Tesi sul tema "Obésité – Cancer"
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Dubois, Virginie. "Obésité et cancer mammaire : implication du microenvironnement adipocytaire et des adipokines ?" Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF1PP01.
Testo completoObesity is now considered, firstly, as a risk factor for developing breast cancer in postmenopausal women and, secondly, as a risk factor for mortality in response to this pathology. Among the various hypotheses to explain the link between obesity and breast cancer, it is suggested that the adipocyte secretions (ie adipokines), whose plasma levels are known to be modulated in obesity are important. The objective of this work was therefore to assess the overall impact of adipocyte secretions and adipokines of interest to better understand the potential involvement of adipocyte tumor microenvironment in mammary carcinogenesis. In the first part, in order to situate the protein expression of several adipokines of interest in the complex disturbances involving the tumor cell, we have related the expression of these adipokines together and with that of more classical biomarkers of breast cancer (estrogen and progesterone receptor, Bax, Bcl2, Ki67...). For this, we compared, on mammary tumor and normal samples, the expression of leptin, adiponectin and zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG). Cancerous tissue or normal tissue surrounding the tumor express leptin and ZAG and, more weakly, adiponectin, whereas expression of leptin and ZAG is not found in healthy tissue from women without disease. Furthermore, the expression of ZAG and leptin is positively correlated with that of the estrogen receptor, suggesting that there is a close connection between the adipokine and estrogen pathways. In the second part, we evaluated in vitro, on the one hand, the role of overall adipocyte secretions, through the establishment of an original model of "three-dimensional dermis fat" epithelialized in the presence of mammary cells, tumor or fibrocystic, and,on the other hand, the impact of interest adipokines (leptin and ZAG), on different lines of breast cancer cells. We have shown that there is a reciprocal dialogue between the adipose microenvironment and breast cancer cells, promoting tumor growth. Wealso found that leptin and ZAG exert proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects. In the third part, we try to understand the fact that obesity increases the risk of mortality from breast cancer, by issuing two additional assumptions :i) there may be a less effective treatment in situation of obesity related to an interference with some adipokines, and ii) there may be an increased risk of metastasis due to an influence of adipokines on the angiogenic process. Thus, in vitro, we showed that leptin decreases the efficacy of several cancer treatments and increases the angiogenic process and tumor invasion, especially when leptin is used at concentrations reflecting plasma impregnation in a situation of obesity, while adiponectin inhibits angiogenesis, particularly for concentrations reflecting impregnation in plasma in physiological situation. Our results suggest that adipocyte secretions are involved in regulating of breast cancer development and suggest promising ways for targeting adipokines in the prevention and / or treatment of breast cancer pathology, especially in case of overload weight
Dirat, Béatrice. "Les adipocytes associés au cancer : nouveaux acteurs de la progression tumorale : un lien entre obésité et cancer". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/937/.
Testo completoThe tumor progression was recently recognized as the product of a dynamic interaction between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Among the cells type which compose the microenvironment, adipocytes are the ones whose role was the least well characterized, in spite of the fact that adipocytes represent the main component of microenvironment in certain tumor models, as for example breast cancer, or the invasive prostate cancer. The role of fat cells in tumor progression has a great interest because it was demonstrated in epidemiological studies that the obesity is a factor of poor prognosis in numerous cancers. Indeed as shown the results of a vast study led by the Curie institute, patients affected by breast cancer, and who are obese, exhibit more aggressive tumors defined by a more advanced stage and/or lymph node involvment. Besides its function of energy storage, adipocyte is an endocrine cell, able to secrete a variety of molecules including, chemokines, growth factors, pro-inflammatory molecules, which can regulate the behavior of cancer cells. We have shown that the co-culture in 2D for 3 to 5 days, of tumoral cells with adipocytes (coming from in vitro differentiation of the murine cell line 3T3-F442A, or coming from the differentiation of precursors of mammary reductions), induce an increase of the invasive and migratory capacities of tumor cells, this effect being more marked for weakly invasive cell lines. Mice injected with 4T1 co-cultivated with adipocytes, exhibit more lung metastases than mice injected with 4T1 not co-cultivated. Adipocytes, in turn, when they are co-cultivated with the tumor cells, exhibit an activated phenotype. The secretion of pro-inflammatory markers as IL-6; IL-1 ß is increased, as well as an increase of metalloproteases as the MMP-11. IL-6, according to our results is involved in the modification of the phenotype of tumor cells, conferring them, an increase of the invasive capacities. Furthermore, these adipocytes acquire a fibroblastic phenotype that is characterized by a delipidation and a loss of markers of mature adipocytes, suggesting a reorientation of these cancer-associated adipocytes, which could contribute, by means of their secretions to the desmoplastic reaction observed in breast cancers. Furthermore, we also observed that free fatty acids released during the lipolysis of adipocytes, can be uptake and stored in lipid droplets by tumor cells. .
His, Mathilde. "Surpoids, obésité et survie après cancer du sein dans la cohorte E3N". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS422/document.
Testo completoExcess adiposity is a known risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer and studies suggest that excess adiposity is also associated with a poor breast cancer survival. However, only few studies have characterized the type of adiposity involved in these associations, as well as the influence of body size changes during life. In addition, despite the fact that several biological mechanisms have been suggested to explain the obesity-cancer relationship, the influence of other metabolic changes frequently associated with excess adiposity, such as dysregulation of lipid metabolism, is not established.Using data from the E3N cohort study, which includes 98 995 women born between 1925 and 1950 and followed since 1990, we studied the associations between several measures of prediagnosis adiposity, as well as body size at several periods in life and body size changes, and survival after breast cancer. Lastly, we focused on the associations between several serum markers of lipid metabolism and risk and survival after breast cancer, in a case-control study nested within the cohort.A higher prediagnosis hip circumference and an increase in lifetime body size were both associated with a poor breast cancer survival. On the contrary, serum lipids were not associated with breast cancer risk or survival.Together, those results underline the necessity of reducing excess adiposity over the life course as much as possible and of a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the obesity-breast cancer survival relationship
Arous, Caroline. "Obésité, acides gras et cancer du foie : effets de l'oléate sur les cellules de cancer du foie". Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4021.
Testo completoEpidemiological and experimental evidence indicate that high-fat diet and obesity are associated with increased risk of liver cancer. As these tumor promoting actions may involve increased delivery of free fatty acids to the liver, we explored the effects of oleate treatment on signaling pathways and proliferation in HepG2 cells, which are human hepatoma cells prone to develop steatosis. We found that a low dose of oleate increased HepG2 cell proliferation, whereas a high dose inhibited it. In agreement with this, the low and high dose of oleate differentially affected major growth-promoting signaling pathways such as the MAPK or PKB pathways. However, the mTor pathway appeared to be the only one activated and inhibited by low and high dose of oleate, respectively. This suggested the potential involvement of mTor in oleate-mediated proliferative effects. Consistent with this hypothesis and the known role of mTor on translation regulation, the low and high dose of oleate increased and decreased, respectively, the translation of cell cycle regulators. Importantly, the mTor inhibitor rapamycin reduced the translation of those cell-cycle regulators and the proliferation of HepG2 cells in the absence of oleate, but not in its presence. Hence an oleate-mediated activation of phospholipases D (PLDs), which may render mTor rapamycin-resistant through the production of phosphatidic acid (PA), could be occurring. Indeed, inhibition of PLDs with butanol abolished oleate-mediated activation of the mTor pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of PLD restored rapamycin sensitivity of the translational regulator 4E-BP, the latter being the specific component of the mTor pathway to be rapamycin resistant in the presence of oleate. Altogether, our data show that hepatoma proliferation is stimulated through oleate-mediated mTor activation, which is rapamycin resistant. Based on this, we would like to suggest that rapamycin-derived mTor inhibitors will be of limited therapeutic use to treat hepatic tumor growth, particularly in the context of associated obesity
Bougaret, Lauriane. "Obésité et cancer mammaire : Influence des adipocytes sur le processus d'angiogénèse et la moindre réponse thérapeutique". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1PP05.
Testo completoObesity, constantly incrasing, is an established risk factor for breast cancer in post-menopausal women associed with a pour prognosis favoring the occurence of metastases and lower therapeutic response in these patient. Among the various hypotheses explaining the link between obesity and breast cancer, multiple bibliographic arguments suggest the involvement of adipocyte secretions, whose plasma concentrations are modulated in case of obesity, in mammary tumorogenesis. The objectives of thesis were to highlight the implication of adipocyte secretions, in a context of obesity, in the angiogenic process and therapeutic response to hormonal cancer traetments. (...) Adipocyte secretions are involved in the regulation of mammary tumorigenesis which opens up promising preventive or therapeutic perspectives targeting adipokines in situation of overweight
Laurent, Victor. "Rôle des adipocytes périprostatiques dans la dissémination locale et à distance du cancer de la prostate : lien avec l'obésité". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU30140.
Testo completoThe prostate is surrounded by periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), which is the major component of invasive prostate cancer stroma. Clinically, PPAT infiltration by tumor cells is a major histological criterion of poor prognosis suggesting that the PPAT (especially adipocytes) could be a key player in prostate cancer aggressiveness. We have first demonstrated the key role of the CCR3 receptor in driving the migration of PCa cells towards the secretions of mature adipocytes, dependent of one of its ligand, CCL7. Through in vitro and in vivo approaches we have shown that inhibition of the CCR3/CCL7 axis (using pharmacological inhibitors, blocking antibodies, and gene repression strategies) decreased prostate cancer migration and in vivo local dissemination with a more pronounced effect in obese conditions. More importantly, the expression of this receptor is associated with aggressiveness in prostate cancer patients and is a strong predictor of extra-prostatic invasion. Once the tumor has crossed the prostatic capsule, it comes into direct contact with the PPAT and an intimate crosstalk between the two cell types is established. We have shown that co-culture with adipocytes increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. This oxidative stress is due to transfer of lipids between adipocytes (tumor cells-induced lipolysis) and tumor cells that are able to uptake and store the liberated free fatty acids (FFAs). These FFAs stimulate pro-oxidant enzymes expression resulting in a signaling cascade (increased expression of the transcription factor HIF1 that in turns increases the expression of a subset of MMPs (for Matrix MetalloProteinases)) up-regulating tumor invasion. Moreover, in human tumors, the expression of the pro-oxidant enzymes and MMPs identified in vitro is upregulated at the invasive front where tumor cells and adipocytes are in close contact, highlighting the clinical relevance of our results. Finally in obesity conditions, the tumor surrounding adipocytes are more prone to induce tumor invasion through an up-regulation of the identified pathway. In conclusion, our results show that periprostatic adipocytes are able to favor prostate cancer aggressiveness by favoring migration of tumour cells outside of the gland through their ability to secrete chemokines and by establishing a cross-talk once the tumour cells have invaded the adipose tissue that lead to oxidative stress and further amplification of invasive capacities cells. All these effects are amplified in obesity conditions and our work decipher original molecular pathway to explain the emergence of more aggressive cancers in this subset of patients
Guerard, Adrien. "Rôle des chimiokines adipocytaires dans la dissémination locale et à distance du cancer de la prostate : un nouvel axe liant cancer et obésité". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30257/document.
Testo completoProstate is surrounded by periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), only separated by a thin layer of collagen called prostatic barrier. Infiltration through PPAT and prostatic barrier crossing by tumor cells are known as major histological and clinical bad prognosis factors. These observations suggest a key role of PPAT (and mainly adipocytes) in prostate cancer development and invasiveness. First, we identified a chemokine secreted by adipocytes (CCL7) and its associated receptor (CCR3) that contribute to local dissemination of prostate cancer cell and lead them to leave the prostate. Thus, using in vitro and in vivo approach, we showed that the inhibition of CCR3/CCL7 axis decreases local dissemination of prostate cancer with an enhanced effect in obesity context. Moreover, CCR3 expression has been associated to tumor aggressiveness and relapse on patient samples. Beyond local dissemination, bone metastasis is one of the major and deadliest complication of prostate cancer, with only few treatments available. Regarding results obtained in our first work on local dissemination, we focused on medullary adipocytes contained in bone marrow and study whether or not they could chemoattract prostate cancer cells just as PPAT in local dissemination. Using medullary adipocytes samples from patients and in vivo approach, we showed that medullary adipocytes expressed a unique phenotype different from PPAT adipocytes and that they secrete high level of CCL7. This chemokine will lead to directed migration of prostate cancer cells towards bone metastatic site through CCR3/CCL7 axis. By inhibiting this axis, we observed a specific inhibition of bone metastases formation both in vitro and in vivo, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this axis. We confirmed the main impact of CCR3/CCL7 axis in prostate cancer metastases, using clinical meta-analysis and studies on tumors from patients. Finally, we showed that physiopathological modifications of adipocytes, such as obesity and aging, which are both considered as prostate cancer bad prognosis factors, increase the chemoattraction of prostate cancer cells induced by medullary adipocytes secretions. As a conclusion, our results highlight that periprostatic adipocytes and medullary adipocytes can influence prostate cancer progression by secreting chemokines and leading to prostatic barrier crossing and bone metastatic dissemination. These mechanisms are enhanced in obesity and aging context. This allow us to suggest a new molecular mechanisms enhancing cancer aggressiveness. Thus, our work allowed us to identify CCR3/CCL7 axis as a major axis in the dissemination of prostate cancer induced by adipocytes secretions, acting on both local and metastatic level
Li, Xia. "Role of tumor-surrounding adipocytes in breast cancer chemoresistance : molecular mechanisms and regulation by obesity". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30136.
Testo completoBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women in France, as well as in the European Union and the United States. Although the number of cases observed each year has tended to decrease since 2005, notably due to organized screening, this disease remains the leading cause of cancer death in women. Many studies have shown that tumor progression is dependent on tumor cells but also on the "healthy" cells of the microenvironment (or stroma) that surround the tumor. In the case of breast cancer, adipocytes, the major cell type of the mammary stroma, represent emerging actors in tumor progression. My team is one of the first to have shown that peritumoral adipocytes were involved in the aggressiveness of breast cancers. From the bi-directional dialogue that takes place between adipocytes and mammary cancer cells results some changes in both cell types : (i) the tumor cells "educated" by the adipocytes have increased invasive capacities and greater resistance to treatments and (ii) the adipocytes co-cultured with the tumor cells acquire an activated phenotype with specific modifications such as delipidation, loss of adipocyte markers, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and secretion of proteins of the extracellular matrix, which led us to name them CAA for "Cancer-Associated Adipocytes". Interestingly, the paracrine dialogue between tumors and adipocytes could be amplified in obesity, where the normal balance of proteins secreted by adipose tissue is disrupted. In breast cancer, obesity is associated with an increased risk of occurrence after menopause and a worsening prognosis independent of menopausal status due to increased dissemination (local and remote) and decreased response to treatments, in particular by a greater resistance. The objective of my thesis was to evaluate the role of adipocytes in the chemoresistance of mammary tumor cells. Indeed, resistance is a major limit to the effectiveness of treatments and contributes to the onset of relapses, which are increased in obese patients. Using a 2D co-culture model, we have shown that adipocytes are able to promote pleiotropic resistance (doxorubicin, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide) in various mammary tumor lines, irrespective of tumor type. By taking advantage of the fluorescence properties of anthracyclines, we have shown that this resistance implies an increase in the doxorubicin efflux, preventing it from acting at its site of nuclear action. This efflux mechanism implies an original process involving the major vault protein MVP / LRP (Major Vault Protein / Lung Resistance Protein), a nucleocytoplasmic transporter whose function remains poorly understood to date. Following nuclear drug efflux, it accumulates in cytoplasmic vesicles before before being expelled from the cell via extracellular vesicles. We also showed that this resistance mediated by MVP could be explained by the soluble factors secreted from adipocytes and is amplified in obesity conditions. In conclusion, our findings highlight that peritumoral adipocytes are able to influence tumor progression by promoting chemoresistance via an original mechanism involving the MVP protein, which could potentially become a marker of resistance to treatments. This work may explain, at least in part, the poor prognosis of breast cancers in obese patients and thus could provide interesting therapeutic perspectives, in order to interrupt the deleterious dialogue between adipocytes and tumor cells, particularly in obese patients
Oudanonh, Thiphavone. "Progesterone receptor, obesity and prognosis in women diagnosed with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67944.
Testo completoINTRODUCTION: Studies have shown that prognosis for breast cancer (BC) was worse for obese than normal weight women. This differential survival might depend on the progesterone receptor (PR) status of the tumor. Our objective was to examine whether the association between obesity and mortality varies by PR status among women with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) BC. METHODS: The 3747 women diagnosed at the Center of Breast Diseases with non metastatic invasive ER+ BC between 1995 and 2010 were included in the analyses, and classified according to the body mass index (BMI) (<18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25.0-29.9, ≥30.0 kg/m²) and tumor PR status (PR–, PR+). Hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause and BC-specific mortalities, and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were estimated from multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Effect modification was evaluated on the additive and multiplicative scales using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and ratio of HR, respectively. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 5.9 years, the risk of all-cause mortality was increased on average by 2.76 (95%CI: 1.40-4.91) for underweight women with PR– tumors, by 2.02 (95%CI: 1.43-2.81) for overweight women with PR– tumors and by 2.51 (95%CI:1.67-3.65) for obese women with PR– tumors compared to women with normal weight and PR+ tumors. Similar increased risks were observed for BC-specific mortality. Conversely, risks of mortality were similar for women with PR+ tumors, regardless of BMI. All-cause mortality was modified by PR status on the additive scale for overweight (RERI=0.85,95%CI: 0.18-1.52) and obese women (RERI=1.28, 95%CI: 0.31-2.25), whereas BC-specific mortality was modified for underweight women (RERI=3.57, 95%CI: 0.25-6.88). Similar observations were found on the multiplicative scale. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the higher risk of dying observed among underweight, overweight and obese women with ER+ BC could be related to the PR status of the tumor.
Jardé, Thierry. "Implication des adipokines dans les processus de cancérogenèse mammaire : cas de l'adiponectine et de la leptine". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF1PP01.
Testo completoBreast cancer is a major pathology in women, with one million of new cases detected every year in the world. The understanding of numerous factors involved in breast cancer is absolutely necessary to provide new treatments. A recent hypothesis suggests that adiponectin and leptin, both adipocyte-secreted hormones (adipokines), may be involved in breast cancer development. In this way, we investigated the involvement of adiponectin and leptin in mammary carcinogenesis. We explored in vitro the effects of adiponectin and leptin on numerous breast cancer cell lines. We observed, using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, that breast cancer cells expressed adiponectin and leptin receptors. We also found that adiponectin inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells whereas leptin induced a proliferative response. Numerous genes were regulated by adipokines, including cell cycle, apoptosis, transcription factor and potential diagnosis/prognosis marker genes. We investigated, on same human biopsies, the expression of both adiponectin, leptin and their receptors in breast cancer tissue using immunohistochemistry, in order to determine the local involvement of these adipokines in breast cancer. We observed that adiponectin and leptin were respectively weakly and strongly expressed in breast cancer cells. We also noted adiponectin and leptin receptors expressions in breast cancer tissue. Consequently, these results suggest the involvement of adipokines in the regulation of breast cancer development and give a new approach for breast cancer prevention and treatment
Lazar, Ikrame. "Les exosomes, acteurs clés de la progression du mélanome : transfert entre cellules tumorales et rôle des exosomes adipocytaires dans un contexte normopondéral et d'obésité". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30151.
Testo completoMelanoma is a skin cancer derived from the malignant transformation of melanocytes, cells involved in the skin pigmentation. It is now clearly established that tumor progression results in a dynamic interaction between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Among the different modes of cell communication, the secretion of nanovesicles called exosomes has been extensively studied in the last twenty years and they appear to be major actors in this communication. Indeed, they enable the transport of complex biological material that may impact the behavior of recipient cells. Whereas melanoma exosomes have been implicated in tumor progression and chemoresistance, the mechanisms associated with these processes are little known. The first part of my thesis consisted in the identification of the protein content of melanoma cell exosomes. We identified the exoproteome of seven melanoma lines with various degrees of agressivity using mass spectrometry. The obtained results highlighted the presence of a specific signature in the exosomes secreted by the most aggressive cells. Moreover, this signature was correlated with functional properties of the vesicles. Indeed, incubation of less aggressive cells with these vesicles promoted their migratory abilities. These results show the role of melanoma exosomes in cancer cell communication and in tumor progression. Among the cells composing the microenvironment of invasive melanoma, adipocytes, present in the hypodermis, represent an emerging actor in tumor progression. The group in which I did my PhD was one of the first to highlight the importance of fat cells in breast cancer aggressiveness. Whereas different studies have shown the role of adipocytes in melanoma progression, the mechanisms associated are little known. The second aim of my thesis therefore consisted in the study of the role of adipocytes in melanoma progression. We have shown that adipocytes stimulate the migratory abilities of melanoma cells and that this effect is mediated by exosomes secreted by adipocytes. Interestingly, we observed that these vesicles contain proteins involved in every step of fatty acid metabolism and induce a metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. The increase in tumor cell migration induced by adipocyte exosomes is dependent on this metabolic remodeling. These results show that adipocyte exosome are actors of the deleterious dialogue between melanoma and adipocytes. This dialogue could be amplified in obese conditions and could explain the poor prognostic of this subtype of patients. We have shown that in obese conditions, exosome secretion by adipocytes is increased. In addition, at equal concentrations in exosomes, the effect of the vesicles secreted by adipocytes from obese mice on cancer cell migration is amplified. Adipocyte exosomes could therefore participate in the poor prognosis of obese patients. In conclusion, we have shown that exosomes represent a major player in melanoma progression. The specific pattern contained in the exosomes from aggressive cells could be used as prognostic biomarkers in melanoma. On the other hand, adipocyte exosomes induce a metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and this leads to an increase in their migratory abilities. Understanding the role of adipocyte exosomes in tumor progression could help to stop the deleterious dialogue between adipocytes and tumor cells, particularly in obese individuals
Laamari, Mariem. "Approches moléculaires et cellulaires des effets combinés du bisphénol A, du glyphosate et d’une toxine marine sur quatre modèles cellulaires humains". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS027/document.
Testo completoThe development of obesity and breast cancer is influenced by exposure to environmental pollutants. These pollutants interfere with the normal body function causing changes in cells behavior. They can act each alone or as a cocktail. In this context, we have chosen three pollutants in our project : bisphenol A (endocrin disruptor), glyphosate (herbicide), okadaic acid (marin toxine). We have studied their effect of alone or in combination in cellular models : human breast cancer cells MCF7 and MDA-MB 231, human mammary epithelial cells HME1 and human preadipocytes HWP. In the first part, we have studied the effect of pollutants on cells viability. 2D electrophoresis coupled to MS/MALDI-TOF, measurement of proteins phosphatase activity were conducted to understand pollutants action mechanism on cells viability. In the following part we detected and quantified pollutants in culture medium to determine their pathway of action : extra or intra cellular. Finally, we studied the effect of pollutants on adipocytes life cycle and lipogenesis. Also, effect of secretome from HWP (+/- pollutants) on cancer cells viability was studied
Bastie, Claire. "Acides gras et obésité nutritionnelle. Rôle du récepteur nucléaire PPAR[delta] dans les effets prolifératifs, transcriptionnels et adipogéniques des acides gras alimentaires". Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30063.
Testo completoFatty acids have been suggested to regulate adaptation of adipose tissue to nutrtional changes by controlling both expression of adipose-related genes and proliferation of preadipose cells. This was also illustrated in vivo by the findings that hight fat diets promote hyperplastic and hypertrophic development of adipose tissue and massive obesity in adult rodents. PPAR[delta] and PPARγ are up-regulated during adipose differentiation with distinct time courses. We postulated that PPAR[delta] could control the fatty acid-induced adipogenesis. This was against the reports showing that expression of PPARγ which is expressed during the terminal step and activated by fatty acid metabolites, promotes adipose differentiation. To delineate the potential role of PPAR[delta] in adipogenesis, we have forced its expression in fibroblasts. We showed that activation of PPAR[delta] by fatty acids leads to induction of endogenous PPARγ gene and that activation of the latter by its specific agonists promotes adipogenesis. .
Masson, Olivier. "Cancer du sein et micro-environnement tumoral : rôle de la protéase cathepsine D adipocytaire et de son récepteur LRP1". Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON1T029.
Testo completoThe aspartyl protease cathepsin D, overexpressed and hyper-secreted by epithelial breast cancer cells is a poor prognosis factor in breast cancers and stimulates cancer cell growth and metastasis formation. It also affects the tumor microenvironment, inducing the fibroblasts invasive outgrowth. Our works have shown that the LDL receptor-related protein 1, LRP1, is the fibroblastic receptor for cathepsin D. LRP1 is highly expressed in adipocytes. Clinical studies indicate that obesity is a risk factor in many cancers, including breast cancer in postmenopausal women. During this thesis, we studied the role of cathepsin D and LRP1 in adipocytes, which are the prominent cell type in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancers. Our results indicate that cathepsin D and LRP1 are overexpressed in human and mouse obese adipose tissue. Furthermore, the expression of cathepsin D is increased during adipocyte differentiation. Finally, the inhibition of the cathepsin D and LRP1 expression inhibits adipogenesis indicating their key role in this process. All these results suggest that cathepsin D and its receptor LRP1 could be potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity
Liberge, Gwenaëlle. "Synthèse de molécules nouvelles à potentialités thérapeutiques dans le traitement des troubles du métabolisme (diabète, obésité, prise alimentaire) et du cancer". Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-99-100.pdf.
Testo completoGadéa-Deschamps, Émilie. "Impact de la chimiothérapie sur le métabolisme énergétique des patientes atteintes d'un cancer du sein non métastatique : Mécanismes impliqués et conséquences métaboliques". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF1MM04.
Testo completoToday, women face two strong epidemiological trends: a steady increase in the incidence of obesity, and an increase in the incidence of breast cancer. French women over the age of 50 face these two major public health problems, with postmenopausal obesity increasing the risk of breast cancer by 30 to 50%. Nevertheless, thanks to advances in screening and therapies, mortality is decreasing, and the number of women who have received treatment for breast cancer is increasing.Chemotherapy treatments have many side effects, including a significant change in weight during treatment (gain or loss) that seems to persist over time. Whether it is gain or loss, such weight variation has been associated with poor prognosis for these patients. Since data come mainly from American cohorts with a higher BMI than a European population, the Jean Perrin Center conducted a retrospective study to verify these results in a French population (Thivat et al., 2010). This study first confirmed that a high BMI at the time of diagnosis was associated with a poor prognosis. In addition, the weight change observed during chemotherapy treatment (gain and loss ≥5% of initial weight) was associated with a significant increase in the risk of relapse and death. Nevertheless, the causes of this weight variation and the mechanisms involved in this poor prognosis are still insufficiently understood. The objective of this work is to characterize the variation of weight in terms of body composition and to study the factors of the energy balance responsible for these variations. Biological factors associated with the change in body composition, potentially implicated in the poor prognosis, are also studied. The first chapter consists in a bibliographic review describing the pathology of breast cancer (Part I), the changes in energy metabolism following chemotherapy treatment (Part II), the role of brown adipose tissue in the regulation of energy metabolism (Part III) and finally, the impact of changes in energy metabolism on patient health (Part IV). In the second chapter the results of the studies carried out are presented. The first study, still in progress, is presented as a report, while the next two are in article form. A general discussion of all the results identifies the research perspectives to be considered in order to follow up on this work
Skilton, Anne. "Les liens entre le mode de vie, les facteurs métaboliques et le risque du cancer de l’endomètre". Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10198.
Testo completoObesity is strongly implicated in the aetiology of endometrial cancer, but little is known of the association of other lifestyle and metabolic factors with endometrial cancer risk. This thesis examines the aetiological role of factors related to energy balance and insulin-resistance on endometrial cancer risk. Studies were conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a prospective cohort study comprising about 350,000 women and 150,000 men in 10 western European countries. Several lifestyle factors were examined, including anthropometry, physical activity and dietary carbohydrates, as well as metabolic factors measured in the blood, such as insulin, adiponectin, glucose and lipids. To complement the aetiological analyses, a physical activity validation study was conducted in Sydney, Australia, to explore the validity and reliability of the EPIC physical activity questionnaire, using accelerometers as an objective measure
Lavalette, Céline. "Rôle des facteurs anthropométriques et métaboliques dans la survenue du cancer de la prostate Abdominal Obesity and Prostate Cancer Risk: Epidemiological Evidence From the EPICAP Study Body Mass Index Trajectories and Prostate Cancer Risk: Results From the EPICAP Study". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASR015.
Testo completoObesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome have been associated with the development of several cancers. However, the role of these factors in the development of prostate cancer remains unclear. Many studies have shown divergent results regarding the association between obesity, measured by body mass index (BMI), and prostate cancer, although some studies have found a relationship between obesity and aggressive prostate cancer. On the other hand, positive associations have been reported with prostate cancer risk and waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio, which are indicators that more specifically refer to abdominal obesity. For metabolic factors, diabetes has been negatively associated with prostate cancer, while metabolic syndrome has been positively associated with prostate cancer. In this context, we investigated the role of anthropometric and metabolic factors in relation to prostate cancer risk using data from the EPICAP case-control study, which includes 819 cases and 879 controls. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect detailed information on lifetime weight history and personal history of metabolic diseases. Anthropometric measurements were performed by clinical research nurses during a face-to-face interview. We did not observe an association between BMI and prostate cancer irrespective of the aggressiveness of cancer. We have found an increased risk in men with abdominal obesity, and this risk was more pronounced for men with aggressive prostate cancers. In the analysis of lifetime weight trajectories, being overweight or obese over the life course was associated with aggressive prostate cancer. Although there was no association between diabetes and prostate cancer, a significant inverse association was observed with the duration of diabetes and prostate cancer. We did not find any evidence of an association between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis of a relationship between abdominal obesity and prostate cancer risk, particularly for aggressive prostate cancers. These results could help contribute to the identification of new modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer that may be targeted using primary prevention strategies
Pakradouni, Jihane. "NOV/CCN3, une protéine d'intérêt dans les pathologies tumorales et dans les facteurs de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires?" Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066544.
Testo completoAmadou, Yacouba Amina. "Épidémiologie des cancers du sein en Amérique Latine : analyse du risque associé au surpoids/obésité et aux traitements hormonaux dans une étude cas-témoins au Mexique". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10257.
Testo completoBreast cancer is a major public health problem in Latin America (LA). It has been shown that, overweight, obesity, and hormonal treatments are major risk factors for breast cancer development. However, these associations remain uncertain among Latin American populations. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to fill these gaps by developing studies on the impact of overweight and obesity, and hormonal treatments in Latin American populations. We used the original data from a multi-center population-based case–control study conducted in Mexico. Prior to this study, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis on obesity and premenopausal breast cancer. This meta-analysis shows that, in the exception of Asians, increase in body mass index was inversely associated with the risk of premenopausal breast cancer; whereas, increase in waist-to-hip ratio are associated with an increase of this risk. The results of the case-control study show an inverse association between high BMI and the risk of breast cancer in pre-menopausal women, whereas no association was observed among post-menopausal. However, other anthropometric measures (waist and hip circumference, and waist hip ratio) are also inversely associated with risk of breast cancer in pre and post-menopausal women. Further analysis of body shape evolution throughout life showed significant increase in risk of breast cancer among women with increasing silhouettes size over time. With regards to menopausal hormone replacement therapy, users have a significant increased risk of breast cancer. This study provides new information about the effects of these factors on breast cancer risk, which may be of relevance for the population of LA as a whole
Mahbouli, Sinda. "Etude de l'impact de la leptine sur le statut oxydatif et inflammatoire du tissu mammaire : approche expérimentale in vitro et in vivo - Mise en oeuvre de la technique de détection par fluorescence native". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1PP04/document.
Testo completoObesity is now considered, as a risk factor for developing breast cancer in postmenopausal women and for mortality in response to this pathology. Obesity, which is frequently associated with hyperleptinemia, induces cellular signalling pathways, some of which involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) as intracellular messengers. High levels of ROS contribute to oxidative stress, cellular damages and pathogenesis. Therefore, ROS production associated to obesity could be a major risk factor for mammary carcinogenesis. Furthermore, increased oxidative stress and inflammation characterised by infiltration of immune cells into adipocytes are described. This is associated with a lipid peroxidation and the production of bio-active compounds including isoprostanes.The aim of this study was to determine the impact of leptin in modulating the oxidative and inflammatory status of epithelial mammary cells and in tumor mammary tissue. Moreover, the purpose of this work was to develop a new analysis technique based on native fluorescence detection induced by laser excitation at 224 nm to evaluate the production of bio-active compounds from the family of eicosanoids, involved in the inflammatory process, including isoprostanes.Initially we identified in vitro the leptin effects on ROS production in 3 human epithelial mammary cell models which present different neoplastic status (healthy primary (HMEC) cells, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) in presence of two leptin concentrations (10 ng/ml close to physiological values, 100 ng/ml as obesity level). To better understand the potential involvement of adipocyte tumor microenvironment in mammary carcinogenesis, we secondly explored in vivo the impact of high fat diet (HFD) and of enriched environment (EE) on mammary tumor development. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed with a HFD versus a normo-caloric diet (NC) for 14 weeks. After 8 weeks mammary tumor syngeneic cells EO771 were implanted into the fourth mammary fat pads. Before injection, mice were housed in EE or in standard environment (ES) for 8 weeks. In vitro, leptin stimulated ROS production in dose-independent manner and this increase was dependent of cytosolic O2•- production. This ROS production contributed to a different antioxidative response depending of the neoplastic cell status. Leptin induced the antioxidative enzymes expression and activities such as heme-oxygenase or glutathione peroxidase only in HMEC cells. In neoplastic cells, these enzyme activities did not change whatever the leptin concentration used.Thus, high fat diet promoted mammary tumor development associated with a decrease in body fat and an increase in volume and weight of tumors that was not limited by physical activity. This diet induced a decrease of adiponectin and an increase of leptin plasma level compared to NC diet however, leptinemia was not influenced by EE.The native fluorescence isoprostanes determination method, turned out not to be quite sensitive. Therefore, the native fluorescence of these compounds is too low to allow their detection in biological media used. In contrast, the native fluorescence appears to be a potential cellular exploration tool.Through this work, we have shown that leptin contributes to the onset of oxidative stress linked to the status of mammary epithelial tumor cells. This may partly explained the increase of risk of breast cancer recurrence observed in situations of obesity. The results obtained in vivo eventually will support the benefit of a nutrition intervention to modulate cell response to adipokines stimulation. Ultimately, this study contributes to better understand the integration of signals from the cell environment
Ciucci, Thomas. "Études des mécanismes d'action des lymphocytes T CD4+ dans la réponse inflammatoire chronique associée à la perte osseuse". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4049.
Testo completoChronic inflammation is a deregulated immune response characterized by a too important accumulation and activation of numerous cells, among them CD4+T cells. Inflammatory bone loss is the pathology mostly associated with several inflammatory diseases like Crohn’s disease. However, T cells populations and molecular mechanisms responsible of inflammatory bone loss still reaming unknown. Combination of in vivo and in vitro analysis in mice and human allows us to identify Th17 producing TNF-alpha osteoclastogenic T cell population and mechanisms linking inflammation and bone description. This population is maintained in vivo in the bone marrow and induces, via stromal cells, the recruitment of osteoclast precursors and their differentiation in osteoclast. Lastly, we confirm the presence and the osteoclatogenic effect of this population in human. In low-grade inflammation like obesity, we identify a subset of dendritic cells able to polarize mostly Th17-producing TNF-alpha CD4+T cells that could be responsible of bone loss that is observed in overweight patients. Altogether, our results showed for the first time that IL-17+ TNF-alpha+ cells represent an osteoclatogenic T cell subset witch link inflammation to bone destruction and represent a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in inflammatory bone loss
Lehuédé, Camille. "Rôle paracrine des adipocytes dans la progression tumorale mammaire et la chimiorésistance : sécrétions impliquées et régulation par l'obésité". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30099/document.
Testo completoAmong stromal cells present in breast cancer, adipocytes represent emerging players in tumor progression. Studying the role of adipocytes in cancer is a major interest since epidemiological studies have convincingly established that obesity is associated with a poor outcome for several cancers, especially breast cancer. We demonstrated that some CAFs (Cancer Associated Fibroblasts) present in the breast tumor stroma arise from the "dedifferenciation" of adipocytes upon prolonged stimulation by tumor cells. This population was named ADFs (Adipocytes-Derived Fibroblasts) and was found in clinical samples of breast cancer. We further demonstrated that ADFs stimulate the invasive capacities of tumor cells. Moreover, our results suggest that adipocytes promote multidrug resistance in breast cancer cell lines mediated by an original efflux mechanism. Finally, we demonstrated that adipocyte-induced chemoresistance is amplified by obesity. This work may explain, at least in part, the poor prognosis of breast cancer in obese patients
Jaillardon, Laetitia. "Evaluation du carcinome mammaire spontané canin comme modèle d'étude du rôle des facteurs de croissance et de leurs récepteurs dans l'intéraction entre obésité et cancer du sein". Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ONIR075F.
Testo completoFontvieille, Emma. "The interplay of adiposity and cardiometabolic diseases in cancer incidence and survival". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10194.
Testo completoOverweight and obesity, usually defined by a body mass index (BMI) ≥25kg/m2, are established risk factors for many common cancers, named obesity-related cancers. T2D is also a well-recognised risk factor for some types of cancer; mainly obesity-related ones. While emerging evidence suggests that CVD could also be associated with cancer risk. Those cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) often coexist with cancer, leading to multimorbidity - the simultaneous presence of two or more chronic diseases in an individual. However, it remains unclear how these risk factors, either individually or in combination, influence the risk of cancer or early mortality in patients diagnosed with obesity-related cancers. Firstly, we evaluated whether the association between BMI and cancer (overall and obesity-related) risk differs among adults with and without CMD, in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and UK Biobank (UKB) cohorts. We found that the joint exposure to overweight and/or obesity and CVD was associated with a higher overall cancer risk than the sum of their separate effects. These results suggest that obesity prevention could lead to a greater risk reduction among population groups with CVD than among the general population. In sex-stratified analyses, the additive association of obesity and CVD with obesity-related cancers among men included the null while among women a positive relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was observed. Given these results, we conducted similar analyses focusing on the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, the most common obesity-related cancer in women. Our findings showed that BMI was more strongly associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women with a history of CVD compared to those without. This evidence can inform risk reduction of breast cancer through obesity prevention and risk-stratified breast cancer screening programs that target postmenopausal women with a history of CVD. Secondly, we investigated if the link between BMI and mortality in patients with obesity-related cancers varied depending on CMD status in the EPIC study. Our results revealed that obesity was consistently linked to all-cause mortality in patients with these cancers, irrespective of CMD status. Lastly, we leveraged data from the EPIC and UKB cohorts to assess the association between the onset of incident CVD and cancer risk, both overall and lifestyle-related. We evaluated the relationship between incident CVD and cancer risk by considering the time since CVD diagnosis. Our findings showed a strong positive relationship between CVD onset and cancer risk within the first year following a CVD event, while no association was observed when cancer occurred more than one year after the CVD diagnosis. In EPIC, unlike in UKB, CVD was also weakly positively related to cancer risk when cancer occurred between one and five years after CVD onset. These associations were consistently observed for obesity-, alcohol-, and smoking-related cancers. This work provides a better understanding of how the presence of CMD affects the relationship between overweight/obesity and cancer risk and mortality, and the relationship between CVD and cancer risk. The results highlight the importance of implementing public health strategies to reduce modifiable risk factors, especially excess weight, to decrease the prevalence of CMD, cancer, and both combined
Durand, Didier. "Caractérisation de structures privilégiées dans la conception d'antagonistes d'interactions protéine-protéine : application à la synthèse de molécules dans les domaines de l'obésité et du cancer". Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P637.
Testo completoOne of the challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry in the post genomic area is the rational identification and inhibition of protein-protein interactions. The approach is to incorpor characteristics of privileged structure in the development of inhibitors. This strategy is employed with MCH-R1 antagonists as novel antiobesity agents and with proteins inhibitors of Bcl-2 families as therapeutic agents in cancer. Synthesis of privileged structures: phenyl substituted monocycles (pyridines, piperidines and piperazines) and derivatives of piperazino-azaindolines are described. In vitro inhibition is reported for each compounds, and the structure-activity relationship for each series is discussed. Privileged structures have been successfully exploited throught two different target families and promises to be an effective approach to the discovery and optimization of novel bioactive molecules
Patitucci, Cecilia. "PPARy, a new player in hepatic metabolic adaptation from mouse model to human liver cancer". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB056/document.
Testo completoTumorigenesis is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Overnutrition leads to obesity and fatty liver disease, contributing to increase diabetes incidence worldwide. Diabetes and obesity are independent risk factors for liver cancer development (El-Serag et al., Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2006). This PhD project elucidates the molecular mechanisms linking activated insulin signalling pathway, fatty liver disease and liver cancer development and proposes novel therapeutic strategies. The hepatocytes-specific deletion of tumour suppressor Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a model of steatosis-associated liver cancer (Horie et al., J Clin Invest, 2004). Using this model of activated PI3K/mTOR signalling, our laboratory discovered that the nuclear receptor transcription factor Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) is induced in PTEN-null liver. My group demonstrated that in the liver PPARγ contributes to steatosis and aerobic glycolysis. Its activity specifically requires a downstream effector in the PI3K/mTOR pathway, the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase AKT2 (Panasyuk et al., Nat Comm, 2012). Based on these observations, we hypothesized that PPARγ might be an important regulator of pathological growth and development of steatohepatitis-associated liver adenocarcinomas. In my PhD work, I demonstrated that PPARγ expression and activity is essential for liver cancer in PTEN mutants. Moreover, PPARγ is induced in human samples of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) characterized by poor differentiation accompanied by the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. We could attribute to PPARγ a specific role in tumour formation as it is required for abnormal liver growth and steatosis in mice at pre-tumoral age. In addition, deletion of PPARγ in PTEN mutants protected animals form liver tumorigenesis placing PPARγ downstream of activated AKT2. Analysing human samples of pre-carcinoma lesions characterized by high steatotic rate, we demonstrated that PPARγ transcript levels are increased in a specific subgroup of adenomas characterized by loss-of-function mutations in the Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1α (HNF1α). We identified HNF1α as a novel direct negative regulator of PPARγ transcription. We also revealed HNF1α expression and activity inhibited by AKT2 and thereby inducing PPARγ pro-tumorigenic action. Finally, the sensitivity of PPARγ to natural and exogenous ligands encouraged us to perform treatments to pharmacologically modulate PPARγ activity. Further activation of PPARγ with its synthetic ligand pioglitazione dramatically aggravates liver disease. While PPARγ inhibition by selective antagonist SR2595 allowed to reduce the pre-tumoral and tumoral signs of PTEN-null mice. In sum, our studies in men and mice reveal a novel pro-tumorigenic network of transcription factors HNF1α and PPARγ downstream of activated insulin signalling pathway, suggesting possible strategies for treatment of a subgroup of steatohepatitis-associated liver cancer
Sassenou, Jeanne. "Dépistage par frottis-cervico-utérin dans la cohorte Constances : Une approche intersectionnelle du sous dépistage et une approche chronologique du sur dépistage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASR011.
Testo completoCervical cancer screening is one of the pillars of cervical cancer prevention. In France, until 2019, it was recommended every three years between the ages of 25 and 65. Several studies report social inequalities in screening, to disadvantage of the most disadvantaged women, and discrimination against women who are obese and 1st or 2nd generation immigrants. In addition, over-screening is still a little-studied phenomenon in France. We propose here:1/ to look at how social inequalities change according to body mass index (BMI) and migratory history; 2/ to analyse women's screening trajectories over time and to identify associated socio-demographic characteristics. This study is based on data from over 55,000 women in Constances cohort. Our results show a combined influence of low income and excess weight on the one hand, and low income and migratory history on the other, on screening. The result is a double penalty for overweight and immigrant women, who are both less well screened and subject to greater social inequalities. 70% of the women in our sample are over-screened, screening practices vary little over time. Women who are over-screened have more favourable social and health characteristics than those who are under-screened
Masson, Olivier. "Cancer du sein et micro-environnement tumoral : rôle de la protéase cathepsine D adipocytaire et de son récepteur LRP1". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON1T027.
Testo completoThe aspartyl protease cathepsin D, overexpressed and hyper-secreted by epithelial breast cancer cells is a poor prognosis factor in breast cancers and stimulates cancer cell growth and metastasis formation. It also affects the tumor microenvironment, inducing the fibroblasts invasive outgrowth. Our works have shown that the LDL receptor-related protein1, LRP1, is the fibroblastic receptor for cathepsin D. LRP1 is highly expressed in adipocytes. Clinical studies indicate that obesity is a risk factor in many cancers, including breast cancer in postmenopausal women.During this thesis, we studied the role of cathepsin D and LRP1 in adipocytes, which are the prominent cell type in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancers. Our results indicate that cathepsin D and LRP1 are overexpressed in human and mouse obese adipose tissue. Furthermore, the expression of cathepsin D is increased during adipocyte differentiation. Finally, the inhibition of the cathepsin D and LRP1 expression inhibits adipogenesis indicating their key role in this process.All these results suggest that cathepsin D and its receptor LRP1 could be potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity
Mayi, Thérèse Hervée. "Caractérisation phénotypique des macrophages du tissu adipeux humain : régulation potentielle de leurs fonctions par les agonistes des récepteurs nucléaires LXR (Liver X Receptors)". Thesis, Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S059.
Testo completoX
Dartois, Laureen. "Facteurs comportementaux et non-comportementaux associés au risque de cancer et de mortalité à partir des données de la cohorte de femmes françaises E3N". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T081/document.
Testo completoBackground: Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality among women in France, and the leading cause of mortality among women aged between 35 and 84. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer, with 35% of cases among women in France in 2012. Multiple behavioural and non-Behavioural factors have been associated with increases in cancer incidence and mortality. However, the literature about their combined impact is scarce. Regarding breast cancer, some risk factors differed according to the menopausal status, suggesting a different etiology between premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancers.Objectives: Data from the E3N prospective cohort of French women were used to evaluate the influence of behavioural and non-Behavioural factors on cancer risk before and after the menopause and on mortality. In addition, we aimed at estimating their relative impact on the population and identifying factors with the highest predictive power.Results: Our results suggest a modest influence of the lifestyle on cancer risk and mortality when adhering to only one public health recommendation. However, the influence is substantial with a combined adherence to several recommendations. Behavioural factors play a key role in the occurrence of cancer and mortality risk. Regarding breast cancer, these factors influence particularly the risk after the menopause, while before, their impact is lower than non-Behavioural factors. These observations were retrieved when aiming at predicting breast cancer risk according to menopausal status. Prediction was established by non-Behavioural factors in premenopause, while the prediction in postmenopause was driven by behavioural factors.Conclusion: We have shown that the etiology of breast cancer differs according to the nature of the tumour, and particularly according to the menopausal status of women. Whatever the age, lifestyle influence the risk of cancer and mortality, especially after the menopause when their impact is higher than the non-Behavioural factors’ one. New results from prospective study on younger women are warranted to confirm the results
Charlot, Anouk. "Caractérisation du rôle délétère des glucides dans la physiopathologie de l’obésité et le cancer du sein et rôle bénéfique de l’alimentation cétogène". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ011.
Testo completoObesity and cancer are the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and their prevalence increase is partly linked to our lifestyle. However, the role of the alimentation in their pathophysiology and management remains a topic of debate. In a murine model of obesity, we demonstrated that a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet is responsible for the development of obesity complications, whereas a ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat but low-carbohydrate diet, prevents their development, despite a similar caloric intake. In a murine model of spontaneous breast cancer, we demonstrated that tumor development induces hepatic adaptations with the activation of endogenous glucose pathways. Removing glucose intake through the KD reduces tumor growth but exacerbates hepatic neoglucogenesis activation. Our work highlights the central role of sugar and carbohydrates in the pathophysiology of obesity and breast cancer, indicating that the ketogenic diet, through its carbohydrate restriction, is an interesting therapeutic strategy in their management
Srour, Bernard. "Transformation des aliments et risque de pathologies chroniques dans la cohorte NutriNet-Santé". Thesis, Paris 13, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA131016.
Testo completoDuring the past decades, diets in many countries have shifted towards an important increase in the degree of food processing and formulation. Several characteristics of ultra-processed foods have led the scientific community to wonder about their potential impact on long-term human health. Ultra-processed foods have in average, a lower nutritional quality than unprocessed or minimally processed foods (higher content of saturated fat, added sugar and salt, along with a lower fiber and vitamin density). They often contain food additives, neoformed compounds created during processes, and are often packaged in materials in contact with food from which contaminants may migrate to the food matrix. We investigated within the prospective French cohort NutriNet-Santé, the associations between the consumption of ultra-processed food and risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2-diabetes, overweight, obesity, and weight trajectories. More than 100,000 adult participants were included. Dietary intakes were collected using repeated 24 hour dietary records, designed to register participants’ usual consumption of more than 3,500 food items. These foods were categorized using the NOVA classification according to their degree of processing. Participants were followed, and the occurrence of chronic diseases was ascertained using a multi-source strategy including a linkage to medico-administrative databases.The analyses highlighted robust significant associations between the consumption of ultra-processed foods, and increased risks of overall and breast cancers, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and coronary heart diseases, type 2-diabetes, overweight, obesity and weight gain. These analyses accounted for a large number of lifestyle, socio-demographic, anthropometric, medical, behavioral, and nutritional factors. The associations remained significant throughout all the sensitivity and stratified analyses. Beyond nutritional aspects, various factors in processing and reformulation might play a role in these associations, and further studies are needed to better understand their relative contributions and to establish a causal link. Meanwhile, public health authorities in several countries have recently started to promote unprocessed or minimally processed foods and to recommend limiting the consumption of ultra-processed foods
Cordina-Duverger, Emilie. "Facteurs de risques hormonaux et anthropométriques dans le cancer du sein de la femme : étude CECILE". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T015/document.
Testo completoBackground: There is evidence that menopausal combined estrogen-progestagen therapy increases the risk of breast cancer, but the risk may vary depending on the types of progestagen used. Moreover, the role of progestagen-only therapy in breast cancer has been little studied. Because of French specificities in prescribing these treatments, we analyzed the risk of breast cancer based on these different types of hormone treatment prescribed among women in France.Overweight and obesity are associated with a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer, but increase the risk in postmenopausal period. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and questions remain about the role of weight gain in different periods of life.Methods: This work relates on data from a case-control study in the general population in France, including 1232 cases and 1317 controls recruited among women in two departments of Ille-et-Vilaine and Côte d'Or, between 2005 and 2007. Detailed information on hormonal treatments use, on weight at different periods of life and various reproductive and medical characteristics were obtained during a face-to-face interview. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals after adjustment for breast cancer risk factors were calculated using logistic regression models. Analyzes of BMI trajectories between the age of 20 and the age at diagnosis were performed.Results: The risk of breast cancer was increased in users of synthetic progestagen combined or not combined with an estrogen. This risk was restricted to the recent use of the hormone treatment and increased with the duration of use. Conversely, the natural progesterone based treatment was not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.In premenopausal women, higher BMI and a previous weight gain were associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. In postmenopausal women, only weight gain in the period preceding the menopause (40 to 50 years) was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This association was stronger among women who were lean women at the age of 20 (IMC≤ 18.5 kg / m²), or in older women.Conclusion: This study confirms the carcinogenic effects of hormonal treatments with synthetic progestagen, and the absence of deleterious effects of natural progesterone on breast cancer risk. However, the use of natural progesterone must be evaluated according to the benefits and risks that may result. We could also clarify the relationship between weight gain and the risk of breast cancer, and suggested that weight gain during the period before menopause could be more favorable to the occurrence of breast cancer in post-menopausal
Popineau, Lucie. "Régulation de l’homéostasie métabolique hépatique : contrôle par Grb14 de la sensibilité à l’insuline et influence de la stéatose sur la carcinogenèse". Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T028.
Testo completoThe prevalence of metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, are expanding in a worldwide epidemic way. These diseases are associated with metabolic disorders, resulting in the development of NAFLD (Non‐alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) in the liver. NAFLD is generated by excessive accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes, and is associated with insulin resistance. In liver, insulin resistance leads to a blunted inhibitory action on hepatic glucose production, inducing hyperglycemia, whereas de novo lipogenesis, which is positively regulated by insulin, is paradoxically exacerbated, contributing to hepatic steatosis. Steatosis may also evolve into more serious diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of my thesis was to study the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the selectivity of hepatic insulin resistance and the development of HCC. Initially, we studied the role of the molecular adapter Grb14, an inhibitor of the insulin receptor kinase activity, in the regulation of hepatic metabolism in mice. Invalidation of Grb14 in the liver leads on the one hand to an activation of the insulin signaling and improved glucose tolerance, and on the other hand to a decrease of LXR activity resulting in lipogenesis inhibition. Invalidation of Grb14 in the liver of obese and diabetic mice restores blood glucose levels and hepatic steatosis similar to control values. These data suggest that Grb14 is a new player involved in the selectivity of the insulin resistance in the liver. The second study demonstrated the involvement of hepatic steatosis induced by a high‐calorie diet on the development of HCC. Indeed, on a genetic background favoring carcinogenesis, a diet rich in fat and sugar contributing to hepatic insulin resistance accelerates appearance of tumors and increases their number
Pousson, Jeanna-Eve. "Déterminants du recours au dépistage du cancer du col de l'utérus chez les femmes obèses The determinants of cervical cancer screening uptake in women with obesity : application of the Andersen's behavioral model to the CONSTANCES survey Patterns of gynaecological check-up and their association with body mass index within the CONSTANCES cohort". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS035.
Testo completoUsing data from the Constances cohort, this work allowed to better understand the cervical cancer screening (CCS) uptake amongst obese women by determining the precise role played by their health status and healthcare use, including primary care follow-up and gyneacological check-up. We highlighted that the health status of obese women played a complex role in their participation in CCS: it could be a barrier or a lever. Existing comorbidities were linked to better CCS. This is the result of a quality primary care monitoring but also probably of the woman’s desire to take care of her health. A severe obesity was linked to a lower participation in CCS, whether the woman visited a gynaecologist or not. The gynaecological check-up (characterized with gynaecological cancers screening uptake and visits to the gynaecologist over four years) was described among all women. While normal weight women were often more involved in overscreening, obese women’s gynaecological check-up was more heterogeneous. The differences in the patterns according to BMI were in part explained by the lower socioeconomic situation of obese women when compared to the other women
Brunault, Paul. "Etude des facteurs psychopathologiques associés à la dépression, à la qualité de vie et à l'adiction [sic] à l'alimentation dans le cadre de la maladie chronique à partir du modèle de Wilson et Cleary". Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR2020/document.
Testo completoThis article thesis aimed to assess risk factors for three different health outcome measures (depression, health-related quality of life and food addiction) in two populations (breast cancer patients and morbidly obese patients), by assessing the relative impact of biological and physiological variables (i.e., disease duration and severity, types of treatment used), and individual and psychological variables (i.e., psychiatric disorders, personality). By proposing and putting to the test several integrative biopsychosocial models based on Wilson and Cleary’s theoretical model, we demonstrated that : 1) Depression after breast cancer treatment is more strongly associated with variables related to the premorbid individual and psychological characteristics (i.e., personality and depression before treatment) than to biological and physiological variables (i.e., disease severity, types of treatment used) ; 2) Risk factors for lower quality of life are different depending on the quality of life dimension considered (e.g., physical, psychological or sexual) : biological and physiological variables are associated with physical quality of life ; individual and psychological factors are associated with all quality of life dimensions ; 3) Obese patients with food addiction exhibit some specific psychopathological risk factors. Our work suggest to systematically assess individual and psychological variables in patients with chronic diseases because these variables are important potential predictors for different health outcomes
Wang, Yuan Yuan. "Deciphering the crosstalk between breast cancer cells and tumour-surrounding apidocytes : contribution of cell metabolic symbiosis". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2093/.
Testo completoRelatively little attention has been given to mature adipocytes which are the most abundant cell type surrounding breast cancer. Role of adipocytes in tumor progression might be of major clinical importance since obesity has been shown to be a poor independent prognosis factor for breast cancer. During my Ph. D. , I participated to the efforts of my team to characterize the phenotypical changes induced by tumor cells in surrounding adipocytes. We defined two new stromal cell population derived from adipocytes, Cancer-Associated Adipocytes (CAAs) (present at tumor invasive front) and Adipose-Derived Fibroblast (ADFs) (found in the tumor centre) that stimulate tumor local and distant invasion. During my thesis, I have shown that a metabolic symbiosis is established between cancer cells and CAAs. The adipocytes-derived free fatty acids (FFAs) are uptaken and stored by breast cancer cells to be used for fatty acid beta-oxidation (FAO). Tumor cells need to possess a coupled lipolytic pathway to use the stored FFAs as depicted herein both in vitro and in human tumors. Our results highlight the important and rather unexpected role of FAO in tumor cell invasion in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, my work show the key role of surrounding adipocytes in increasing the aggressiveness of breast cancer and the molecular mechanisms involved
England, Jade. "Identification de biomarqueurs génétiques pour la détection précoce des séquelles métaboliques chez les survivants de la leucémie pédiatrique". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18864.
Testo completoIntroduction. Avec l’optimisation des traitements, le taux de guérison de la leucémie lymphoblastique aigüe (LLA) de l’enfant approche 90%. Cependant, 60% des survivants devront faire face à des complications à long-terme en lien avec les traitements. Ces patients ont un risque accru de complications cardiométaboliques telles que l’obésité, la résistance à l’insuline, la dyslipidémie et l’hypertension artérielle. Alors qu’il est reconnu que des facteurs génétiques contribuent au développement de ces complications, peu d’études ont observé l’impact de ces déterminants chez les survivants. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer les associations entre les variantes rares et communes et le développement des complications cardiométaboliques chez les survivants de la LLA. Méthodes. La caractérisation du profil cardiométabolique et le séquençage de l’exome ont été réalisés dans une cohorte de 209 survivants de la LLA pédiatrique. Les variantes associées avec les complications cardiométaboliques ont été identifiées avec PLINK (commune) ou SKAT (rare et commune) et une régression logistique a été utilisée pour évaluer leur impact dans des modèles multivariés. Résultats. Nos analyses ont démontré que des variantes rares et communes dans les gènes BAD et FCRL3 sont associées au risque de présenter un phénotype dit extrême, soit trois facteurs de risque cardiométabolique et plus. Les variantes communes dans OGFOD3 et APOB et les variantes rares et communes dans BAD ont été associées à la dyslipidémie. Les variantes communes dans BAD et SERPINA6 ont été associées respectivement à l’obésité et la résistance à l’insuline. Conclusion. Notre étude a révélé une susceptibilité génétique au développement des complications cardiométaboliques chez les survivants de la LLA pédiatrique. Ces biomarqueurs pourront être utilisés pour la détection précoce et l’intervention chez cette population à haut risque.
Background. While cure rates for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) now exceed 80%, over 60% of survivors will face treatment-related long-term sequelae, including cardiometabolic complications such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Although genetic susceptibility contributes to the development of these problems, there are very few studies that have so far addressed this issue in a cALL survivorship context. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the associations between common and rare genetic variants and long-term cardiometabolic complications in survivors of cALL. Method. We examined the cardiometabolic profile and performed whole-exome sequencing in 209 cALL survivors from the PETALE cohort. Variants associated with cardiometabolic outcomes were identified using PLINK (common) or SKAT (common and rare) and a logistic regression was used to evaluate their impact in multivariate models. Results. Our results showed that rare and common variants in the BAD and FCRL3 genes were associated (p<0.05) with an extreme cardiometabolic phenotype (3 or more cardiometabolic risk factors). Common variants in OGFOD3 and APOB as well as rare and common BAD variants were significantly (p<0.05) associated with dyslipidemia. Common BAD and SERPINA6 variants were associated (p<0.05) with obesity and insulin resistance, respectively. Conclusion. In summary, we identified genetic susceptibility loci as contributing factors to the development of late treatment-related cardiometabolic complications in cALL survivors. These biomarkers could be used as early detection strategies to identify susceptible individuals and implement appropriate measures and follow-up to prevent the development of risk factors in this high-risk population.
Leahy, Jade. "Mitochondrial dysfunction in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20421.
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