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1
G, Kapsalis John, a cura di. Objective methods in food quality assessment. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1987.
2
Wierzbicki, Michael. Issues in clinical psychology: Subjective versus objective approaches. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1993.
3
Sell, Helmut. Assessment of subjective well-being: The Subjective Well-Being Inventory (SUBI). New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, 1992.
4
University of Minnesota. Long-Term Care DECISIONS Resource Center., a cura di. Assessment of subjective well-being and client satisfaction. [Minnesota]: University of Minnesota, Long-Term Care Decisions Resource Center, 1991.
5
Union, European Broadcasting. Assessment methods for the subjective evaluation of the quality of sound programming material: Music. Geneva: European Broadcasting Union, 1997.
6
Lorsakul, Auranuch. Objective Assessment of Image Quality: Extension of Numerical Observer Models to Multidimensional Medical Imaging Studies. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2015.
7
Hyŏmnyŏktan, Yŏnse Taehakkyo Sanhak. In'gan sigak t'ŭkching kiban chugwanjŏk hwajil ch'ŭkchŏng pangbŏp mit changch'i kisul kaebal e kwanhan yŏn'gu =: A study on the objective quality assessment system based on human visual system. [Kyŏnggi-do Kwach'ŏn-si]: Chisik Kyŏngjebu, 2009.
8
Varra, Lucia, a cura di. Le case per ferie: valori, funzioni e processi per un servizio differenziato e di qualità. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-094-5.
Abstract (sommario):
The research aims to analyse the concept of the 'holiday home' in Italy, a phenomenon that is not very well known and not given sufficient visibility in the tourism sector. The objective is to grasp the role and the degree of response that the holiday homes can offer in order to consolidate a genuinely social and sustainable tourism, which is the specific feature of the Associazione di Promozione Sociale Santa Lucia. The holiday homes represent an efficacious response to the emerging motivations for travel and a new sensitivity towards social and sustainable tourism. The growing opportunities for this sector call for reflection on the mission and future positioning of the holiday homes within the tourist reception panorama, with the deriving choices relating to: the offer, consisting of values more than of services; the functions fulfilled, intimately bound up with the demands of the individual and the territory; the quality of the service, which is not generic but linked to the functions and can be measured in line with objective and subjective parameters. Strategic awareness, managerial capacity and elevated professionalism at all levels are the factors of legitimisation and success of this original reception formula.
9
Ismailov, Nariman, Samira Nadzhafova e Aygyun Gasymova. Bioecosystem complexes for the solution of environmental, industrial and social problems (on the example of Azerbaijan). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043239.
Abstract (sommario):
A key objective of the modern development of society is the observance of ecological and socio-economic unity in human life
and comprehensive improvement of environment and quality of life should be considered in close connection with the quality of the natural landscape. The formation of scientific understanding of the unity of society and nature is driven by the need for practical implementation of such unity. This defines the focus of this monograph. Given the overall assessment of the current state of the environment in Azerbaijan, considers the scenarios for the future development of the area. The prospects of the use of biotechnology in integrated environmental protection. In the framework of the above to address complex social, environmental and production problems in Azerbaijan developed scientific basis of integrated system of industrial farms — biclusters with a closed production cycle through effective utilization of regional biological resources,
whose interactions and relationships take on the character of vzaimodeistvie components for obtaining focused final result with high practical importance. Microbiological, biochemical
and technological processes are the basis of all development of biotechnology. Presents the development will help strengthen the ties between science and production, establishing mechanisms to conduct applied research in the field of innovation and creation of knowledge-based technologies in solving current and future environmental problems in Azerbaijan.
We offer innovative ideas distinguishes the potential need for their materialization into new products, technologies and services, including the widespread use of digital technologies to design dynamic digital environmental map in space and in time.
For students, scientific and engineering-technical workers, students and specializing in environmental technology, environmental protection.
10
Sullivan, Mark D. Health as the Capacity for Action. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0006.
Abstract (sommario):
Objective definitions of health and disease are favored because they promise a value-free measure of health problems and health care needs. But objective health does not simply cause the subjective experience of health. Self-rated health predicts mortality, disability, and hospitalizations for up to a decade after controlling for objective measures of health. Objective tissue abnormalities cannot be discovered to be pathological without reference to the experiences of patients acting in their natural environment. Patients adapt to chronic illness and its functional deficits over time with real improvements in their quality of life. Problems like pain and depression do not distort quality of life assessments, but are at their core. Since neither objective nor subjective models of health are valid, we must derive a different model: health as capacity for action. Any adequate approach to health must foster the patient’s sense of agency, her capacity to achieve her vital goals.
11
Finkelstein, Fredric O., e Susan H. Finkelstein. Health-related quality of life and the patient with chronic kidney disease. A cura di David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0134.
Abstract (sommario):
The association of various health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures with patient morbidity and mortality is well documented, but attention is now being directed at HRQOL assessments as primary outcomes measures themselves. A variety of instruments have been suggested to assess the HRQOL of patients, encompassing a variety of domains. Instruments that are used include generic, disease-specific, and symptom specific instruments. These instruments reply on both subjective and objective information to document the difficulties presented by both the disease itself as well as the treatment of the disease. The challenge for the nephrology community is how to incorporate these assessments into routine care. Additional research needs to be done concerning the optimal way to document patients’ perceptions of their HRQOL and then to develop treatment strategies to improve patients’ perceptions of their quality of life and their care.
12
Carrión, Victor G., John A. Turner e Carl F. Weems. Sleep. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190201968.003.0005.
Abstract (sommario):
The architecture of healthy sleep rests upon a network of several interacting neurochemical systems, an arrangement that is easily disrupted by the experience of traumatic stress. As a result, sleep may be among the most susceptible of behaviors to have a negative impact as a result of trauma. Sleep disturbances, or “parasomnias,” such as nightmares, sleepwalking, and insomnia are one of the most prominent hallmarks of PTSD, and the study of these sleep-specific symptoms can provide a window into the underlying pathology of the disorder. The current chapter reviews the preclinical animal literature that has informed our understanding of the brain structures that are involved in the development of these parasomnias. In reviewing adult and child studies of disrupted sleep in PTSD, a distinction is made between the subjective and objective assessment of sleep quality, with a call made for an emphasis on objective measurements in future research.
13
Sicari, Rosa, Edyta Płońska-Gościniak e Jorge Lowenstein. Stress echocardiography: image acquisition and modalities. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0013.
Abstract (sommario):
Stress echocardiography has evolved over the last 30 years but image interpretation remains subjective and burdened by the operator’s experience. The objective operator-independent assessment of myocardial ischaemia during stress echocardiography remains a technological challenge. Still, adequate quality of two-dimensional images remains a prerequisite to successful quantitative analysis, even using Doppler and non-Doppler based techniques. No new technology has proved to have a higher diagnostic accuracy than conventional visual wall motion analysis. Tissue Doppler imaging and derivatives may reduce inter-observer variability, but still require a dedicated learning curve and special expertise. The development of contrast media in echocardiography has been slow. In the past decade, transpulmonary contrast agents have become commercially available for clinical use. The approved indication for the use of contrast echocardiography currently lies in improving endocardial border delineation in patients in whom adequate imaging is difficult or suboptimal. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography is potentially useful but limited by low spatial and temporal resolution. It is possible that these technologies may serve as an adjunct to expert visual assessment of wall motion. At present, these quantitative methods require further validation and simplification of analysis techniques.
14
Mee, Sarah, e Zoe Clift. Assessment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757689.003.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
Meticulous assessment—both subjective and objective—is an essential part of managing hand conditions. Objective measures include range of motion, power grip, pinch grip, oedema, and dexterity testing. Subjective measures include a clinical history, sensibility, and sensation testing, pain scales, and Patient Related Outcome Measures (PROMS), global (e.g. EQ5D, VAS pain), region specific (e.g. Michigan Hand Questionnaire, Disabilities of the Hand, Arm, Shoulder, QuickDASH, Patient Related Wrist and Hand Evaluation), and condition specific (e.g. Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire).
15
WILLIEMS, Danica. Physiotherapy Patients Tracker: A Subjective, Objective and Assessment Plan Diary for Physiotherapists, Chiropractors, Physical Therapists and Doctors. Independently Published, 2021.
16
Bowling, Ann. Measuring Health: A Review of Subjective Health and Quality of Life MeasurementScales. McGraw-Hill Education, 2017.
17
Sullivan, Mark D. Health-Related Quality of Life as a Goal for Clinical Care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0005.
Abstract (sommario):
The importance of chronic illness has brought a new focus on patient-reported outcomes of clinical care. Health-Related Qualify of Life (HRQL) is a new goal for clinical care that combines a physician’s view of health as an objective biological fact and the patient’s view of health as a subjective experiential state. The diagnosis of an impersonal and objective disease separable from the patient arose after the French Revolution and helped to delimit the new right to health care. But objective mortality and morbidity metrics are not adequate for capturing the burden of chronic illness. HRQL was invented to capture the burden of chronic illness, but has not been successfully incorporated into clinical trials or clinical care. Chronic low back pain is presented as an example where both objective and subjective metrics of treatment success have failed. We need an openly patient-centered definition of health that is not just a supplement to objective disease diagnosis.
18
Vagale, Inga. Development of Internet Service Quality Assessment and Monitoring Methodology. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227738.
Abstract (sommario):
In the Doctoral Thesis the framework for monitoring and promoting quality and development of broadband Internet has been evaluated, as well as related shortcomings and problems of its actual applicability have been identified. An assessment of end-user's centric internet quality indicators has been performed, and based on mathematical analysis, a concept for determining and reflecting the actual internet service quality values has been developed. Special emphasis is placed on determination of the objective methods for the evaluation of connection speed indicators and definition of measurement principles. The Thesis provides suggestions of determining the areas of insufficient broadband internet coverage, based on the information obtained within the geographical survey, which, in turn, can be used to plan the deployment of broadband networks, thus facilitating the availability of universal service in the country. Study results related to the quality of broadband internet services have been summarised in this Thesis. In addition, it contains suggestions for the implementation of a practical methodology that evaluates the quality of the internet service that is being provided.
19
Hildebrand, Maria, e Ulf Ekelund. The assessment of physical activity. A cura di Neil Armstrong e Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0021.
Abstract (sommario):
Physical activity (PA) is a complex human behaviour that comprises several dimensions, including intensity, frequency, duration, type/mode, and domain. PA outcomes can be divided into two main categories: the estimation of energy expenditure, and other quantifying metrics of PA. Subjective methods, including questionnaires and diaries, are often easy to use, cost-effective and are able to assess type of PA and to rank PA levels. However, they are prone to several limitations and are not able to provide accurate estimates of PA, energy expenditure, or intensity. Objective methods, including accelerometers and heart rate monitors, provide a reasonably accurate quantification of intensity, frequency, duration, and PA energy expenditure. When choosing a method for assessing PA several factors need to be considered, including validity, reliability, accuracy, and responsiveness, as well as the purpose of the study, the population being studied, and the outcome of interest.
20
Tees Valley Environmental Protection Group. Impact of sulphur dioxide releases from Teesside industry on the 15 Minute Sulphur Dioxide Objective within the Hartlepool Council area: Supplementary report to CES Air Quality Model Study for Stage 3 Review & Assessment in the Tees Valley. Tees Valley Environmental Protection Group, 2001.
21
Naji, Abdennasser. Total Quality Management in Education: Conditions for systemic improvement of the quality of learning outcomes. amazon, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37870/979-8694752237.
Abstract (sommario):
This book deals with the issue of the quality of education systems by examining the key factors that influence learning outcomes, and by highlighting in a systemic way the determinants of this quality. I have shown the importance of considering the quality of learning outcomes as the ultimate and unavoidable objective of any education system that aims to be efficient and effective. I reviewed the theoretical bases that concern the politics, approaches and mechanisms of quality management applied to education. I developed a model called Elmandjra, which tries to explain the influence links that can exist between the inputs, the processes and the outputs of an education system, and how they must function to improve the quality of the learning outcomes. To answer the problem of the book, I compared the proposed model to the reality of the Moroccan educational system based on a research methodology that combines discussion within a focus group, and analysis of statistical data and results of international surveys concerning the Moroccan education system. The results of the work made it possible to establish a model for the quality of education systems comprising nine criteria. They also generated 52 indicators which use will enable other researchers to apply the model to the institutional assessment of education systems. I ended my book by presenting the conclusions on the state of the Moroccan education system that the exploitation of the Elmandjra model made it possible to draw, as well as by recommendations to improve the quality of the Moroccan education system, which other countries can to be inspired to improve theirs.
22
Fleurbaey, Marc. Equivalent Income. A cura di Matthew D. Adler e Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.15.
Abstract (sommario):
The notion of equivalent income has been elaborated in the specialized context of comparing living standards of individuals in different situations regarding non-income attributes (household size, quality of life, market prices). It is defined as the income that would provide the same satisfaction as the current situation if the non-income attributes took particular reference values. Beyond the comparison of living standards, it deserves to be considered as a philosophically promising solution to the problem of interpersonal comparisons of well-being, for the context of social welfare evaluation. It appears indeed attractive when interpersonal comparisons are meant to respect individual preferences while focusing on objective functionings rather than subjective levels of satisfaction or happiness. In this chapter it is scrutinized and compared to alternative approaches: extended preferences, subjective well-being, capabilities.
23
Winner, Ellen. Is It Good? Or Just Familiar? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863357.003.0008.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter examines the philosophical question of whether aesthetic judgments have truth value or are simply subjective matters of opinion. Whether or not such judgments do have any objective basis, lay people believe that such judgments have no objective basis, classifying them as mere matters of opinion. What then determine our aesthetic preferences? Psychologist James Cutting aims to show that the answer is familiarity: the more familiar we become with a work, the more we value it, and the more we value it, the more we look at it, deepening our familiarity. An alternative interpretation of Cutting’s research is put forward: works make it into the canon because they are of higher objective quality than works that did not make it into the canon. This would explain why some works have withstood the test of time, and have been and continue to be valued for centuries by people from many different artistic cultures.
24
Mulraney, Melissa, Emma Sciberras e Michel Lecendreux. ADHD and sleep. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0030.
Abstract (sommario):
The chapter ‘ADHD and sleep’ provides an overview of what is known about sleep in children with ADHD. The chapter begins by discussing normal sleep patterns across the lifespan, how sleep is regulated, and the consequences of insufficient sleep. It then reviews the literature relating to the prevalence and potential causes of sleep problems in children with ADHD. The chapter then provides an overview of both subjective and objective assessment methods of sleep in children with ADHD before reviewing the evidence for and providing recommendations for treatment of sleep problems in children with ADHD. The chapter concludes with suggestions for the future.
25
Badger, Terry, e Chris Segrin. Female Caregivers of Male Cancer Patients (DRAFT). A cura di Youngmee Kim e Matthew J. Loscalzo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190462253.003.0007.
Abstract (sommario):
The diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a relationship, rather than an individual problem, because there is a patient and often an informal caregiver. In terms of male cancer patients and their female caregivers, this is most often studied in the context of prostate cancer patients and their female caregivers. Concepts from the stress process model are used to organize research findings on the women caring for their male partners with cancer. This review illustrates how different contexts of care, primary objective stressors, and resources can all contribute to the primary subjective stressors (e.g., quality of life, relationship problems, role demands) experienced by dyads in this context. Interventions to help caregivers as well as directions for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
26
Woods, Stephen A. Job Performance Measurement: The Elusive Relationship Between Job Performance and Job Satisfaction. A cura di Susan Cartwright e Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0014.
Abstract (sommario):
This article reviews recent literature on job performance measurement to examine advances in theories of job performance measurement, and their implications for the practice of job performance assessment. It also considers the antecedents of job performance and, in particular, revisits the issue of whether happy, satisfied workers are also productive workers. The focus in the article is on measuring the job performance of individuals and teams, which most commonly involves the use of surveys or rating forms to assess and evaluate employee behavior or job competencies. Subjective ratings may be provided by supervisors, peers, subordinates, or clients and customers. Performance measurement may also make use of data from archival records (such as productivity or absence data), often referred to as objective data.
27
Mackie, Susan, e John W. Winkelman. Depression and anxiety disorders. A cura di Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi e Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0047.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter discusses the frequent comorbidity of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders with specific sleep disorders as well as associated changes in sleep architecture and sleep quality. It includes a review of several of the most common mood and anxiety disorders that are known to be associated with abnormalities in sleep: major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and panic disorder. Changes in objective and subjective sleep parameters, including sleep architecture, sleep quality, and sleep quantity, are addressed in association with each psychiatric condition. The effects on sleep of medications used in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders are also outlined. Finally, the chapter discusses the over-representation in these psychiatric conditions of many common sleep disorders, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and delayed sleep phase disorder.
28
Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher e Sarah Gibbings, a cura di. Publication process. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0027.
Abstract (sommario):
The final phase in the research process is the publication of research findings in a paper in scientific journals. Authors who contributed to the developed work are reported in the manuscript. There are now rules and guidelines to help in improving the transparency for the reporting of authorship and contributorship in papers which are discussed in this chapter The appraisal of the quality of scientific and medical can be difficult. Criteria that had been used in the past included journal prestige, the reputation of authors and institution and prestige and estimated importance and relevance of the research field. However, these factors are both qualitative and subjective. Consequently, there is demand for quatitative and objective indicators for evaluating research that is related to published science. The impact factor is perhaps the most widely used indicator that measures and quantifies a journal’s quality.
29
Henjum, Maggie, e Jodi Young. History and Examination of the Spine. A cura di Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
An efficient model for history-taking and physical examination of the spine using a current evidence-based approach provides the foundation for a targeted assessment and treatment plan. Taking a history and examining the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine may be complex, especially if the clinician does not use a systematic approach for collecting subjective and objective data. Included in this chapter are best evidence strategies for observing a patient’s posture and movement patterns, assessing active and passive range of motion, and performing neurologic testing, strength testing, special tests, and palpation. Special attention is given to test clusters and examination items with strong psychometric properties that provide efficient and accurate examination results. By incorporating these strategies into the history and examination, the examiner should be able to rule in or out particular diagnoses that will direct overall management of the patient’s symptoms.
30
Egreteau, Pierre-Yves, e Jean-Michel Boles. Assessing nutritional status in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0204.
Abstract (sommario):
Decreased nutrient intake, increased body requirements, and/or altered nutrient utilization are frequently combined in critically-ill patients. The initial nutritional status and the extent of the disease-related catabolism are the main risk factors for nutrition- related complications. Many complications are related to protein energy malnutrition, which is frequent in the ICU setting. Assessing nutritional status pursues several different goals. Nutritional assessment is required for patients presenting with clinical evidence of malnutrition, with chronic diseases, with acute conditions accompanied by a high catabolic rate, and elderly patients. Recording the patient’s history, nutrient intake, and physical examination, and subjective global assessment allows classification of nutritional status. All the traditional markers of malnutrition, anthropometric measurements and plasma proteins, lose their specificity in the sick adult as each may be affected by a number of non-nutritional factors. Muscle function evaluated by hand-grip strength in cooperative patients and serum albumin provide an objective risk assessment. Several nutritional indices have been validated in specific groups of patients to identify patients at risk of nutritionally-mediated complications and, therefore, the need for nutritional support. A strong suspicion remains the best way of uncovering potentially harmful nutritional deficiencies.
31
Zahedi, Sohrab. Diagnostic review and revision. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0020.
Abstract (sommario):
The criminalization of people with mental illness is a sad commentary on the United States’ mental health system. Yet, the phenomenon presents the field of psychiatry with an opportunity that is now scarce in civil society: lengths of sentence in terms of weeks to years that allow for in-depth observation and treatment of the inmate with mental illness. A few days in a hospital fails to provide the needed opportunity for a detailed and accurate evaluation. Today, people with mental illness account for more than one million annual arrests and many among these individuals will spend weeks to months in jail before being either transferred to a prison for sentences beyond one year or released back into the community. At its core, psychiatric diagnosis relies on the subjective complaints of the patient and objective signs noted on examination. Considering the chronic and fluctuating course of most psychiatric diagnoses, a thorough assessment also requires a review of past documented behaviors. When someone is hospitalized for a psychiatric condition, the first goal is often observation, followed by diagnosis, and then treatment. Psychiatric hospitals are being greatly constrained in the amount of time available for observation and accurate diagnosis; the correctional setting, as an unintended consequence of mass incarceration, provides an extended opportunity to achieve improved diagnostic accuracy. This chapter reflects on the diagnostic opportunities that a jail or a prison setting affords.
32
Uma análise da percepção docente, gestora e familiar sobre a qualidade da educação básica em escolas públicas em defesa do modelo cívico-militar. Editora Acadêmica Periodicojs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51249/hp07.2021.33.
Abstract (sommario):
The objective of this study was to analyze the perception of teachers, managers and family members of the municipal and state education system in a city in the Metropolitan Region of Recife / PE regarding the quality of basic education, difficulties faced, student performance and the process of implementing the civic-military model in the the public school. 64 subjects participated in the study, which were subdivided into 13 managers, 30 teachers working in elementary and high school and 21 parents / guardians of a municipal school and a state school. The instruments used for data collection were 3 (three) electronic questionnaires developed in Google forms, containing objective and subjective questions, directed to managers, teachers and parents / guardians. Quantitative data were treated statistically by the PRISMA for Windows program - Version 4.03 and analyzed by the Chi-square test, with p <0.05, expressed in percentages, and the data referring to the qualitative evaluation were treated through analysis of content, with data represented qualitatively and expressed in a table. It was found in this study, from the perception of teachers, managers and parents about basic education, that the main problems faced are associated with the low interest of students in studies (69.2%; 76.7%, p= 0.032) and lack of adequate structure (50%, p= 0.038). Regarding the contribution of the civic-military model, the study pointed out the improvement of students' behavior in the family, school and social environment (71.4% p= 0.053), improving the quality of basic education with an emphasis on access, permanence and in learning (66.7% p= 0.036), makes the teacher feel valued (61.9% p= 0.042), contributes to preventing violence in the school environment and improving school performance (66.7% p= 0.024), contributes to the promotion of society's moral, civic and patriotic values (81.0 p= 0.031), and based on the current model (55%; 54.2% p= 0.005) of teachers and parents feel dissatisfied. We conclude that the civic-military model can contribute to reducing evasion, valuing the teacher, improving student behavior, improving the quality of basic education with an emphasis on access, permanence and learning and contributing to the promotion of society’s family, civic and patriotic end moral values.
33
Trepulė, Elena, Airina Volungevičienė, Margarita Teresevičienė, Estela Daukšienė, Rasa Greenspon, Giedrė Tamoliūnė, Marius Šadauskas e Gintarė Vaitonytė. Guidelines for open and online learning assessment and recognition with reference to the National and European qualification framework: micro-credentials as a proposal for tuning and transparency. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/9786094674792.
Abstract (sommario):
These Guidelines are one of the results of the four-year research project “Open Online Learning for Digital and Networked Society” (2017-2021). The project objective was to enable university teachers to design open and online learning through open and online learning curriculum and environment applying learning analytics as a metacognitive tool and creating open and online learning assessment and recognition practices, responding to the needs of digital and networked society. The research of the project resulted in 10 scientific publications and 2 studies prepared by Vytautas Magnus university Institute of Innovative Studies research team in collaboration with their international research partners from Germany, Spain and Portugal. The final stage of the research attempted creating open and online learning assessment and recognition practices, responding to the learner needs in contemporary digital and networked society. The need for open learning recognition has been increasing during the recent decade while the developments of open learning related to the Covid 19 pandemics have dramatically increased the need for systematic and high-quality assessment and recognition of learning acquired online. The given time also relates to the increased need to offer micro-credentials to learners, as well as a rising need for universities to prepare for micro-credentialization and issue new digital credentials to learners who are regular students, as well as adult learners joining for single courses. The increased need of all labour - market participants for frequent and fast renewal of competences requires a well working and easy to use system of open learning assessment and recognition. For learners, it is critical that the micro-credentials are well linked to national and European qualification frameworks, as well as European digital credential infrastructures (e.g., Europass and similar). For employers, it is important to receive requested quality information that is encrypted in the metadata of the credential. While for universities, there is the need to properly prepare institutional digital infrastructure, organizational procedures, descriptions of open learning opportunities and virtual learning environments to share, import and export the meta-data easily and seamlessly through European Digital Hub service infrastructures, as well as ensure that academic and administrative staff has digital competencies to design, issue and recognise open learning through digital and micro-credentials. The first chapter of the Guidelines provides a background view of the European Qualification Framework and National Qualification frameworks for the further system of gaining, stacking and modelling further qualifications through open online learning. The second chapter suggests the review of current European policy papers and consultations on the establishment of micro-credentials in European higher education. The findings of the report of micro-credentials higher education consultation group “European Approach to Micro-credentials” is shortly introduced, as well as important policy discussions taking place. Responding to the Rome Bologna Comunique 2020, where the ministers responsible for higher education agreed to support lifelong learning through issuing micro-credentials, a joint endeavour of DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion and DG Research and Innovation resulted in one of the most important political documents highlighting the potential of micro-credentials towards economic, social and education innovations. The consultation group of experts from the Member States defined the approach to micro-credentials to facilitate their validation, recognition and portability, as well as to foster a larger uptake to support individual learning in any subject area and at any stage of life or career. The Consultation Group also suggested further urgent topics to be discussed, including the storage, data exchange, portability, and data standards of micro-credentials and proposed EU Standard of constitutive elements of micro-credentials. The third chapter is devoted to the institutional readiness to issue and to recognize digital and micro-credentials. Universities need strategic decisions and procedures ready to be enacted for assessment of open learning and issuing micro-credentials. The administrative and academic staff needs to be aware and confident to follow these procedures while keeping the quality assurance procedures in place, as well. The process needs to include increasing teacher awareness in the processes of open learning assessment and the role of micro-credentials for the competitiveness of lifelong learners in general. When the strategic documents and procedures to assess open learning are in place and the staff is ready and well aware of the processes, the description of the courses and the virtual learning environment needs to be prepared to provide the necessary metadata for the assessment of open learning and issuing of micro-credentials. Different innovation-driven projects offer solutions: OEPass developed a pilot Learning Passport, based on European Diploma Supplement, MicroHE developed a portal Credentify for displaying, verifying and sharing micro-credential data. Credentify platform is using Blockchain technology and is developed to comply with European Qualifications Framework. Institutions, willing to join Credentify platform, should make strategic discussions to apply micro-credential metadata standards. The ECCOE project building on outcomes of OEPass and MicroHE offers an all-encompassing set of quality descriptors for credentials and the descriptions of learning opportunities in higher education. The third chapter also describes the requirements for university structures to interact with the Europass digital credentials infrastructure. In 2020, European Commission launched a new Europass platform with Digital Credential Infrastructure in place. Higher education institutions issuing micro-credentials linked to Europass digital credentials infrastructure may offer added value for the learners and can increase reliability and fraud-resistant information for the employers. However, before using Europass Digital Credentials, universities should fulfil the necessary preconditions that include obtaining a qualified electronic seal, installing additional software and preparing the necessary data templates. Moreover, the virtual learning environment needs to be prepared to export learning outcomes to a digital credential, maintaining and securing learner authentication. Open learning opportunity descriptions also need to be adjusted to transfer and match information for the credential meta-data. The Fourth chapter illustrates how digital badges as a type of micro-credentials in open online learning assessment may be used in higher education to create added value for the learners and employers. An adequately provided metadata allows using digital badges as a valuable tool for recognition in all learning settings, including formal, non-formal and informal.
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Thomas, Ayanna K., Meeyeon Lee e Gregory Hughes. Introspecting on the Elusive. A cura di John Dunlosky e Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.16.
Abstract (sommario):
The state of knowing in the absence of knowledge is a peculiar metacognitive phenomenon that intuitively implies that we are able to introspect on memory processes of search, storage, and retrieval. The ability to make this assessment suggests that we may be able to use certain cues to assess the quality of knowledge that may be hidden from conscious view. The focus of this chapter is the uncanny metacognitive state of the feeling of knowing (FOK). We examine the theoretical questions that have motivated research into this phenomenon. These questions are viewed through a historical perspective, allowing for a more complete understanding of how research into this subjective state has evolved. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the present state of the field, examines neurocognitive mechanisms, reviews the questions that presently concern FOK researchers, and proposes an applied direction for future research.
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Reifen – Fahrwerk – Fahrbahn. VDI Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023563.
Abstract (sommario):
Der Bericht ist ausschließlich als PDF-Dokument erschienen! Inhalt Anforderungen der „Neuen Mobilität” Reifen für Elektrofahrzeuge: Wie neue Anforderungen die Reifenentwicklung beeinflussen 1 D. Bäuning, J. Buschmeier, C. Strübel, A. Tsotras, B. Wies, Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH Development of lane-precise “Ground Truth” maps for the objective Quality Assessment of automated driving functions 15 S. Keidler, J. Haselberger, K. Mayannavar, B. Schick, University of Applied Science Kempten, Kempten; D. Schneider, University of Applied Science Kempten, Kempten, AVL Deutschland GmbH, Karlsruhe Fahrwerksauslegung Automatisierte Gewichtkontrolle von Schwerverkehr basierend auf dynamischer Achslastverwiegung 35 M. Moharekpour, M. Heetkamp, A. Ueckermann, D. Wegener, D. Kemper, L. Eckstein, M. Oeser, Institut für Straßenbauwesen (isac), RWTH Aachen University Auslegungs- und Optimierungsmethode von Verbundlenkerachsen 59 X. Fang, J. Olschewski, K. Tan, Lehrstuhl für F...
36
Coole, Diana. Population, Environmental Discourse, and Sustainability. A cura di Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer e David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.35.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter considers the relationship between population growth and environmental sustainability. This is presented as both an objective, material issue of demographic change and environmental resources and a normative one regarding the quality of life. The discussion begins with Maltuhusian arguments popular in the mid-twentieth century limits to growth discourses, continues with an overview of the 1970s opposition to this discourse, and concludes with an assessment of the challenges that both a growing population and a legacy of racist and misogynist discourse advocating limits to population pose for contemporary efforts to achieve sustainable development. While the chapter is sympathetic to the environmentalist claim that any ecological problem is harder to solve with more people, it finds few signs that any politically or ethically acceptable framework exists that would allow current environmental theorists to advocate population stabilization strategies.
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Hepburn, Cameron, Alexander Pfeiffer e Alexander Teytelboym. Green Growth. A cura di Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler e Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.44.
Abstract (sommario):
Debates about whether limits to economic growth are necessary or desirable have moved on to discussions about the type and quality of economic growth. The notion of ‘green growth’ has become widely adopted as a core objective of international institutions and national governments. The concept of ‘green growth’ is used flexibly and its definition contested. Green growth is defined as long-run increases in gross domestic product alongside the enhancement of natural capital. An analysis is undertaken that dismisses some environmental concerns, and instead leads to a focus on others. Theoretical economics of green growth are reviewed. The chapter observes that implementation of policies in the real world is far from the theoretical ‘optimal’ in narrow economic models. Developing practical green growth policies for the Anthropocene will require a careful and different approach to technology, markets, and prices, a realistic assessment of political economy constraints, and an acceptance of pragmatic solutions.
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Williams, Jerry R. Diagnostic radiology equipment. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0012.
Abstract (sommario):
The chapter is concerned with the features of radiographic and fluoroscopic equipment that present radiation protection issues for both patients and staff. These are managed through regulation, manufacturing standards, and adherence to safe working practices. It is different for patients who are deliberately irradiated in accordance with justification protocols not considered here. Radiation protection is based on the ALARP principle which requires the resultant dose to be minimized consistent with image quality is sufficient to provide accurate and safe diagnosis. Dose minimization is critically dependent on detector efficiency. Quality control of dose for individual examinations is particularly important to provide assurance of ALARP. It should include not only patient dose assessment but also detector dose indicators, particularly in radiography. These issues are discussed in detail together with other dose-saving features and discussion on objective methods of image quality assessment. Commissioning and lifetime tests are required for quality assurance programmes. These are described.
39
Cobb, Casey D., e Gene V. Glass. Public and Private Education in America. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216002970.
Abstract (sommario):
This title will give students and other readers a clear understanding of the true state of public and private education systems in the United States by refuting falsehoods, misunderstandings, and exaggerations—and confirming the validity of other assertions. This work is part of a series that uses evidence-based documentation to examine the veracity of claims and beliefs about high-profile issues in American culture and politics. Each book in the Contemporary Debates series is intended to puncture rather than perpetuate myths that diminish our understanding of important policies and positions; to provide needed context for misleading statements and claims; and to confirm the factual accuracy of other assertions. This particular volume examines beliefs, claims, and myths about public and private K–12 education in the United States. Issues covered include categories of public and private schools and variations in academic performance and socioeconomic status therein; controversies surrounding school choice, including school vouchers and charter schools; accountability and assessment of private and public schools; debates about school environment, safety, and curricula; and teacher and administrator quality. All of these issues are examined in individualized entries, with objective responses grounded in up-to-date evidence.
40
Ng, Wan-Fai, Arjan Vissink, Elke Theander e Francisco Figueiredo. Sjögren’s syndrome—management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0128.
Abstract (sommario):
Management of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) encompasses confirmation of diagnosis, disease assessment, and treatment of glandular and systemic manifestations including special situations such as pregnancy and SS-related lymphoma. The American European Consensus Group classification criteria 2002 are the current gold standard for the diagnosis of SS. Salivary gland sialometry, sialochemistry, and ultrasound and tear osmolarity may be useful adjuncts. Symptoms of SS are non-specific and must be actively explored. When assessing patients with SS, it is important to consider not only objective parameters such as abnormalities in blood tests and changes in tear and salivary flow, but also patient-reported outcome measures and impact on quality of life. Current management of patients with SS is hampered by the lack of evidence-based strategies. The symptoms experienced by patients with SS are often not fully appreciated by clinicians, which may contribute to the suboptimal management of the condition. Management of fatigue remains a major challenge and a holistic, multidisciplinary approach is recommended. Factors that may contribute to fatigue should be fully addressed. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of SS have informed more targeted therapeutic strategies with some promising data. Optimal management of SS requires expertise from different disciplines. Combined clinics with rheumatology, oral medicine, and ophthalmology input will improve care and communications as well as reduce the number of clinic visits for patients and healthcare-related cost. Effective link between pSS specialists, dentists, opticians, and general practitioners will facilitate early diagnosis and reduce risk of long-term disability of SS.
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Ng, Wan-Fai, Arjan Vissink, Elke Theander e Francisco Figueiredo. Sjögren’s syndrome—management. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0128_update_001.
Abstract (sommario):
Management of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) encompasses confirmation of diagnosis, disease assessment, and treatment of glandular and systemic manifestations including special situations such as pregnancy and SS-related lymphoma. The American European Consensus Group (AECG) classification criteria 2002 are the current gold standard for the diagnosis of SS. Salivary gland sialometry, sialochemistry, and ultrasound and tear osmolarity may be useful adjuncts. Recently, preliminary classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology have been introduced as an alternative to the AECG criteria. Symptoms of SS are non-specific and must be actively explored. When assessing patients with SS, it is important to consider not only objective parameters such as abnormalities in blood tests and changes in tear and salivary flow, but also patient-reported outcome measures and impact on quality of life. Current management of patients with SS is hampered by the lack of evidence-based strategies. The symptoms experienced by patients with SS are often not fully appreciated by clinicians, which may contribute to the suboptimal management of the condition. Management of fatigue remains a major challenge and a holistic, multidisciplinary approach is recommended. Factors that may contribute to fatigue should be fully addressed. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of SS have informed more targeted therapeutic strategies with some promising data. Optimal management of SS requires expertise from different disciplines. Combined clinics with rheumatology, oral medicine, and ophthalmology input will improve care and communications as well as reduce the number of clinic visits for patients and healthcare-related cost. Effective link between pSS specialists, dentists, opticians, and general practitioners will facilitate early diagnosis and reduce risk of long-term disability of SS.
42
Aguilera-Cobos, Lorena, Rebeca Isabel-Gómez e Juan Antonio Blasco-Amaro. Efectividad de la limitación de la movilidad en la evolución de la pandemia por Covid-19. AETSA Área de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias de Andalucía, Fundación Progreso y salud. Consejería de Salud y Familias. Junta de Andalucía, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52766/pyui7071.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction During the Covid-19 pandemic, non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) aimed to minimise the spread of the virus as much as possible to avoid the most severe cases and the collapse of health systems. These measures included mobility restrictions in several countries, including Spain. Objective To assess the impact of mobility constraints on incidence, transmission, severe cases and mortality in the evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic. These constraints include: • Mandatory home confinement. • - Recommendation to stay at home. • - Perimeter closures for entry and/or exit from established areas. • - Restriction of night-time mobility (curfew). Methodology Systematic literature review, including documents from official bodies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The following reference databases were consulted until October 2021 (free and controlled language): Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, TripDB, Epistemonikos, Royal college of London, COVID-end, COVID-19 Evidence Reviews, WHO, ECDC and CDC. Study selection and quality analysis were performed by two independent researchers. References were filtered firstly by title and abstract and secondly by full text in the Covidence tool using a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. Synthesis of the results was done qualitatively. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the AMSTAR-II tool. Results The literature search identified 642 studies, of which 38 were excluded as duplicates. Of the 604 potentially relevant studies, 12 studies (10 systematic reviews and 2 official agency papers) were included in the analysis after filtering. One of the official agency papers was from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the other paper was from the Ontario Agency for Health Promotion and Protection (OHP). The result of the quality assessment with the AMSTAR-II tool of the included systematic reviews was: 3 reviews of moderate quality, 6 reviews of low quality and 1 review of critically low quality. The interventions analysed in the included studies were divided into 2 categories: the first category comprised mandatory home confinement, recommendation to stay at home and curfew, and the second category comprised perimeter blocking of entry and/or exit (local, cross-community, national or international). This division is because the included reviews analysed the measures of mandatory home confinement, advice to stay at home and curfew together without being able to carry out a disaggregated analysis. The included systematic reviews for the evaluation of home confinement, stay-at-home advice and curfew express a decrease in incidence levels, transmission and severe cases following the implementation of mobility limitation interventions compared to the no measure comparator. These conclusions are supported by the quantitative or qualitative results of the studies they include. All reviews also emphasise that to increase the effectiveness of these restrictions it is necessary to combine them with other public health measures. In the systematic reviews included for the assessment of entry and/or exit perimeter closure, most of the studies included in the reviews were found to be modelling studies based on mathematical models. All systematic reviews report a decrease in incidence, transmission and severe case levels following the implementation of travel restriction interventions. The great heterogeneity of travel restrictions applied, such as travel bans, border closures, passenger testing or screening, mandatory quarantine of travellers or optional recommendations for travellers to stay at home, makes data analysis and evaluation of interventions difficult. Conclusions Mobility restrictions in the development of the Covid-19 pandemic were one of the main NPI measures implemented. It can be concluded from the review that there is evidence for a positive impact of NPIs on the development of the COVID-19 pandemic. The heterogeneity of the data from the included studies and their low quality make it difficult to assess the effectiveness of mobility limitations in a disaggregated manner. Despite this, all the included reviews show a decrease in incidence, transmission, hospitalisations and deaths following the application of the measures under study. These measures are more effective when the restrictions were implemented earlier in the pandemic, were applied for a longer period and were more rigorous in their application.
43
Wajdzik, Marek. Zmienność cech fenotypowych samców sarny europejskiej (Capreolus capreolus L.) na tle gospodarowania jej populacją w północno-zachodniej Małopolsce. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-45-8.
Abstract (sommario):
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the individual quality of male European roe deer by statistical analysis of antler traits, craniometric characters, and age of hunter-harvested bucks. Those measurements enabled a reliable assessment of antler quality, changes in carcass weight with age and between hunting seasons, as well as phenotypic traits depending on habitat (percentage forest cover, geographic mesoregion). The work also aimed to assess the effectiveness of deer population management in the Cracow Region of the Polish Hunting Association and determine the potential of that population based on analysis of medal-quality roebucks harvested there over the past 10 years. The study involved data concerning roe deer in the 60 hunting districts comprising the Cracow Region for the 2008/2009-2017/2018 hunting seasons. The study material consisted of data concerning antlers from 8132 roebucks taken over that decade, such as the age of hunted roebucks, hunting district, hunt date, carcass weight, as well as the gross weight and form of antlers. A detailed evaluation of antler quality was conducted using records for 2874 individuals, including 284 medal-quality antlers, harvested in the 2014/2015-2016/2017 seasons. The trophies were evaluated in accordance with the criteria of the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC) and were subjected to craniometric analysis. For a comprehensive examination of roe deer quality in the Cracow Region, the study analyzed gamekeeping data, that is, annual hunting plans of the Polish Hunting Association, for the period 2008/2009-2017/2018. Several gamekeeping indicators were calculated based on those data to evaluate the effects of roe deer management and gamekeeping practices. The studied antler traits (mean beam length, antler weight and volume, CIC scores) as well as carcass weight culminated in 6-year-old individuals. In turn cra-niometric traits (skull length and width) increased significantly until the 4th year of life, while the width of pedicles increased throughout the life of the individual. The development of antlers over time was characterized by a declining rate of growth for all the analyzed parameters. The highest growth rate (more than 100%) was found between the second and third years of life in terms of antler weight and volume, as well as front tine length. Antler quality in terms of overall CIC scores was to the greatest extent affected by weight and volume. The combined contribution of these factors increased with age, and ranged from 63.9% in the youngest individuals to 74.6% in the oldest ones. Within the study area, the individual quality of roe deer varied depending on the forest cover and mesoregion. Roebucks with the lowest carcass and antler weight occurred in hunting districts with a forest cover exceeding 40%, while the highest values of those parameters were found in districts with 5% forest cover or less. In open-land areas, the share of medal-quality roebucks in the total number of harvested males was higher, at approx. 5%, as compared to 1.29% in the woodlands. The carcass and antler weight of roebucks taken in the Cracow Region was higher than that of roebucks harvested in western Poland, similar to the Kielce Region, and lower than that for the Lublin and Krosno Regions, which is in keeping with Bergmann's ecogeographical rule. Analysis of carcass weight throughout the hunting season showed that the most pronounced rutting activity was observed for individuals 6 years of age and older, which lost as much as 6% of their weight. Over the ten-year period of study, the roebucks harvested using a uniform set of selection criteria revealed an increase in mean carcass weight as well as antler weight and form, which indicates appropriate management of the roe deer population in the examined hunting region.
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De Laurentis, Giacomo, Eugenio Alaio, Elisa Corsi, Emanuelemaria Giusti, Marco Guairo, Carlo Palego, Luca Paulicelli et al. Rischio di credito 2.0. AIFIRM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2016ppa00030.
Abstract (sommario):
The EBA Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (hereinafter "GL LOM") undoubtedly represent a substantially new piece of the banking regulatory framework. In fact, for the first time, the regulator moves into a topic that was traditionally outside the scope of financial regulation, so far almost exclusively focused on aspects directly linked to both micro- and macro-prudential stability, notably through capital and liquidity management requirements and guidelines on Business Model and Internal Governance. The credit management process, and in particular loan origination and monitoring, has always been typically considered as a business issue under sole responsibility of banks, as it is considered one of the "core" processes (if not the "core" process) of the banking business. As a matter of fact, since the issue of the capital requirement regulation (i.e., Basel II and Basel III), and the introduction of the use requirements for the rating systems, the regulator moved very close, but not yet, to prescribe specific credit assessment criteria, while dictating methodological and organizational requirements for the authorization of the rating systems, and leaving substantial freedom to banks to define their own models and embedded assessment criteria and indicators. With the GL LOM, the regulator takes a further step, remarkably beyond its traditional remit, dictating principles and rules for the evaluation of the credit quality of borrowers. The starting point for this new approach from the regulator can be found in the ECB guidelines on Non-Performing Loans, later endorsed by the Bank of Italy Guidelines for Less Significant Banks, aimed at encouraging banks to define their NPL management processes and establish reduction plans to achieve NPL ratio targets in line with the regulator's expectations. Consistently with the focus on NPL, the regulation on Calendar Provisioning, amending the CRR was issued; as being a Regulation, it involves all banks, and not only significant ones (for which the ECB Addendum also applies). In addition, the new definition of default (the so-called "new Dod") has defined stricter criteria for the transition of exposures to the default status and also made the return of "cured" exposures to the performing status more difficult. The combined effect of these regulatory changes has been to make the default of counterparties not only more probable but also much more "expensive" for the banks. The natural “next step” of these regulatory changes was to "move backward" into the management process covering loan origination and monitoring . The EBA's stated objective with the issuance of the GL LOM is to define "robust and prudent" standards of lending practices so as to maintain a low level of NPLs in the future. Therefore, the focus of the GL LOM is the definition of requirements (some outlined as prescriptions, others in terms of principles) for the creditworthiness assessment of counterparties and for the management of the related data and information. Notwithstanding the fact that the Final Report has articulated the principle of proportionality much more clearly as compared to the Consultation Paper, the GLs set out three macro-categories of counterparties for which specific requirements are defined: • Individuals • Micro and small businesses • Medium and large companies. The GL LOM also provide recommendations about the valuation of guarantees both at origination and during ongoing monitoring, encouraging the use of advanced statistical models. The GL LOM focus on real estate guarantees, while financial collateral is outside the scope of the GL LOM. In the mind of the regulator, the GL LOM should not only reflect industry practices, but also incorporate the latest supervisory guidance on lending, and provide the stimulus to include ESG, AML/CTF and the use of innovative technologies into banking origination and, where applicable, monitoring processes.
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Wojewodzic, Tomasz. Procesy dywestycji i dezagraryzacji w rolnictwie o rozdrobnionej strukturze agrarnej. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-31-1.
Abstract (sommario):
The turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has been a very dynamic period of change in Poland and around the world; also a period of change in thinking about the economy and agriculture. The present work is a study of the decline, divestments and development of agriculture in the areas of fragmented farming structure. The reflections presented herein, upon the processes of the remodelling of agrarian structures, of divestments in farming, and disagrarisation, are mostly anchored in the achievements of the theory of spatial economy (land management), and the microeconomic theories of choice, including the theory of an agricultural holding (farm) and land rent theories. The work focuses on the economic issues of remodelling the agrarian structure, but due to the nature of the issues discussed herein, specifically in relation to family-owned farms, the social and environmental aspects also needed to be taken into account – in response to the need for a heterogeneous approach, which is increasingly stressed in economic sciences today. The main objective of the research was to diagnose and assess the scale and scope of the mechanisms and processes that inform the decline and growth of agricultural holdings in the areas with fragmented farming structure. The study covered the area comprising four regions (provinces) of south-eastern Poland, which – according to the FADN nomenclature – form the macro region of Małopolska and Pogórze. The study of subject literature has been enriched with an analysis of available statistics; data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN); information obtained from the Department of Programming and Reporting at the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture; and author’s own research conducted among farm owners. The information thus obtained made it possible to: • Determine the theoretical premises for the spatial diversity of agriculture, and the role of small farms in the shaping of agrarian structure. • Adapt the concept of “divestment” for the description and analysis of the phenomena occurring in agriculture. • Indicate the role and importance of the processes of divestment and disagrarisation in the restructuring of agriculture. • Assess the natural, social and economic determinants of the process of restructuring agriculture in areas with fragmented farming structure. • Assess selected aspects of economic efficiency of agriculture in areas with fragmented farming structure, with the focus on small and micro farms. • Carry out an ex ante evaluation of the impact of agricultural policy instruments on the process of restructuring of agriculture in the macro region of Małopolska and Pogórze. • Identify the indicators of decline and fall, and barriers to the liquidation of farms. • Assess the relationship between the level of socio-economic development, the structure of farming, and the quality of agricultural production space in a given territorial unit, versus the intensity of the economic and production disagrarisation processes in agricultural holdings. • Propose targeted solutions conducive to the improvement of the farming structure in areas with a high framentation of agriculture. Observation of the processes occurring in agriculture, and the scientific theories created on the basis thereof, have shown that even the smallest farms have a chance to continue in existence, provided that we are able to positively verify their adaptation to the changing conditions in the environment. Carrying out farming activity is a prerequisite for implementing the economic, social and environmental functions associated with family farms. At the same time, based on the analyses performed, we need to assume that the advanced processes of the production and economic disagrarisation of agricultural holdings are to a greater extent determined by the anatomical features of agriculture, and by the natural conditions, than by the level of socio-economic development of the given territorial unit. In the current economic climate, the remodelling of the agrarian structure is only possible with the active participation of the institutions responsible for the creation of economic growth and agricultural policy development. It is extremely important from the point of view of environmental protection, and the viability of rural areas, to support small farms engaged in agricultural activities, and to introduce such instruments that will enable the replacement of an economic collapse with divestments, carried out in a planned manner, and allowing for thus released agricultural resources to find alternative application in units with a higher development potential. The area of theoretical research requiring further exploration includes the issues such as transactional costs of the liquidation of agricultural holdings, and the assessment of the economic effectiveness of conducting divestments.
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Sobczyk, Eugeniusz Jacek. Uciążliwość eksploatacji złóż węgla kamiennego wynikająca z warunków geologicznych i górniczych. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/onermin/0222.
Abstract (sommario):
Hard coal mining is characterised by features that pose numerous challenges to its current operations and cause strategic and operational problems in planning its development. The most important of these include the high capital intensity of mining investment projects and the dynamically changing environment in which the sector operates, while the long-term role of the sector is dependent on factors originating at both national and international level. At the same time, the conditions for coal mining are deteriorating, the resources more readily available in active mines are being exhausted, mining depths are increasing, temperature levels in pits are rising, transport routes for staff and materials are getting longer, effective working time is decreasing, natural hazards are increasing, and seams with an increasing content of waste rock are being mined. The mining industry is currently in a very difficult situation, both in technical (mining) and economic terms. It cannot be ignored, however, that the difficult financial situation of Polish mining companies is largely exacerbated by their high operating costs. The cost of obtaining coal and its price are two key elements that determine the level of efficiency of Polish mines. This situation could be improved by streamlining the planning processes. This would involve striving for production planning that is as predictable as possible and, on the other hand, economically efficient. In this respect, it is helpful to plan the production from operating longwalls with full awareness of the complexity of geological and mining conditions and the resulting economic consequences. The constraints on increasing the efficiency of the mining process are due to the technical potential of the mining process, organisational factors and, above all, geological and mining conditions. The main objective of the monograph is to identify relations between geological and mining parameters and the level of longwall mining costs, and their daily output. In view of the above, it was assumed that it was possible to present the relationship between the costs of longwall mining and the daily coal output from a longwall as a function of onerous geological and mining factors. The monograph presents two models of onerous geological and mining conditions, including natural hazards, deposit (seam) parameters, mining (technical) parameters and environmental factors. The models were used to calculate two onerousness indicators, Wue and WUt, which synthetically define the level of impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in relation to: —— operating costs at longwall faces – indicator WUe, —— daily longwall mining output – indicator WUt. In the next research step, the analysis of direct relationships of selected geological and mining factors with longwall costs and the mining output level was conducted. For this purpose, two statistical models were built for the following dependent variables: unit operating cost (Model 1) and daily longwall mining output (Model 2). The models served two additional sub-objectives: interpretation of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables and point forecasting. The models were also used for forecasting purposes. Statistical models were built on the basis of historical production results of selected seven Polish mines. On the basis of variability of geological and mining conditions at 120 longwalls, the influence of individual parameters on longwall mining between 2010 and 2019 was determined. The identified relationships made it possible to formulate numerical forecast of unit production cost and daily longwall mining output in relation to the level of expected onerousness. The projection period was assumed to be 2020–2030. On this basis, an opinion was formulated on the forecast of the expected unit production costs and the output of the 259 longwalls planned to be mined at these mines. A procedure scheme was developed using the following methods: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – mathematical multi-criteria decision-making method, 2) comparative multivariate analysis, 3) regression analysis, 4) Monte Carlo simulation. The utilitarian purpose of the monograph is to provide the research community with the concept of building models that can be used to solve real decision-making problems during longwall planning in hard coal mines. The layout of the monograph, consisting of an introduction, eight main sections and a conclusion, follows the objectives set out above. Section One presents the methodology used to assess the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is reviewed and basic definitions used in the following part of the paper are introduced. The section includes a description of AHP which was used in the presented analysis. Individual factors resulting from natural hazards, from the geological structure of the deposit (seam), from limitations caused by technical requirements, from the impact of mining on the environment, which affect the mining process, are described exhaustively in Section Two. Sections Three and Four present the construction of two hierarchical models of geological and mining conditions onerousness: the first in the context of extraction costs and the second in relation to daily longwall mining. The procedure for valuing the importance of their components by a group of experts (pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria on the basis of Saaty’s 9-point comparison scale) is presented. The AHP method is very sensitive to even small changes in the value of the comparison matrix. In order to determine the stability of the valuation of both onerousness models, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which is described in detail in Section Five. Section Six is devoted to the issue of constructing aggregate indices, WUe and WUt, which synthetically measure the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in individual longwalls and allow for a linear ordering of longwalls according to increasing levels of onerousness. Section Seven opens the research part of the work, which analyses the results of the developed models and indicators in individual mines. A detailed analysis is presented of the assessment of the impact of onerous mining conditions on mining costs in selected seams of the analysed mines, and in the case of the impact of onerous mining on daily longwall mining output, the variability of this process in individual fields (lots) of the mines is characterised. Section Eight presents the regression equations for the dependence of the costs and level of extraction on the aggregated onerousness indicators, WUe and WUt. The regression models f(KJC_N) and f(W) developed in this way are used to forecast the unit mining costs and daily output of the designed longwalls in the context of diversified geological and mining conditions. The use of regression models is of great practical importance. It makes it possible to approximate unit costs and daily output for newly designed longwall workings. The use of this knowledge may significantly improve the quality of planning processes and the effectiveness of the mining process.