Tesi sul tema "Nvivo"

As responsabilidades que envolvem a atividade do auditor é um assunto muito debatido, principalmente em episódios de fraudes e outros escândalos financeiros. Em geral, são nesses momentos que a função do auditor é questionada, e o mercado atribui determinadas responsabilidades a esses profissionais que podem não corresponder com as suas atribuições (Audit Expectation Gap - AEG). Porter (1990) dividiu o AEG em dois principais componentes: (i) Gap de Desempenho e (ii) Gap de Razoabilidade. O último refere-se à diferença de expectativas sobre as quais os usuários das informações financeiras acham que os auditores devem executar determinada tarefa quando de fato eles não têm a obrigação nem o objetivo de fazê-la. Utilizando o constructo de Porter (1990), este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a existência do AEG de razoabilidade nas decisões de litígios (acórdãos) nos quais as empresas de auditoria figuram como polo passivo. A intenção foi verificar se a diferença de expectativas com relação ao trabalho do auditor fez-se presente nos documentos de conclusão dos processos cíveis e administrativos. Para tanto, foram analisados: 11 acórdãos de processos cíveis, 19 acórdãos de processos administrativos CVM e 4 acórdãos de processos administrativos Bacen, totalizando 34 acórdãos. A metodologia empregada foi a análise documental e análise de conteúdo. Para auxiliar na organização e análise dos dados, foi utilizado o software Nvivo®. Além da análise dos acórdãos, foram realizadas entrevistas com ex-membros do Colegiado da CVM, para confirmar o entendimento de como funcionam os processos de julgamento nesse Regulador, bem como obter a perspectiva desses profissionais diretamente envolvidos em julgamentos dessa espécie. Para o total dos acórdãos analisados, foi identificada a presença de AEG de razoabilidade em 10 casos, o que representa aproximadamente 29% do total. Além da identificação AEG de razoabilidade nas argumentações dos juízes, o gap também foi identificado, de forma muito mais frequente, em diversos trechos dos documentos analisados, como, por exemplo, as argumentações da acusação e advogados envolvidos. Os achados desta pesquisa foram importantes pois a identificação da existência desse gap pôde auxiliar no endereçamento desta questão. A tomada de decisão com base em argumentos equivocados pode não apenas trazer prejuízos para as firmas de auditoria, mas também para o Sistema Financeiro Nacional e setor financeiro empresarial em geral, bem como ocasionar injustiças. Como uma das formas de endereçamento do problema, nos casos dos processos administrativos, sugere-se que a composição do Colegiado e do CRSFN seja diversificada, ou mesmo que tenha a presença de um especialista para casos de julgamentos específicos, como são os casos dos julgamentos que envolvem o auditor independente.
The responsibilities entailed in the work of the auditor are a subject of much debate, chiefly when frauds and other financial scandals occur. Frequently on these occasions the function of the auditor comes into question and the business world attributes certain responsibilities to these professionals that they may not actually have (Audit Expectation Gap - AEG). The author Porter B. A. (1990) separated AEG into two main components: (i) the performance gap, and (ii) the reasonableness gap. The latter refers to the difference between the expectations of users of financial information regarding the specific tasks they believe auditors should perform and the obligations and objectives those auditors actually have. Using the construct of Porter B. A. (1990), this work has the objective of identifying the existence of the reasonableness gap in legal rulings (decisions of appellate courts) in which audit firms were the defendant. The intention was to establish if the difference in expectations regarding the work of the auditor was present in the decisions and opinions of the civil and administrative proceedings. In order to do so, an analysis was made of 11 civil appellate court decisions, 19 administrative rulings of the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários - CVM (equivalent to the Securities and Exchange Commission in the USA) and four administrative rulings of Brazilian Central Bank; 34 judgments in all. The methodology employed was document analysis and content analysis. To aid in the organization and analysis of data, Nvivo® software was used. In addition to analysis of the judgments, interviews were conducted with former members of the CVM board to confirm the understanding of how trial procedures function at this regulator, as well as to gain the perspective of these experts, who are directly involved in judgments of this kind. From the total of the judgments analyzed, the presence of reasonableness AEG was identified in 10 cases, which represents approximately 29% of the total. In addition to identifying reasonableness AEG in the arguments of judges, this gap was also identified, and much more frequently, in various passages of the documentation on the argumentation of attorneys involved in the cases. The findings of this study are important because identifying the existence of this gap may aid in addressing the issue. Rulings based on misguided arguments can not only harm audit firms but also damage the National Financial System and the corporate financial sector in general, as well as causing injustice. As one way of addressing the issue, in administrative cases it is suggested that the composition of the panel and the CRSFN (Council of Appeals of the National Finance System) be made more diverse, and in certain cases even include a specialist, such as when judgments involve an independent auditor.

The 1990's saw a rapid growth in the use of Enterprise Systems by organisations to undertake quick and strategic decisions. Significant to the use of Enterprise systems, is their implementation in the organisation. The increased use of paper documents in government organisations and the augmented implementation rate of Electronic Document Management Systems within government organisations in New Zealand, is what triggered this research and subsequently the framing of the research objectives and thereby the research question. This research encompasses the factors which affect the implementation process of an Enterprise Document Management System and thereby render it a success or a failure. The study used an ethnographic approach in order to introduce rigour in the research. The data was collected by conducting eight semi-structured interviews at the client organisation. The interviews were transcribed and later coded using an open - coding methodology. A thematic analysis based schema was developed to later analyse the coded data.The research found that, factors such as change management, behaviour management / emotions, communication, implementation process approach and system functionality had profound effects on the implementation success of the Electronic Document Management System in the research organisation. The thesis has been mostly written in the first person to represent the author's interpretation of the implementation process and its related factors.

Australia's Modern Slavery Act 2018 (Cth) (MSA) mandates businesses earning more than AU$ 100 million to make certain public disclosures, annually. By enacting the MSA, the Australian Parliament aims to assist businesses to prevent and address modern slavery in their operations and supply chains. However, there are questions about the likely efficacy of adopting disclosure-based laws in response to the systemic issue of modern slavery. First, though the term ‘modern slavery’ is broadly defined in the MSA, usage of the term itself is debated. Second, extant literature has identified assumptions in enacting effective disclosure-based regulations as well as their limitations. My thesis discusses the literature on modern slavery and the debate in using the term before empirically analysing disclosures made pursuant to the MSA. Guided by disclosure-based regulation theories, I have analysed the disclosures made by large Australian companies, the ASX 100, pursuant to a key obligation under the MSA, in section 16(1)(d), for a specific period. These disclosures pertain to the companies’ actions for assessing and addressing modern slavery risks in their operations and supply chains, any due diligence conducted, and remedial processes made available during the reporting period. Using NVIVO, I evaluate whether the information disclosed by the resource rich ASX 100 can meet the Australian Government’s assumptions in enacting a disclosure-based regulation in response to modern slavery in business. Having identified limitations in the disclosures I recommend reforms that may strengthen the MSA and make it effective at targeting modern slavery in business.

This thesis examines the life experiences of a sample of women in English prisons. It is focused on developing a greater understanding of the experiences and needs of women in prison in areas where the research literature is lacking, or where women s experiences are not yet fully understood. The research is set within the context of significant increases in the women s prison population, developments in policy and practice relating to the treatment of women offenders, and recent reports from the Ministry of Justice that the UK government lacks a thorough understanding of the needs of women in prison. Approved by HM Prison Service National Research Committee, the research includes review of Offender Assessment System records and in-depth interviews with 43 women from three English prisons. Adopting a primarily qualitative approach, the data are thematically analysed with the aid of NVivo to explore women s experiences in childhood and growing up; adult life circumstances; parenthood; alcohol and drug use; mental health; and experiences within prison. Key findings from the research suggest that for many women in prison their past experiences are specific responsivity factors that require focused input in order to tackle the reasons underlying their criminogenic needs. Specifically, the research highlights that women in prison attribute much of their life experience and offending as related to past experiences, but that there is a need to broaden the definitions of childhood trauma and victimisation used when discussing women offenders in order to more fully reflect the lived experiences of women who offend. The research identifies a number of gender specific issues that have been previously neglected in the literature. The findings challenge some of the recent literature around the drug and alcohol use of offenders, and also highlight how poor relationships can exacerbate women s issues with drug and alcohol use. The research provides evidence of consistency in mental health problems experienced by women in prison and the underlying causes of these problems, answering questions concerning the extent to which women s mental health problems exist prior to prison. Furthermore, the research documents how prison can present an opportunity for women to engage with treatment. However, the research also highlights the failure of the prison service to fully record the scale and scope of mental health and emotional problems experienced by women in prison. The thesis concludes that there is a need for a gender-informed focus in prison in both assessment and treatment.

This thesis is a qualitative study which identifies and conceptualises the affordances of enterprise social technology within the context of process improvement activities. Using a series of in-depth interviews, the research derived theoretical models that meticulously identifies and defines enterprise social technology affordances within process improvement contexts, showing their relationships to process improvement capabilities. A series of moderating variables effecting these relationships were also found. Based on the empirical evidence, the thesis proposes a series of normative guidelines to practice on how to best utilise enterprise social technologies for more effective and efficient process improvement efforts.

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-30T13:35:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPGG.pdf: 2076781 bytes, checksum: 8e4667a8b822b5c4d1fd2721cb465b37 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-13T20:45:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPGG.pdf: 2076781 bytes, checksum: 8e4667a8b822b5c4d1fd2721cb465b37 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-13T20:45:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPGG.pdf: 2076781 bytes, checksum: 8e4667a8b822b5c4d1fd2721cb465b37 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T20:45:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPGG.pdf: 2076781 bytes, checksum: 8e4667a8b822b5c4d1fd2721cb465b37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The main objective of this research is to characterize elements of personal and professional development and participation in the proposed training process that may have influenced the construction of teacher identity and mentor identity of professionals in training on Online Mentor Education Program. Specifically, it also seeks to answer the following research questions: which aspects possibly relates to the construction of mentors identity throughout his personal history, work and participation in the Online Training Program Mentors? Which specific, pedagogical and about the mentor function knowledge, components of teacher identity, are presented by mentors that will help them to play their new role? The program has, as its main objective, to train experienced teachers in mentors for follow up and support early career teachers in their anguish and features needs that characterize this stage. The theoretical framework on which it has based this research take into account teacher education and its characteristics; the stages of teaching profession and teachers professional development; teaching continuing education in their different contexts, such as courses, self-education and training within the school; teacher identity and its components; experienced teachers; processes of mentoring, mentors and their knowledge; considerations of distance education, online teacher education and virtual learning environments. The research was guided on a qualitative approach, with the data analysis supported by the descriptive-interpretative and biographical-narrative methodology. Data collection occurred in the selected participants production and activities carried out in the Online Mentor Education Program, featuring a documentary analysis. Data were organized in NVIVO, software that helps quantitative analisis with data organization. After this organization, data were classified manualy in the categories with NVIVO, inserted in frames and subsequently the creation of subcategories and the reclassification of the data, it results in frames that were analysed. The results indicate various aspects of personal and professional background of the participants, as his childhood and schooling, difficulties in their early careers, assistance from peers, continuing education courses, among others that possibly are related to the construction of their professional identity and hence may affect their identity as mentors. In addition, the mentors have a solid knowledge base, however, that does not identify an established mentor identity. In this way, it is possible to observe that it is under construction as it is dynamic. Mentors have a knowledge base that enables them to start mentor actions, in order to help beginning teachers and arrange his own development as a mentor.
O objetivo central desta pesquisa é descrever elementos da trajetória pessoal e profissional e da participação no processo formativo proposto que podem ter influenciado na construção da identidade docente e de mentor de professores experientes participantes no Programa de Formação Online de Mentores. Especificamente, também procura-se responder às seguintes questões de pesquisa: quais aspectos, possivelmente, se relacionam à construção da identidade docente de mentores ao longo da trajetória pessoal, profissional e participação de professores experientes no Programa de Formação Online de Mentores? Quais conhecimentos específicos, pedagógicos e sobre a função de mentor, componentes da identidade docente, são apresentados pelos mentores em formação que os auxiliarão a desempenhar sua nova função? O Programa tem, como principal objetivo, formarprofessores experientes em mentores para o acompanhamento e auxílio de professores em início de carreira nas dificuldades e necessidades formativas características desta etapa. As referências teóricas nas quais se baseou a presente pesquisa levam em conta a formação de professores e suas características; as etapas da carreira docente e o desenvolvimento profissional de professores; a formação continuada docente em seus diferentes contextos, como cursos, autoformação e a formação dentro da escola; identidade docente e suas componentes; professores experientes; processos de mentoria, mentores e seus conhecimentos; considerações acerca da educação a distância e formação online de professores e ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem. A pesquisa pautou-se em uma abordagem qualitativa, com análise de dados apoiada na metodologia descritivo-interpretativa e biográfico-narrativa. Os dados coletados são provenientes das produções e atividades dos participantes selecionados, caracterizando uma análise documental. Os dados foram organizados no software NVIVO, que é um programa que auxilia a análise qualitativa através da organização dos mesmos. Após a organização, os dados foram classificados manualmente e com auxílio do software. Depois da classificação, foi feita a inserção dos dados em quadros e, posteriormente, subcategorização e a reclassificação dos dados, resultando em quadros para a análise. Os resultados indicam diversos elementos da trajetória pessoal e profissional dos participantes, como sua infância e escolarização, dificuldades no início da carreira, auxílio dos pares, cursos de formação continuada, entre outros que, possivelmente, se relacionam à construção de sua identidade docente e, consequentemente, podem afetar sua identidade como mentores. Além disso, os mentores possuem uma base de conhecimentos sólida, porém, não se evidencia uma identidade de mentor consolidada. Dessa maneira, é possível observar que sua identidade de mentor permanece em construção, uma vez que é dinâmica. Além do mais, demonstram uma base de conhecimentos que possibilitam o mentor iniciar suas ações, de modo a auxiliar professores iniciantes e, também, providenciar o próprio desenvolvimento.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting has become common practice for large organisations globally, yet there is variance in the CSR related activities claimed in disclosures. CSR researchers argue that cultural and historical backgrounds are the influential drivers of CSR behaviour. However, the links between actual activities claimed in CSR reports and the cultural systems that underpin these reported activities is an under-explored area. This thesis discusses the uniqueness of Japanese socio-cultural aspects. While Japan is well-known for having the most advanced energy efficient technologies in the world, it is also known for being below international standards for gender equality in the workplace. Therefore, this thesis aims to explore and examine organisational behaviours through the lens of relativism in order to understand what organisations are reporting and how and why managers prioritise these activities. This thesis is based on longitudinal qualitative research focusing on the Japanese transport companies that published CSR reports between 2005 and 2009. The findings from manually coded content analysis revealed: (1) that activities related to providing public safety, waste management and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle), and environmental innovation were the top three most frequently reported CSR activities; and (2) complying with laws, career planning, flexible work practices, and providing public safety were the three categories that showed the most significant increase in reporting frequency from 2005-2009. This thesis extends the previous literature. Takagaki (2010b) identified that the transport industry, particularly the air and water sub-sectors, is the industry where the environmental problems are serious and require urgent attention. Takagaki (2010b) chose to explore the electronics industry as this industry is considered to be middle ground for its level of seriousness and urgency. This research: (1) examines the transport industry; (2) investigates the links between the actual activities reported, and the activities reported to be influential drivers of these activities.

Le propos contenu dans cette recherche concerne les plateformes interactives et réticulaires peuplant désormais notre quotidien, et qui se présentent d’abord à nous sous la forme d'objets techniques, mais dont les usages construisent des représentations sociales. Des médiations informationnelles s’y développent que nous avons voulu étudier en capturant celle du français dans le contexte de ses apprenants thaïlandais à l’Université, pour une langue réputée difficile, non apparentée et distante. Une double analyse quantitative et qualitative menée en partie avec le logiciel NVivo nous a permis de mettre à jour le fait que, sous certains aspects et dans certains environnements, un réseau socio-numérique comme Facebook pouvait faciliter un apprentissage informel participant à une économie de la connaissance. Nous avons identifié des usages et des pratiques spécifiques qui ne sont pas ceux d’une plateforme d’enseignement à distance conçue comme telle. Ainsi, une certaine créativité s’y exercerait dans la construction de documents scripto-audio-visuels sur des dispositifs techniques médiateurs et multiplateformes où l’autonomie de l’usager y serait culturellement et socialement située par les identités, appartenances, perceptions, habitus et autres dispositions qui structurent sa relation au monde et vont conditionner son envie, sa manière ainsi que sa capacité pratique à s’approprier des éléments d’apprentissage de la langue
The subject of this research concerns the interactive and reticulated pattern platforms that now populate our daily lives, and which first appear to us in the form of technical objects, but whose uses build social representations. We studied Informational mediations developed there by focusing on French in the context of its Thai students at the University, since French is a language deemed difficult, unrelated and distant. A double quantitative and qualitative analysis conducted in part with the NVivo software allowed us to update the fact that, in certain aspects and in certain environments, a digital social network like Facebook could facilitate informal apprenticeship participating in an economy of knowledge. We have identified specific uses and practices that are not those of a distance education platform designed as such. Thus, a certain creativity would be exercised in the construction of scripted audio-visual documents on mediating and multiplatform technical operational systems where the autonomy of the user would be culturally and socially situated according to identities, group memberships, perceptions, habits and other factors that structure its relationship to the world and will condition its desire, its manner and its practical ability to appropriate elements of language learning

The ethical decision making (EDM) process of individuals has proven to be very challenging due to the multitude of complex and varied factors that contribute to this behaviour. Nevertheless, many theoretical frameworks have been proposed to describe such behaviour. Despite the increasing number of EDM models and practices, reports of unethical incidents and illegal behaviour, especially in organizations, continue to appear. This problem is in part related to the failure of EDM models that do not adequately explain the antecedent factors of ethical behaviour by individuals in organizations. As a result, there is a gap between theory and practice. Hence, the main objective of this study is to address these shortcomings by exploring and empirically examining the antecedents in the EDM process and by developing a behavioural model that encompasses a fully functional model of individual ethical behaviour.Furthermore, most of the major frameworks have been formulated from a Western perspective. The current research was conducted in the Malaysian context, using a model that accounts for cultural differences. The most generally accepted concept is that culture is a key determinant of an individual's ethical ideology, which affects an individual’s inclination to behave ethically. In other words, culture acts as a guideline in determining whether certain practices are appropriate and acceptable. However, individuals in organizations also have an obligation to comply the culture in their work setting. Therefore, the culture of ethical practices in an organization is expected to play an important role in the process of EDM. In addition, literature has established the moderating effect of gender, age and level of education in such behaviour. Therefore, the current research also further investigated the relationship among the components of the EDM process, which has thus far not been given proper attention.A two-phase sequential mixed-method approach, consisting of qualitative and quantitative approaches, was carried out in this research. In the qualitative part, a field study of semi-structured interviews was conducted with the objective of testing the applicability of the initial model besides exploring the dimensionality of the construct. The data was analyzed using content analysis through Nvivo software. Based on the analysis, the dimensionality of the constructs was identified and two more relevant antecedent factors were detected, namely parental values and religiosity. Thus, these two factors were added to the comprehensive research model. A survey was conducted among managers from Malaysia large organizations to collect quantitative data. The data was analyzed using a Partial Least Square (PLS) based Structural Equations Modelling (SEM) tool. In addition, multi-group analysis of PLS was also employed.The major findings of this research have confirmed the influence of ethical ideology as the major determinant of the EDM process. Furthermore, results have demonstrated the role of culture as the antecedent of an individual’s ethical ideology. Interestingly, the influence of parental values and religiosity, which was derived from the field study, was also confirmed. Findings also verified the moderating effect of the organizational ethical culture in enhancing a moral awareness of an individual’s EDM process. With regards to the relationship among the components of the EDM process, findings revealed sequential and interrelationship links between the components. On the other hand, the moderating effect of gender, age and level of education in the EDM process was not detected. Overall results confirm the multidimensional construct and the complexity of such a process. This research provides a significant contribution to the existing knowledge in the EDM area. Most importantly, an understanding of the antecedents and the processes of EDM provides guidelines for organizations in developing better ethical programs and policies in order to promote and encourage ethical behaviour. Perhaps a major contribution of this research is the implication for managers to enhance the process of EDM in organizations.

Universities are more and more challenged by the emerging global higher education market, facilitated by advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). This requires them to reconsider their mission and direction in order to function effectively and efficiently, and to be responsive to changes in their environment. In the face of increasing demands and competitive pressures, Universities like other companies, seek to continuously innovate and improve their performance. Universities are considering co-operating or sharing, both internally and externally, in a wide range of areas to achieve cost effectiveness and improvements in performance. Shared services are an effective model for re-organizing to reduce costs, increase quality and create new capabilities. Shared services are not limited to the Higher Education (HE) sector. Organizations across different sectors are adopting shared services, in particular for support functions such as Finance, Accounting, Human Resources and Information Technology. While shared services has been around for more than three decades, commencing in the 1970’s in the banking sector and then been adopted by other sectors, it is an under researched domain, with little consensus on the most fundamental issues even as basic as defining what shared services is. Moreover, the interest in shared services within Higher Education is a global phenomenon. This study on shared services is situated within the Higher Education Sector of Malaysia, and originated as an outcome resulting from a national project (2005 – 2007) conducted by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) entitled "Knowledge, Information Communication Technology Strategic Plan (KICTSP) for Malaysian Public Higher Education"- where progress towards more collaborations via shared services was a key recommendation. The study’s primary objective was to understand the nature and potential for ICT shared services, in particular in the Malaysian HE sector; by laying a foundation in terms of definition, typologies and research agenda and deriving theoretically based conceptualisations of the potential benefits of shared services, success factors and issues of pursuing shared services. The study embarked on this objective with a literature review and pilot case study as a means to further define the context of the study, given the current under-researched status of ICT shared services and of shared services in Higher Education. This context definition phase illustrated a range of unaddressed issues; including a lack of common understanding of what shared services are, how they are formed, what objectives they full fill, who is involved etc. The study thus embarked on a further investigation of a more foundational nature with an exploratory phase that aimed to address these gaps, where a detailed archival analysis of shared services literature within the IS context was conducted to better understand shared services from an IS perspective. The IS literature on shared services was analysed in depth to report on the current status of shared services research in the IS domain; in particular definitions, objectives, stakeholders, the notion of sharing, theories used, and research methods applied were analysed, which provided a firmer base to this study’s design. The study also conducted a detailed content analysis of 36 cases (globally) of shared services implementations in the HE sector to better understand how shared services are structured within the HE sector and what is been shared. The results of the context definition phase and exploratory phase formed a firm basis in the multiple case studies phase which was designed to address the primary goals of this study (as presented above). Three case sites within the Malaysian HE sector was included in this analysis, resulting in empirically supported theoretical conceptualizations of shared services success factors, issues and benefits. A range of contributions are made through this study. First, the detailed archival analysis of shared services in Information Systems (IS) demonstrated the dearth of research on shared services within Information Systems. While the existing literature was synthesised to contribute towards an improved understanding of shared services in the IS domain, the areas that are yet under-developed and requires further exploration is identified and presented as a proposed research agenda for the field. This study also provides theoretical considerations and methodological guidelines to support the research agenda; to conduct better empirical research in this domain. A number of literatures based a priori frameworks (i.e. on the forms of sharing and shared services stakeholders etc) are derived in this phase, contributing to practice and research with early conceptualisations of critical aspects of shared services. Furthermore, the comprehensive archival analysis design presented and executed here is an exemplary approach of a systematic, pre-defined and tool-supported method to extract, analyse and report literature, and is documented as guidelines that can be applied for other similar literature analysis, with particular attention to supporting novice researchers. Second, the content analysis of 36 shared services initiatives in the Higher Education sector presented eight different types of structural arrangements for shared services, as observed in practice, and the salient dimensions along which those types can be usefully differentiated. Each of the eight structural arrangement types are defined and demonstrated through case examples, with further descriptive details and insights to what is shared and how the sharing occurs. This typology, grounded on secondary empirical evidence, can serve as a useful analytical tool for researchers investigating the shared services phenomenon further, and for practitioners considering the introduction or further development of shared services. Finally, the multiple case studies conducted in the Malaysian Higher Education sector, provided further empirical basis to instantiate the conceptual frameworks and typology derived from the prior phases and develops an empirically supported: (i) framework of issues and challenges, (ii) a preliminary theory of shared services success, and (iii) a benefits framework, for shared services in the Higher Education sector.

Residential buildings are one of the main stakeholders to electricity consumption. As there is fast-paced technological advancement in electricity conservation, the residential buildings infrastructure has become very electricity-efficient in Sweden. However, there is still room for improvement with regards to electricity conservation via behavioral change. Meaning, residents have the potential to reduce household electricity consumption by developing a conservative behavior. The road to such a behavioral development is not straightforward. According to literature, behavioral change is influenced by different beliefs and norms. There also exists a global trend that fewer and fewer people are able to name a single neighbor, and it is aptly called “Globally Connected yet Locally Isolated”. In this master thesis the strategy to achieve electricity conservation is based upon local social cohesion, and the awareness of electricity, at Malvinas – a student residence at the campus of KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The study is carried out at LocalLife – a local social networking service for sustainable communities – implementing a mixed methodology of surveys and interviews. 8 LocalLife users are studied in detail. The result incorporates the most suitable features from the relevant topics that could enable long term change and retainment of users. The results showed that the participants: 1) indicated an increased energy awareness; 2) reported an improvement in local community-life; 3) felt motivated to change behavior to facilitate saving electricity.
I detta examensarbete görs en omfattande analys med hjälp av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder för att undersöka ifall användandet av LocalLife – en lokal social nätverkstjänst som pilot-testas vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan – har förbättrat användarnas beteende och attityder kring hushållselsförbrukning samt hjälpt till att förbättra det lokala samhällslivet. Bostadshus ger upphov till en betydande del av världens energiförbrukning. På grund av den snabba tekniska utvecklingen har byggnaderna blivit mycket mer energieffektiva i Sverige på senare tid. Det finns dock fortfarande förbättringspotential när det gäller att spara el genom att ändra de boendes konsumtionsbeteende. Att få till en sådan beteendeförändring är dock inte enkelt. Enligt litteraturen påverkas beteendet av uppfattningar och normer. Det finns dessutom en global trend där allt färre människor lär känna sina grannar, kallad “globalt uppkopplad men lokalt isolerad”. Denna uppsats studerar därför en strategi att spara el som går ut på lokal sammanhållning och ökad kunskap om elanvändning hos de boende i studentlägenheterna på Malvinas väg på KTH campus. Studien utförs bland användare av LocalLife, ett lokalt socialt nätverk för hållbara stadsdelar – genom att blanda metoder såsom enkäter och intervjuer. Åtta LocalLife- användare studeras i detalj. Resultatet presenterar de mest lämpliga delarna från de relevanta ämnena som kan möjliggöra en bestående beteendeförändring öka chansen för att behålla användarna. Resultaten visar att deltagarna: 1) visade på en ökad energimedvetenhet; 2) upplevde en förbättring av det lokala samhällslivet; 3) kände sig motiverade att ändra sitt beteende för att spara el.

Written communication is an integral part of any organisation regardless of size or the nature of its business. The writer chooses words that should be understood by the readers. However, these words have been chosen based on a variety of factors, one of which is personality type, and the writer's personality type may differ from that of the readers. The research question underpinning this study is - In what ways, if at all, do personality types (as determined by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and most frequently found in management positions), select and use different words and phrases when writing business communication? To investigate this question, the psychological type theory of Jung, the personality type theory of Briggs and Myers, and organisational communication theory are applied. The methodology used is descriptive research with the documents analysed using content analysis, employing NUD.IST Vivo in conjunction with manual assessment. The research findings confirm that each personality type does use different words, validating personality type theory and therefore, making a contribution to the expanding body of research in this field. The knowledge gained from this study has significance in areas related to organisations as well as education and communication theory.

Written communication is an integral part of any organisation regardless of size or the nature of its business. The writer chooses words that should be understood by the readers. However, these words have been chosen based on a variety of factors, one of which is personality type, and the writer's personality type may differ from that of the readers. The research question underpinning this study is - In what ways, if at all, do personality types (as determined by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and most frequently found in management positions), select and use different words and phrases when writing business communication? To investigate this question, the psychological type theory of Jung, the personality type theory of Briggs and Myers, and organisational communication theory are applied. The methodology used is descriptive research with the documents analysed using content analysis, employing NUD.IST Vivo in conjunction with manual assessment. The research findings confirm that each personality type does use different words, validating personality type theory and therefore, making a contribution to the expanding body of research in this field. The knowledge gained from this study has significance in areas related to organisations as well as education and communication theory.

Background. The research on management in Swedish home care has been conductedmainly from sociological perspectives where structural conditions have been of interest (see for example Hagerman et al., 2013; Andersson, 2014; Österlind, 2013). The conditions impacting on management are described as differing ideals where the main ideals are the care perspective and the cost perspective (see for example Andersson, 2014; Österlind, 2013). The conflict between ideals create tensions between ideology and practice and different expectations (Antonsson, 2013) and may also create problems, dilemmas and paradoxes (Österlind, 2013). The rules impacting on the home care activities are bureaucratic rules stemming from the state and municipality. However, Trydegård (2000) argues that at the same time there is room for autonomy and path-dependence in the home care units. Purpose and research approach. There seems to be a lack of studies on management control in home care, and more especially no study combining a discourse, structures and theories on management control. The purpose of this thesis is to explore management control in home care in the relation between structures and managers’ interpretative repertoires in a social-constructionist perspective. The purpose is also to create a prototype model for further research. The ontological positioning and theoretical framework are building on Giddens’ structuration theory (1979, 1984) in which structures are seen as both the medium and outcome of social interaction and rules are important. The units of analysis are the managers’ accounts on management control in semi-structured interviews. The accounts are analysed in a so called case cluster analysis (McClintock et al., 1979) in the software program NVivo. The codes are building on Ouchi’s theory of management control (1979) as ‘input control’, ‘behaviour control’, ‘output control’ and ‘clan control’, and also building on Giddens’ structuration theory (1978, 1984) defined as 8 characteristics of rules, ‘normative sanctions’, ‘signification of meaning’, ‘authoritative’ or ‘allocative resources’. Findings. The findings reveal that home care is highly bureaucratic in input and output control by the use of formal rules stemming from municipality or state. In behaviour control home care has a medium-low degree of bureaucracy if exercised through ‘signification of meaning’ and medium-high when exercised through ‘authoritative resources’. In clan control home care has a low degree of bureaucracy and can either be positive or negative depending on how informal leaders in the unit impact on cooperation between care personnel and if there is trust and a good communication between manager and care personnel. Two main patterns of structuration appear: creation of structures for an efficient process flow of home care to increase efficiency, and co-creation of new rules for behaviour to increase cooperation. Managers focus on different situations of management control depending on conditions in the home care unit and own interpretations. Two interpretative repertoires are identified; the discourse on hard matters is created in relation to matters that are more rigid in structure, such as legislation and municipal goals and that are difficult to interpret differently, whereas soft matters are created in discourse around dilemmas and human or relational aspects of control.

Studies have shown that creative mathematically founded reasoning (CMR) outperforms algorithmic reasoning (AR) in regards to retention and (re)construction of knowledge. This suggests that creativity should be encouraged in national high-school mathematics curricula. The aim of the present study is to compare how creativity is framed in different national high-school mathematics curricula, using the following definition: creativity is the characteristics of people, processes, and environments which lead to new and original products that are useful or otherwise attractive to an individual or a society. Utilizing content and discourse analysis, the present study thus contrasts how the high-school mathematics curricula of Singapore, Hong Kong, Sweden, and Norway handle and value creativity, and also examines which role creativity takes in each curricula. Findings suggest that Singapore’s curriculum emphasizes creativity the most, and frequently does so in relation to assessment. Hong Kong’s curriculum is found to emphasize creativity in diverse ways, often using words with connotations to playfulness. Analysis of Sweden’s curriculum indicates a relatively minute focus on creativity, tending to put it in a teacher-centered context. A feature of Norway’s curriculum is an increasing emphasis on creativity as courses approach tertiary education. This also suggests a rising value of creativity in its curriculum. A similar though not as pronounced trajectory is found also in Singapore’s curriculum. In the Asian and Norwegian curricula, creativity is expressed both as a means and an end, while in Sweden’s curriculum it is only seen as an end. The results are discussed in terms of potential reasons for the prominent national features, and the study also includes an evaluation of the aptness of the suggested definition of creativity, a review of the limitations of the study, as well as propositions for further research. Finally, two recommendations are given to the National Agency for Education in Sweden – Skolverket – based on the results of the study: 1) diversify the emphasis on creativity in the curriculum, and 2) ensure alignment between what teachers value and what Skolverket values with respect to creativity.

Change management is a highly researched topic. With industry changing at record speed, it is inevitable that corporations will engage in a change management endeavor. As humans innately resist change at first exposure, corporations strive to acquire knowledge in adoption. It may not be enough to understand status quo proponents, but rather their underlying long-standing belief systems which may be affecting how they view change. What makes an employee resist corporate change? Most studies conclude that humans will resist innately. This research dives into the unique environment of the equine industry to uncover how long-standing belief systems contribute to adoption or resistance. The motivation for this research began with a fascination with long-standing belief systems within the equine industry. The unique environment of the equine industry is steeped in centuries of tradition, and while housing long-standing belief systems that are time-tested and passed down from generation to generation, in most cases, without awareness. The industry is currently experiencing a phenomenon that has never taken place: a change is occurring that is positioning two equine factions, natural and traditional, against each other in opposing viewpoints. Some view this change as the start of a paradigm shift; others view it as a fad. The nature of natural horsemanship is now up for debate. The study was conducted by using qualitative data collection in a semi-structured format. Forty-one (41) equine leaders in natural and traditional hoof care and horsemanship were recorded in over 30 hours of data. The interview model included not only the industry leaders proposing or resisting change but also the professionals in the industry working in the field, experiencing the conflict first hand. The research presented revealed an interesting finding. Although 61 codes were identified, a specific area within the study revealed a “hybrid” group of codes amongst the traditional horsemen in hoof care and horsemanship. Leaders who are advocating for the status quo showed levels of natural adoption that was unexpected. The research pivoted to the areas of traditional resistors and traditional adopters. The main objective is to decipher why some members of the industry are adopting while others are resisting. As adoption is the main objective for change management, uncovering the reasons for resisting seemed to dictate the data more prevalently. From this research, it can be deduced that there is significant evidence to support the findings that people who resist change may have these characteristics or traits in their belief system: Strong traditional beliefs such as culture and history, honor-driven, strong religious ties, defensive by nature, communicate well, believe safe, minimal adaptation (innovation), and consider themselves to be trustworthy and responsible, are people-oriented and outgoing. According to this research, people with those traits and characteristics are more apt to resist change and may be a potential problem when instituting change in an organization. This research points towards the significant evidence to support the findings that people who resist change may have these characteristics or traits in their belief system: Frustration in industry or a sense of apathy, open-mindedness or flexibility, vulnerability, communicate well, family ties, controlling and shows hero tendencies. Not many other industries can report that it has remained unchanged over time, even in the face of industrial revolution, war, and domestication. However, in the past 20 years, the equine industry has been divided through a new belief system that is challenging these time-tested traditions and beliefs regarding hoof care and horsemanship. The natural horse viewpoint has created an opposing faction to the traditional belief system that governed horse care and welfare since the dawn of time. The qualitative data that was gathered for this research allows for the synthesis of the proposed paradigm shift and opposing force analysis. Although not a true paradigm shift to date, these two factions, natural and traditional, are dividing the industry in two. Not a more perfect scenario could be present to study long-standing belief systems in relation to adoption and resistance to change. The Hybrid Adaptation Model was formed from the qualitative data provided by 41 industry experts through the grounded theory method. This model can be used to navigate through the change management process. This research revealed a theory that adaptation must occur prior to adoption and partial adoption may cause a “hybrid” sector.

This paper explores value co-creation and value co-destruction with a focus on the social practices embedded in the online brand community “My Starbucks Idea (MSI).” The objectives of the research are accomplished through a detailed explanation of the study’s stages, starting with the Research design/Planning, and followed by the Community Entry (Entrée), Data collection, Limitations, and Ethical implications. Since the study is exploratory in character, the qualitative research strategy was used. As Bryman and Bell (2011) note, qualitative research gives particular attention to words rather than numbers in the gathering and interpretation of data. This study applied a modified ‘netnographic’ approach, a new qualitative method devised specifically to investigate consumer behaviour vis-à-vis cultures and communities present on the Internet (Kozinets 1998). This study identifies three elements of practice: stalking, gossip, and exhibitionism. It also supports the idea stated by Echeverri & Skålén (2011) that there is no positive without a negative in interactive value formation. Although those authors’ work was focused on the provider-customer interface, the idea proves applicable to the online brand community (OBC) used for illustration in this study. The present study also draws attention to a vital characteristic of practice often forgotten: ‘Language’ as an enabler of all other elements (Whittington 2006). The paper contributes to the knowledge in the practice theory domain, and thus consumer culture, especially relating to OBCs. When using OBCs as a marketing tool, considerable ingenuity must be employed by business managers to gain strategic information and feedback from online forum discussions. Such information can help in the company’s strategic decision making. By building relationships and gaining new customers through the process of collaboration, managers can become more like brand storytellers. Also, such communication can be channelled as a means to create greater awareness, both of the brand and the users’ experiences, along with aiding in the development of better services and products to meet customers’ needs. In the current study, consent was an ethical concern that limited the scope and path taken by the paper. The ten-week research period was another limiting factor in properly covering all of the contextualized consumption activities and gaining sufficient experience within the MSI community.

Cette thèse rend compte d'une recherche sur l'émergence de l'investissement socialement responsable en France. Une démarche qualitative et interprétative est adoptée. Il s'agit de comprendre le processus d'intégration de l'investissement socialement responsable au sein du marché financier, en se focalisant sur le rôle des sociétés de gestion. L'interprétation fait appel à la théorie de la légitimité, en particulier aux travaux de Suchman (1995). Le dispositif méthodologique est fondé sur des entretiens semi-directifs et des données complémentaires. L'analyse des entretiens est effectuée à l'aide du logiciel d'analyse de données qualitatives NVivo. L'interprétation fait émerger des processus de légitimation. Les résultats soulignent l'importance de la stratégie de création mise en œuvre par les agences de notation sociétale, considérées comme des prescripteurs de valeurs. En particulier, la diffusion d'un nouveau modèle d'évaluation de la performance des entreprises apparaît comme le vecteur d'intégration de l'investissement socialement responsable au sein du marché financier.

Les projets de gestion des processus métiers apparaissent de plus en plus présents dans les préoccupations des décideurs. Ils semblent apporter de nombreux bénéfices, mais ils amènent les organisations à devoir dépasser d'importantes difficultés ; elles devront concilier de nombreuses contraintes, internes - en termes de performance ou de gestion de leurs ressources - ou externes - notamment en termes de contraintes de normalisation et/ou réglementaires -, source d'équivocité pour les acteurs. Notre problématique est alors la suivante : dans une situation fortement équivoque telle que la prise en compte d'une nouvelle norme, quelle méthodologie de management des processus permettrait de mieux concilier les contraintes internes et externes de l'organisation ? Nous proposons de nous appuyer sur un cas original d'adaptation d'une organisation industrielle aux contraintes de normalisation et sur l'étude de la littérature portant sur le management des processus, la création de sens et la théorie de la régulation sociale. Notre objectif est de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques d'un dispositif de management des processus qui puisse répondre à notre questionnement. Nous proposerons et défendrons alors la thèse suivante : les démarches de management des processus trouvent un réel écho auprès des managers car elles sont susceptibles de les aider à créer du sens, grâce aux cadres que leur mise en place suppose et aux interactions qu'elles permettent.

碩士
康寧大學
國際企業管理研究所
101
Baseball is a national sport in Taiwan, but the match-fixing scandal broke out in recent years due to sharp drop in the number of fans, resulting in loss of confidence in professional baseball fans, they do not want to buy a ticket at the ball, gain variation of the pellets, pellets were also a style all their own way, to attract baseball fans, the Government should also lend a helping hand to save the only professional sports and can compete with the movement of world power in Taiwan, the Sports Commission revive the baseball program after the Olympics fiasco in 2008, but the results are as expected, match-fixing scandal after another outbreak, leading Taiwan Taiwanese baseball fans lose confidence. This year's World Baseball Classic 2013WBC Taiwanese representative teams brave tenacious efforts to fight to the last moment the spirit of the people of Taiwan once again touched, proud, also attracted many fans to buy tickets in Chinese Professional Baseball League in field goal game plus, and this year marks the return of players travel outside tide, many players outside the brigade joined the Chinese Professional Baseball League have all the pellets, increasing the strength of the team, but also increase the tension of the game, so there are many baseball fans regain Taiwan confidence, have come into play baseball in Taiwan, and China needs a professional baseball player should come forward for the sport sound, and set an example to prevent match-fixing appeal to all players, marketing Chinese Professional Baseball League, so that the people of Taiwan that Taiwan is more support and care regarded as the national sport movement, therefore highlights the importance of baseball spokesperson improve a lot. The study is grounded theory (Grounded theory) research method, the Chinese Professional Baseball League and the pellets of journalists doing interviews, recorded and analyzed through interviews with the concept of grounded theory, the data were coded to construct Chinese Professional Baseball League The workers and the pellets spokesperson for the annual pro baseball decision model. In this study, theoretical sampling method, a total of ten respondents access, summed open coding, axial coding, choose the encoding and found that if a professional baseball player into an annual increase of foreign affairs spokesperson because of the pressure increase and the mentality adjustments affect sports performance, in terms pellets pellets inside because of a player elected spokesperson for the annual pro baseball and let the pellet peripheral product sales increase and upgrade the whole box office pellets profit increase, the team record aspects of a professional baseball for the year due to the leadership and spokesperson enthusiastic support of the fans and let the team record increase substantially in the parent undertaking of pellets, also because there are professional baseball annual spokesperson positive publicity benefits, to achieve a good corporate image , ten experts interviewed mentioned spokesperson year professional baseball players should be held by the Taiwanese generate ways to field goal by fans when watching with ticket voting, or Rookie of the Year selection, let the fans via the Internet by voting for the year Chinese Professional Baseball League spokesperson, or in the annual Star Game voted by the player with the highest number of votes obtained as a professional baseball annual spokesperson, ten experts interviewed mentioned conditions spokesperson year professional baseball must love baseball, understanding staff Stick with influence and affinity, ten respondents cited professional baseball cultivate the image of the annual spokesperson definitely need to have all the fans attention, exposure, intentions and competitor, charity involvement and usually pellets education, ten Experts interviewed mentioned year professional baseball spokesperson is needed, the intention is to sell Chinese Professional Baseball League in order to improve the support of the fans to watch the game entering wishes.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
技術及職業教育研究所碩士班
99
The purpose of this research is mainly focused on the present situation of the project of Internet Remedial Instruction in Remote Area in senior high and elementary schools, which is conducted by Ministry of Education in pairs between one university and three remote senior high and elementary schools during the two semesters in 2008. The research tool is to implement the record of the remedial diary the main teacher and the remedial teacher use during the remedial instruction in both the university and the senior high and elementary schools. The method is to adopt Document Analysis of the Qualitative Research, and apply the data analysis software “NVivo 8” as an assistant tool to help search the key words needed in the whole research and to probe into the phenomenon manifested in the “Children’s Learning Behavior”, “Teachers’ Teaching Strategies”, and the ”Systematic Environment of the Remedial Instruction Platform”, and analyze and induct all of them. According to the Remedial Instruction diary, the data applied to describe to comment on the positive and negative sides of the learning characteristics of the children shows that besides the difference caused by the learning characteristics of the children, what the children behave in the Remedial Instruction is also easily affected by the “Interaction Between the Teachers and the Colleagues”, “Internet Incentives of the Video Games”, and the “Hardware of the Remedial Instruction Platform”. The result also shows the teachers in the elementary school can efficiently promote the learning effect of the Remedial Instruction. Furthermore, when practicing the distance remedial instruction, the “relationship between the teachers and the students”, “the motives of remedial instruction learning” and the “conversance in the subject exercise” are the three main and necessary teaching strategies, assisted by the strategic incentives of the learning award and punishment to arouse and promote the learning interest of the children; moreover, the research also inducts the common incidents and handling strategies that are disadvantageous to the students in the process the remedial instruction, which can be a kind of reference to the persons who’ll participate in the distance remedial instruction in the future. Last of all, the stability of the system environment, network, JoinNet platform, and the peripheral hardware in the remedial instruction platform is often difficult to control and it’s also one of the most important factors to affect the quality of teaching. Therefore, before giving the test, the remedial instruction teachers and the students should be familiar with the skills to use it first, so as to reduce the effects caused by the unfamiliarity. The research also renders the suggestions to the researchers who are interested in the relevant subjects. The whole purpose on the project of Internet Remedial Instruction is to promote the learning opportunities of the children and to increase the level of children’s intelligence and knowledge. As a result, the growing process of children’s learning needs discussing; in addition, in the process of distance remedial instruction, the teachers apply various experiences of the teaching strategies and in the meanwhile, the growth of the teachers’ teaching process is worth researching, too. And when doing synchronous teaching through internet, the handling ways of the accidents between the teachers and the students and the effect on the systematic environment to learning are all needed to be dealt with and improved with mobility and immediately. The method of improvement can be the direction of the research in the future.

碩士
崇右影藝科技大學
文化創意設計研究所
107
ABSTRACT Title: Electronic Field Production: An Application of NVivo Software in the Qualitative Research on the Shooting Sequence of Traditional Operas in Taiwan Pages: 82 School: Chungyu University of Film And Arts Department: Graduate School of Cultural Creative Design Time: June, 2019 Degree: Master Researcher: Pin, Chen-Chang Advisor: Shu, Tsung-Hao Keywords: Program Director, Traditional Drama, Recorded/Taped Program, Electronic Field Production In the past five years from 2014 to 2018, the researcher led the EFP team to record nearly 200 performance-related video works. In addition to being a professional broadcaster of the TV media system, the researcher also spent eight years study in the professional Chinese Opera School (National Taiwan College of Performing Arts). Thus, the EFP video recording on the scene of the traditional opera stage is very familiarize for researcher, and the team that leads the EFP on-site operation shuttles between the major theaters in Taiwan. The researcher selected eight well-received works from the period of 2014-2018. These repertoires include Beijing Opera and Taiwanese Opera, which are often played in Taiwan. They also play literary dramas, martial arts, traditional plays, and new screenwriters. Incorporating the considerations at the time of selection, it is intended to encode and analyze text, images, and sound content by qualitative content analysis. The research will use the latest version of the qualitative auxiliary analysis software NVivo12 to organize and encode the above-mentioned source data, so as to improve the analysis of qualitative data, it can achieve a multi-functional effect with logic and system, even more similar to the data presentation of quantitative research. qualitative content with logical inference.

Much is unknown about insular communities as they are often closed and guarded. This is especially so when it comes to crimes committed in their midst. Online forums geared to community members can reveal the discussions they have following a crime and the thoughts and feelings of the group. Using a functionalist approach, this study fills a gap in the literature on crimes committed in insular communities by and against community members by asking: what topics of discussion arose for Orthodox Jewish community members following a crime in their midst and were community members united or divided in their discussions? More explicitly, the sociological importance of what they discussed and how this affected community cohesion was examined. To address these questions, the comments following articles about a murder committed in an Orthodox Jewish community in New York on two Orthodox Jewish news websites (Yeshiva World News and Vos Iz Neias) were examined. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to examine how community members reacted to the murder through the discussions they had and whether these discussions affected and reflected community cohesion. Implications for better understanding crime in insular communities are discussed, as are directions for future research.

Chapter 2: In this paper, we put together leading literature dealing with ecological innovation and reverse innovation. We try to identify the research patterns, themes and research direction of both of these concepts. We explore how we can put together both of these concepts. Purposefully, we referred to various overlapping literature in order to get the gist of research direction.
Chapter 3: This research is about the concept of reverse innovation and its link to ecological innovation. Reverse innovation is the development of new products and processes in emerging markets that then moves or diffuses to developed economies. We perform an inductive study of two international firms operating in the Chinese market. Our study is theoretical and is based on interviews conducted with employees and company information available online. The study shows that there is reverse innovation. And we observe that this reverse innovation turns out to be eco-friendly due to some specific characteristics present in the developing market, and hence be called eco-innovation. We identify three specific characteristics of emerging markets that facilitate the reverse innovation towards eco-innovation: resource constraint, marketplace or cost, and institutional or regulatory, and we call this innovation as reverse eco-innovation. We also observe that other obvious characteristics like partnerships, knowledge transfer are also there in a secondary role. Furthermore, we notice the drivers of reverse innovation in our studied cases.
Chapter 4: Eco-Innovation has been generally adopted by firms to meet the demand to reduce the environmental impact caused by their actions. Eco-innovation in terms of product and process innovation is influenced by factors such as the desire for resource efficiency, policy regulation instruments, market factors, R&D and cooperation among different partners. Firms are facing pressure to act “eco-friendly” in order to keep up with the changing environment and stay competitive. Chinese firms are influenced by these factors as well particularly in recent years. In this study, we observe selected Chinese enterprises in eco-innovation parks. We identify different environmental benefits within the enterprise and by the end-user as the firm’s environmental performance while considering the presence and absence of certain factors and conditions that are inducing them. We use fuzzy set theory for data arrangement and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as our methodology while using fsQCA package as a software tool. All data used are primary data collected using questionnaire and interviews for three years 2015-2017. Our results show that many combinations of those factors affect the environment performance outcome in Chinese firms. However, the presence of market factors and R&D activities are clearly driving the eco-innovation more than other factors, while cooperation activities have a minimum influence on performance.

Corporate social responsibility is an approach used in corporations and enterprises where the rights of stakeholders are addressed. The main focus of a business is to make a profit and a major duty of corporate governance is to maximise the profit. A problem arises when an organization makes a profit only for its shareholders and does not care about responsibilities to its other stakeholders. This is one reason why the concept of CSR originated, to encourage companies to incorporate social and environmental concerns within their business activities. This should be a voluntary act of the companies, but few studies show that organizations in developing countries are less concerned about their stakeholders than businesses in developed countries which practice CSR. This is because of some external factors such as public pressures, social background and the legal requirements of those countries. This study compared the CSR rules and regulations and practices between Pakistan and Australia. It aimed to draw some conclusions and offer some suggestions that could enhance CSR practices in Pakistan. This research is the first study of CSR regulations and CSR practices in Pakistan. A comparative legal research approach has been used. This research adopted a qualitative methodology. Two consecutive years of annual reports of ten companies in Australia and Pakistan have been considered and analysed with NVivo 12; then case law related to CSR has been compared and discussed to find the differences in the practices of corporate responsibilities in real life between Australian and Pakistani organizations. The findings of this research showed that there are some similarities and differences in CSR practices by organizations in Australia and Pakistan. A dearth of CSR rules and regulations and a poor law enforcement system in Pakistan is the main reason that companies in this country are not practicing CSR. This study recommends that the government of Pakistan should give more attention to the importance of CSR practices by businesses and update the CSR rules, regulations and guidelines. Attention to some specific laws in this country, and consideration of CSR Acts in Australia, could assist in developing and ensuring the adoption of CSR practices in Pakistan.

The stakeholder management framework of the 1980s and the triple bottom line framework of the 1990s strengthened corporate social responsibility but these frameworks could not bring about fundamental change in the role of businesses in society in relation to value creation. Hence, by the beginning of the present century, drawing on the ‘Sustainable Value’ and ‘Shared Value’ business models, the selected Australian banking and property organisations are striving to leverage on business strategies for generation of social and economic values. However, the Australian academic literature and industry reports demonstrate limited contributions to the sustainable and shared value literature, and hence, failing to support and deliver a comprehensive business model. To fill this conceptual and practical gap in the Australian industrial context, this study is undertaken with a view to recommend an alternative business model to integrate socioenvironmental issues and opportunities into core business strategy. Research objectives of the underlying study are to: a) explore the adoption of components of the applied sustainable value and shared value business models by Australian banking and property organisations for social and economic value creation; and b) empirically develop an alternative business model for the Australian banking and property industries based on emerging thematic components from industry-wide interview responses. Based on the interpretive paradigm, this study has adopted a qualitative multiple case study design to conduct semi-structured open-ended face-to-face interviews. The cases (n=8) in the banking and property industries have been selected through a purposive critical sampling approach. A thematic NVivo analysis was conducted based on four thematic components derived from the applied sustainable and shared value business models, namely clean technology, sustainability vision at the bottom of the pyramid, reconceiving of products/services and redefining of the value chain. This study explores how the selected Australian banking and property organisations are utilising various thematic components for social and economic value creation in addition to other components (i.e. customer/stakeholder engagement, community resilience) not otherwise categorically mentioned within both the above-mentioned models. The major findings show a number of industry-wide differences, which include a) banking organisations predominantly leverage sustainability based on product/service innovation at the bottom of the pyramid level, and b) property organisations predominantly leverage environmental sustainability based on the application of clean technology through redefining the value chain. The primary interview data findings suggest that the selected Australian sustainable and shared value organisations also emphasise the co-creation of value based on their engagement with customers, stakeholders, and communities. The secondary data findings suggest that the selected Australian property organisations have ensured a higher increase in net profit after tax and return on equity compared to the banking organisations. The secondary data further suggest that organisations (i.e. Suncorp, Charter Hall, Company X, Stockland) which used the combination of the elements of sustainable and shared value business models performed better in terms of profitability (i.e. economic value) than the organisations which only used either the sustainable value (ANZ, Lendlease) or the shared value (Bendigo, NAB) model. The only exception being Stockland, which experienced a slight decrease in the return on equity during the 2014- 18 period inspite of almost triple digit increase in net profit during the above-mentioned period. In terms of social value, the secondary data further suggest that the selected banking and property organisations have undertaken quite considerable social and community investments while leveraging on the components of various business models. The main recommendation of this study is an empirically developed alternative business model for value co-creation based on two new thematic components, which are customer/stakeholder engagement and community resilience that emerged from the industry case interviews. The significance of the study lies in the fact that all future academic researchers and practice managers should be able to implement the recommended business model for value co-creation to enhance social and economic value. One of the other major implications of the study lies in its application of a stakeholder-centric (i.e. customers, communities) value creation model by Australian banking organisations which have recently gone through the Financial Services Royal Commission investigation. The future theoretical implications of this study on value cocreation can be considered in terms of a better understanding of stakeholder theory (encompassing customers and communities) and agency theory (encompassing valueseeking organisational agents) with respect to the banking and property industry in Australian context.

The major goal of the Bachelor of Adult Education degree is to equip officers with the prerequisite skills, knowledge and attitudes to design and deliver programmed instruction to different categories of learners as well as to equip them with skills to conduct research in the field of adult education practice. The present study undertakes to investigate the reasons for lack of patronage for the adult education degree at Zimbabwe Staff College (ZSC) by exploring the quality of the adult education degree programme in terms of its effectiveness, relevance, value and its ability to enhance the quality of life. An adult education degree programme should reflect the sociocultural realities and experiences of adult learners. Participatory approaches should inform the development and implementation of curriculum. The aim of the study is to inform decisionmaking aimed at programme improvement. Effectiveness entails adequacy and appropriateness of teaching methods and support services. Relevance is ensured by considering the policy framework, curriculum provision, learners‟ needs and non–participation in the programme. Value constitutes the ability to improve the economic, professional, social and political aspects of life. Using the qualitative case study design, seven students and two administrators were selected using purposeful sampling, which is informed by the non-probability theory of sampling, to participate in individual and focus group interviews, which were subsequently conducted and generated data for analysis. Available relevant documents were analysed. The major finding revealed that a lack of recognition of the adult education programme by superiors at ZSC was the major obstacle to participation. Lack of recognition was found to be attributable to the absence of any national lifelong learning policy, ZSC policy framework, institutional structural conditions, and non–participatory curriculum development process and also to other associated barriers. The non-existence of the national and local policies on adult education was found to be negatively affecting not only participation but also the quality of the content provision because a lifelong learning policy framework is supposed to be informing design and practice. Recommendations focus on revision of the policy framework and the way the policies are implemented at national and local levels. A review of the implementation of policy is imperative if the restrictions responsible for the invisibility of adult education in the country and adult education programmes at ZCS are to be removed.
Curriculum and Instructional Studies
D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Abstracts in English, Zulu and Afrikaans
This Grounded Theory study focused on understanding how South Africa’s two numerically-dominant political parties, the African National Congress (ANC) and Democratic Alliance (DA), used micro-blogging site, Twitter, as part of their electioneering arsenal in the 2016 municipal elections to promote party-political digital issue ownership within an urban context. Using each party’s 2016 election manifesto and corpus of tweets, this three-phased study found that while both the ANC and DA used Twitter as a digital political communication platform to communicate their election campaigns, the DA notably leveraged the social networking site for intense ‘focused’ messaging of its negative campaign against the ANC while simultaneously promoting positive electoral messages around its own ‘core’ issues and metro mayoral candidates. ‘Battleground’ metros were identified by the DA in Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, Tshwane and Nelson Mandela Bay, leading to an emphasised urban campaign here to either activate the party’s own support base and/ or to suppress the ANC’s turnout in these highly-contested areas. Additionally, it was found that both the ANC and DA used Twitter for explicit and implicit partypolitical issue ownership claiming in the 2016 municipal elections. Lastly, this study also culminated in the proposal of three but interconnected different elements of a conceptual framework for digital political communication that political parties could use to promote digital party-political issue ownership within a pronounced urban electioneering setting. These elements – ‘coordinating and managing how an election is tweeted’, 'focus' messaging the election’ and ‘audience-segmenting as a message-tailoring strategy’ – when used in unison can help political parties communicate better and ultimately more effectively in a highly mediatised technological media landscape
Hierdie Gegronde Teorie Studie fokus op die verduideliking hoe Suid-Afrika se twee numeriese dominante politieke partye, die African National Congress (ANC) en Demokratiese Alliansie (DA), van die mikro-blog platform, Twitter, gebruik gemaak het tydens hulle verkiessingsstrategie in die 2016 munisipale verkiessings om die party politieke digitale kwessie rondom eienaarskap binne ‘n stedelike verband te bevorder. Deur elke party se 2016 verkiessings manifesto en arsenaal van twiets te gebruik, het hierdie drie-fase studie bevind dat beide die ANC en DA, Twitter gebruik het as ‘n digitale politieke kommunikasie platform. Die DA het egter die sosiale media netwerk kenmerkend gebruik vir ‘n intense gefokusde negatiewe veldtog teen die ANC terwyl hulle terselfdertyd ‘n positiewe verkiessings boodskap rondom die party se eie kernkwessies en metro burgermeesters kandidate gesentreer het. ‘Oorlogsgebied’ metros is deur die DA in Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, Tshwane en Nelson Mandela Bay geidentifiseer wat ‘n defnitiewe stedelike veldtog tot gevolg gehad het om die party se eie ondersteuningsbasis te bevorder en/of die ANC se ondersteuning in hierdie hoogs betwiste areas te onderdruk. Daar was ook bevind dat beide die ANC en DA van Twitter gebruik gemaak het vir eksplisiete en implisiete party politieke kwessies rondom eiernaarskap tydens die 2016 munisipale verkiessings. Hierdie studie kan saamgevat word in drie onderskeie maar verwante elemente om ‘n raamwerk te vorm van die digitale politieke kommunikasie wat politieke partye kan gebruik om digitale party politieke kwessies binne ‘n stedelike verkiessings omgewing te bevorder. Wanneer hierdie elemente – ‘koordinering en bestuur van hoe twiets tydens ‘n verkiesing gebruik word’, ‘’die focus van die boodksap tydens die verkiessing’ and ‘die gehoorsegmentasie can ‘n boodskap strategie’ – in ‘n eenheid gebruik word kan dit politieke partye help om beter en meer effektief te kommunikeer binne ‘n baie kompiterende en tegnologiese medialandskap.
Inkcazo-bungcali yesisifundo ibigxile ekuqondeni ukuba uMzantsi Africa lo unamaqela amakhulu amabini ezopolitiko, ukutsho, iAfrican National Congress (ANC) kunye ne Democratic Alliance (DA), la maqela asebenzise iwebhusayithi encinane uTwitter, njengenxalenye yezixhobo zonxibelelwano kunyulo loo masipala ngo-2016. Bekwenza oku ngelikhuthaza amaqela ezopolitiko nebango lawo kwimiba yezinto abathi bazithethe kwisithuba sedijithali,kumxholo wendawo zase dolophini. Esi sifundo sisebenzisa imanifesto kunye nothotho lwe tweets zeqela ngalinye, nesenziwe ngokwezigaba ezithathu, sifumanise ukuba nangona iANC kunye ne DA zisebenzise uTwitter njenge qonga lonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko zedijithali (ngokolwimi lwasemzini) ukunxibelelana namaphulo onyulo, iDA izibonakalise amandla kwindawo yokuncokola kwiqonga uTwitter,ngokuthi imiyalezo yayo igxile kwaye itsole. Miyalezo leyo ithe yagxila ngokungafanelekanga kumkhankaso weANC. Ngaxeshanye, imiyalezo yayo yona iDA ibeyeyakhayo, kwaye incedisana nephulo layo kwimiba ephambili kunye nabagqatswa bosodolophu bo masipala abambaxa. Oomasipala abambaxa abathi babenongquzulwano bachongwe yiDA Ekurhuleni, eRhawutini, eTshwane nase Bhayi. Lonto ibangele ukuba bagxininise ekukhokeleni iphulo ledolophu ukuze bavuselele inkxaso ye DA apho okanye bacinezele ukuvela kwe-ANC kwezi ndawo kuphikiswana kakhulu ngazo. Ukongeza, kufumaniseke ukuba iANC kunye neDA zisebenzise uTwitter ngokwendlela ecacileyo nengathanga ngqo kwimeko yobunini bemicimbi yepolitiki ukuze bafumane ibango kunyulo loomasipala lwango 2016. Okokugqibela, esisifundo sigqibele kwisindululo sezinto ezintathu azahlukeneyo kodwa ezidityaniswe yinkqubosikhokelo eqingqiweyo kunxibelelwano lwezopolitiko zedijithali. Ezi zinto zizinto ezisenakho ukusetyenziswa ngamaqela ezopolitiko ukukhuthaza ubunini bemicimbi yezopolitiko ngaphakathi kulungiselelo lonyulo lwedolophu olubhengeziweyo. Ezi zinto- 'ukulungelelanisa nokulawula indlela unyulo luthunyelwe ngayo kusetyeziswa uTwitter', 'kugxilwe' kwimiyalezo yonyulo kunye nokuhlukaniswa kwabaphulaphuli okanye ababukeli njengecebo lokulungisa umyalezo '- xa zisetyenziswa ngazwinye zinokuwanceda amaqela ezopolitiko anxibelelane ngcono kwaye ekugqibeleni ngokuyimpumelelo kakhulu kuxhamlo olunamandla kakhulu kubume beendaba kumhlaba wetekhnoloji (ngokolwimi lwesiNgesi).
Communication Science
D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)