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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Nitrogen Metabolism"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 27 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Nitrogen Metabolism"

1

Takahashi, Mikio, e Yatsuka Saijo. "Nitrogen metabolism in Lake Kizaki, Japan V. The role of nitrogen fixation in nitrogen requirement of phytoplankton". Archiv für Hydrobiologie 112, n. 1 (24 marzo 1988): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/112/1988/43.

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2

Scott, TA. "Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism". Biochemical Education 16, n. 1 (gennaio 1988): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(88)90042-8.

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3

Elmerich, C. "Inorganic nitrogen metabolism". Biochimie 70, n. 8 (agosto 1988): 1121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(88)90275-1.

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4

Roberts, E. H. "Inorganic nitrogen metabolism". Agricultural Systems 27, n. 4 (gennaio 1988): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(88)90041-8.

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5

Johnson, C. B. "Inorganic nitrogen metabolism". Phytochemistry 27, n. 5 (gennaio 1988): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80250-4.

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6

Zhang, Jinjing, Xinyi Zhuo, Qian Wang, Hao Ji, Hui Chen e Haibo Hao. "Effects of Different Nitrogen Levels on Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production and Gene Expression under Straw-State Cultivation in Stropharia rugosoannulata". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n. 12 (13 giugno 2023): 10089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210089.

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Stropharia rugosoannulata has been used in environmental engineering to degrade straw in China. The nitrogen and carbon metabolisms are the most important factors affecting mushroom growth, and the aim of this study was to understand the effects of different nitrogen levels on carbon metabolism in S. rugosoannulata using transcriptome analysis. The mycelia were highly branched and elongated rapidly in A3 (1.37% nitrogen). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism; nitrogen metabolism; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; the MAPK signaling pathway; hydrolase activity on glycosyl bonds; and hemicellulose metabolic processes. The activities of nitrogen metabolic enzymes were highest in A1 (0.39% nitrogen) during the three nitrogen levels (A1, A2 and A3). However, the activities of cellulose enzymes were highest in A3, while the hemicellulase xylanase activity was highest in A1. The DEGs associated with CAZymes, starch and sucrose metabolism and the MAPK signaling pathway were also most highly expressed in A3. These results suggested that increased nitrogen levels can upregulate carbon metabolism in S. rugosoannulata. This study could increase knowledge of the lignocellulose bioconversion pathways and improve biodegradation efficiency in Basidiomycetes.

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Kimble, Linda K., e Michael T. Madigan. "Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism in heliobacteria". Archives of Microbiology 158, n. 3 (agosto 1992): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00290810.

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8

IWATA, Katsuya. "Nitrogen metabolism of fishes." Hikaku seiri seikagaku(Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry) 15, n. 3 (1998): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.15.184.

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9

Fagard, M., A. Launay, G. Clement, J. Courtial, A. Dellagi, M. Farjad, A. Krapp, M. C. Soulie e C. Masclaux-Daubresse. "Nitrogen metabolism meets phytopathology". Journal of Experimental Botany 65, n. 19 (30 luglio 2014): 5643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru323.

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Bonete, María, Rosa Martínez-Espinosa, Carmen Pire, Basilio Zafrilla e David J. Richardson. "Nitrogen metabolism in haloarchaea". Saline Systems 4, n. 1 (2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-1448-4-9.

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Tesi sul tema "Nitrogen Metabolism"

1

Fulayfil, Nada. "Nitrogen metabolism of Archaeoglobus fulgidus". Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270335.

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Stevens, Carol Jean. "Nitrogen metabolism by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans /". The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487597424138725.

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Silva, Cesar José da [UNESP]. "Efeito de diferentes relações folha/grãos sobre o metabolismo do nitrogênio em diferentes partes da planta de milho". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96968.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_cj_me_jabo.pdf: 651711 bytes, checksum: 6f7b9a354cd661de53615cc81e866c62 (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Embora esteja bem estabelecido pelos experimentos clássicos, qual são os fatores que limitam a produção, o funcionamento da planta na fase reprodutiva que envolve um complexo relacionamento tanto entre órgãos fonte e dreno de fotossintatos como do metabolismo do nitrogênio em ambos os tipos de órgãos, ainda permanece pouco esclarecido. Assim sendo, na fase de polinização foram impostas diferentes proporções de folhas (% de fonte) e de grãos (% de dreno) em plantas de milho para estudar o efeito destes tratamentos sobre o comportamento do metabolismo do nitrogênio em grãos, folhas e colmos, em diferentes etapas da fase reprodutiva da cultura e suas relações com a produção de massa seca, desenvolvimento de grãos, bem como desenvolvimento e senescência das folhas. Avaliou-se atividade de algumas enzimas, o teor dos principais metabólitos nitrogendados nas folhas, nos colmos e nos grãos em formação, bem como os reflexos destas variáveis sobre algumas características agronômicas aos 2, 10, 20 e 30 dias após a polinização (dap). Os resultados do presente trabalho permitiram esclarecer que a atividade da redutase do nitrato na folha não foi afetada pelas alterações nas proporções de fonte e dreno de fotossintatos. Os teores de N-total, N-nitrato e N-aminoácidos livres, nas folhas, colmos e endospermas foram mais intensamente afetados quanto mais drásticas foram as reduções de folhas ou grãos. As reduções da fonte e dreno promoveram aumentos significativos nos teores de N-total, N-nitrato e N-aminoácidos livres nas partes remanescentes analisadas. Os teores de proteína solúvel foram mais afetados nos grãos, onde os maiores valores foram encontrados aos 10 dap., nos tratamentos sem folhas e sem grãos...
Although it is well very established, for the classic experiments, which are the factors that limit the production, the operation of the plant in the reproductive phase that involves a compound so much relationship between organs source and fotossintatos drain as of the metabolism of the nitrogen in both types of organs, it remains unclear. Like this being, in the pollination phase different proportions of leaves were imposed (% of source) and of grains (% of drain) in corn plants to study the effect of these treatments on the behavior of nitrogen metabolism in grains, leaves and stems, in different stages during reproductive phase of the culture and your relationships with the production of dry mass, development of grains, as well as development and senescence of leaves. Enzymes activity were evaluated (NR, TGO and TGP), the level of main metabolites (N-total, N-nitrate, free amino acids and soluble protein) in the leaves, in the stems and in the grains in formation, as well as the reflexes of these varied on the agronomic characteristics (mass evaporates of leaves stems and grains), to the 2, 10, 20 and 30 days after the pollination (dap). The results of the present work allowed to clear that the activity of the nitrate reductase in the leaf was not affected by the alterations in the source proportions and photoassimilated drain. The levels of N-total, N-nitrate and free N-amino acids, in the leaves, stems and endosperms were more intensely affected the more drastic they were the reductions of leaves or grains. The reductions of the source and drain promoted significant increases in the levels of N-total, N-nitrate and free N-amino acids in the analyzed remaining parts. The soluble protein concentration was more affected in the grains, where the largest values were found to the 10 dap, in the treatments without leaves and grains... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below).

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Laberge, MacDonald Tammy. "Molecular Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in Fishes". Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/668.

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Molecular aspects of nitrogen metabolism in vertebrates is an interesting area of physiology and evolution to explore due to the different ways in which animals excrete nitrogenous waste as they transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle. Two main products of nitrogen metabolism in fishes are ammonia and urea. Ammonia is produced during protein catabolism and build up of ammonia is toxic. Some aquatic vertebrates convert ammonia into a less toxic compound urea via de novo synthesis through the ornithine-urea cycle (O-UC). Five enzymes are involved in the O-UC: carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and arginase (ARG). An accessory enzyme, glutamine synthetase (GS) also participates in the "fish-type" O-UC. Teleosts excrete ammonia passively over their gills into the aquatic environment. The teleost, Opsanus beta, has been shown to increase urea production after 48 hours of crowding. This thesis explored how crowding stress affected nitrogen metabolite levels of ammonia and urea and O-UC gene expression and enzyme activity in O. beta. Lungfishes while in an aquatic environment avoid ammonia toxicity by releasing excess ammonia across their gills, but when stranded on land they produce urea through the O-UC. Urea production via the O-UC has a metabolic cost of at least four ATP molecules. This thesis explored the response of a lungfish, Protopterus annectens, to six days of aerial exposure and re-immersion conditions by measuring concentrations of O-UC mRNA expression and enzyme activity and nitrogen metabolites ammonia and urea. CPS acts as the entry point to the O-UC and based on enzymatic studies, most aquatic vertebrates utilize one isoform of this enzyme (CPSIII) while terrestrial vertebrates utilize a different isoform of this enzyme (CPSI). Lungfishes are a particularly interesting group of air-breathing fishes, not only because of their link to the origins of tetrapods, but also because CPS I may have originated within this group. Both CPS III and CPS I have been enzymatically described within this group. This thesis uses phylogenetics to investigate how CPS nucleotide sequences in lungfishes evolved compared to other vertebrates.

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Dixon, G. K. "The inorganic nitrogen metabolism of marine dinoflagellates". Thesis, Swansea University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636452.

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Nitrogen-replete cells of Amphidinium carterae took up ammonium in the light at a rate 5 - 6 times that of nitrate even though exponential growth rates were similar on these two N-sources. A. carterae exhibited a capability for enhanced initial ammonium uptake, particularly when deprived of nitrogen. Enhanced initial rates of ammonium uptake were also observed in a natural population of Gyrodinium aureolum. Initially ammonium accumulated within the cells of A. carterae but was assimilated into organic-N within a matter of hours; increases in total cellular-N, total free amino acids, glutamine and cellular protein were observed 4 h after an ammonium addition. In comparison, very little nitrate was accumulated. Ammonium (250 μM) inhibited reversibly the uptake of nitrate; the rapidity of the response suggests a direct effect on uptake. Prior nitrogen deprivation of the cells did not affect this inhibition. Rates of ammonium uptake were similar in the light and dark but nitrate uptake was completely inhibited by darkness in nitrogen replete cells of A. carterae and in a natural population of G. aureolum. Dark uptake of nitrate was stimulated by a period of nitrogen deprivation. Ammonium uptake in darkness by A. carterae was accompanied by the utilization of cellular polysaccharide, mainly glucose polysaccharide. Most of this carbon was unavailable for the assimilation of nitrate in the dark. It is suggested that a control mechanism is in operation, via a product of ammonium assimilation, on one or more of the enzymes concerned with polysaccharide breakdown, e.g. α-amylase or phosphorylase. Ammonium addition caused a marked enhancement of dark CO₂ fixation in several nitrogen-replete dinoflagellates. Nitrate addition produced little enhancement in comparison. The amount of enhancement was dependent on species, age of culture and period of diel cycle. Nitrogen deprivation caused a 2-3 fold increase in enhancement in all species tested. The measurement of dark ¹⁴CO₂ fixation shows promise as a technique for determining the nitrogen status of phytoplankton in both the laboratory and in the field. A natural population of Gyrodinium aureolum appeared to be slightly N-limited using this technique, an observation supported by other field data. The use of this technique as a tool to determine the nitrogen status of phytoplankton in culture and in the field is discussed.

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Allison, Clive. "Nitrogen metabolism of human large-intestinal bacteria". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306357.

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Schulz, Anton A. "Nitrogen metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4329.

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Bibliography: leaves 125-146.
Corynebacterium glutamicum is extensively used for the commercial production of a host of amino acids including lysine, glutamate, and threonine. Consequently, much research has been directed at analyzing nitrogen metabolism in this bacterium. In particular, our research focused on investigating the regulation of nitrogen assimilation. Initially, we searched for homologs of the Streptomyces glnR, glnII, and glnE genes in C. glutamicum. These studies, however, were met with limited success, and we therefore decided to use promoter probe vectors in order to identify nitrogen-responsive promoters.

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Sabag-Daigle, Anice. "Nitrogen Metabolism of the Haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250008417.

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Mos, Magdalena. "The control of nitrogen metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539565.

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Alvarado, Adriana Delgado. "Interactions between carbon and nitrogen metabolism in legumes". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274992.

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Libri sul tema "Nitrogen Metabolism"

1

Ullrich, Wolfram R., Pedro J. Aparicio, Philip J. Syrett e F. Castillo, a cura di. Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71890-8.

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Poulton, Jonathan E., John T. Romeo e Eric E. Conn, a cura di. Plant Nitrogen Metabolism. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0835-5.

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Poulton, Jonathan E. Plant Nitrogen Metabolism. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989.

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Phytochemical Society of North America. Meeting. Plant nitrogen metabolism. New York: Plenum Press, 1989.

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1935-, Ullrich W. R., Federation of European Societies of Plant Physiology. e Advanced Course on Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism (1986 : Universidad de Extremadura), a cura di. Inorganic nitrogen metabolism. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1987.

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Gupta, Kapuganti Jagadis, a cura di. Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9790-9.

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Ayres, Robert U. Industrial metabolism of nitrogen. Fontainebleau: INSEAD, 1992.

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Ayres, Robert U. Industrial metabolism of nitrogen. Fontainebleau, France: INSEAD, 1993.

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Walsh, Patrick J., Ph. D. e Wright Patricia, a cura di. Nitrogen metabolism and excretion. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1995.

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10

Konrad, Mengel, e Pilbeam D. J, a cura di. Nitrogen metabolism of plants. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Nitrogen Metabolism"

1

Evans, H. J., P. J. Bottomley e W. E. Newton. "Nitrogen Metabolism". In Nitrogen fixation research progress, 322–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5175-4_45.

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A. Lal, Manju. "Nitrogen Metabolism". In Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism, 425–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2023-1_11.

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Imamura, Sousuke, e Kan Tanaka. "Nitrogen Metabolism". In Cyanidioschyzon merolae, 283–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6101-1_18.

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Bhatla, Satish C., e Manju A. Lal. "Nitrogen Metabolism". In Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism, 295–334. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5736-1_11.

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Harper, J. E. "Nitrogen Metabolism". In Physiology and Determination of Crop Yield, 285–302. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1994.physiologyanddetermination.c19.

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Perlman, Deborah F., e L. Goldstein. "Nitrogen Metabolism". In Physiology of Elasmobranch Fishes, 253–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73336-9_9.

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De Reuse, Hilde, e Stéphane Skouloubris. "Nitrogen Metabolism". In Helicobacter pylori, 125–33. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818005.ch11.

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Ochs, Raymond S. "Nitrogen Metabolism". In Biochemistry, 363–404. 2^a ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003029649-15.

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Morot-Gaudry, Jean-François, Dominique Job e Peter J. Lea. "Amino Acid Metabolism". In Plant Nitrogen, 167–211. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04064-5_7.

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Raina, Ruchi, e Samina Mazahar. "Nitrogen". In Advances in Plant Nitrogen Metabolism, 19–27. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003248361-2.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Nitrogen Metabolism"

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Zhu, Bitong, Chungui Zhao e Suping Yang. "New Insight into the Nitrogen Metabolism in APB". In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.3204.

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Bian, Chao. "Engineering a Regulatory Circuit for Improved Nitrogen Metabolism." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1052935.

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Higuchi, K., I. Nonaka, F. Ohtani, T. Motoshima e K. Yunokawa. "Low CP diet with synchrony of ruminal nitrogen and energy decreased nitrogen excretion in dairy cow". In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_11.

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Huggins, Julia A., Celine Michiels, Rachel L. Simister e Sean A. Crowe. "Trace Oxygen Shifts Nitrogen Metabolism and Stimulates Nitrogen Reduction in Low-Oxygen Marine Waters". In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1106.

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Huggins, Julia, Céline Michiels, Rachel Simister e Sean Crowe. "Trace oxygen shifts nitrogen metabolism and stimulates nitrogen reduction in low-oxygen marine waters." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.8079.

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Lindblad, Peter. "Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolism in Coralloid Roots of Cycads". In Symposium CYCAD 87. The New York Botanical Garden Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21135/893273507.009.

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Kim, Jiyeon. "Abstract PR10: Alterations in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in lung cancer". In Abstracts: AACR Special Virtual Conference on Epigenetics and Metabolism; October 15-16, 2020. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.epimetab20-pr10.

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Vandaele, L., K. Goossens, J. De Boever e S. De Campeneere. "Several roads lead to Rome: about improving nitrogen efficiency in cattle". In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_1.

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Weil, J., A. Beitia, N. Suesuttajit, K. Hilton, P. Maharjan, J. Caldas, S. Rao e C. N. Coon. "Determining amino acid requirements for broiler breeders using the nitrogen balance method". In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_149.

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Cantalapiedra-Hijar, G., G. Martinez-Fernandez, E. Forano, C. Chantelauze, C. McSweeney e D. Morgavi. "Nitrogen metabolism in rumen bacteria can be characterised by their N isotopic signature". In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_60.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Nitrogen Metabolism"

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Coruzzi, Gloria, Mattjew Brooks e Ying Li. Asparagine synthetase gene regulatory network and plant nitrogen metabolism. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1463278.

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Rabinowitz, Joshua D., Ned S. Wingreen, Herschel A. Rabitz e Yifan Xu. Integration of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Metabolism in Escherichia coli. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, ottobre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada575710.

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Rabinowitz, Joshua D., Ned s. Wingreen, Herschel A. Rabitz e Yifan Xu. Integration of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen Metabolism in Escherichia coli--Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053428.

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Schmidt, G. W., e B. U. Bruns. Final Report: Nitrogen Control of Chloroplast Differentiation and Metabolism, March 31, 1996 - March 31, 1999. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/760846.

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Ades, Dennis. The role of iron nutrition in regulating patterns of photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. Portland State University Library, gennaio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5533.

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Christenson, Erleen. Effect of copper on cell division, nitrogen metabolism, morphology, and sexual reproduction in the life cycle of Closterium moniliferum (Chlorophyceae). Portland State University Library, gennaio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.54.

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7

Wolf, Shmuel, e William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, ottobre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):

The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.

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Sionov, Edward, Nancy Keller e Shiri Barad-Kotler. Mechanisms governing the global regulation of mycotoxin production and pathogenicity by Penicillium expansum in postharvest fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7604292.bard.

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The original objectives of the study, as defined in the approved proposal, are: To characterize the relationship of CreA and LaeA in regulation of P T production To understand how PacC modulates P. expansumpathogenicity on apples To examine if other secondary metabolites are involved in virulence or P. expansumfitness To identify the signaling pathways leading to PAT synthesis Penicilliumexpansum, the causal agent of blue mould rot, is a critical health concern because of the production of the mycotoxinpatulin (PAT) in colonized apple fruit tissue. Although PAT is produced by many Penicilliumspecies, the factors activating its biosynthesis were not clear. This research focused on host and fungal mechanisms of activation of LaeA (the global regulator of secondary metabolism), PacC (the global pH modulator) and CreA (the global carbon catabolite regulator) on PAT synthesis with intention to establish P. expansumas the model system for understanding mycotoxin synthesis in fruits. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify critical host and pathogen factors that mechanistically modulate P. expansumgenes and pathways to control activation of PAT production and virulence in host. Several fungal factors have been correlated with disease development in apples, including the production of PAT, acidification of apple tissue by the fungus, sugar content and the global regulator of secondary metabolism and development, LaeA. An increase in sucrose molarity in the culture medium from 15 to 175 mM negatively regulated laeAexpression and PAT accumulation, but, conversely, increased creAexpression, leading to the hypothesis that CreA could be involved in P. expansumPAT biosynthesis and virulence, possibly through the negative regulation of LaeA. We found evidence for CreAtranscriptional regulation of laeA, but this was not correlated with PAT production either in vitro or in vivo, thus suggesting that CreA regulation of PAT is independent of LaeA. Our finding that sucrose, a key ingredient of apple fruit, regulates PAT synthesis, probably through suppression of laeAexpression, suggests a potential interaction between CreA and LaeA, which may offer control therapies for future study. We have also identified that in addition to PAT gene cluster, CreA regulates other secondary metabolite clusters, including citrinin, andrastin, roquefortine and communesins, during pathogenesis or during normal fungal growth. Following creation of P. expansumpacCknockout strain, we investigated the involvement of the global pH regulator PacC in fungal pathogenicity. We demonstrated that disruption of the pH signaling transcription factor PacC significantly decreased the virulence of P. expansumon deciduous fruits. This phenotype is associated with an impairment in fungal growth, decreased accumulation of gluconic acid and reduced synthesis of pectolytic enzymes. We showed that glucose oxidase- encoding gene, which is essential for gluconic acid production and acidification during fruit colonization, was significantly down regulated in the ΔPepacCmutant, suggesting that gox is PacC- responsive gene. We have provided evidence that deletion of goxgene in P. expansumled to a reduction in virulence toward apple fruits, further indicating that GOX is a virulence factor of P. expansum, and its expression is regulated by PacC. It is also clear from the present data that PacC in P. expansumis a key factor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as PAT. On the basis of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and physiological experimentation, the P. expansumΔlaeA, ΔcreAand ΔpacCmutants were unable to successfully colonize apples for a multitude of potential mechanisms including, on the pathogen side, a decreased ability to produce proteolytic enzymes and to acidify the environment and impaired carbon/nitrogen metabolism and, on the host side, an increase in the oxidative defence pathways. Our study defines these global regulatory factors and their downstream signalling pathways as promising targets for the development of strategies to fight against this post-harvest pathogen.

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John J. Kilbane II. Metabolic Engineering to Develop a Pathway for the Selective Cleavage of Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), aprile 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887496.

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John J. Kilbane II. METABOLIC ENGINEERING TO DEVELOP A PATHWAY FOR THE SELECTIVE CLEAVAGE OF CARBON-NITROGEN BONDS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836101.

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