Tesi sul tema "Nutrients in lagoons"

Glenbrook Lagoon, an 8 hectare lake receiving rainfall runoff from a residential catchment, is experiencing nutrient enrichment problems expressed as excessive aquatic plant presence. This study aims to assess the relative nutrient contribution of the total system compartments, including catchment loading, water column, aquatic plants and surface sediment. This information is utilised in the formulation of management strategies which may produce a sustainable nutrient reduction and general improvement in the system. The total nutrient content of the aquatic system was determined to be high in comparison with the present nutrient loading from the catchment. The ideal management case considers nutrient reduction of the surface sediment compartment firstly, followed by the aquatic plant community, with the water column and catchment influence as relatively low priority compartments. Various strategies for managing these are proposed. The total system benefits of the ideal management case are reductions in nutrients, aquatic plant biovolume and suspended solid loading. Unavoidable constraints placed upon the ideal management case include the excessive aquatic plant presence restricting accessability to the surface sediment for dredging. The resulting best management case requires aquatic plant eradication prior to sediment management, with the total system benefits associated with the ideal management case being retained.
Master of Science (Hons)

Entre 1999 i 2003 es va desenvolupar un projecte Life de restauració a la maresma de La Pletera, afectada per un pla urbanització, i a la llacuna del Ter Vell, amb un elevat grau d'eutròfia (aiguamolls del Baix Ter, NE Península Ibèrica). L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és establir el funcionament d'ambdós ecosistemes, analitzar-ne la problemàtica ambiental i avaluar els efectes de la restauració.
A la maresma de la Pletera, es va analitzar el paper de la hidrologia en la composició i dinàmica dels nutrients i del zooplàncton en cinc llacunes, tres de les quals havien estat creades dins el projecte de restauració com a nous refugis per una espècie de peix amenaçada (Aphanius iberus). La hidrologia es va caracteritzar per un llarg període de confinament sense entrades d'aigua, interromput de manera irregular per inundacions puntuals. La dinàmica del nitrogen inorgànic es va relacionar amb les entrades d'aigua, mentre que la del fòsfor, del nitrogen total i de la matèria orgànica es va relacionar amb els processos d'acumulació i reciclatge intern durant el confinament. El zooplàncton es va analitzar mitjançant la combinació d'aproximacions taxonòmiques i de mides. L'estructura de mides de la comunitat es va veure més afectada per les interaccions tròfiques (depredació i competència) mentre que l'estructura taxonòmica va ser més sensible a factors abiòtics (nutrients). El ràpid creixement de la població A. iberus en les noves llacunes va suggerir que aquestes havien proporcionat l'hàbitat adequat per a l'espècie, almenys a curt termini.
Les actuacions de restauració a la llacuna del Ter Vell es van centrar en la millora de la qualitat de l'aigua mitjançant (1) la construcció d'uns aiguamolls per depurar l'aigua d'entrada i (2) el dragat del sediment en diversos punts. Simultàniament a la restauració, però de forma independent, la gestió agrícola de l'aigua va reduir dràsticament el cabal d'entrada d'aigua dolça a la llacuna, provocant un canvi en el règim hídric. Es van analitzar els efectes a curt termini d'aquest canvi sobre la limnologia i el zooplàncton de la llacuna. Abans del canvi, la hidrologia era artificial ja que s'havia prolongat l'entrada d'aigua dolça d'acord amb la demanda agrícola, i per tant la llacuna presentava una elevada taxa de renovació de l'aigua i majors concentracions de nutrients. Després del canvi, la hidrologia va dependre més del clima, es van reduir les entrades d'aigua i es va allargar el període de confinament. La composició y dinàmica dels nutrients va tendir a assemblar-se a l'observada a les llacunes de la maresma, mentre que la comunitat del zooplàncton no ho va fer. L'estat ecològic de la llacuna va millorar després del canvi en el règim hídric.
Between 1999 and 2003, a restoration Life project was developed in La Pletera salt marshes, affected by an urbanisation plan, and in the Ter Vell lagoon, a highly eutrophic lagoon (Baix Ter Wetlands, NE Iberian Peninsula). The aim of this thesis is to establish the natural functioning of both ecosystems, analyze their environmental problematic and also to evaluate the effects of the restoration measures.
In La Pletera salt marshes, the role of the hydrological regime in the nutrient and zooplankton composition and dynamics was analysed in five brackish lagoons. Three of them were created in the framework of the restoration project as new refuges for an endangered fish species (A. iberus). The hydrology was determined by a prolonged period of confinement without water inputs, irregularly interrupted by sudden flooding events. While the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen depended on the water inputs variability, dynamics of phosphorus, total nitrogen and organic matter was related more to the cumulative mechanisms and internal recycling during the confinement periods. The zooplankton community structure was analysed by means of the combination of taxon- and size-based approaches. Whereas the community size structure was more affected by trophic interactions (predation and competition), the taxonomic structure appeared to be more sensitive to abiotic factors (nutrients). The fast growth of the size population of A. iberus in the new lagoons suggested that they had provided a suitable refuge for this species, at least in the short-term.
Restoration actions in the Ter Vell lagoon were focused on the improvement of the water quality by means of (1) wetlands construction to reduce nutrient inputs and (2) sediment dredging. Simultaneously, but independent of the restoration activities, water management in agriculture drastically reduced the freshwater inflow to the lagoon and, therefore, changed the hydrological regime. The short-term effects of this hydrological change on the limnological characteristics and the zooplankton of the lagoon were analysed. Before the change, the hydrology was artificial since the freshwater flooding period was prolonged due to the high agricultural demand. As a result, the lagoon showed a high water turnover rate and high nutrient concentrations. After the change, hydrology was climate-dependent, with scarce water inputs and prolonged confinement periods. Then, the nutrient composition and dynamics tended to be more similar to those observed in the salt marsh lagoons. However, zooplankton did not tend to resemble to that of the salt marsh lagoons. The ecological status of the Ter Vell lagoon was improved after the hydrological change.

A zona de desembocadura do rio Paranapanema na Represa de Jurumirim é uma região de desaceleração da velocidade da correnteza associada a um grande número de ambientes aquáticos com diferentes características hidrodinâmicas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do aqüífero freático superficial na dinâmica de nutrientes (nitrogênio, fósforo e os principais cátions), foram estudadas três lagoas marginais, com diferentes graus de conexão com o rio: 1) Lagoa do Coqueiral (LCQ), com elevada conectividade com o rio Paranapanema; 2) Lagoa do Camargo (LCM), com conexão permanente com o rio, mas com baixa troca de \"informações\" e 3) Lagoa dos Cavalos (LCV), ambiente isolado do ecossistema lótico. Em outubro de 2002 (final da estação de seca na região) foram perfurados poços e instalados piezômetros para determinação da superfície piezométrica e do gradiente hidráulico entre o rio e as lagoas marginais estudadas. Durante as perfurações foram retiradas amostras dos estratos do solo para análises granulométricas, capacidade de troca de cátions, matéria orgânica, soma de bases trocáveis, porcentagem de saturação de bases, macro-nutrientes e micro-nutrientes. A amostragem foi realizada em campanhas mensais no período de abril de 2003 a abril de 2005. As amostras de água subterrânea foram coletadas com o auxilio de garrafas de coleta, com volume de 1,0 L, específicas para amostragem em piezômetros. No rio e nas lagoas a coleta foi realizada na subsuperfície em pontos próximos da zona de transição entre os sistemas aquático e terrestre. A condutividade hidráulica foi determinada no campo utilizando-se testes do tipo slug. Nas amostras de água foram determinados os valores de pH, condutividade e os teores de nitrogênio total, fósforo total, cálcio, magnésio, sódio, alumínio, manganês, bário, zinco e cobalto. Os resultados obtidos do gradiente hidráulico, juntamente com os dados de precipitação, mostraram que o ambiente lótico torna-se influente no período de chuvas e no período de seca as lagoas, preferencialmente, assumem essa condição. A aplicação de modelos lineares generalizados e do teste de Tukey mostrou variações temporais na maioria das variáveis. Uma relação crescente com o tempo foi observada para as concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo e alumínio. Os valores de pH, condutividade, cálcio, magnésio, manganês, zinco e cobalto apresentaram uma relação temporal decrescente. Em relação ao ambiente, para os dados de condutividade, pH e sódio, foram identificadas diferenças entre as três lagoas. A maioria das variáveis apresentou diferenças significativas entre a água subterrânea e as águas superficiais (rio e lagoa). Na concentração de fósforo foram observadas diferenças entre a água do aqüífero e a água do rio. Estimativa média da contribuição de nitrogênio total e fósforo total via água subterrânea para o conteúdo total nos sistemas conectados oscilaram entre 6% para o sistema Lagoa do Coqueiral a 16% no sistema Lagoa do Camargo respectivamente. No sistema isolado Lagoa dos Cavalos as estimativas da contribuição, via água subterrânea em relação ao conteúdo total da lagoa, foram maiores para o fósforo total (média = 11%) quando comparadas com as estimadas para o nitrogênio total (média = 7%).
The discharge zone of Paranapanema river at Jurumirim reservoir is an area of decreased current velocity associated to a great number of aquatic environments with different hydrodynamic characteristics. To evaluate the influence of the superficial phreatic aquifer in the nutrient dynamics (nitrogen and phosphorus and main cations), three floodplain lakes with different degrees of connection to the main channel were studied: 1) Coqueiral Lake (LCQ), with high connection to Paranapanema river; 2) Camargo Lake (LCM), with permanent connection to the main channel but low \"information\" interchange and 3) Cavalos Lake (LCV), isolated from the main channel. In October 2002 (end of the regional dry period) piezometers were installed at drilled wells to evaluate the piezometric surface and the hydraulic gradient between the main channel and floodplain lakes. During drilling, samples of soil strata were collected to proceed granulometric analysis, cation interchange capacity, organic matter, sum of exchangeable bases, percent base saturation, macro and micro-nutrients. Sampling was undertaken from April 2003 to April 2005. Groundwater samples were collected with 1,0 L bailers, specific for piezometers sampling. At the main channel and floodplain lakes, sampling was undertaken at the subsurface at stations located near the transitions zone between the aquatic and terrestrial systems. The hydraulic conductivity was determined by slug tests. Values of pH, conductivity, total nitrogen and phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, aluminum, manganese, barium, zinc and cobalt were obtained for the water samples. Hydraulic gradient and pluviometric data showed that the lotic environment exerts influence during the raining period; during the dry one, this role is played by the lakes. Most variables showed temporal variation when submitted to generalized linear models and the test of Tukey. An increased relationship with time was observed for nitrogen, phosphorus and aluminum concentrations. Values of pH, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and cobalt showed a decreasing temporal relationship. Concerning the conductivity, pH and sodium data of the environment, differences among the three lakes were evaluated. Most variables showed significative differences between ground and surface waters (river and lakes). The aquifer and river waters showed differences concerning the concentrations of phosphorus. Mean estimates of the total nitrogen and phosphorus groundwater contribution to the total content fluctuated, in the connected system, between 6%, for the Coqueiral Lake system, to 16%, for Camargo Lake system respectively. For the isolated system Cavalos Lake, the groundwater contribution estimates related to the total content of the lake were higher for total phosphorus (average = 11%) when compared to the total nitrogen estimates (average = 7%).

Nos últimos anos, tem-se verificado um crescente incremento na reutilização de água na agricultura, devido à crescente escassez dos recursos hídricos de boa qualidade e ao aumento do consumo de água. A poupança deste recurso através da reutilização, contribui para a poupança de água de boa qualidade e para o aproveitamento de efluentes tratados, permitindo que os nutrientes neles contidos sejam reciclados. Como caso de estudo, foram seleccionadas todas as ETAR urbanas com lagoas de estabilização que servem aglomerados com mais de 2000 habitantes em funcionamento no Alentejo e verificada a possibilidade de reutilização em agricultura. Através dos resultados analíticos dos efluentes, verificou-se que houve parâmetros que não cumpriram o normativo que rege as descargas de águas residuais. Os efluentes que apresentaram melhor qualidade para rega, foram os provenientes das ETAR que registaram maior eficiência de remoção acumulada: Alcácer do Sal, Aljustrel, Arraiolos, Barrancos, Beja, Monforte, Vendas Novas e Vidigueira. O resultado do efluente médio da ETAR de Monforte, foi o único que cumpriu inteiramente a legislação portuguesa relativamente à qualidade da água para rega, enquanto que os restantes teriam que ser sujeitos a uma desinfecção por cloragem ou ultra violetas para melhorar a qualidade microbiológica. O pH dos efluentes de Alter do Chão, Arraiolos, Monforte e Vendas Novas ultrapassaram o VMR sendo aconselhável proceder a uma correcção para que não haja alteração da estrutura e alcalinidade do solo. Registaram-se valores elevados de matéria orgânica traduzidos pela concentração elevada de SST, CQO e CB05 nos efluentes das ETAR de Aljustrel, Alter do Chão, Arraiolos, Avis, Barrancos, Campo Maior (Z.E. e Z.O.), Castro Verde, Redondo Horta do Grilo, Reguengos e Vendas Novas, podendo ocorrer colmatagem do solo, depósito sobre as folhas e frutos e entupimento nos equipamentos de rega. A rega com os efluentes estudados é indicada para culturas com grande demanda de fertilizantes e que não apresentem riscos de contaminação como é o caso de cereais, forragens para fenar ou ensilar e culturas industriais (girassol, algodão e árvores). O trabalho enquadra ainda, em termos gerais, a utilização de águas residuais em agricultura, contemplando os usos possíveis, características dos efluentes utilizáveis, comportamento dos agentes poluentes no solo, tratamento de efluentes e os aspectos de natureza prática e legal envolvidos. /*** Abstract - As a consequence of the increase of the demand of water and of the growing shortage of the hydric resources good quality, the reutilization of waters in the agriculture has been suffering, since the last years, a great increment. This reutilization not only allows the saving of hydric resources of good quality, but also contributes to the treatment of the waters. It constitutes an alternative in terms of final destination of the treated effluent and it allows the nutrient contained to be recycle. As an example, it were chosen all the urban wastewaters treatment station headquarters with fixed lagoons, that are responsible to serving agglomerates with more than 2000 inhabitants in operation in Alentejo and it was also checked the possibility of reutilization in agriculture. Through the analytic results of the effluents, there were values that didn't fulfil the standard for the discharge of wastewater. The effluents that were considered to have best quality for irrigation were the ones from the wastewater treatment station: Alcácer do Sal, Aljustrel, Arraiolos, Barrancos, Beja, Monforte, Vendas Novas and Vidigueira because they had the best efficiency in accumulated removal. The only one that followed the portuguese legislation concerning the quality of water for irrigation, was the result of the medium effluent of Monforte wastewater treatment station. The others would have to be desinfected with chorine or ultra-violets to improve their microbiologic quality. The results of the pH on the effluents of Alter do Chão, Arraiolos, Monforte and Vendas Novas exceeded the maximum value recommended, so that, it's advisable to proceed to a correction to maintain the structure and alkalinity of there soils. In the effluents of the wastewaters treatment station of Aljustrel, Alter do Chão, Arraiolos, Avis, Barrancos, Campo Maior (Z.E. and Z.O.), Castro Verde, Redondo Horta do Grilo, Reguengos and Vendas Novas there, were registers of high concentration of Total Suspense Solids, COD and BOD. Considering that, it can ocur an accumulation of sediments on the soil and leaves and fruits and obstruction of the irrigation equipment’s. Irrigation with the studied effluents is indicated for cultures with great search for fertilizers and without dangers of contamination, like cereals, industrial cultures (sunflower, cotton and trees) and fodder for hay ensile. The essay also contains, in general terms, the use of wastewater in agriculture, regarding the possible applications, the characteristics of the useful effluents, the behavior of the agents of polutins in the soil, the eflluents treatment and involved aspects of practical and legal nature.

Bien que l’importance des eaux souterraines et des eaux porales (recirculation) en tant que voie d’apports de nutriments vers les systèmes côtiers soit de plus en plus reconnue, il y a encore peu d’information sur leur réel rôle écologique. Cette thèse vise à évaluer l’impact des flux d’eaux souterraines et du processus de recirculation au sein du sédiment sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes lagunaires côtiers et sur leur vulnérabilité face aux impacts anthropiques et climatiques. Deux lagunes contrastées de la côte méditerranéenne française ont été étudiées (Etangs de La Palme et Salses-Leucate). Nos résultats montrent que la recirculation est la principale source d'azote inorganique dissous (DIN) et de phosphore inorganique dissous (DIP) dans la lagune de La Palme. Les signatures isotopiques d'azote (δ15N) chez les macrophytes et le phytoplancton reflètent principalement celles des formes inorganiques dissoutes des eaux souterraines et des eaux porales dans les lagunes de La Palme et de Salses-Leucate, démontrant ainsi le rôle significatif de ces sources dans le soutien de la production primaire. Les signatures isotopiques du carbone (δ13C) indiquent que les eaux souterraines sont également des sources importantes de carbone inorganique dissous pour les producteurs primaires. Cette étude montre aussi que les moules des sites influencés par les eaux souterraines ont un taux de croissance et un indice de condition (poids des tissus / poids de la coquille) plus élevés que ceux du site témoin hors influence des eaux souterraines probablement dues aux températures hivernales plus élevées et à l'apport permanent d'éléments nutritifs provenant des eaux souterraines
Whilst the role of groundwater discharge and porewater fluxes (recirculation) as important pathways for nutrient delivery to coastal systems is increasingly being recognized, there remains limited evidence of its “downstream” ecological implications. This thesis aims at investigating the ecological role that groundwater flows play in some aspects of the functioning and vulnerability of coastal lagoonal ecosystems. Two contrasting lagoons on the french mediterranean coastline were studied (La Palme and Salses-Leucate lagoons). Our results show that the recirculation of lagoon water through the lagoon sediments is the main source of both dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorous (DIP) to La Palme lagoon. The nitrogen isotopic signatures (δ15N) in primary producers reflect predominantly the nitrogen isotopic signatures of the terrestrial (karstic) groundwater and porewater source in both La Palme and Salses-Leucate lagoons, demonstrating the important role of these sources in supporting primary production. The carbon isotope signatures (δ13C) indicate groundwater discharge as a significant source also of dissolved inorganic carbon to primary producers. Further more, the variations in growth rate and condition index (tissue weight / shell weight) of the Mediterranean mussels growing in and outside groundwater-influence in Salses-Leucate lagoon were examined. Mussels from the groundwater-influenced sites have higher growth rate and condition index compared to those from the control site, likely as consequence of both the higher winter temperatures and the groundwater-driven nutrient supply that increase the food availability to support mussel growth

Coombabah Lake is a sub-tropical, semi-urbanised, shallow lagoon in southern Moreton Bay (Australia), recognised nationally and internationally as an important conservation and habitat zone. However, significant increases in urban development have occurred within the lagoon catchment in recent times, raising concerns over the sustainability of the lagoon ecosystem. This is typical of many estuarine environments which are ecologically and economically important waterways that often become surrounded by urban development and therefore experience degradation of water and sediment quality. The processes controlling the distribution of organic matter and nutrients in estuaries are especially important in understanding their chemical cycling. Consequently, the assessment and understanding of biogeochemical processes and other influential factors is essential for the effective management of estuaries. This study is a multi-disciplinary investigation of biological, physical, and biogeochemical processes occurring in the surface sediments and overlying waters of Coombabah Lake and the adjoining creek. The primary aim of this study was to investigate physico-chemical and biogeochemical processes occurring over various patial and temporal scales and improve the understanding of Coombabah Lake and similar shallow sub-tropical systems. Spatial variability of physico-chemical surface sediment variables and the sources and distribution of surface sediment organic matter were investigated to provide an understanding of the physico-chemical and ecological processes driving the lagoon system. Lagoon sediments were characterised by generally fine sediments with predominantly sandier sediments occurring within the northern region and muddier sediments occurring within the southern region. Although some sediment locations had elevated nutrient concentrations in comparison to adjacent lagoon sediments, nutrient concentrations within the lagoon were generally typical of Australian estuarine environments. Comprehensive analysis of biomarkers indicated that the lagoon received organic matter from a variety of autochthonous and allochthonous sources including terrestrial vascular plants (i.e. surrounding mangroves), diatoms, and benthic bacteria with the fringing mangroves potentially playing an important role in the lagoon food web. The intratidal variability of hydrological and physico-chemical variables were measured and the filterable nutrient and chlorophyll-a transport loads entering the lagoon determined. Instrumental measurements and hourly water collections provided the first account of intratidal variability within the system and indicated the lagoon and adjoining creek was characterised by a mixed tidal regime with cyclic and temporal variations in physico-chemical variables, suspended solids, and chl-a concentrations. Both dissolved oxygen and turbidity values exceeded regulatory guideline values for the region. Nutrient concentrations were typical of local and Australian estuarine environments and exceeded regulatory guideline values for the region. Nutrients sourced externally from the Coombabah Lake-Creek system resulted in increased transportation rates during flood events indicating a potential for increased nutrient loadings and enrichment within the lagoon and associated wetland environment...
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

This thesis covers work carried out on algae bioreactors as a tertiary treatment process for wastewater treatment. The process was primarily assessed by the removal of Phosphorus and Nitrogen as an alternative to chemical and bacterial removal. Algal bioreactors would have the added advantage of carbon sequestration and a by-product in the energy rich algal biomass that should be exploited in the existing AD capacity. Laboratory scale bioreactors were run (4.5-30L) using the secondary treated final effluent from the local Loughborough sewage works. In a preliminary series of experiments several different bioreactor designs were tested. These included both batch feed and continuous flow feed configurations. The bioreactors were all agitated to keep the algal cells in suspension. The results demonstrated that the most effective and easy to operate was the batch feed process with the algal biomass by-product harvested by simple gravitational settling. Experiments also compared an artificial light source with natural light in outdoor experiments. Outdoor summer light produced greater growth rates but growth could not be sustained in natural UK winter light. Light intensity is proportional to productivity and algae require a minimum of around 97W/m2 to grow, an overcast winter day (the worst case scenario) was typically around 78W/m2, however this was only available for a few hours per day during Nov-Jan. The process would be better suited to areas of the world that receive year round sunlight. It was shown that phosphorus could be totally removed from wastewater by the algae in less than 24 hours depending on other operating variables. With optimisation and addition of more carbon, a HRT of 10-12 hours was predicted to achieve the EU WFD / UWWTD standard. It was further predicted that the process could be economically and sustainably more attractive than the alternatives for small to medium sized works. Biomass 3 concentrations of between 1-2g/L were found to best achieve these removals and produce the fastest average growth rates of between 125-150mg/L/d. The uptake rates of phosphorus and nitrogen were shown to be dependent on the type of algae present in the bioreactor. Nitrogen removal was shown to be less effective when using filamentous bluegreen algae whilst phosphorus removal was almost completely stopped compared to unicellular green algae that achieved a nitrogen uptake of 5.3mg/L/d and phosphorus uptake of 8mg/L/d. Soluble concentrations of Fe, Ni and Zn were also reduced by 60% in the standard 10 hours HRT. The predominant algae were shown to depend largely on these concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen, and the strain most suited to that specific nutrient or temperature environment dominated. Nutrient uptake rates were linked to algal growth rates which correlated with the availability of Carbon as CO2. CO2 was shown to be the limiting factor for growth; becoming exhausted within 10 hours and causing the pH to rise to above 10.5. The literature showed this was a common result and the use of CO2 sparging would more than double performance making this process a good candidate for waste CO2 sequestration. Heat generated from combustion or generators with exhaust CO2 would also be ideal to maintain a year round constant temperature of between 20-25°C within the bioreactors. A number of possible uses for the algal biomass generated were examined but currently the most feasible option is wet anaerobic co-digestion. Further economic analysis was recommended on the balance between land area and complementary biomass generation for AD. It was also suggested given the interest as algae as a future fuel source, the process could also be adapted for large scale treatment and algal biomass production in areas of the world where land was available.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2006.
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Atividades de cultivos de camarão tendem a aumentar a taxa de sedimentação de matéria orgânica nos corpos hídricos receptores de seus efluentes, pela excessiva produção de produtos de excreção e sobras de ração. Dependendo das condições ambientais, o sistema pode não apresentar condições de autodepuração, gerando um grande acúmulo de nutrientes ao longo da camada sedimentar e intensificação do metabolismo bêntico, levando muitas vezes o ambiente a um processo de eutrofização e possível situação de anoxia. No presente estudo, utilizaram-se incubações in situ com câmaras bentônicas transparentes e opacas para avaliar o metabolismo bêntico em áreas de cultivo de camarão no estuário (cercados e viveiros). Nos cercados, ficou evidente que há uma clara interferência do cultivo nos processos de regeneração bêntica de nutrientes, incrementando os fluxos de nitrogênio (na forma de amônio) e fósforo (fosfato). O fluxo médio registrado nas câmaras opacas, ao final do período de cultivo, foi 52,8 mg.L-1 de amônio (N-NH 4+) e 5,41 mg.L-1 de fosfato (P-PO4 3-). Na fazenda de cultivo em viveiros, os fluxos de nutrientes e o consumo de oxigênio pelo sedimento foram geralmente mais elevados do que no cercado. Entretanto, o cultivo da fazenda possui escala comercial, ao passo que o cercado é experimental (pesquisa). Em função disto, próximo à despesca os valores de N-amônio do efluente chegaram a ser três ordens de grandeza superior aos do estuário. Mesmo assim, não foram desrespeitados os padrões de lançamento de efluentes estabelecidos pela legislação ambiental vigente. Embora a interferência desta atividade tenha se mostrado de abrangência local e temporária (apenas 4 a 5 meses do ano), é importante salientar que o Consumo de Oxigênio pelo Sedimento e o aporte de nutrientes oriundo da regeneração ganham maior importância em locais rasos e de circulação restrita, como é o caso das enseadas. É fundamental portanto que se façam estudos de zoneamento ambiental e de capacidade de suporte (capacidade de assimilação), determinando áreas de preferência para a expansão da atividade, quantificando também o número máximo de unidades suportados pelo meio, a fim de evitar ou minimizar os potenciais impactos ambientais negativos.
Shrimp farms activities tend to increase the organic matter sedimentation rate, by extreme inputs of excreta products and shrimp food (commercial shrimp diet) into the environment. In certain environmental conditions, the auto depuration system can be surpassed, generating a great production of nutrients at the sedimentary layer, as results of benthic metabolism intensification and, consequently the system can be induced to a eutrofication processes and anoxia. In the present study, in situ incubations with transparent and opaque chambers had been used to evaluate the benthic metabolism in shrimp farm areas in the Patos Lagoon estuary (pen enclosures and ponds). In the pen enclosures, it was evident that it has a clear interference of the culture in the processes of benthic regeneration of nutrients, resulting in increasing of phosphate and nitrogen fluxes (in the ammonium specie). The registered average flux in the opaque chamber, at the end of the period of culture, was 52,8 mg.L-1 of N-ammonium and 5,41 mg.L-1 of Pphosphate. In the pond shrimp farm, the fluxes of nutrients and the consumption of oxygen by the sediment were generally higher than the pen enclosures. However, the culture of ponds farm has a commercial scale, compared to the pen enclosures that is experimental (scientific research). In function of this, close to the shrimp harvest period the values of N-ammonium in the effluent had been 3 orders of magnitude higher than the pen enclosure. Besides that, the effluent values registered didn’t disrespect the values established by Brazilian environmental legislation. Even considering that this activity have a local and temporary distribution (only 4 to 5 months of the year), it is important to call attention to the sediment oxygen consumption and the input of nutrients deriving from the regeneration of organic matter which it’s enhanced in shallow waters and restricted circulation areas (as small bays), locations where shrimp culture is developed in the Patos Lagoon estuary. It’s important to study the environmental zoning and support capacity (assimilation capacity), to determine areas for expansion of the activity, also quantifying the maximum number of units supported by the environment, in order to prevent or to minimize the potential negative environmental impacts.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2001.
Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 117 p.; also contains graphics. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ
O Complexo Estuarino Lagunar de Mundaú - Manguaba (CELMM), Alagoas, vem sof rendo grande pressão antrópica ao longo de suas margens e bacias de drenagens. Efluentes agrícolas provenientes da atividade sucroalcooleira, e efluentes urbanos oriundos da densa ocupação urbana são despejados para dentro das lagunas , sem tratamento prévi o, desencadeando o processo da eutrofização . A eutrofização cultural é considerada um dos maiores problemas ambientais a nível mundial. Ao longo das últimas 5 décadas, diversas abordagens tem sido propostas para avaliar o estado trófico e os processos envo lvendo a eutrofização, destacando - se os modelos multiparamétricos ASSETS ( Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status ) e TRIX ( Trophic Index ). O modelo ASSETS consiste na combinação de indicadores de pressão, estado e resposta (PER). O modelo TRIX avalia indica dores de pressão e distúrbio ambiental, estabelecendo um índice de estado trófico. A essência desse projeto foi a definição do estado trófico e a avaliação do processo da eutrofização no CELMM através da aplicação das metodologias ASSETS e TRIX, de modo a promover classificações do sistema baseadas em escalas temporais e espaciais. Os estudos foram conduzido s em três etapas: 1) avaliação do comportamento dos principais parâmetros físico - químicos relacionados com a problemática da eutrofização; 2) estabeleci mento dos indicad ores de PER pela metodologia ASSETS; 3) estabelecimento do estado trófico mediante aplicação do índice TRIX. Os dados foram coletados em 7 campanhas amostrais, entre 2006 e 2009, no âmbito do Projeto POLCAMAR. O sistema apresentou caracter ísticas sazonais distintas em relação aos parâmetros físico - químicos, principalmente em relação a salinidade que teve menores valores no período chuvoso, associados com as maiores pluviosidades e vazões dos rios. As concentrações de clorofila - a e turbidez tiveram variações entre as coletas, com altos valores em ambos os períodos dentro das lagunas sugerindo alta densidade fitoplanctônica. Os valores de fósforo inorgânico dissolvido (PID) e nitrogênio inorgânico dissolvido (NID) foram variados, sem caráter s azonal definido, com concentrações nas lagunas uma ordem de grandeza superiores a seus canais. O modelo ASSETS mostrou que o sistema é naturalmente susceptível a eutrofização em função das suas características geomorfológicas e hidrológ icas (baixa renovaçã o de água). Os aportes de nutrientes calculados para o CELMM foram altos, associados aos múltiplos usos antropogênicos da s bacia s de drenagem . O estado trófico ASSETS mostrou eutrofização “ moderada ” em Mundaú e “ alta ” em Manguaba . A expectativa futura é um a “ melhora baixa ” nas condições, em função de obras de gerenciamento ambiental e investimentos em saneamento básico previstos para a região. A classificação ASSETS final foi “ pobre ” para Mundaú e “ ruim ” para Manguaba. O índice de estado trófico TRIX calcul ado foi classificado como “ moderado ” (mesotrófico a eutrófico), indicando produção primá ria variando de moderada a alta, com os canais tendo águas menos tróficas que as lagunas. Assim como o estado trófico calculado pelo ASSETS, o TRIX não mostrou diferenç as sazonais de classificação , sugerindo eutrofização constante ao longo dos períodos considerados. Os modelos mostraram resultados satisfatórios através dessas novas abordagens multiparamétricas para o estabelecimento de índices de estado trófico e eutrofi zação. Entretanto são propostas melhorias para os modelos, como a definição de escalas regionais para o índice TRIX e definições mais detalhadas no calculo dos indicadores de pressão e resposta para o modelo ASSETS. Algumas limitações foram identificadas, principalmente em relação à disponibilidade de dados para aplicação dos modelos
The Tropical Coastal Lagoon - Estuarine Complex Mundaú - Manguaba ( CELMM), Alagoas, has been under heavily human pressure over its drainage basins. Agricultural effluents from sugar cane and ethanol activities , and urban effluents from the dense occupation are dumped into the lagoons, untreated, triggering the process of eutrophication. The cultural eutrophication is considered one of the major environmental problems worldwide. Over the past five decades, several approaches have been proposed to assess the trophic state and e utrophication processes , particularly the multiparameter ASSETS (Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status) and TRIX (Trophic Index) models . The ASSETS approach consists of a combination of indicators of pressure, state and response (PS R). The TRIX index evaluates indicators of environmental pressure and f actors that are direct expressions of productivity , establishing a trophic state index. The essence of this project was to define the trophic state and evaluate the process of eutrophication in CELMM through the application of methodologies ASSETS and TRIX in order to ran k the system based on temporal and spatial scales. The studies were conducted in three stages: 1) evaluation of the behavior of the main physico - chemical parameters related to the eutrophication problem; 2) establishment of PS R indicators by the ASSETS met hodology; 3) establishment of the trophic state index by applying the TRIX. Data were collected from 7 sampling campaigns between 2006 and 2009, under the POLCAMAR Project. The system showed distinct seasonal characteristics in relation to physicochemical parameters, especially in relation to salinity that was lowest during the rainy season, associated with higher rainfall and river flows. Th e concentrations of chlorophyll - a and turbidity were variable between the samples, with high values in both periods a nd inside the lagoons , suggesting high phyt oplankton density. The values of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (PID) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NID) were mixed, with no seasonal character set. The lagoons exhibited concentrations one order of magnitude higher than the channel s . The ASSETS model showed that the system is naturally susceptible to eutrophication according to their geomorphological and hydrological characteristics (low water renewal). The calculated n utrient inputs were high for CELMM, assoc iated with the multiple anthropogenic uses in the drainage basins. The ASSETS trophic state showed eutrophication "moderate" in Mundaú and "high" in Manguaba. The future outlook is an "improved low" in the conditions, due to the environmental management wo rks and investments in basic sanitation expected to the region. The final ASSETS classification was "poor" to Mundaú and "bad" for Manguaba. The TRIX index calculated was classified as "moderate" (mesotrophic to eutrophic) in both lagoons , indicating prima ry production ranging from moderate to high, whereas in the channels the classification were good (mesotrophic). The TRIX results indicating that water channels have better trophic state than the lagoons. As calculated by the ASSETS , the TRIX showed no sea sonal differences in classification, suggesting eutrophication constant over the periods considered. The models showed satisfactory results with these new approaches in the establishment of multiparametric indices of trophic state and assessment of eutroph ication. However , improvements are proposed for the models, such as setting regional scales for the TRIX index and more detailed definitions in the calculation of pressure and re sponse indicators for the ASSETS model . Some limitations were identified, main ly related to the availability of data set for application of the indices

São apresentados os resultados do desenvolvimento das comunidades de algas perifíticas sobre substratos artificiais em duas lagoas de estabilização na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE) do Lami, em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram analisadas as mudanças na diversidade de espécies durante 8 semanas, entre outubro e dezembro de 2001, em três profundidades na coluna d'água, utilizando-se vários índices. O grupo de algas predominante no substrato superor nas duas lagoas foi o das diatomáceas, enquanto que nas profundidades média e inferior as cianobactérias foram as espécies mais freqüentes e abundantes, tanto na lagoa facultativa 1 como na lagoa de maturação 2 . Pelos resultados obtidos é possível que o substrato artificial de telas plástica utilizado neste experimento seja eficiente na remoção de nutrientes, tais como fósforo e nitrogênio. Pelo Índice Autotrófico verifica-se que as lagoas de estabilização são ambientes autotróficos, principalmente nos estratos superior e médio. Métodos estatísticos de análise multivariada foram realizados para descrever as relações entre espécies algais no tempo e em diferentes profundidades, bem como para encontrar afinidades específicas. Os resultados indicam espécies e grupos dominantes, substituições de espécies, mudanças na densidade e diversidade específica das comunidades perifíticas nessas lagoas. Este estudo demonstrou que o tempo para o estabelecimento de comunidades do perifiton diminui com a profundidade. Na análise das algas perifíticas foram registradas 32 táxons distribuídos em 4 divisões.

Coastal waterbodies and their catchments have been highly modified, leading to altered flushing and eutrophication. Strategies to manage water flow to either maintain water levels or reduce salt-water intrusion and mitigate impacts to coastal waterbodies include engineering approaches such as the construction of surge barriers and river diversions and manipulation of sandbars. Climate change is increasingly impacting coastal waterbodies with predictions of increased drying and significant changes to rainfall patterns. Consequently, engineering management strategies are likely to increase, but it is unclear how biogeochemistry and benthic cycling in coastal waterbodies will be affected, and how to manage the likely eutrophication issues that ensue. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine how organic matter and nutrients are transported and cycled within a heavily modified intermittently closed/open lakes and lagoons (ICOLL). The Vasse Wonnerup Wetland System (VWWS) is a modified eutrophic ICOLL in southwestern Australia. It has been managed for over 100 years and has multiple surge barriers, river diversions, an oxygenation plant, and an artificially managed sandbar. In addition, significant portions of the VWWS seasonally dry out, making it an ideal system to study the effects of climate change to coastal systems which are likely to experience similar modifications as the VWWS. Stable isotope analyses and mixing models showed that the particulate organic matter (POM) in the system is derived mainly from autochthonous sources (fringing vegetation and aquatic macrophytes). Similarly, compound-specific stable isotopes showed that the sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) are mainly autochthonous and dominated by dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). The extremely low ( < detection limit) concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; nitrate and ammonium) in the basin water column suggests that DON is crucial to sustaining a DIN supply in the VWWS through decomposition and tight cycling between DON and DIN. Currently, national and international management guidelines focus on inorganic nutrient concentrations as indicators of unacceptable concentrations (trigger values) and management strategies are generally focused upon reducing allochthonous (external) dissolved inorganic nutrients (i.e., nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate). This study shows that the focus of management on inorganic nutrients may not be well placed in this type of system. Benthic flux experiments demonstrated that water column DO and seasonal drying of the sediment did not affect dissolved organic C, N or P fluxes significantly but did influence benthic metabolism with higher rates occurring in high water column DO conditions. Despite this, benthic metabolism remained anaerobic. Surprisingly, decreasing water column DO did not influence net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions indicating increasing water column DO will not decrease GHG emissions. Oxygenation of the water column did increase N removal, with higher net N2 effluxes with increasing water column DO. Bioavailable nitrogen pools the water column were supplemented in low DO conditions by N2O, with consumption of N2O occurring during dark hours. The lack of significant effects from DO manipulation treatments on many of the measured nutrient species indicate that maintenance of water column oxic conditions, regardless of the concentrations are unlikely to be effective in promoting removal or storage of nutrients in eutrophic systems. Increasing drying out of coastal waterbodies will have impacts on benthic metabolism, however this issue may become system specific depending on sandbar and surge barrier management strategies influencing water levels. Overall, this study confirmed the importance of autochthonous OM contributions and cycling in an ICOLL, whilst highlighting the impacts of engineered modifications in this type of coastal waterbody and its catchment.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Apesar da importÃncia do saneamento ambiental para o bem-estar do homem e para a conservaÃÃo dos recursos naturais, uma grande parcela da populaÃÃo mundial nÃo tem acesso aos serviÃos bÃsicos de saneamento. A disposiÃÃo no solo hà muitos anos mostra-se como opÃÃo para tratamento e pÃs-tratamento de efluentes domÃsticos, sendo que a recusa por grande parte da populaÃÃo reside da ignorÃncia e da falta de informaÃÃes adequadas quanto Ãs formas de reÃso que podem ser oferecidas. O escoamento superficial mostra-se simples quanto à construÃÃo e operaÃÃo, bem como a produÃÃo vegetal obtida com esse tipo de sistema. Foi testada a grama Tifton 85(Cynodon sp), pois possui grande adaptaÃÃo a condiÃÃes de altas concentraÃÃes de nutriente e umidade, mostrando-se como opÃÃo viÃvel para cultivo em rampas de escoamento superficial. O experimento foi realizaÃÃo no Centro de ReÃso da CAGECE localizado na EstaÃÃo de Tratamento de Efluentes da cidade de Aquiraz, CearÃ. Foram construÃdas trÃs rampas de escoamento superficial com inclinaÃÃes diferentes, 2%, 4% e 6% com 30 metros de comprimento e 10 metros adicionais na rampa de 6% de inclinaÃÃo. O lÃquido aplicado nas rampas era esgoto sanitÃrio tratado, proveniente de lagoa de maturaÃÃo. As taxas de aplicaÃÃo de esgoto testadas foram 0,2m3/m.h, 0,3 m3/m.h e 0,4 m3/m.h. Avaliou-se a capacidade do sistema em remover nutrientes, nitrogÃnio e fÃsforo, bem como matÃria orgÃnica. Com a realizaÃÃo de anÃlises quantitativas foi possÃvel determinar qual inclinaÃÃo permitia maior remoÃÃo e em qual vazÃo de operaÃÃo. Para taxas de 0,2m3/m.h, 0,3 m3/m.h a rampa com 2% de inclinaÃÃo alcanÃou 57,65% e 57,11% de remoÃÃo de matÃria orgÃnica respectivamente. Em termos de remoÃÃo de nitrogÃnio a rampa com 6% teve melhor desempenho. O sistema tambÃm apresentou remoÃÃes significativas de microalgas, avaliados em termos de clorofila-a. Em todos os aspectos analisados, o sistema melhorou a qualidade final do efluente, mostrando-se como alternativa viÃvel, com tÃcnica simples e barata compatÃvel com a realidade econÃmica do nordeste brasileiro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Igrarapé (small streams) Grande, in Boa Vista, Roraima, is the receiving body of the wasterwater generated starting from the waste stabilization ponds, system of treatment of the sanitary sewers of part of the city. By the hypothesis that the spilling of those wasterwater in referred him body of water contributes so that the same presents physiochemical characteristics that you/they implicate in her degradation, lasting long in a similar way for good part of the course of water, mainly in the mount of nutrients, a manegament hydric resouses the behavior of physiochemical parameters was accomplished in that hydric body by the whole year 2005

Este trabalho busca otimizar a utilização de biomassa de macrófitas aquáticas na produção de adobe (tijolos de terra crua, secos ao sol), baseado na determinação e estudo de suas características físicas e mecânicas, assim como nas características físicas e químicas destas plantas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no reservatório de Salto Grande, no município de Americana - SP. Este lago está localizado em uma área com déficit de habitações de interesse social, apresentando altos índices de urbanização e industrialização, o que acarreta no seu avançado processo de eutrofização artificial, decorrente das ações antrópicas. As macrófitas aquáticas predominantes no reservatório (Brachiaria arrecta, Eichhornia crassipes e Pistia stratiotes) apresentam níveis elevados de metais pesados e nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo), o que torna inviável sua utilização como forragem ou fertilizante. A utilização desta biomassa em materiais de construção é aqui apresentada como uma alternativa de manejo integrado do lago, na forma de encapsulamento (ou solidificação / estabilização) destas substâncias químicas, além de possibilitar a autoconstrução de habitações de baixo custo. Uma outra função do uso da biomassa no adobe é a estabilização do solo, que apresenta alto teor de argila (59 %, com 21 % de silte e 20 % de areia, classificado como A-7-6 HRB) e sofreria grandes retrações durante o processo de secagem, com surgimento de fissuras excessivas e conseqüente redução de resistência mecânica dos tijolos. A adição da biomassa contribuiu com a redução destas fissuras e da massa específica dos tijolos. Os resultados demonstraram ser esta utilização perfeitamente viável, com expressiva retirada de biomassa (juntamente com os metais e nutrientes) do sistema, além de significativas melhorias na qualidade do adobe, tanto físicas como mecânicas. Em linhas gerais, Eichhornia crassipes se mostrou a mais eficiente neste aspecto. Além de tudo, os resultados da pesquisa mostram que, apesar do adobe ser talvez o mais antigo material de construção manufaturado, sua aplicação se mostra perfeitamente viável, numa perspectiva mais ampla de sustentabilidade, se apresentando como um material completamente ecológico e adequado para regiões tropicais.
This work intends to optimise the utilization of aquatic macrophyte biomass in the adobe (a sun-dried mud brick) production, based on the study of the physical and mechanical characteristics of these bricks and the macrophytes biomass estimate as well as their chemical characteristics. The research was developed in the Salto Grande Reservoir region, in Americana (a town in São Paulo State, Brazil). This lake is located in an area of high urbanization and industrialization level, with common dwelling deficit, which is in advanced artificial eutrophication process by human activity action. The aquatic macrophytes found in that place (Brachiaria arrecta, Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes) present a high level of heavy metals and nutrients that make impracticable their utilization as forage or fertilizer. The biomass utilization in the construction of materials appears here as an alternative of integrated management of the lake in the stabilization/solidification (or “encapsulation”) of these chemical substances, in addition to the fact that it makes possible the self-building of low cost dwellings. The other biomass function is to stabilize the soil that has a high clay concentration (59%, with 21% silt and 20% sandy) and would suffer a large drawing back during the drying process, with the introduction of excessive fissures. This biomass addition was made to reduce these fissures and the specific mass of the bricks. Besides, the research results show that, even though the adobe bricks are perhaps the oldest manufactured building material, their application persists practicable mainly in the sustainability hopes for being a completely ecological building material and adequate for the tropical regions.

In the process of making carton boards into Skoghall Mill, are great quantities of water being contaminated. This water has to be treated before it is possible to release into the recipient, Kattfjorden. One of the contaminations that is important to extract from the wastewater, is organic carbon (measured as TOC-total organic carbon) because microbiological breakdown can lead to the bottom becomig free of oxygen.

The wastewater treatment at Skoghall Mill is done through an external wastewater treatment that is located at the factory. The biological treatment (aerated lagoon) is a 140 000 m3 water pool with surface aerator, which is give oxygen to the water. In the lagoon live microorganisms who performs the biggest part of the TOC-reduction.

One problem with the lagoon is that the treatment of TOC is considerably worse during wintertime than during summertime. The reduction is during wintertime only 40 %, while during summertime it is about 70-80 %. This seasonal variation can to a large extent be explained by, that the water temperature in the lagoon decreases wintertime. The low water temperature does that the biological activity in the lagoon is reduced, which reduces the TOC-reduction. A second reason can also be that the microorganisms do not have enough bioavailable nutrients that is needed for growth of a new biomass.

In this thesis the need of nutrient has been examined. In two test pools, addings of nutrient were being done, to come to the conclusion of a good dosage of nutrient which would lead to a larger reduction of TOC, without enlarged quantities of nitrogen/phosphorus in the outgoing water. One of the test pools hold a summer temperature (30°C), and the other test pool hold a winter temperature (10°C). The test was performed this way to see if there would be any difference in the need of nutrient between summertime and wintertime.

The most important conclusion was that a nutrient dosage to the Skoghall aerated lagoon, rise the TOC-reduction wintertime. It was also concluded that it was foremost the nitrogen that contributed to the raised TOC-reduction, and nitrogen is thereby considered to be the growth restraining element wintertime. It seemed like phosphorus had been overdosed during the tests, while enlarged halts of the substance could be seen in the outgoing water, and an optimal dosage of phosphorus could not be done. The recommendation that came as a results from the tests, was that during wintertime add nitrogen and phosphorus according to TOC:N:P-quota 100:0,75:0,10. To the summer pool was no considerable improvement of the TOC-reduction seen, as a result of the nutrient addings. It is also no reason to dosage nutrients in summertime.

Vid tillverkning av kartong och pappersmassa på Skoghalls Bruk förorenas stora mängder vatten, som därmed måste renas före utsläpp till recipienten, Kattfjorden, en vik i Vänern. En av de föroreningar som är viktig att avlägsna ur avloppsvattnet är organiska kolföreningar (TOC-total organic carbon) eftersom det vid mikrobiologisk nedbrytning av TOC åtgår syre vilket kan leda till att sjöbotten blir syrefri.

Rening av avloppsvatten på Skoghall Bruk sker genom en extern reningsanläggning som är placerad på bruket. Det biologiska reningssteget i reningsanläggningen är en s.k. luftad damm. Detta är en 140 000 m3 stor vattenbassäng med ytluftare som syresätter vattnet. I dammen lever mikroorganismer vilka utför den största delen av TOC-reduktionen i brukets reningsanläggning.

Ett problem med dammen är att reningen av TOC är betydligt sämre vintertid än sommartid. Reduktionen av det till dammen inkommande TOC, är vintertid endast ca 40 % medan den sommartid ligger kring 70-80 %. Denna årstidsvariation kan till stor del förklaras av att vattentemperaturen i dammen sjunker vintertid. Den låga temperaturen medför att den biologiska aktiviteten i dammen sjunker, vilket hämmar TOC-reduktionen. En annan orsak till en låg TOC-reduktion kan vara att det för mikroorganismerna råder brist på biotillgängliga närsalter (kväve och fosfor) som behövs för tillväxt av ny biomassa.

I detta examensarbete har det undersökts behovet av närsalter för att höja TOC-reduktionen. I två laborationsdammar (ca 20 l) skedde doseringar av närsalter i syfte att finna en bra doseringskvot som innebar en ökad reduktion av TOC, utan att det blev förhöjda kväve-/fosforhalter i utgående vatten. En av laborationsdammarna höll sommartemperatur (ca 30°C) och en höll vintertemperatur (ca 10°C) vilket gjordes för att undersöka om det var skillnad av närsaltsbehovet mellan sommar och vintertid.

Den viktigaste slutsatsen av försöken var att en närsaltsdosering till Skoghalls luftade damm höjer TOC-reduktion vintertid. Det konstaterades att det var kvävet som främst bidrog till den ökade TOC-reduktionen och kväve anses därmed vara det tillväxtbegränsande ämnet vintertid. Fosfor tycktes ha överdoserats under försöken, då det sågs förhöjda halter i utgående vatten, och en optimal dosering av fosfor kunde inte avgöras. Den rekommendation som föll ut av de laborativa försöken var att vintertid dosera kväve och fosfor enligt TOC:N:P-kvot 100:0,75:0,10. Till sommardammen sågs inte någon förbättring av TOC-reduktionen till följd av närsaltstillsatserna, vilket innebär att närsaltsdoseringar sommartid är obefogat. Vidare sågs tendenser till att slammets sedimentationsegenskaper, hos framförallt vinterdammen, blev bättre till följd av närsaltsdosering, men brist på mätdata medför att det är svårt att dra slutsatser om det verkligen varit så.

Este trabajo tiene dos partes. En primer lugar hemos construido un modelo de funcionamiento del sistema hídrico del Parque Natural de L'Albufera, un humedal situado en el litoral mediterráneo español cuyo elemento más característico es su lago central. Hemos denominado a dicho modelo Cabhal, acrónimo para Calidad de aguas y balance hídrico en L'Albufera. Este modelo incluye una cuantifiación de los aportes hídricos procedentes del ciclo natural y de las alteraciones producidas por el sistema de regadio y la presión urbana; una evaluación de entradas, salidas y variación en el almacenamiento, tanto en el lago, como en el sistema lago-arrozal; un análisis de la distribución espacial de los aportes hídricos; una cuantificación de las cargas contaminantes y un módulo de simulación de los procesos de calidad relacionados con su eutrofización. El modelo consta de seis módulos. Para su construcción hemos aplicado el principio de superposición y hemos considerando por separado el régimen natural (basado en el modelo Simpa del Cedex) y el régimen alterado. El módulo relativo al balance hídrico incluye cinco elementos tipo embalse: cuatro de ellos simulan los arrozales de los sectores de riego existente dentro del parque natural y el quinto el lago. Hemos añadido un módulo de distribución espacial y otro de cálculo de cargas basado en la formulación de concentraciones patrón para los diferentes tipos de aporte. El módulo de calidad de las aguas en el lago ha sido construido con el software de simulación bidimensional Sobek WQ de Deltares. En segundo lugar hemos utilizado el modelo Cabhal para generar series temporales, con paso mensual, de los principales indicadores del sistema, incluyendo volumen total de aportes hídricos, número de renovaciones anuales en su lago central, cargas externas y concentraciones medias de materia orgánica, fósforo y nitrógeno en los aportes hídricos. Hemos prestado especial atención a evaluar los indicadores a principios de los años setenta, época en que el lago pasó bruscamente a un estado de aguas turbias dominado por el fitoplancton, y tras la finalización de las principales infraestructuras de saneamiento y depuración. En esta investigación hemos partido de una hipótesis central: existen aspectos sustantivos de la evolución del estado trófico de L¿Albufera que sólo pueden ser explicados a partir de su relación con las infraestructuras del sistema hídrico. El modelo Cabhal puede ser empleado para el estudio de los requerimientos ambientales de L¿Albufera de València.
Mondría García, M. (2011). Infrastructuras y eutrofización en l'Albufera de València. El modelo Cabhal [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/10527
Palancia

A energia é algo essencial para a vida, auxiliando no desenvolvimento e conforto da humanidade, porém são necessários constantes avanços para produção de energias mais limpas e utilização com maior eficiência. Dentro deste enfoque destacam-se as fontes renováveis de energia, as quais atendem requisitos básicos de sustentabilidade e reduzida agressão ao ambiente. Nesta pesquisa o objetivo principal consistiu na avaliação da produtividade de microalgas em Lagoas de Alta Taxa (LAT) alimentadas com esgoto sanitário (bruto e pré-tratado em reator UASB) e operadas em condições de clima subtropical. A separação da biomassa algal foi realizada pelo processo de Flotação por Ar Dissolvido (FAD), utilizando dois coagulantes inorgânicos (cloreto férrico e sulfato de alumínio) e dois floculantes orgânicos (Sulfloc 5000 e Tanac sg). Foi também avaliada a remoção de matéria orgânica e nutrientes pelas lagoas e processo de flotação. A atividade experimental compreendeu duas Etapas, em função do TDH das lagoas, sendo que na Etapa I (TDH= 3 dias) a LAT-A foi alimentada por esgoto bruto e a LAT-B com efluente de reator UASB. Nesta Etapa foi empregado sistema de coagulação/floculação helicoidal para formação dos flocos de biomassa a serem separados na unidade de flotação. Na Etapa II as duas lagoas foram operadas com TDH= 6,1 dias e alimentadas com efluente do reator UASB. Nesta Etapa foi empregado sistema de coagulação/floculação mecanizado, devido à baixa eficiência obtida pelo floculador helicoidal. Durante a Etapa I, o emprego do coagulante cloreto férrico com dosagens de 20 mg/L resultou em maior eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica (DQO5, DBO), sólidos e nutrientes (Pt, NTK), seguido pelo floculante orgânico sulfloc 5000 com dosagem de 50 mg/L. Na Etapa II o floculante orgânico Tanac sg resultou em maior eficiência, exceto na remoção de Pt, onde cloreto férrico com dosagem de 40 mg/L apresentou melhor resultado. A presença de microalgas na LAT- B, estimada pelo parâmetro Sólidos Suspensos Voláteis (SSV) durante a Etapa I e Etapa II foi de 90,7 ± 44,1 mg/L e 125,6 ± 68,3 mg/L respectivamente, obtendo produtividade de algas de 9,1 ± 4,4 g/(m²∙d) e 6,2± 3,4g/(m²∙d). Cabe também destacar que na primavera (setembro - dezembro) foram verificados os valores médios mais elevados de SSV, de 112,1 ± 55,1 mg/L para Etapa I e 159,8 ± 71,0 para Etapa II. Nesta pesquisa, a produtividade de algas na Etapa I, expressa em g/(m²∙d), atingiu valores 38 % mais elevados que na Etapa II devido a maior vazão aplicada. Porém na Etapa II foi obtido efluente final com melhor qualidade, o qual é um aspecto de importância para definição dos parâmetros recomendados para projeto de lagoas de alta taxa de produção de algas.
Energy is something essential for life, assisting in the development and comfort of humanity, however constant advances for the production of cleaner energy and more efficiently use is necessary. Within this approach the renewable source of the energy deserve attention, which meet basic requirements of sustainability and reduced environmental nuisance. In this research the main objective consisted of evaluating the productivity of microalgae cultivate on High Rate Ponds (HRP) fed with domestic wastewater (raw and pretreated in UASB) and operated in subtropical conditions. The biomass separation was performed by Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF), testing two inorganic coagulants (ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate) and two organics flocculants (Sulfloc 5000 and Tanac sg). It was also evaluated the removal of organic matter and nutrients obtained by the flotation process and raceways. The experiment involved two stages, according to the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the pounds, where in Stage I (HRT = 3 days) the LAT- A was feed by raw wastewater and the LAT- B with UASB reactor effluent. In this Stage a coagulation/flocculation helical system was used to form flocs of biomass to be separated in the flotation unit. During Stage II the ponds were operated with a HRT= 6.1 days and fed with effluent from UASB. In this Stage was used a mechanical coagulation/flocculation system, owing to the low efficiency obtained by helical flocculator. During Stage I, the use of ferric chloride coagulant with dosages of 20 mg/L resulted in higher removal efficiency of organic matter (COD, BOD5), solids and nutrient (Pt, TKN), followed by the organic flocculant sulfloc 5000 with dosing 50 mg/L. In Stage II the organic flocculant Tanac sg resulted in greater efficiency, except for Pt removal, where ferric chloride at dosage of 40 mg/L showed better results. The amount of algae biomass in LAT- B, estimated by the parameter Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) was 90.7 ± 44.1 mg/L and 125.6 ± 68.3 mg/L, during Stage I and II respectively, providing productivity of algae at 9.1 ± 4.4 g / (m²∙d)at Stage I and 6.2 ± 3.4 g / (m²∙d) ate Stage II. It is also worth noting that in the spring (September to December) were recorded the highest average values of VSS, namely 112.1 ± 55.1 mg/L for Stage I and 159.8 ± 71.0 for Stage II. In this research, algal productivity in Stage I in g / (m² ∙ d), reached values 38% higher than in Stage II due to increased flow applied. But in Stage II it was obtained better quality effluent, which is an aspect of importance for defining the recommended parameters for design and operation of high rate of algae production in raceways.

Tesis para optar al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo y grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias mención Producción Animal
En la Estación Experimental Oromo, perteneciente al Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, se realizó un estudio con el fin de determinar el efecto de la variación en la concentración de nutrientes y de la degradabilidad de la pradera, sobre el consumo de MS, la producción de metabolitos ruminales y la producción y composición de leche, y además, determinar el grado de correlación entre estas variables y ecuaciones que permitan predecir la producción y composición de la leche a partir del valor nutritivo de la pradera. El estudio se realizó a partir del 25 de enero hasta el 22 de abril del año 2011 y tuvo una duración de 13 semanas. Se utilizaron tres vacas Holstein neozelandés en lactancia tardía, provistas de cánula ruminal, las cuales consumieron únicamente una pradera mesofítica a través del pastoreo directo. Las variables de la pradera estudiadas fueron; contenido de proteína bruta, fibra detergente neutro y energía metabolizable, además de degradabilidad de la materia seca y de la proteína bruta. Las variables ruminales estudiadas fueron pH ruminal, amoníaco ruminal y ácidos grasos volátiles (ácido acético, propiónico y butírico). Las variables productivas estudiadas fueron consumo de materia seca, producción de leche, contenido de grasa y proteína láctea, condición corporal y peso vivo. Dentro de las correlaciones significativas entre variables de la pradera y variables ruminales, el amoníaco ruminal se correlacionó en forma positiva con el contenido de energía metabolizable, contenido de proteína bruta y la degradabilidad real de la MS, mientras que se correlacionó en forma negativa con el contenido de fibra detergente neutro. Además, la degradabilidad real de la MS se correlacionó en forma negativa con el porcentaje de ácido acético en el rumen. El grado de asociación entre variables productivas y variables ruminales fue positivo para el contenido de grasa y proteína láctea, y negativa para la producción de leche con el pH ruminal. El NH3 se correlacionó en forma positiva con el contenido de proteína láctea y en forma negativa con la producción de leche, peso y condición corporal. El peso se correlacionó en forma positiva con el porcentaje de ácido acético y en forma negativa con el porcentaje de ácido propiónico, al igual que la condición corporal. Además, la condición corporal se correlacionó negativamente con el porcentaje de ácido butírico. En el caso de las correlaciones significativas entre variables de la pradera y variables productivas, el contenido de proteína bruta de la pradera se correlacionó en forma negativa con la producción de leche y el peso vivo, y en forma positiva con el contenido de proteína láctea. Sin embargo, el contenido la fibra detergente neutro se correlacionó negativamente con el contenido de proteína láctea. La maduración que experimenta la pradera hasta fines de verano, provocan una disminución en su calidad nutritiva, disminuyendo el consumo de MS, la producción de AGV en el rumen y la producción de leche. Además, disminuye el volumen de leche producida y aumenta su concentración de sólidos lácteos, debido principalmente a un efecto de concentración y a un incremento en el contenido de FDN de la pradera.

O objetivo desta Tese foi avaliar o papel da macrófitas submersas em relação à qualidade da água, interações com o fitoplâncton e ciclagem biogeoquímica na Lagoa Mangueira, um grande lago raso subtropical, no sul do Brasil. Para alcançar estes objetivos, este trabalho conta com uma série de abordagens, como: levantamentos de campo, etapas experimentais e uso de modelos ecológicos para avaliar a influência de macrófitas sobre a dinâmica do ecossistema de estudo, cujas águas são intensamente exploradas para suprir a cultura de arroz em sua área de entorno. Ao longo de seus 200km de perímetro litorâneo, a Lagoa apresenta maciços estandes submersos de vegetação. A análise de qualidade da água e estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica ao longo de um gradiente de vegetação submersa, partindo da zona litorânea para a zona pelágica (sem vegetação), revelou menor disponilibidade de nutrientes como orto-fosfato (PO4) e menor concentração de clorofila-a (Clo-a), na área com vegetação submersa. Na zona pelágica, os maiores valores de Clo-a foram corroborados pela maior biomassa fitoplanctônica, sendo representada principalmente por espécies de cianobactérias. Tais evidências sugerem o efeito antagônico entre macrófitas e fitoplâncton, como a competição por nutrientes e alelopatia. Em laboratório, estes mecanismos puderam ser comprovados em experimentos de coexistência realizados em microcosmos com 4 espécies de macrófitas nativas e uma cepa da cianobactéria Microcystis aeruginosa. Os testes envolveram níveis distintos de intensidade luminosa e concentração de PO4 visando determinar limiares para a ocorrência de alelopatia. As espécies Cabomba caroliniana e Myriophyllum spicatum se demonstraram potencialmente alelopáticas enquanto que as espécies Ceratophyllum demersum e Egeria densa apresentaram elevada capacidade de absorção de PO4 (±0,35 mg.g-1d-1) reduzindo rapidamente a concentração deste nutriente a valores abaixo de 0,05 mg.L-1. Outra abordadem experimental foi conduzida para parametrizar a cinética da liberação de nutrientes e carbono de 5 espécies de macrófitas durante o processo de decomposição. Com o auxílio de modelos ecológicos, foi simulado o crescimento de macrófitas submersas em lagos subtropicais e temperados. Isto foi realizado visando avaliar a possibilidade de aumento da resilência do estado de dominância por macrófitas em lagos de baixa latidude devido ao crescimento contínuo da vegetação, ao contrário de lagos temperados, onde as plantas morrem sazonalmente em função do inverno rigoroso. Além disso, foram simulados cenários considerando a possibilidade de colapso da vegetação submersa na Lagoa Mangueira em função de intensa tomada da água da Lagoa para irrigação. Com base na modelagem, foi possível estimar limiares de eutrofização para a proliferação do fitoplâncton. Em suma, os resultados comprovaram os mecanismos de retroalimentação positiva de macrófitas submersas sobre a qualidade da água e importância de suas funções ecológicas para o estado trófico e gestão da Lagoa Mangueira. Além disso, este conjunto de informações constitui uma base teórico-prática para o manejo, restauração e conservação de lagos rasos subtropicais e tropicais.
The aim of this Thesis was to evaluate the role of the submerged macrophytes with respect to water quality and, interactions with phytoplankton and nutrient cycling in the large shallow subtropical Lake Mangueira, southern Brazil. To achieve these goals, this work counts with approaches in situ, in laboratory and aplication of ecological modelling to verifify the influence of the submerged vegetation over the dynamics of the ecosystem, whose water is intensively explored to irrigate rice crops around its surrounding area. Over the 200km of the lake littoral perimeter, several submerged macrophyte beds are established. The analysis of water quality and phytoplankton structure along a macrophyte-pelagic gradient revealed lower concentration of orto-phosphate (PO4) and chlorophyll-a (Chlo-a) in the vegetated area. At the pelagic zone, the higher Chlo-a values were corroborated by the higher biomass of phytoplankton, which was mostly composed by cyanobacteria species. Such evidences suggest the antagonistic relantionship between macrophytes and phytoplankton as nutrient competition and allelopathy. Experiments of coexistance, in microcosms, with 4 native submerged macrophytes and a toxic strain of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa proved the occurrence of these mechanisms. The experiments included different levels of light intensity and orto-phosphate concentration (PO4) in the medium aiming to identify thresholds in which allelopathy is likely to occur. The macrophytes Cabomba caroliniana and Myriophyllum spicatum showed allelopathic potential while the species Ceratophyllum demersum and Egeria densa showed a high capacity for PO4 absorption (±0.35 mg.g-1d-1), being able to reduce this nutrient to lower levels than 0.05 mg.L-1. Another experimental approach was carried out to parameterize the leaching of nutrients and carbon from 5 macrophytes under decaying process. Moreover, ecological modelling was utilized to simulate the growth of submerged macrophytes in subtropical and temperate lakes. This was done aiming to evaluate the possibility of resilience enhancement of the clear water state in lakes of low latitude because the plants can grow continuously, in contrast with temperate lakes, where they die seasonally due to rigorous winter. In addition, simulation of scenarios considering the collapse of the vegetation in Lake Mangueira because of water uptake for rice crops were carried out in oder to provide elements for the ecosystem management. Through this approach, it was possible to forecast possible eutrophication thresholds for phytoplankton blomming. In conclusion, the results proved the the postive feed-back mechanisms exerted by the submerged macrophytes on the water quality and the importance of their ecological functions to the trophic state of Lake Mangueira. In addition, such information serve as theoretical and practical basis for the management, restoration and conservation of subtropical and tropical shallow lakes.

As comunidades mudam no tempo e espaço em função de pressões decorrentes da estrutura do habitat e disponibilidade de recursos. O entendimento das relações ecológicas e interações das comunidades são essenciais para o manejo com objetivo de melhorar a qualidade da água através de interferências na cadeia trófica aquática e na dinâmica do ecossistema através de modelagem ecológica. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em dois sistemas límicos subtropicais no extremo sul do Brasil: banhados temporários (‘campos de cultivo de arroz’) e um grande lago raso, lagoa Mangueira. O objetivo do trabalho nos banhados temporários constituiu-se em avaliar a dinâmica das comunidades planctônicas e íctica durante o desenvolvimento desses ecossitemas (um ciclo produtivo de cultivo de arroz). Nossos resultados evidenciaram um claro gradiente temporal direcionado pela disponibilidade de nutrientes no banhado temporário. Entretanto, as variáveis limnológicas não apresentaram nenhuma tendência espacial entre as estações amostrais. Através de regressão linear verificou-se correlação positiva entre clorofila a, nutrientes, biomassa zooplanctônica e, em especial, biomassa de copépodos. Por outro lado, biomassa de peixes e, particularmente, peixes planctívoros foram inversamente relacionados à concentração de clorofila a. Relações significativas entre o DOC com nutrientes, biomassa de plâncton e peixes foram igualmente identificadas ao longo do ciclo produtivo do arroz. Na lagoa Mangueira, sistema raso (zmed 3m), de 90 km de comprimento, o objetivo foi avaliar a distribuição espacial e temporal de plâncton e peixes em função da presença da macrófita emergente Zizaniopsis bonariensis. Além disso, foi verificada a existência de um gradiente longitudinal na lagoa e a estrutura da teia trófica do sistema. Análise de componentes principais e análise de redundância evidenciaram a presença de gradientes espacial (Norte/Sul) e temporal (sazonal) durante o estudo. Análise de similaridade (ANOSIM) aplicada às variáveis ambientais evidenciou diferenças significativas entre os extremos da lagoa (Norte e Sul). Transparência Secchi, DOC e clorofila a foram significativamente diferentes entre os pontos amostrais do Norte e Sul. Através de ANOVA verificou-se que os efeitos temporais sazonais são mais intensos no Norte da lagoa Mangueira. Com relação à estrutura da comunidade na lagoa Mangueira, a biomassa do bacterioplâncton, clorofila a, biomassa zooplanctônica e captura de peixes foram diferentes sazonalmente após a extração do efeito da estrutura de habitat, enquanto que no Sul apenas a clorofila a apresentou variação sazonal significativa. A estrutura de habitat (junto à Z. bonariensis e em água aberta) induziu diferenças significativas na concentração de clorofila a tanto no Norte como no Sul da lagoa Mangueira, após a extração dos efeitos decorrentes da sazonalidade. A captura de peixes também foi influenciada pela estrutura de habitat no Norte, após a extração do efeito sazonal. Análise de similaridade (ANOSIM) aplicada à comunidade de peixes também demonstrou diferenças significativas entre o Norte e o Sul da lagoa Mangueira, embora diferenças entre as áreas vegetadas e águas abertas não tenham sido verificadas. Biomassa dos peixes, número de capturas e riqueza específica foram diferentes entre os pontos amostrais. Baseado nas razões de δ13C and δ15N identificou-se a estrutura trófica da lagoa, bem como a posição trófica de espécies de peixes e as fontes de carbono do sitema. Análise de isótopos estáveis de nitrogênio permitiu a identificação de dois níveis tróficos de peixes na lagoa Mangueira. Macrófitas emergentes e perifíton foram identificadas como importantes fontes de carbono que sustentam a estrutura trófica do sistema. Análise de grupamento a partir de dados de δ13C e δ15N e de conteúdo estomacal identificou um arranjo perfeitamente filogenético entre as espécies de peixes analisadas, refletindo que, em sentido amplo, nichos alimentares são compartilhados por espécies taxonomicamente relacionadas. A dinâmica trófica da espécie de peixe dominante na lagoa, Oligosarcus jenynsii foi também analisada. Foram identificadas mudanças sazonais e ontogenéticas na dinâmica alimentar da espécie, evidenciando a grande plasticidade trófica associada com uma estratégia oportunista, característica de espécies carnívoras generalistas. As informações obtidas neste estudo permitiram identificar grande heterogeneidade espacial e claro gradiente longitudinal na lagoa Mangueira, tanto de fatores bióticos quanto abióticos, com reflexos na distribuição e abundância de plâncton e peixes. De posse destas informações foi possível alcançar um entedimento sobre a estrutura atual do sistema, bem como os direcionadores da sua dinâmica. A abordagem direcionada neste trabalho sobre o entendimento da estrutura atual de um lago raso subtropical possibilita futuros estudos na área da modelagem ecológica. A dinâmica das comunidades abordadas neste estudo vem subsidiar a parametrização de um modelo ecológico, com capacidade de estabelecer prognósticos, tendo como contorno, estressores naturais e antrópicos.
Biological communities change in time and space following driving pressures from differences in habitat structure and resource availability. Understanding the ecological role and interactions within aquatic community is essential for any management action trying to improve water quality by interferences in lake food web, ecosystem dynamics and modeling. The present study was carried out in two freshwater systems in Southern Brazil: an irrigated rice field and in a large shallow system, Mangueira Lake. The goal of this study in temporary wetlands was to evaluate the plankton and fish dynamics during a productive cycle. Our results evidenced a temporal gradient by nutrients availability in the temporary wetland studied. However, the limnological variables did not display any horizontal pattern among sampling stations. Linear regression showed a positive relationship between chlorophyll a and nutrients, zooplankton biomass and copepod biomass. In contrast, fish biomass and planktivorous fish biomass were inversely related to chlorophyll a. Statistically significant relationships between DOC with nutrients, plankton and fish biomass were also identified during the rice production cycle. In Mangueira Lake, a shallow system (zmed 3m) and 90 km long, the goal was to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of plankton and fish biomass as a function of the presence of the emergent macrophytes Zizaniopsis bonariensis. We also analyzed the existence of longitudinal gradient in lake and the food web structure in system. The PCA and RDA analyses showed the temporal (seasonal) and spatial (North/South) gradient during the study. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) applied to environmental variables showed significant differences between sampling sites (North and South). Secchi transparency, DOC and chlorophyll a were significantly different in North and South sampling sites. ANOVA results showed that season effects are stronger in the Northern sampling site. Concerning the community structure in the Mangueira Lake, bacterioplankton biomass, chlorophyll a, zooplankton biomass and fish captures were different seasonally after extracting the habitat structure effect, while in the Southern sampling site only chlorophyll a presented a seasonal significant variation. Habitat structure (by Z. bonariensis stands and open water samples) induced significant differences in chlorophyll a both in North and South samples after extracting seasonal effect. Fish captures do also responded to habitat structure in the North, after extracting the season effect. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) applied to fish community also showed significant differences between North and South, although no significant differences between vegetated and open water zones was observed. Fish biomass, number of captures, and richness were different between sampling sites. Based on the δ13C and δ15N ratios and analysis of stomach content of fish species, we provide also a description of food web structure, trophic positions of fish species and primary producers of system. Analysis of nitrogen isotope ratios yielded two fish trophic levels in Mangueira Lake. Emergent macrophytes and periphyton were important carbon source that sustain the food web structure of the system. Cluster analysis of δ13C and δ15N values and stomach content yielded a perfect phylogenetic arrangement of species. This result reflects that major feeding niches are shared by taxonomically related species. The feeding dynamics of the dominant fish species, Oligosarcus jenynsii was analysed by using analyses of stomach contents and stable isotopes signature. Seasonal and ontogenetic change in the feeding biology of O. jenynsii was identified, showing the high feeding plasticity, in addition to an opportunistic strategy of this generalist carnivore species. This study allows identifying a large spatial heterogeneity and clear longitudinal gradient both in biotic and abiotic factors, reflecting fish and plankton distribution and abundance. The evaluated parameters are intended to feed a mathematical model for the Mangueira Lake, looking for predictable scenarios from natural and anthropogenic stressors.

Ο Αμβρακικός κόλπος είναι ο μεγαλύτερος κόλπος της Δυτικής Ελλάδας με έκταση περίπου 405km2. Αποτελεί μια από τις σπουδαιότερες περιοχές της χώρας μας, όπου σύμφωνα με την Κ.Υ.Α. 16.611/93 έχει υπαχθεί σε καθεστώς προστασίας, σε εφαρμογή της διεθνούς σύμβασης Ramsar που αφορά την προστασία και τη διατήρηση των υδρόβιων και παρυδάτιων οργανισμών. Η περιοχή πρόσφατα έχει ενταχθεί στο δίκτυο ΦΥΣΗ 2000 με κωδικό GR2110001 και αποτελεί σημαντικό βιότοπο τόσο για τα υδρόβια και παρυδάτια πουλιά που διαχειμάζουν και αναπαράγονται στην περιοχή όσο και για σημαντικά είδη χλωρίδας και πανίδας. Οι λιμνοθάλασσες του Αμβρακικού κόλπου απαντούν κυρίως στο βόρειο τμήμα. Οι κυριότερες λιμνοθάλασσες είναι το σύμπλεγμα «Ροδιά, Τσουκαλιό, Αυλερή» δυτικά του λόφου της Σαλαώρας και η λιμνοθάλασσα Λογαρού ανατολικά του ίδιου λόφου. Οι δύο από τις τρεις λιμνοθάλασσες, η Τσουκαλιό και η Ροδιά επικοινωνούν μεταξύ τους και διαχωρίζονται από τη Λογαρού με μια στενή λωρίδα γης. Οι παράκτιες λιμνοθάλασσες βρίσκονται μεταξύ ξηράς και θάλασσας και επηρεάζονται τόσο από το θαλάσσιο όσο και από το χερσαίο περιβάλλον. Επηρεάζονται από σε αυξημένες εισροές θρεπτικών από τους ποταμούς και τις ανθρωπογενείς δραστηριότητες που αναπτύσσονται στη λεκάνη απορροής τους. Οι παράκτιες λιμνοθάλασσες είναι αυτόνομα δυναμικά οικοσυστήματα με υψηλή παραγωγική ικανότητα και παρουσιάζουν ιδιαίτερα μορφολογικά και οικολογικά χαρακτηριστικά. Τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά αυτών των συστημάτων είναι οι συχνές μεταβολές των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων (θερμοκρασία και αλατότητα) που προκαλούν σημαντικές μεταβολές στην αφθονία και την κατανομή των οργανισμών. Η οικολογική έρευνα βασίστηκε στην παρακολούθηση των εποχικών διακυμάνσεων κατά τη διάρκεια της βλαστητικής περιόδου, από τον Μάϊο του 2003 έως τον Μάϊο του 2004, της βλάστησης των υδροβίων μακροφύτων, των θρεπτικών αλάτων και των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων του νερού (βάθος, διαφάνεια, θερμοκρασία, αλατότητα, αγωγιμότητα, διαλυμένο οξυγόνο, pH) στις τρεις παράκτιες λιμνοθάλασσες του Αμβρακικού κόλπου. Διερευνήθηκε επίσης η δομή των μακροφυτικών κοινωνιών που εντοπίστηκαν στις λιμνοθάλασσες του Αμβρακικού καθώς και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο οι αβιοτικοί παράγοντες μπορούν να επηρεάσουν την αφθονία των διαφορετικών φυτικών ειδών. Ειδικότερα μελετήθηκε η σύνθεση των φυτικών οργανισμών, οι εποχικές αλλαγές και η διαδοχή των κυρίαρχων ειδών στις λιμνοθάλασσες σε σχέση με τους κύριους περιβαλλοντικούς παράγοντες. Το σύμπλεγμα των λιμνοθαλασσών αποτελείται από διαφορετικούς βιότοπους ως προς την αφθονία και την ποιοτική και ποσοτική σύσταση των βυθισμένων μακροφύτων. Οι λιμνοθάλασσες Ροδιά και Τσουκαλιό παρουσιάζουν ομοιότητες μεταξύ τους, ενώ η Λογαρού έχει μεγαλύτερη ομοιότητα με τον Αμβρακικό, με τον οποίο η επικοινωνία είναι άμεση. Στη μακροφυτική βλάστηση των λιμνοθαλασσών του Αμβρακικού επικρατούν το αγγειόσπερμο Zostera noltii και το χαρόφυτο Lamprothamnium papulosum, ενώ έχουν καταγραφεί συνολικά 12 είδη υδρόβιων μακροφύτων τα οποία διαχωρίστηκαν με την ανάλυση συστάδων σε έξι ομάδες βλάστησης. Τα κυρίαρχα φυτικά είδη ήταν το αγγειόσπερμο Zostera noltii και το χαρόφυτο Lamprothamnium papulosum στις λιμνοθάλασσες Ροδιά και Τσουκαλιό, ενώ στη λιμνοθάλασσα Λογαρού καταγράφηκαν σε αφθονία τα είδη Gracilaria-bursa pastoris και Acetabularia mediterranea και σε περιορισμένη έκταση η Zostera noltii. Οι περιοχές στις οποίες παρατηρούνται οι μεγαλύτεροι δείκτες ποικιλότητας και αφθονίας των ειδών εντοπίζονται στο νότιο τμήμα της λιμνοθάλασσας Τσουκαλιό. Την άνοιξη του 2004 παρατηρήθηκε αυξημένη παρουσία νηματοειδών φυκών τα οποία χαρακτηρίζονται ως ευκαιριακά είδη και η παρουσία τους αποτελεί δείκτη ευτροφισμού. Η λιμνοθάλασσα Ροδιά παρουσίασε σημαντική μείωση την άνοιξη του 2004 τόσο στο αριθμό των υδρόβιων φυτικών ειδών όσο και στο ποσοστό κάλυψης. Για τον καθορισμό των σχέσεων μεταξύ των περιβαλλοντικών μεταβλητών και των ειδών των μακροφύτων χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ανάλυση κανονικών αντιστοιχιών CCA (CANOCO-Canonical Correspondence Analysis) Οι στατιστικές διαφορές στις μέσες τιμές των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων και των ομάδων βλάστησης υπολογίστηκαν με την Ανάλυση Διασποράς (ANOVA- Tukey’s test) Οι κυριότεροι παράγοντες που φαίνεται να επηρεάζουν τη μακροφυτική βλάστηση στην περιοχή μελέτης είναι το υδρολογικό ισοζύγιο, η αλατότητα, η περιεκτικότητα σε θρεπτικά άλατα και η διαφάνεια του νερού. Η διαφάνεια του νερού ήταν υψηλότερη στις λιμνοθάλασσες Τσουκαλιό και Ροδιά και μικρότερη στη Λογαρού. Το pH στις λιμνοθάλασσες ήταν αλκαλικό και κυμαίνονταν από 7,5 έως 9, και οι τιμές του διαλυμένου οξυγόνου μπορούν να κατατάξουν τα ύδατα των λιμνοθαλασσών του Αμβρακικού στα σχεδόν πλούσια ή πλούσια. Η μεγαλύτερη διακύμανση της αλατότητας παρατηρήθηκε στις λιμνοθάλασσες Ροδιά και Τσουκαλιό ενώ η μικρότερη διαπιστώθηκε στη λιμνοθάλασσα Λογαρού που μπορεί να χαρακτηριστεί ως υπερύαλη μιας και η τιμή της συγκεκριμένης παραμέτρου παρουσίασε τιμές που ξεπερνούσαν το 40‰. Παρατηρήθηκε εποχική μεταβολή στις συγκεντρώσεις των θρεπτικών αλάτων του αζώτου μεταξύ των περιόδων παρακολούθησης. Σημειώνεται μείωση της συγκέντρωσης του ολικού ανόργανου Ν κατά τη διάρκεια της άνοιξης του 2004 σε σχέση με την άνοιξη του 2003. Η συγκέντρωση του ολικού ανόργανου Ν είναι χαμηλότερη το καλοκαίρι και το φθινόπωρο. Η λιμνοθάλασσα Ροδιά παρουσιάζει τη μεγαλύτερη συγκέντρωση ολικού ανόργανου αζώτου, ακολουθεί η λιμνοθάλασσα Τσουκαλιό και τελευταία η λιμνοθάλασσα Λογαρού. Οι συγκεντρώσεις των νιτρικών ιόντων εμφανίζονται αυξημένες την άνοιξη και το φθινόπωρο. Το φθινόπωρο επίσης παρατηρούνται υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις αμμωνιακών ιόντων ενώ οι συγκεντρώσεις των φωσφορικών κυμαίνονται σε πολύ χαμηλά επίπεδα. Σημαντικό ρόλο στη ανάπτυξη των μακροφύτων παίζει ο φώσφορος ο οποίος αποτελεί περιοριστικό παράγοντα. Ο φώσφορος είναι αυτός που ρυθμίζει και τον ανταγωνισμό μεταξύ μακροφύτων και φυτοπλαγκτού και θεωρείται ότι είναι ένας από τους κύριους παράγοντες περιορισμού της φυτοκάλυψης στις λιμνοθάλασσες του Αμβρακικού κόλπου.
Amvrakikos Gulf, situated in Western Greece, is one of the most important areas of the country, protected by the Ramsar Convention, especially for waterfowl populations, and recently has been included to the Natura 2000 Network with code number GR2110001. It is considered to be a very important biotope for flora and fauna and especially for birds that they are nesting and breeding in such type of habitats. The lagoons of Amvrakikos Gulf appear mainly at the north part of it. The most important lagoons are Rodia, Tsoukalio and Ayleri western of Salaora’ s hill and Logarou at the eastern part of the same hill. Two of the lagoons are interconnected and separated from the third by a narrow strip of land. Coastal lagoons, situated between the land and the sea, are influenced by both marine and terrestrial factors and subjected to increased nutrient inputs by rivers and human activities of the catchment area. Coastal lagoons are autonomous dynamic systems with a high productivity potential and a number of common morphological and ecological features. Characteristic features of these systems are frequent fluctuations in the environmental parameters (temperature and salinity) causing severe changes in the abundance and distribution of organisms. The ecological study is based on monitoring data on the seasonal variation during the vegetated periods of 2003-‘04 on submerged vegetation, nutrients, light and physicochemical parameters of water (depth, transparency, temperature, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH), in three shallow coastal brackish lagoons of Amvrakikos Gulf, Ionian Sea. It was studied the species composition, the seasonal variations and the succession of submerged macrophytes in relation to the main environmental factors and the abundance of the different species. The submerged flora in the Rodia and Tsoukalio is dominated by a charophytes, Lamprothamnium papulosum and an important angiosperm Zostera noltii. In Logarou two species of macroalgae Gracilaria-bursa pastoris and Acetabularia mediterranea, are abundant while Zostera noltii occurs with a limited presence. Statistical analyses and ordination methods were performed with statistical package SPSS (V. 12) and PC Ord (V.4). The hydrological regime, depth, water transparency and the fluctuation of salinity seems to be the main factors controlling the abundance of different species in three lagoons. When the salinity changed during the second year of the survey it was observed an alteration of the vegetation. The most important alteration happened at Rodia lagoon on spring 2004. It was also observed changes on the concentrations of nutrients and especially on nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrates were higher in spring and autumn due to inputs from catchments area. On autumn they were observed higher concentrations of ammonium with the exception of phosphates that they were very low something that recorded in similar ecosystems in other areas of the world.

Glenbrook Lagoon, an 8 hectare lake receiving rainfall runoff from a residential catchment, is experiencing nutrient enrichment problems expressed as excessive aquatic plant presence. This study aims to assess the relative nutrient contribution of the total system compartments, including catchment loading, water column, aquatic plants and surface sediment. This information is utilised in the formulation of management strategies which may produce a sustainable nutrient reduction and general improvement in the system. The total nutrient content of the aquatic system was determined to be high in comparison with the present nutrient loading from the catchment. The ideal management case considers nutrient reduction of the surface sediment compartment firstly, followed by the aquatic plant community, with the water column and catchment influence as relatively low priority compartments. Various strategies for managing these are proposed. The total system benefits of the ideal management case are reductions in nutrients, aquatic plant biovolume and suspended solid loading. Unavoidable constraints placed upon the ideal management case include the excessive aquatic plant presence restricting accessability to the surface sediment for dredging. The resulting best management case requires aquatic plant eradication prior to sediment management, with the total system benefits associated with the ideal management case being retained.

Dissertação mest., Gestão da Água e da Costa, Universidade do Algarve, 2007
The Ria Formosa lagoon is a mesotidal lagoon located in the south coast of Portugal. A single-box, single-layer LOICZ model was applied to data in 1987 and 1999 to estimate the biogeochemical budget of the Ria Formosa lagoon. Water exchange time in the lagoon was estimated to be about 2 days. Both the fluxes of DIP and DIN were negative, indicating that the system acts as sink of both DIP and DIN. Stoichiometric calculations assumed nutrient ratios in both Redfield proportions (C:N:P=106:16:1) and in proportions appropriate for macroalgae (C:N:P=335:35:1). Overall, the lagoon can be consider as “autotrophic”, with a net ecosystem metabolism (p-r) 8.4 mmol C m-2 d-1 considering Redfield ratio. Nitrification dominated over nitrogen fixation since it was positive in both cases. The Ria Formosa lagoon is sensitive to the tide. The water and nutrient budget in the lagoon has strong seasonal variation, especially the dry and rainy seasons. According to the standards of EEA, the Ria Formosa lagoon is between oligotrophic and mesotrophic.

Many rural communities in Manitoba use wastewater lagoons to treat sewage, but the nutrient removal process is not fully understood. This thesis’ purpose is to improve understanding of chemical and biological nutrient removal mechanisms of wastewater lagoon treatment and compare two different stabilization ponds – one aerated and one facultative. Samples were collected from stabilization ponds and analysed for a pond average. The facultative lagoon achieved overall ammonia-N removals similar to those of the aerated lagoon, and lower orthophosphate removals. Nitrogen appears to be removed by ammonia volatilization; and assimilation into biomass. Phosphorus appears to be removed by assimilation into biomass; and precipitation at alkaline pH. There appears to be nitrogen limiting conditions in the secondary cells of both stabilization systems based on nitrogen-phosphorus ratios. There does not appear to be any significant advantage between aerated or facultative lagoons; they will meet their ammonia limits, but will require additional phosphorus treatment.
October 2016

碩士
國立中山大學
海洋地質及化學研究所
92
Abstract The Tapong Bay and the Chiku Lagoon are major lagoons in the south of Taiwan and are ideal sites to study the influence of coastal environment change on the ecosystem. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the influence of oyster culture racks removal on biochemical processes of carbon, nutrients and mercury in the Tapong Bay, as well as to compare the status of mercury and trace-metal pollution in Tapong Bay and Chiku Lagoon. Before the removal of the oyster culture racks from the Tapong Bay, the annual mean of water exchange time is about 10 days that is longer than that of the present condition (7.1 days). This suggests that the flushing condition of lagoon water is improved after the racks were removed. The annual mean of each nutrient concentration is also lower at present than before, probably due to the enhanced water exchange rate and biological utilization. The annual mean of ∆POC/∆PN is 8.1 that is larger than that of the previous condition (7.3), possibly resulting from the increase of inputs of organic detritus. The Tapong Bay is an autotrophic system (p-r>0) both before and after the removal of oyster culture racks. However, the net ecosystem production (p-r) at present is twice as large as before the removal of oyster racks. After the removal of racks, the annual nitrogen fixation still exceeds the annual denitrification in the Tapong Bay with a magnitude of 5.35 mole N m-2 yr-1. Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic metal with high affinity to biota. As the lack of Hg distribution data around the coastal zone of Taiwan, the study also aims to develop the analytical methods of Hg species and apply to study Hg biogeochemistry in Tapong Bay and Chiku Lagoon. Distributions of Hg species in the Tapong Bay are spatio-temporally variable, ranging from 6.66 to 12.40 ng/l (ave., 10.01 ng/l) for total Hg (unfilt.), from 1.79 to 3.75 ng/l (ave., 2.56 ng/l) for total dissolved Hg (filt.), from 1.59 to 2.67 ng/l (ave., 1.90 ng/l) for reactive Hg and from 2.51 to 9.45 ng/l (ave., 5.60 ng/l) for particulate Hg. Distributions of Hg species in the Chiku Lagoon are also spatio-temporally variable, ranging from 4.47 to 9.20 ng/l (ave., 6.22 ng/l) for total Hg (unfilt.), from 2.03 to 5.69 ng/l (ave., 4.54 ng/l) for total dissolved Hg (filt.), from 1.70 to 2.87 ng/l (ave., 2.12 ng/l) for reactive Hg and from 2.50 to 7.65 ng/l (ave., 4.79 ng/l) for particulate Hg. The abundance of particulate Hg is positively correlated with chlorophyll a, and total dissolved Hg and reactive Hg are negatively correlated with chlorophyll a. Such relationships imply that distributions of Hg species are primarily controlled by biological uptake and/or adsorption/desorption. Reactive Hg (Hg2+) is also correlated positively with dissolved oxygen concentration suggesting the biological redox effect in modulating the distribution of Hg2+. Particulate Hg also shows positive relationships with total suspended matter and particulate organic carbon, primarily due to biological absorption and particle adsorption/desorption. Enrichment factor (EF) are employed to evaluate trace metal pollution in Tapong Bay and Chiku Lagoon. The results show that the magnitudes of EF are larger in Tapong Bay than in Chiku Lagoon for most metals, particularly for Hg, indicating an thropogenic influence on metal distributions in both lagoons. On the other hand, particulate Hg is poorly correlated with particulate Fe, Mn and Al, strongly indicating relatively little influence of terrestrial detritus in modulating the distributions of particulate Hg.

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2010
A Laguna da Ria Formosa é uma das mais importantes lagunas de mesomaré no Oceano Atlântico Norte. A situação de eutrophização da Ria Formosa vem sendo investigada por vários projetos nas últimas duas décadas. Nos últimos anos, como várias ações de gerenciamento vem sendo tomadas na laguna, tais como a abertura de canais artificiais, dragagem de canais e plantas de tratamento de esgoto, este trabalho tem por objetivo usar modelos de eutrofização para descobrir se a qualidade da água e dos ecossistemas da laguna tem melhorado com estas ações. Os seguintes cinco métodos de modelagem foram escolhidos para avaliação da eutrofização: o método da Agência Européia de Meio Ambiente (EEA), Índice Trófico (TRIX), Avaliação dos Estados Tróficos Estuarinos (ASSETS), o Procedimento Compreensivo (COMPP) na Comissão Oslo-Paris (OSPAR) e a Diretiva-Quadro da Água (WFD) da Comissão Européia (EC). Os resultados de cada modelos são Razoável, Alto, Moderado, PA4, e Moderado, respectivamente. O nível trófico para a Ria Formosa é finalmente classificado como Moderado pela integração de todos os métodos utilizados. A investigação dos parâmetros (exceto a saturação de O2 %) e a análise da modelagem tem mostrado que a qualidade da água tem melhorado se comparado com os resultados dos estudos anteriores. Os aspectos similares e diferentes, assim como as vantagens e disvantagens entre os cinco métodos de avaliação foram discutidos e comparados. O ASSETS parece ser o melhor e mais razoável método de avaliação para a Ria Formosa.
The Ria Formosa lagoon is one of the most important mesotidal lagoons in the north Atlantic Ocean, its eutrophiction situation has been investigated under lots of projects in last two decades. In recent years, several management actions has been taken in the lagoon, such as artificial inlet opening, channel dredging and waste water treatment plants constructing. The study aimed to use eutrophic models to find out whether the water quality and ecosystem of the lagoon have been improved by these actions. The five eutrophication assessment modeling methods are chosen as follows: the method of European Environment Agency (EEA), Trophic Index (TRIX), Assessment of Estuarine Trophic States (ASSETS), the Oslo-Paris-Commission (OSPAR) of Comprehensive procedure (COMPP) and the Water Frame Directive (WFD) by the European Commission (EC). The results from each model are ‘Fair’, ‘High’, ‘Moderate’, ‘Problem Area’ and ‘Moderate’, respectively. The eutrophic level for the Ria Formosa is finally classified into ‘Moderate’ by integrating all the modeling approaches. Both of variable investigation (except the % O2 saturation) and modeling analysis have shown that the water quality has been improved compared with the results from previous studies. The different and similar aspects, the advantages and disadvantage points among the five assessment approaches are discussed and compared. The ASSETS seems to be the best and reasonable method for making eutrophic assessment for the lagoon.

博士
國立高雄第一科技大學
工程科技研究所
100
Hypoxia has been frequently observed in the Dapeng Bay. In order to understand the potential causes of this phenomenon, two approaches have been applied in this study. The first one was to estimate the net nutrient fluxes into and out of Dapeng Bay through the inlet and some drainage creeks by using the box-model budget method. Secondly, the role biological activity plays in carbon cycling is also examined in Dapeng Bay, especially after a natural nutrient pulse. For the first objective, water samples in Dapeng Bay were obtained from 16 sites. Sampled data were used to construct a box model for the nutrient budget in the Bay. We have estimated the net nutrient fluxes into and out of the lagoon and also calculated the total amount of nutrient deposition to the sediment in a full tidal cycle. The results show that, for both January and April, nutrients (including nitrate, nitrite and ammonia) accumulate in the lagoon, but phosphate, total phosphate and suspended solids were leaving the lagoon from the tidal inlet. In addition, a huge amount of suspended solids (13-15 tons per tidal cycle) flows from the lagoon to the adjacent ocean through the entrance. In the second objective, the role biological activity plays in carbon cycling in Dapeng Bay was examined, especially after a natural nutrient pulse. The results indicated that significant amounts of dissolved inorganic nutrients were either run off into inner lagoon through drainage or regenerated from the bottom sediments of the inner lagoon. Spatially, the lowest values were found in the seaward opening and the values increased toward the inner lagoon. Even though there were orders of variation observed in the variables, linear relationships were significantly evident between variables. As to organic carbon consumption in the water column, both phytoplankton and bacterial communities are considered the most important components; they accounted for more than 87% of total organic carbon consumption in this ecosystem. A large ratio of primary production to community respiration was observed with a mean of 1.33, which suggests that this lagoon is autotrophic. It also indicates that there is a carbon sink in this ecosystem, and the residual carbon is either exported into the coastal sea or preserved in lagoon sediments resulting in the hypoxic condition of the bottom water.

This study was conducted in Esquimalt lagoon, located southwest of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Physical characteristics of the water column, e.g. circulation and stratification, changed seasonally resulting from variations in tides, temperature, precipitation and wind. Chemical characteristics, e.g. oxygen and dissolved nutrient concentrations, also differed temporally relative to those in the lagoon’s ocean source water (Juan de Fuca Strait) because of variations in local photosynthesis and nutrient use by phytoplankton. Diatom blooms occurred in the spring, and blooms of photosynthetic flagellates (Heterosigma akashiwo (2009) and Akashiwo sanguinea (2009 and 2010)) occurred in the late summer and early fall when nitrate, ammonium, and urea were depleted. Proliferation of these flagellates led to the development of harmful algal blooms (HABs) associated with oxygen depletion in the lagoon bottom waters. Increased oxygen demand from bacterial degradation of algal biomass and exudates was the likely cause for bottom water hypoxia under reduced tidal exchange.
Graduate

Werribee Treatment Complex has been regarded as a waste treatment facility which is both environmentally friendly and economically sustainable. In the treatment processes, recycling of resources is maximized while energy input is minimized. Moreover, through livestock production in the land and grass filtration areas, as much as 20% of the total operation cost of the complex is recovered. However, in terms of the volume of waste water treated per unit area, grass and land filtration are considered to be less efficient than stabilization ponds. It has been proposed that those areas currently used for land and grass filtration should be converted to stabilization ponds in order to increase the overall efficiency of the complex to meet the augmented sewage loading of the increasing population in Melboume (Lane and Peake, 1990). Clearly, more information on the operational principles and treatment efficiency of the waste stabilization ponds at the Werribee Treatment Complex is needed to allow an informed decision to be made. This study examined a waste stabilization pond series at the Werribee Treatment Complex. The nutrient dynamics and the prevailing ecological processes in the ponds were investigated. The findings showed that the quality of the effluent was largely controlled by the detention time of the system (cf Meron et al, 1965). In particular, prolonged detention would result in a significant increase in phytoplankton abundance which is a key-component in the treatment process. The algae not only stabilize the nutrients through direct uptake, they also produce oxygen via photosynthesis, facilitating aerobic degradation and nitrification by aerobic and nitrifying bacteria respectively. In the pond series at Werribee, ammonia in the raw sewage was completely removed through nitrification as well as algal cell uptake during periods of longest detention time. On the other hand, removal of phosphorus was insignificant throughout the study period. According to Gakstatter et al (1978), water bodies receiving effluent from waste water treatment facility such as Port Phillip Bay are usually nitrogen-limited for algal growth. Therefore, the control the nitrogen content in the effluent should be of greater concern than phosphorus.

碩士
國立中山大學
海洋環境及工程學系研究所
95
Tapeng Bay is the second largest lagoon in Taiwan. The biological and ecological environments are an autotrophic system and are influenced by seasonal variability, terrestrial pollutant inputs and the exchange rates with seawater. There’re intense oyster culture and fish farming activities in the bay before July, 2002. The oyster was the most important spineless member in the lagoon. They would filtrate microplankton and detritus; they would also excrete nutrient and consume dissolved oxygen. Therefore, oyster played a very crucial role in the Tapeng Bay. This study combines the biological responses of the oysters with the complicated interaction among microplankton, nutrient, detritus and dissolved oxygen to establish the relationship of dynamical mechanisms between variables by applying the system dynamics simulation software STELLA. Model results clearly reveal that the oysters are the main species of filtration. The factors which affect the biomass of oysters include microplankton concentration, temperature and individual mass; the connection between oysters and other biological variables is closely tied. The study has also shown that the removing of oysters may cause significant increases of plankton and detritus during the eutrophication condition. Although the simulated water quality variables show higher than those obtained from sampling experiments in the literatures, the trend corresponds well with the relative studies. Despite the fact that oysters excrete much nutrient and nutrient is mostly taken up by microplankton, the condition of nutrient limitation has never happened, which is in correspondence with the result. In the sensitivity analysis, the parameters of oyster filtration rate and the autotroph nitrogen to carbon ratio are important factors which have influence on oysters biomass, and the concentration of microplankton and ammonium. Oyster excretion rate and the proportion of oyster feces and pseudofeces also have significant influences on the concentration of ammonium. The oyster culture racks in the Bay have already been torn down, but the Bay is still eutrophic. This is a clear indication of the importance of the oysters in the lagoon. Properly culture some oysters in the area where exist high concentrations of microplankton or organic input. By applying the oyster abundant filtration, planktons and suspended solids, mostly detritus and organic matters, can probably be controlled and the water quality in the bay can thus be improved. Although the STELLA has its limitation on broader applications, the model developed by this study can be combined with the features of social or economic fields. A decision supporting system can be developed for the management of ecological environment policies.

High rate algal ponds (HRAPs) can be utilised as an efficient and economical wastewater treatment method while also producing algal biomass. This study focused on the use of HRAPs to assimilate nutrients from secondary lagoon effluent and investigated various methods in which to enhance the algal biomass productivity of the HRAPs. The natural operation, productive potential, biomass production, nutrient removal capacity and environmental conditions were observed. From these findings, three experiments were proposed to enhance biomass production and in turn, the nutrient removal of the HRAPs. The first experiment was the addition of three separate algal cultures to the HRAPs during winter. Two of the algal species enhanced biomass production, however, there was no significant difference in nutrient removal during any of these experiments. The second set of experiments controlled the pH of the HRAPs utilising an inorganic and organic acid to determine if it was solely the control of pH which enhanced biomass production or if the addition of carbon that played a significant role. It was found that under high algal productivity conditions utilising inorganic acid to control pH negatively impacted algal growth whereas utilising organic acid significantly enhanced algal growth. The third experiment compared secondary lagoon effluent and primary lagoon effluent as the media sources. Secondary lagoon effluent was found to have higher biomass productivity by 106mg/L. This was thought to be a result of the primary lagoon effluents high colloidal turbidity. The results from the biomass enhancement experiments alongside the natural operation of the HRAPs were utilised to develop a simple and accurate algal growth model which utilised readily available data. The model aims to determine the biomass production of HRAPs in the south-eastern Australian climate which operated under elevated pH levels. The model was validated against the use of both secondary and primary lagoon effluent in the HRAPs and returned an R-squared value 0.98, suggesting a high accuracy. Following this work, two algal harvesting methods were investigated; membrane filtration and fungal flocculation. Three different membrane filtration systems were trialled and compared; ceramic crossflow system, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) submerged system and a metal crossflow system. The PTFE membrane was found to be the most effective of the membranes tested for harvesting algae due to its low fouling tendency, low cost and relatively constant flux. The flocculation capability of fungi to flocculate algae was examined. Aspergillus oryzae was found to be the most effective fungi species trialled for monoculture flocculation with over 95% removal for all algal species tested. The fungal flocculation of mixed algal communities in wastewater samples was also investigated and removal values of 70-100% were achieved. Overall, the work conducted provides valuable information on the operation and enhancement of HRAPs. Furthermore, the simple model developed can be utilised to help identify the potential of an area for algal biomass production and the feasibility of incorporating HRAP systems into an existing wastewater treatment facility. The two harvesting techniques trialled offer new and vital insight into the often-difficult process of algal harvesting.