed.
32
Schrag, Brian, e Kathleen J. Van Buren. Meet a Community and Its Arts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878276.003.0002.
Abstract (sommario):
Step 1 guides readers through the discovery and description of a community and its arts. It helps readers think about what a community is; choose a community and start a Community Arts Profile; begin learning about a community and its arts through practical activities; and start exploring a community’s social and conceptual life. It introduces research methods such as participant observation, interviewing, note-taking, audio- or videorecording, and photography. It also addresses legal and ethical considerations for arts advocates. Finally, Step 1 includes examples from author experiences and highlights further resources for readers.
33
Cabrelli, David. 12. Disability discrimination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198813149.003.0012.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter examines disability discrimination law under the Equality Act 2010. It focuses on disability discrimination, with disability being treated as a separate protected characteristic. The chapter first considers the historical context and the possible conceptual approaches to the protection of disabled workers. It then addresses the definition of ‘disability’ in section 6 of the Equality Act. This is followed by an analysis of the employer’s duty to make reasonable adjustments in the workplace to accommodate disabled workers. Next, the ‘discrimination arising from disability’ concepts are discussed. Finally, the chapter presents some comments and observations on the current state of disability discrimination law in general, taking into account the recent introduction of the Equality Act and European developments.
34
Gries, Stefan Th. Data in Construction Grammar. A cura di Thomas Hoffmann e Graeme Trousdale. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0006.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter examines the types of data used in constructionist approaches and the parameters along which data types can be classified. It discusses different kinds of quantitative observational/corpus data (frequencies, probabilities, association measures) and their statistical analysis. In addition, it provides a survey of a variety of different experimental data (novel word/construction learning, priming, sorting, etc.). Finally, the chapter discusses computational-linguistic/machine-learning methods as well as new directions for the development of new data and methods in Construction Grammar.
35
Kapur, Devesh. Public Opinion. A cura di David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan e Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.22.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter examines the role of public opinion on Indian foreign policy and focuses on four principal questions: One, how informed is the Indian public about foreign policy issues and how have its views been measured? Two, what shapes public opinion on foreign policy issues in India? Who are the key actors and how have they changed over time and issue area? Three, what are the mechanisms that link public opinion to public policy in foreign policy and on what issues has public opinion mattered? And four, what is public opinion about India in other major countries and what does it reveal? Finally the chapter concludes with some observations on public opinion’s interactions with changes in other variables shaping foreign policy, such as the rise of business and a more federal polity.
36
Wolf, Richard K. The Manifest and the Hidden. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038587.003.0008.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter presents Muharram Ali's reflections on South Asian drumming and music traditions, which he has jotted down in his notes. It first considers the death of Ali's mother Sakina and how this had set his father on a devil's course. It then discusses the publishing of Ali's article “The Drums of Islam in Multan” as well as his write-up on the ʻurs of Madho Lal Husain. It also recalls Ali's decision to pursue formal anthropological training at Lucknow University, where he earned a PhD in anthropology in record time, along with his classical Hindustani music training at the Bhatkhande School of Music. Finally, it describes Ali's observations of the manganhār repertoire demonstrated by Qasim Shah, the Ajmer and Agra Muhajir groups, and drumming in the context of Islam.
37
Zhou, Juan, e William W. Seeley. Brain Circuits. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0007.
Abstract (sommario):
Each neurodegenerative disease is defined by selectively vulnerable neurons, regions, networks, and functions, as well as genetic risk factors. In the past decade, new network-sensitive neuroimaging methods have made it possible to test the notion of network-based degeneration in living humans. This chapter focuses on two common causes of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but uses these diseases to illustrate class-wide neurodegeneration principles whenever possible. It first introduces two key concepts of neurodegenerative disease selective vulnerability: onset and progression. In parallel, it addresses two distinct but related observations about neurodegenerative disease: clinico-anatomical convergence and phenotypic heterogeneity. It then examines disease onset and models of progression in more detail, based on available neuroimaging evidence. Finally, it touches on the most important frontiers in the field of network-based neurodegeneration.
38
Kapp, Marshall B. Forensic Issues in Long-Term Care Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0018.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter focuses on medical-legal issues that may arise in the context of identifying psychiatric needs and providing psychiatric care for older persons in long-term care institutional settings, specifically residents of nursing facilities and assisted living facilities. Following general observations about the present regulatory climate in the United States governing nursing facilities and assisted living facilities, the chapter explores mental health assessment requirements for residents of those venues. Key legal responsibilities and restrictions regarding the psychiatric treatment of those residents are then discussed, as well as several areas of concern about potential exposure to litigation and liability on the part of long-term care providers. Finally, some of the most salient future legal and policy challenges confronting those who plan, fund, provide, and evaluate long-term care institutional psychiatric services are noted.
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van Riel, Cees B. M., Mamta Bhatt e Marijke Baumann. Planned Organizational Identity Change. A cura di Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth e Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.16.
Abstract (sommario):
In this chapter, drawing from past research on organizational identity change and our observations at several companies that have engaged in such an effort, we develop a framework of planned organizational identity change. In particular, we shed light on how organizations use new identity claims to bring about a deliberate change in their identity. Our framework suggests that such initiatives focus on communicating identity to both internal and external stakeholders. Further, while these initiatives aim at ensuring employee alignment in the internal audience (i.e., organizational members), the goal in the case of external audience is managing reputation. We illustrate the framework with an example of a Dutch funeral insurance and care organization—DELA—that brought about identity change in this manner. Finally, we discuss several research and practice implications based on the framework.
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Pintchman, Tracy. Cosmological, Devotional, and Social Perspectives on the Hindu Goddess. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767022.003.0002.
Abstract (sommario):
Although Hindus recognize and revere a variety of different, discrete goddesses, they also tend to speak of “The Goddess” as a singular and unifying deity. This chapter focuses on three dimensions of the Goddess in Hindu traditions, grounding all observations in specific texts and contexts. First, the chapter examines the nature of the Goddess as a cosmogonic/cosmological creative force that creates, sustains, and permeates the universe. Second, it explores the Goddess as a being worthy of devotion who is also manifest as individual goddesses. Finally, it probes the nature of the Goddess as potential role model for human women, who in many contexts are viewed as special manifestations of the Goddess. The chapter looks at major themes in each category and the critical issues that these themes raise.
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Rusten, Jeffrey. The Tree, the Funnel, and the Diptych. A cura di Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster e Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.29.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter introduces three common types of long sentence in Thucydides: the “tree,” in which the main action is presented as an initial fact to be explicated and complicated, the “funnel,” in which the main action is final culmination of a complex of motives or observations, and the “diptych,” in which the main action is a hinge that opens to the reader two tableaux, a “before” and “after,” and displays how they contrast with or mirror each other (the diptych). The chapter explicates the syntactical complexities of Thucydides’ long sentences schematically in order to demonstrate the relations between the numerous clauses; overall, it shows how these sentences serve to reveal Thucydides’ analysis.
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Mayer, Jean-François. Millennialism. A cura di James R. Lewis e Inga Tøllefsen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466176.013.30.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter starts by offering a brief overview of the concept of millennialism, with its Christian roots and its extension to a more generic use. Applying the concept to new religious movements, a section of the chapter takes the example of the Millennium ‘73 event in Houston in order to draw some observations on aspects of interaction between new religious movements and millennial themes: selective use of Biblical themes, aspirations to change the world, general rather than specific views of the future, mobilizing function of millennial hopes, changes in the intensity and nature of millenarian aspirations. The third and final part of the chapter lists the various shades of millennialism among new religious movements, derived from different religious environments.
43
Yona, Sergio. Deficient Wealth, Excessive Frankness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786559.003.0006.
Abstract (sommario):
The final chapter involves Horace’s description of the contrast between Epicurean moderation and Stoic excess through a series of portraits. The first is that of a rustic farmer, whose advice on meager fare and contentment even in the face of a financial crisis is the perfect embodiment of Epicurean teachings on the loss of wealth and the acceptance of poverty, as explained by Epicurus and Philodemus. The farmer’s sermon on how to deal with the vicissitudes of life with equanimity is followed by a humorous, long-winded, and ultimately ineffectual criticism from a lightweight Stoic, whose advice nevertheless connects in various ways with Epicurean ethics. The final consideration is a similar attack by yet another lightweight Stoic, who, as in the previous satire, employs frankness ineffectually. In the end both portrayals serve to legitimize Horace’s more gentle and compassionate approach to criticism, which owes much to Philodemus’ observations in On Frankness.
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Contributors, See Notes Multiple. Observations on the finances and trade of Ireland, humbly addressed to the immediate consideration of gentlemen of landed interest, more particularly to Members of the House of Commons. Gale ECCO, Print Editions, 2010.
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Nishio, T., Y. Hata, S. Okayasu, J. Suzuki, S. Nakayama, A. Nagata, A. Odawara, K. Chinone e K. Kadowaki. Scanning SQUID microscope study of vortex states and phases in superconducting mesoscopic dots, antidots, and other structures. A cura di A. V. Narlikar e Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.11.
Abstract (sommario):
This article investigates vortex states and phases in superconducting mesoscopic dots, antidots, and other structures using a scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscope. It begins with an introduction to the phenomenology of superconductivity and the fundamentals of vortex confinement in mesoscopic superconductors. It then provides a background on the SQUID microscope, followed by a discussion of how a high-resolution scanning SQUID microscope was developed. It also describes what the scanning SQUID microscopy revealed about quantized flux in superconducting rings, as well as vortex confinement in microscopic superconducting disks, triangles, and squares. Finally, it presents the results of direct observation of an extended penetration depth in thin films and vortex states in high-temperature superconductors.
46
The Legislative Council not chargeable with the loss of the Appropriation Bill: With observations on the dangerous and unconstitutional proceedings of the House of Assembly. [St. John, N.B.?: s.n.], 1985.
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Papanicolaou, Andrew C. In Search of the Mnemonic Traces of Concepts. A cura di Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.20.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter focuses on the search for mnemonic traces of concepts that are thought to exist in the form of neuronal circuits in the brain. It begins with a review of the evidence derived from observations of the effects of focal brain lesions suggesting that there are several brain regions specialized for recognizing objects belonging to different categories. It then considers brain areas that have been identified through functional neuroimaging, including the fusiform face area, the parahippocampal place area, and the extra-striate body area. It also examines the specialization of the anterior part of the temporal lobes, especially the left, for naming, and whether these and other brain areas contain mnemonic traces of concepts or traces of cardinal concept features. Finally, it discusses the “top-down” activation of category-specific areas and the idea of distributed storage of concept features.
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d'Aspremont, Jean. The Collective Security System and the Enforcement of International Law. A cura di Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0007.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter examines the extent to which the collective security system contributes to the enforcement of international law. The discussion begins by revisiting the theoretical debates about the role of enforcement in the current understanding of international law, with particular reference to John Austin’s imperatival handicap of international law. The chapter then considers how the move towards a centralized collective security system dismantled the position of self-help as a primary tool for the enforcement of international law. It also analyses the varying enforcement functions that have been conferred by international lawyers on the enforcement of international law, United Nations law, and peace, or the enforcement of the vague concept of justice conveyed by the UN Charter. Finally, it offers some epistemological observations on the place of enforcement in the ethos of the epistemic community of international law.
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Scherer, Andreas Georg, e Guido Palazzo. Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility. A cura di Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon e Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0018.
Abstract (sommario):
This article analyzes the advent of globalization and delineates its impact on the corporation and its social responsibilities. It begins with an explanation of the concept of globalization. Next, it describes the traditional paradigm of corporate social responsibility (CSR) where the responsibilities of businesses are discussed vis-à-vis a more or less properly working nation-state system and a homogeneous moral. It describes the new situation of regulatory gaps in global regulation, an erosion of national governance, and a loss of moral and cultural homogeneity in the corporate environment. It also discusses the consequences of the post-national constellation with the help of two recent observations of business firms' behavior which call for a fresh view of the concept of CSR. Finally, it describes the necessary paradigm shifts toward a new politically enlarged concept of CSR in a globalized world.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, e Jean-Philippe Uzan. Friedmann–Lemaître spacetimes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0058.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter discusses the laws governing the evolution of the scale factor as well as Hubble’s law, which is historically the first observational signature of cosmic expansion. Hubble’s law relates two measurable quantities, the redshift and the luminosity distance of a galaxy. The chapter also introduces the Weyl postulate (1923), which stipulates that the ‘cosmological fluid’ consisting of galaxies, quasars, and so on, visible or invisible, follows such geodesics. It then presents the Friedmann–Lemaître equations. Finally, the chapter discusses the first models of the universe, from 1917–60: the static Einstein model and the de Sitter and steady state models.