Bibliografie tematiche / Nitrogen and sulfur nutrition

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Nitrogen and sulfur nutrition"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 25 gennaio 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Nitrogen and sulfur nutrition"

1

Tietel, Zipora, Uri Yermiyahu e Asher Bar-Tal. "Sulfate Fertilization Preserves Tomato Fruit Nutritional Quality". Agronomy 12, n. 5 (5 maggio 2022): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051117.

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Abstract (sommario):
Sulfur is an essential mineral in human nutrition, involved in vital biochemical processes. Sulfur deficient soil is becoming a severe issue, resulting from increased agricultural production and decreased sulfur emissions. Tomato cultivation using sulfur-poor soils and desalinated water is becoming widespread, and might result in plant and fruit sulfur deficiency. In the current work, we aimed at evaluating the effect of sulfur fertilization (0.1–4 mM) on fruit sulfur concentrations, under both low (4 mM) and high (11 mM) nitrogen fertilization, to assess fruit sulfur biofortification, alongside the effect on fruit mineral composition, and on tomato plants. The experiment was performed on a semi-commercial scale, during two seasons, with a real-life fertilization range. We evaluated fruit elemental composition, in addition to young (diagnostic) leaves, as an indication to nutritional status. Our results show no harmful effect of low sulfur treatment on plant growth and high yield. Increased fertilization-sulfur exclusively induced sulfur accumulation in the fruit, while increasing fertilization-nitrogen subsequently increased fruit nitrogen. Sulfur treatments resulted in a consistent negative effect on fruit molybdenum and calcium, as well as a positive effect on fruit sodium levels. At the same time, other fruit minerals, including phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper, remained unaltered by sulfur treatments. Leaf response trends generally adhered to those of fruit. Taken together, our findings suggest that sulfur fertilization can biofortify tomato with sulfur while retaining fruit mineral composition and nutritional quality, excluding a decrease in Molybdenum levels, to assure food security and maintain fruit and vegetables as a significant source of sulfur and other minerals. Possibilities of practical application of this work’s results include optimization of fertilization levels in crop cultivation under sulfur deficiency for yield and nutritional quality, alongside the biofortification of tomatoes with sulfur and nitrogen with no adverse effect to other fruit minerals.
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2

Stuart, Rhona K., Eric R. A. Pederson, Philip D. Weyman, Peter K. Weber, Ulla Rassmussen e Christopher L. Dupont. "Bidirectional C and N transfer and a potential role for sulfur in an epiphytic diazotrophic mutualism". ISME Journal 14, n. 12 (19 agosto 2020): 3068–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00738-4.

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Abstract In nitrogen-limited boreal forests, associations between feathermoss and diazotrophic cyanobacteria control nitrogen inputs and thus carbon cycling, but little is known about the molecular regulators required for initiation and maintenance of these associations. Specifically, a benefit to the cyanobacteria is not known, challenging whether the association is a nutritional mutualism. Targeted mutagenesis of the cyanobacterial alkane sulfonate monooxygenase results in an inability to colonize feathermosses by the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme, suggesting a role for organic sulfur in communication or nutrition. Isotope probing paired with high-resolution imaging mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) demonstrated bidirectional elemental transfer between partners, with carbon and sulfur both being transferred to the cyanobacteria, and nitrogen transferred to the moss. These results support the hypothesis that moss and cyanobacteria enter a mutualistic exosymbiosis with substantial bidirectional material exchange of carbon and nitrogen and potential signaling through sulfur compounds.
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Balint, Tatjana, Zdenko Rengel e David Allen. "Australian canola germplasm differs in nitrogen and sulfur efficiency". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, n. 2 (2008): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06255.

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Eighty-four canola genotypes, including current commercial Australian genotypes, some older Australian genotypes, new breeding lines, and several genotypes from China, were screened for nitrogen and sulfur efficiency in the early growth stage. Plants were grown in a glasshouse using virgin brown Lancelin soil (Uc4.22) supplied with basal nutrients. The treatments were: (i) adequate nitrogen and sulfur, (ii) low nitrogen, and (iii) low sulfur. Canola shoots were harvested at 38 days after sowing when growth reduction and the nitrogen and sulfur deficiency symptoms were evident in most genotypes. The nitrogen or sulfur efficiency in canola genotypes was evaluated on the basis of: (1) growth at low nitrogen or sulfur supply, (2) growth at low relative to adequate nitrogen and sulfur supply, and (3) nitrogen or sulfur utilisation efficiency expressed as shoot dry weight per unit of nitrogen or sulfur content in shoots. Genotypic variation in growth and nitrogen or sulfur efficiency in canola germplasm was significant. Two genotypes (Chikuzen and 46C74) were ranked efficient and 2 inefficient (CBWA-005 and Beacon) in uptake and utilisation of nitrogen under all 3 criteria. In terms of sulfur efficiency, genotype Argentina was ranked efficient, whereas CBWA-003 and IB 1363 were classified inefficient under all 3 criteria. Two canola genotypes (Surpass 600 and 46C74) were both nitrogen- and sulfur-efficient in terms of relative growth at low v. adequate nutrition; their use in the breeding programs could be considered.
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Muldoon, DK. "Nutrition of irrigated crops on an alkaline brown clay soil at Trangie, New South Wales. 2. Wheat". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, n. 4 (1986): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860451.

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In a field nutrient-omission experiment, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and zinc were sequentially omitted from a 'complete' fertiliser applied to irrigated wheat on an alkaline brown clay soil. Wheat forage and grain yields were recorded for 3 years following this single application. The chemical composition of forage and grain was determined. A second experiment elucidated the response to nitrogen fertiliser after 2 years of wheat or fallow. Deficiencies of phosphorus and nitrogen were evident in the second and subsequent crops. Forage and grain yields were reduced in the absence of these elements as were the respective concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in the forage and grain. The omission of zinc fertiliser reduced the concentration of zinc in the grain but not the grain yield. Omitting sulfur led to lower grain yields in the second year. Both sulfur and nitrogen were required to achieve maximum grain nitrogen and sulfur contents. The response to nitrogen fertiliser peaked at 130 kg/ha N after a fallow. After continuous wheat, however, over 200 kg/ha N was required for maximum yields. A positive tillering response to nitrogen accounted for much of this grain yield response. Grain nitrogen contents remained low until 100kg/ha N was applied.
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Ohmann, L. F., e D. F. Grigal. "Spatial and temporal patterns of sulfur and nitrogen in wood of trees across the north central United States". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, n. 5 (1 maggio 1990): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-067.

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Tree wood tissue was sampled in 169 forest stands, which represented five forest types, across the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. The molar ratio of elemental sulfur to nitrogen for 3 decades of wood growth (1956 to 1985) was related to (i) location, as defined by five sampling zones, (ii) the molar ratio of elemental sulfur to nitrogen in soils, and (iii) wet sulfate deposition. There were also differences in molar ratios of sulfur to nitrogen among tree species and no significant interactions between species and zone. The sulfur to nitrogen ratios of both soil and wood increased from west to east across the sulfate deposition gradient. This trend is consistent with growing evidence that sulfate and other sulfur ions deposited through air pollution are accumulating in various compartments of forest ecosystems in the north central United States. These results also support studies that indicate that more sulfur is being taken up by trees than needed for nutrition.
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Salvagiotti, Fernando, e Daniel J. Miralles. "Wheat development as affected by nitrogen and sulfur nutrition". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, n. 1 (2007): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06090.

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Sulfur (S) is one of the essential nutrients for crop growth, which is linked to nitrogen (N) in many physiological functions. The rate of leaf emergence (RLE) and final leaf number (FLN) determine the duration of the emergence (Em)–anthesis (Ant) period in wheat. Although some studies showed effects of N and phosphorus on RLE and the length of the Em–Ant period, no reports studied the effect of N and S interaction on the phasic development and the coordination of RLE with tillering appearance. A bread-wheat genotype was grown with 4 N and 2 S fertiliser rates during 2000 and 2001 in field plots. In addition, an experiment with 4 combinations of N and S rates (N0S0, N0S1, N1S0, and N1S1) was arranged in containers using nutrient solutions in 2001. Under field conditions, additional N and S did not modify the duration of the different phenological stages or the Phy value and FLN. However, the stronger N and S deficiency in the experiments conducted in containers affected RLE. A higher S rate delayed the period Em–Ant by 65° degree-days under no N restrictions, mainly by a delay in the duration of terminal spikelet (TS)–Ant period. Phyllochron (Phy) changed with crop ontogeny (inflection point occurred on 7th leaf) and N and S did not affect the timing when Phy changed; however, a lower N supply increased Phy in earlier leaves without effect of S on this trait. Treatments without S or N deficiency achieved the highest maximum tiller number (MTN) and the greatest tiller mortality rate (TMR); however, tiller number at maturity was 76% higher in this treatment with respect to the rest of the treatments because of the MTN attained. The number of tillers per emerged leaf was significantly increased when plants were grown under high N supply. Under no N restrictions, additional S increased the number of tillers per emerged leaf by 24%.
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Santos, N. A., N. C. Teixeira, J. O. S. Valim, E. F. A. Almeida, M. G. A. Oliveira e W. G. Campos. "Sulfur fertilization increases defense metabolites and nitrogen but decreases plant resistance against a host-specific insect". Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, n. 4 (24 ottobre 2017): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317001018.

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AbstractWe tested the sulfur-modulated plant resistance hypothesis using potted cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) plants that were grown without and with increasing levels of sulfur fertilization. Changes in plant chemical traits were assessed and developmental performance of Plutella xylostella, a highly host-specific leaf-chewing insect, was followed. Leaf sulfur concentration gradually increased with growing addition of sulfur in soil; however, there was a generalized saturation response curve, with a plateau phase, for improvements in total leaf nitrogen, defense glucosinolates and insect performance. Plutella xylostella performed better in sulfur-fertilized cabbage probably because of the higher level of nitrogen, despite of the higher content of glucosinolates, which are toxic for many non-specialized insects. Despite the importance of sulfur in plant nutrition and production, especially for Brassica crops, our results showed that sulfur fertilization could decrease plant resistance against insects with high feeding specialization.
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Roa, Gustavo A., Eber Addí Quintana-Obregón, Mariela González-Renteria e Dorivar A. Ruiz Diaz. "Increasing Wheat Protein and Yield through Sulfur Fertilization and Its Relationship with Nitrogen". Nitrogen 5, n. 3 (26 giugno 2024): 553–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen5030037.

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Sulfur fertilization plays a crucial role in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production, influencing both protein concentration and grain yield. Wheat, being one of the most important food crops globally, requires efficient management of essential nutrients, including sulfur and nitrogen, to achieve optimal production. This study aimed to quantify the effect of sulfur fertilization on wheat protein concentration and grain yield and the relationship with nitrogen through two complementary methods: a comprehensive meta-analysis and a controlled greenhouse experiment. The meta-analysis, encompassing 55 studies from 20 countries with 545 comparisons, quantified the overall response of wheat to sulfur fertilization in diverse field environments, examining the effects based on soil texture and organic matter content. The greenhouse study investigated the effects of varying sulfur application rates and sources on protein concentration and grain yield and analyzed the relationship between sulfur and nitrogen concentrations in the grain. The meta-analysis showed overall positive effects of sulfur application on both protein concentration (2.1%) and grain yield (4.2%), with the magnitude of these effects varying based on soil texture and organic matter content. Sandy soils and soils with low organic matter content exhibited the most pronounced responses to sulfur fertilization. The greenhouse experiment revealed responses of both protein concentration and grain yield to increasing sulfur application rates, indicating an optimal rate beyond which additional sulfur may not provide further benefits. A strong positive correlation between sulfur and nitrogen concentrations in the grain highlighted their interdependence in wheat nutrition. These findings emphasize the importance of considering soil properties and the sulfur–nitrogen interaction when developing site-specific sulfur fertilization strategies for wheat. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing grain yield and protein concentration, contributing to more sustainable and efficient wheat production systems.
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AGAPIE, Alina Laura, Cristian BOSTAN e Nicolae Marinel HORABLAGA. "THE SULFUR IMPORTANCE FOR HIGH QUALITATIV PRODUCTIONS AT WINTER WHEAT". LIFE SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1, n. 1 (24 aprile 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.58509/lssd.v1i1.7.

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Wheat quality is a complex notion that involves more analysis parameters and the study of a large number of factors that act implicitly to determine it. Besides the genetic factor, mineral nutrition plays an important role in increasing the quality of the crops. Sulfur is an important element in plant nutrition, its absence causing similar damage to nitrogen deficiency. The experience was located at ARDS Lovrin, on a semicarbonatic chernozem, weakly-gleizated and weakly-alkalinised. The mobile P content in soil is 75.7 ppm, of mobile K is 205 ppm and the humus content is 3.47%. Four different agrofunds were studied, with the following graduations of experimental factors: N50, N50S20, N100 and N100S20. The aim of the paper is to highlight the importance of chemical sulfur fertilizers to increase the quality of wheat production. The analyzed parameters were: the percentage of protein, gluten, gliadin, glutenin and the accumulation of protein subunits with high and low molecular weight. Applying a dose of 20 kg/ha sulfur fertilizer active substance brings significant and very significant increases in the percentage of protein (2.8%) and gluten (6.5%), depending on the level of nitrogen fertilization used. The value of gluten proteins, gliadin and glutenin, expressed in g / 100 g flour, increases significantly when applying sulfur fertilizers. In conclusion, sulfur fertilizers, on the background of an adequate supply with nitrogen, help to achieve a balanced protein and gluten content and has a direct positive influence on gluten proteins content.
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López-Berenguer, Carmen, Micaela Carvajal, Cristina Garcéa-Viguera e Carlos F. Alcaraz. "Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Nutrition in Broccoli Plants Grown Under Salinity". Journal of Plant Nutrition 30, n. 11 (28 novembre 2007): 1855–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160701629062.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Nitrogen and sulfur nutrition"

1

Fismes-Bemer, Joëlle. "Effet de la fertilisation azotée et soufrée et d'un inhibiteur de nitrification (ATS) sur la nutrition azotée et soufrée du colza". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL062N.

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Le colza est une plante exigeante en azote pour son développement et la production de graines. C’est en outre une plante particulièrement sensible aux carences en soufre car elle utilise le soufre dans de nombreuses réactions métaboliques mais aussi pour la synthèse d'acides aminés soufrés. Cependant, la fertilisation azotée et soufrée du colza doit être raisonnée afin d'augmenter productivité et qualité tout en limitant les pertes d'éléments fertilisants qui occasionnent surcoût et pollution. Le sol argilo-calcaire de lorraine étudié est riche en azote et en soufre totaux, principalement immobilisés dans les fractions fines. Ce sol est cependant peu favorable à la minéralisation de l'azote et du soufre organiques. Par contre, la nitrification de l'ammonium y est très rapide, d'où des pertes non négligeables d'azote par dénitrification et lessivage des nitrates, et l'intérêt porte aux inhibiteurs de nitrification et d'uréase. L’azote et le soufre apportés sont de plus rapidement immobilisés dans le sol par les micro-organismes. Cependant, cette faible disponibilité des engrais est compensée par un effet stimulant de la fertilisation sur la minéralisation de l'azote et du soufre natifs du sol. L’azote et le soufre étant indissociables dans les mécanismes de synthèse des acides aminés et des protéines, nous avons aussi mis en évidence l'influence réciproque de ces 2 éléments sur leur prélèvement respectif par le colza, leur distribution et leur assimilation dans la plante. Ainsi, un déséquilibre entre l'azote assimilable et le soufre assimilable a des répercussions sur la production des graines et leur qualité. En tant qu'inhibiteur de nitrification et d'uréase, l'ATS s'est révélé peu efficace en sol argilo-calcaire en raison des propriétés physiques, chimiques et biologiques de ce sol. Il agit en effet sur la dynamique de l'azote du sol seulement à des doses élevées et pendant une période courte (4 semaines). Quant à son impact sur le prélèvement d'azote par les plantes, il est dû essentiellement à sa composition soufrée.
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2

Uddin, Md Miar. "The impact of maleic hydrazide, nitrogen and sulphur nutrition on the postharvest quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) during storage". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408023.

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3

Bonnot, Titouan. "Réponse du grain de blé à la nutrition azotée et soufrée : étude intégrative des mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu au cours du développement du grain par des analyses -omiques". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22767/document.

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L’augmentation des rendements est un enjeu majeur chez les céréales. Dans cet objectif, il est nécessaire de maintenir la qualité du grain de blé, qui est principalement déterminée par sa teneur et sa composition en protéines de réserve. En effet, une forte relation négative existe entre le rendement et la teneur en protéines. Par ailleurs, la qualité du grain est fortement influencée par la disponibilité en azote et en soufre dans le sol. La limitation des apports d’intrants azotés à la culture et la carence en soufre récemment observée dans les sols représentent ainsi des difficultés supplémentaires pour maitriser cette qualité. Une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans le contrôle du développement du grain et la mise en place de ses réserves protéiques en réponse à la nutrition azotée et soufrée est donc primordiale. L’objectif de cette thèse a ainsi été d’apporter de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension de ces processus de régulation, aujourd’hui peu connus. Pour cela, les approches -omiques sont apparues comme une stratégie de choix pour identifier les acteurs moléculaires mis en jeu. Le protéome nucléaire a été une cible importante dans les travaux menés. L’étude de ces protéines nucléaires a révélé certains régulateurs transcriptionnels qui pourraient être impliqués dans le contrôle de la mise en place des réserves du grain. Dans une approche combinant des données de protéomique, transcriptomique et métabolomique, une vision intégrative de la réponse du grain à la nutrition azotée et soufrée a été obtenue. L’importance d’un apport de soufre dans le contrôle de la balance azote/soufre du grain, déterminante pour la composition du grain en protéines de réserve, a été clairement vérifiée. Parmi les changements observés au niveau du métabolisme cellulaire, certains des gènes affectés par la modification de cette balance pourraient orchestrer l’ajustement de la composition du grain face à des situations de carences nutritionnelles. Ces nouvelles connaissances devraient permettre de mieux maitriser la qualité du grain de blé dans un contexte d’agriculture durable
Improving the yield potential of cereals represents a major challenge. In this context, wheat grain quality has to be maintained. Indeed, grain quality is mainly determined by the content and the composition of storage proteins, but there is a strongly negative correlation between yield and grain protein concentration. In addition, grain quality is strongly influenced by the availability of nitrogen and sulfur in soils. Nowadays, the limitation of nitrogen inputs, and also the sulfur deficiency recently observed in soils represent major difficulties to control the quality. Therefore, understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling grain development and accumulation of storage proteins in response to nitrogen and sulfur supply is a major issue. The objective of this thesis was to create knowledge on the comprehension of these regulatory mechanisms. For this purpose, the best strategy to identify molecular actors involved in these processes consisted of -omics approaches. In our studies, the nuclear proteome was an important target. Among these proteins, we revealed some transcriptional regulators likely to be involved in the control of the accumulation of grain storage compounds. Using an approach combining proteomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic data, the characterization of the integrative grain response to the nitrogen and sulfur supply was obtained. Besides, our studies clearly confirmed the major influence of sulfur in the control of the nitrogen/sulfur balance that determines the grain storage protein composition. Among the changes observed in the cell metabolism, some genes were disturbed by the modification of this balance. Thus these genes could coordinate the adjustment of grain composition in response to nutritional deficiencies. These new results contribute in facing the challenge of maintaining wheat grain quality with sustainable agriculture
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4

Daraja, Yusuf B. "The effects of intercropping, nitrogen and sulphur nutrition on the performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Faba Bean (Vicia faba) in different production systems". Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515808.

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5

Coquerel, Raphael. "Etude d'un appοrt en silicium sur le métabοlisme azοté et les perfοrmances agrοnοmiques du cοlza (Brasscia napus L.) et du trèfle (Τrifοllium incarnatum L.) cultivés en mοnοculture et en assοciatiοn". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC246.

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Chaque année, plus de 3,7 millions de tonnes d'engrais azotés sont utilisées par l'agriculture française. Bien qu'étant un élément essentiel au bon développement et à la bonne croissance des plantes, la fertilisation azotée est de plus en plus décriée en raison des nombreuses nuisances aux écosystèmes et à la biodiversité qu'il induit. Le colza (Brassica napus L.) est l'une des plantes de grandes cultures les plus exigeantes en azote (N), en raison de sa faible efficience d'usage de cet élément. Dans le but de maintenir une croissance et des rendements optimaux de la culture de colza tout en limitant les apports en fertilisants azotés, il est essentiel de mettre au point de nouvelles pratiques culturales plus respectueuses de l'environnement. Dans ce contexte, l'utilisation combinée des cultures associées à base de Fabacées et de produits biostimulants constitue une alternative intéressante aux pratiques actuelles de la culture de colza. Du fait de ses nombreux effets bénéfiques lors de stress biotiques et abiotiques, le silicium (Si) semble être un biostimulant pertinent. Les objectifs de ces travaux de thèse visent à observer les effets d'un apport en Si sur (i) les performances agronomiques du colza et du trèfle en monoculture cultivés en conditions contrôlées et (ii) sur une possible potentialisation du fonctionnement de l'association colza-trèfle incarnat. Dans un premier temps, nos travaux ont permis de montrer qu'en condition de carence en soufre (S), un apport de Si s'accompagne d'une baisse du stress oxydatif et d'une modulation de l'expression des gènes codant les transporteurs racinaires de sulfate qui permet aux plantes traitées au Si d'être plus efficaces pour absorber le S lorsque celui-ci est à nouveau disponible. Dans un second temps, l'apport de Si à une culture de trèfle incarnat soumis à une carence en S ou cultivé avec une solution nutritive dépourvue d'N a un impact positif sur la nodulation et les capacités de fixation du diazote atmosphérique. Le Si induit une augmentation significative du nombre de nodules racinaires ainsi que de leur teneur en nitrogénase. En outre, l'étude du ionome et du protéome des nodules a permis de mieux comprendre les effets d'un apport en Si en montrant notamment l'accumulation d'éléments et de protéines impliqués directement ou indirectement dans la fixation de diazote atmosphérique. Enfin, nos travaux ont mis en lumière les effets bénéfiques d'un apport en Si sur une association colza-trèfle notamment en augmentant le transfert d'N de la Fabacée vers la Brassicacée et en améliorant le rendement grainier du colza
Over 3.7 million tonnes of N fertilizers are used in French agriculture every year. Although N fertilization is an essential element for the growth of crops, it is increasingly criticized for its harmful effects on ecosystems and biodiversity. rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most N requiring field crops, due to its low N use efficiency. To maintain optimum the growth and the yield of rapeseed with lower N fertilizer inputs, it is crucial to develop new cultural practices more respectful of environment. In this context, the combination of rapeseed-clover intercrops and biostimulants is an interesting alternative to the current cultivation practices of rapeseed. Considering its numerous beneficial effects under biotic and abiotic stresses, Silicon (Si) appears to be a relevant biostimulant. The aim of this PhD work was to observe the effects of Si supply on (i) the agronomic performance of monoculture rapeseed and clover grown under controlled conditions, and (ii) the possible potentiation of the functioning of the rapeseed-clover intercrop. Firstly, our work has shown that under sulfur (S) deficiency conditions, the supply of Si leads to a reduction in oxidative stress and modulation of the expression of genes encoding root sulfate transporters, allowing +Si plants to take up S more efficiently when it becomes available again. Secondly, the Si supply to crimson clover subjected under S-deficiency or or grown without N in the nutrient solution, had a positive impact on nodulation and atmospheric dinitrogen fixation capacities. Si induces a significant increase in the number of root nodules and their nitrogenase content. In addition, the study of the nodule ionome and proteome has enhanced our knowledge of the benefit effects of Si supply, particularly by showing the accumulation of elements and proteins directly or indirectly involved in the fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen. Finally, our work has highlighted the beneficial effects of Si supply on a rapeseed-clover intercrop, notably by increasing the N transfer from the Fabaceae to the Brassicaceae and improving the yield of the rapeseed
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Oliveira, Robinson Jardel Pires de. "Adubação para a cultura da beterraba (Beta vulgaris L.) na região do Alto Vale do Itajaí". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2015. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/602.

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The recommendation of fertilizer for beet cultivation in Santa Catarina still lacks adjustments and, therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the crop response to fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), boron (B), zinc (Zn) and molybdenum (Mo). Three experiments were conducted on the field and one at greenhouse in the IFC, Rio do Sul (SC), using a Cambisol. In the first study, it was used the randomized block design in a factorial 4 x 4 with three replications, in which it were tested P (0, 200, 400 and 600 kg ha-1 of P2O5) and K rates (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1 K2O). On the second crop it was evaluated the replacement rates of 0, 33% and 66% of the initial doses. In both cases, the seedlings were transplanted and harvested 60 days after transplantation. It was determined the root diameter and the fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots, and the P and K content in the plant tissue. In the first crop beet reached maximum yield with 379 kg ha-1 P2O5 and it has not been observed response to K. On the second crop the maximum yield was obtained with the highest levels of P and K of applies on the first crop plus the largest replacement rate. In experiment 2, conducted in a 5x2 factorial arrangement in randomized blocks design with four replications, it were tested N rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) in the presence or absence of fertilization with S, Zn, B, Mo (rates of 30, 2, 1 and 0.01 kg ha-1 respectively). The beet responded positively to N rates up to 100 kg ha-1, increasing production when other nutrients were applied. Based on these results, the experiment 3 was installed in a greenhouse in order to determine which of the nutrients from experiment 2 was responsive. The treatments were: B, Zn, S e Mo, complete (B + Zn + S + Mo) and control, arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed that the responsive nutrient was S. From this result, it was installed the field experiment 4 in a randomized block design with four replications testing S rates (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1). The beet answered positively to fertilization with S up to 60 kg ha-1
A recomendação de fertilizantes para a cultura da beterraba no âmbito de Santa Catarina ainda carece de ajustes e, por isso, este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo avaliar a resposta da cultura da beterraba à adubação com nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), enxofre (S), boro (B), zinco (Zn) e molibdênio (Mo). Foram conduzidos três experimentos à campo e um em casa-de-vegetação no IFC, em Rio do Sul (SC), sob solo Cambissolo Háplico. O experimento 1 foi conduzido em dois cultivos. No primeiro cultivo utilizou-se o delineamento blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 com três repetições, nas quais foram testadas as doses de P (0, 200, 400 e 600 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e K (0, 150, 300 e 450 kg ha-1 de K2O). No segundo cultivo avaliaram-se as doses de reposição de 0, 33% e 66% das doses iniciais. Em ambos, foram transplantadas as mudas no espaçamento de 0,25 x 0,08 m e a colheita foi efetuada 60 dias após o transplante. Determinaram-se o diâmetro de raiz e a massa fresca e seca de folhas e raízes, o teor de P e K no tecido vegetal. No primeiro cultivo, a beterraba aumentou a produtividade com a aplicação de até 379 kg ha-1 de P2O5, não tendo sido observada resposta ao K. No segundo cultivo a máxima produtividade foi obtida nas parcelas com as maiores doses de P e K do primeiro cultivo, acrescidas da maior dose de reposição. No experimento 2, conduzido no esquema fatorial 5x2, no delineamento blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, foram testadas as doses de N (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1) na presença ou ausência de adubação conjunta com S, Zn, B e Mo (doses de 30, 2, 1 e 0,01 kg ha-1, respectivamente). A beterraba respondeu positivamente à aplicação de doses de N até 100 kg ha-1, acrescida da adubação com os demais nutrientes. Com base nestes resultados, foi instalado o experimento 3, em casa-de-vegetação, com o objetivo de determinar qual dos nutrientes do experimento 2 foi responsável pela resposta. Os tratamentos foram: B, Zn S, Mo, completo (B+Zn+S+Mo) e testemunha, arranjados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os resultados evidenciaram que o nutriente determinante na produtividade foi o S. A partir desses resultados, instalou-se a campo o experimento 4 no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições testando as doses de S (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 kg ha-1). A beterraba respondeu positivamente à adubação com S até a dose de 60 kg ha-1
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Matuska, Vit. "Five-membered sulfur-nitrogen ring compounds". Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/828.

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Allertz, Carl. "Sulfur and nitrogen in ladle slag". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mikro-modellering, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-182981.

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The present work deals with some aspects of slags related to secondary metallurgy in the steelmaking process. More specifically the focus is given to sulfur and nitrogen in ladle slags. Even though slags have been fairly well-researched in the past, the available data for these elements in typical ladle slag compositions is rather scarce. In some cases the available data is in discordance. There are also inconsistencies between the literature data and what is commonly observed in the industrial processes. Sulfide capacities were measured at steelmaking temperatures, 1823–1873 K, in ladle slags. The data was found to be in reasonable agreement with the industrial process norms. The sulfide capacity was found to increase with the basic oxides CaO and MgO; and decrease with the acidic components Al2O3 and SiO2. The sulfide capacity was also found to increase with temperature. The dependence of sulfide capacity on the oxygen partial pressure, for slags containing multivalent elements, was investigated experimentally at 1873 K with a slag containing vanadium oxide. A strong dependence of oxygen partial pressure was observed. The sulfide capacity increase by more than two orders of magnitude when the oxygen partial pressure was increased from 4.6×10-16 atm to 9.7×10-10 atm. The nitrogen solubility and the effect of carbon was investigated in typical ladle slags and the CaO–MgO–SiO2 system at 1873 K. Carbon increases the nitrogen solubility substantially. In the absence of carbon, the nitrogen solubility is extremely low. Low concentrations of cyanide was detected in the carbon saturated slag. This was much lower than the total nitrogen content and formation of cyanide cannot explain the large increase. The possibility of removing sulfur with oxidation from used ladle slag was investigated experimentally at 1373–1673 K. The sulfur removal of mostly solid slag was found to be a slow process, and would not suitable for industrial practice. At 1673 K the slag was mostly liquid and more than 85% of the sulfur was removed after 60 min of oxidation in pure oxygen atmosphere.

QC 20160229

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Preuss, Kathryn Elvia. "Sulfur nitrogen heterocycles as charge transfer materials". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0018/NQ53510.pdf.

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Cigelske, Benjamin. "Soybean Response to Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28249.

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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] yields in North Dakota have not yet reached their genetic potential. Applying fertilizers may increase yields. This study was conducted to understand the impact of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization on soybean plant density, vigor, greenness, height, yield, test weight, protein and oil content, nodulation, vegetation, and root growth. Two varieties were planted in experiments across ten environments during 2015-2016. Yield differed between environments (up to 77%). Varieties responded differently to N and S fertilizer. Nitrogen (56 kg N ha-1) in the form of broadcast incorporated urea increased vigor (13%) and yield (3.6%) but decreased plant density (5.7%) and nodulation (from 31.8 to 23.7 nodules plant-1). Nitrogen application of 56 kg N ha-1 increased yield 118 kg ha-1 when averaged over all environments. Sulfur, in the form of broadcast incorporated gypsum, decreased protein concentration and increased early season nodule size.
North Dakota Soybean Council
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Libri sul tema "Nitrogen and sulfur nutrition"

1

Baumann, Norbert, Hans-Jürgen Fachmann, Reimund Jotter e Alfons Kubny. Sulfur-Nitrogen Compounds. A cura di Norbert Baumann, Hans-Jürgen Fachmann, Reimund Jotter e Alfons Kubny. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06354-5.

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Smil, Vaclav. Carbon-Nitrogen-Sulfur. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8839-5.

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Baumann, Norbert, Hans-Jürgen Fachmann, Reimund Jotter e Alfons Kubny. S Sulfur-Nitrogen Compounds. A cura di Norbert Baumann, Hans-Jürgen Fachmann, Reimund Jotter e Alfons Kubny. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06351-4.

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Fachmann, Hans-Jürgen, Reimund Jotter, Alfons Kubny e Joachim Wagner. S Sulfur-Nitrogen Compounds. A cura di Norbert Baumann, Gerhard Czack, Brigitte Heibel, Peter Merlet, Joachim Wagner e Alfons Kubny. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06357-6.

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Baumann, Norbert, Hans-Jürgen Fachmann, Brigitte Heibel, Susanne Jäger e Alfons Kubny. S Sulfur-Nitrogen Compounds. A cura di Norbert Baumann, Hans-Jürgen Fachmann, Brigitte Heibel, Hannelore Keller-Rudek, Alfons Kubny e Peter Kuhn. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06360-6.

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Baumann, Norbert, Hans-Jürgen Fachmann, Brigitte Heibel, Reimund Jotter e Birgit Ledüc. S Sulfur-Nitrogen Compounds Part 8. A cura di Norbert Baumann, Hans-Jürgen Fachmann, Brigitte Heibel, Reimund Jotter e Alfons Kubny. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06363-7.

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Nielsen, Ole J. Atmospheric Chemistry of Organic Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds. Roskilde, Denmark: Riso National Laboratory, 1988.

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Stevenson, F. J. Cycles of soil: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients. 2a ed. New York: Wiley, 1999.

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Authority, Tennessee Valley, a cura di. Ammonium sulfate suspension and nitrogen-sulfur solution system. [Knoxville, Tenn.?]: TVA, 1992.

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Kilpatrick, Maureen. Coal gasification environmental data summary: Sulfur and nitrogen species. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Nitrogen and sulfur nutrition"

1

Oenema, O., e G. L. Velthof. "Ammonia volatilization from compound nitrogen-sulfur fertilizers". In Optimization of Plant Nutrition, 341–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2496-8_53.

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Cooper, Arthur J. L., Thambi Dorai, Bhuvaneswari Dorai, Boris F. Krasnikov, Jianyong Li, André Hallen e John Thomas Pinto. "Role of Glutamine Transaminases in Nitrogen, Sulfur, Selenium, and 1-Carbon Metabolism". In Glutamine in Clinical Nutrition, 37–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1932-1_3.

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Gordon, P., L. Ferguson e P. Brown. "Soil and nutritional requirements." In The fig: botany, production and uses, 255–76. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242881.0010.

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Abstract This paper explores the soil and nutritional requirements of Ficus carica. The macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur) and micronutrients (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and boron), salinity and sodicity, and production practices of F. carica are discussed.
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Krumbein, A., I. Schonhof, J. Rühlmann e S. Widell. "Influence of sulphur and nitrogen supply on flavour and health-affecting compounds in Brassicaceae". In Plant Nutrition, 294–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_141.

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Fismes, Joëlle, Phuy Chhoy Vong e Armand Guckert. "Nitrogen and sulphur nutrition of oilseed rape and crop quality". In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 843–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_272.

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Shewry, Peter R. "Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur Nutrition on Grain Composition and Properties of Wheat and Related Cereals". In The Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops, 103–20. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470960707.ch6.

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7

Smil, Vaclav. "Sulfur". In Carbon-Nitrogen-Sulfur, 251–385. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8839-5_4.

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Smil, Vaclav. "Nitrogen". In Carbon-Nitrogen-Sulfur, 115–249. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8839-5_3.

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McLaren, R. G., K. C. Cameron e P. M. Fraser. "A comparison of the effects of subsoiling on plant uptake and leaching losses of sulphur and nitrogen from a simulated urine patch". In Plant Nutrition — from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice, 495–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1880-4_105.

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Jolly, William L., Keith D. Maguire, Dean F. Martin, James E. Gano, Richard Woehrle e Calvin Yoshida. "Sulfur Nitrogen Chlorides". In Inorganic Syntheses, 102–11. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132401.ch27.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Nitrogen and sulfur nutrition"

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Wang, Wei, Xinyan Wang, Zhenyu Wu, Yao Qin, Yongpeng Meng, Zepeng Lv e Kai Wu. "Research on Charge Variation of Discharges in Pure Nitrogen and its Mixture with Sulfur Hexafluoride". In 2024 IEEE 5th International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), 1–4. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd59037.2024.10613145.

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Wang, Wei, Xinyan Wang, Zhenyu Wu, Yao Qin, Yongpeng Meng, Zepeng Lv e Kai Wu. "Research on Charge Variation of Discharges in Pure Nitrogen and its Mixture with Sulfur Hexafluoride". In 2024 IEEE 5th International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), 1–4. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd59037.2024.10613144.

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Zhang, Minghong, Hui Jiang, Mulan Zhu e Ping Cheng. "Study of nitrogen removal from micro-polluted surface water by the sulfur-iron autotrophic denitrification CRI". In Fifth International Conference on Green Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development, a cura di Mohammadreza Aghaei, Hongyu Ren e Xiaoshuan Zhang, 124. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3044597.

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Pirakhunova, Farida Nurmamatovna, e Muslima Khahramanovna Amanbayeva. "INFLUENCE OF SULFUR IN MINERAL NUTRITION OF ARTICHOKE (CYNARA SCOLYMUS.L) IN DIFFERENT SOIL CONDITIONS OF UZBEKISTAN". In Themed collection of papers from Foreign international scientific conference «Joint innovation - joint development». Part 2. by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with PS of UA. October 2023. - Harbin (China). Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/231024.2023.63.43.004.

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The article translated data on the study of sulfur content in prickly artichoke plants in different soil conditions of Uzbekistan. Regardless of the soil difference and the ratio of nitrogen to sulfur, it is absorbed to a greater extent by the leaves and reproductive organs of the prickly artichoke. Thus, the results of accounting for the yield have established that enhanced stem growth, a greater number of fruiting organs and a high yield (biomass) on a typical serozem are provided with the introduction of 40 kg/ha of sulfur (or at a ratio of N: S = 1: 0.20), and on a meadow soil at a sulfur rate of 50 kg/ha (or at a ratio of N: S = 1: 0.25).
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"INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND ACNAE VULGARIS". In СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЭКОЛОГИИ И ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ. ЭКОЛОГИЯ И ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ. Иркутский научный центр хирургии и травматологии, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-5-98277-383-8-art10.

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Employees of locomotive crews are affected by nitrogen oxides, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen dioxide, technical mixtures of hydrocarbons, general vibration (class 3.4.2) and local vibration (class 3.4.1), industrial noise (class 3.5), electric and magnetic field (50 Hz) (class 3.2.3), disturbed physiological rhythms of nutrition, sleep, rest, great emotional and neuropsychic stress. The article presents a clinical case illustrating how the influence of industrial ecology contributes to the recurrence and more severe course of previously treated vulgar acne.
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Radulescu, Laura, Patricia Tarkanyi, Corina Iuliana Megyesi, Ariana Bianca Velciov e Despina-Maria Bordean. "STUDIES REGARDING BIOACTIVE FINGERPRINT OF CAULIFLOWER VERSUS BROCCOLI". In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s25.46.

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This study aims to determine the specific fingerprints of cauliflower and broccoli available on the Romanian market based on mathematical models and chemical analysis (moisture content, minerals content, total antioxidant capacity and total polyphenols content). These vegetables (cauliflower and broccoli) are considered essential for the human diet due to their bioactive content and nutritional value. The content of minerals and antioxidant compounds varies depending on their varieties, environmental conditions, ripening stage, collecting and storage methods. The studied vegetables are high in essential micronutrients copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), nutrients which are associated with enzymatic activities. Research shows that eating cruciferous vegetables brings many health benefits due to their active sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds. The obtained results were compared to literature and database data and the graphical fingerprint were created. The generalized linear model was applied for analyzed vegetables, cauliflower and broccoli samples and the correspondence equation were obtained. The Mantel correlogram was used to test the hypothesis that innovative food products and or diets can be created based on the nutritional content of the vegetables and the nutritional needs of the consumer.
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Sameh Sobhi Galal, Abdellatyf, e N. A. Tikhomirova. "DAIRY AND SULFUR DRINKS FOR SCHOOL NUTRITION IN EGYPT". In Aktualnye voprosy industrii napitkov. Izdatelstvo i tipografiya "Kniga-memuar", 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/978-5-6041190-3-7-2018-2-7-9.

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Zhao, Yu, Zhenhai Li, Jianwen Wang, Wude Yang, Dandan Duan e Xiaobin Xu. "Recommendations for Nitrogen Fertilizer in Winter wheat Based on Nitrogen Nutrition Index". In 2019 8th International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics (Agro-Geoinformatics). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2019.8820439.

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Zhang, Xuehong. "Evaluation of Corn Nitrogen Nutrition Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing". In 2009 First International Conference on Information Science and Engineering. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icise.2009.565.

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Zhang, Xuehong, e Qingjiu Tian. "Rape nitrogen nutrition diagnosis using continuum-removed hyperspectral reflectance". In International Conference on Earth Observation Data Processing and Analysis, a cura di Deren Li, Jianya Gong e Huayi Wu. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.813381.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Nitrogen and sulfur nutrition"

1

Eckert, C. A. Supercritical thermodynamics of sulfur and nitrogen species. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5253219.

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Eckert, C. A. Supercritical thermodynamcis of sulfur and nitrogen species. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6998033.

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Kramlich, J., W. Seeker, A. Sarofim, J. Longwell, T. Lester, D. Ham, G. Simons e J. Wendt. Kinetics of sulfur and nitrogen reactions in combustion systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6470613.

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Mallarino, Antonio, Jackson Hirniak, Ryan Oltmans e Myron Rees. Corn Response to Nitrogen, Potassium, and Sulfur in Southeast Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1929.

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White, J. M. Studies of Organophosphorus, Nitrogen and Sulfur-Containing Molecules on Surfaces. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada172883.

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Harkness, J. B.L., A. J. Gorski e H. S. Huang. Combined nitrogen oxides/sulfur dioxide control in dry scrubber systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febbraio 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6844436.

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Harkness, J., A. Gorski e H. Huang. Combined nitrogen oxides/sulfur dioxide control in dry scrubber systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febbraio 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7178195.

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Radwan, M. A., e J. S. Shumway. Response of Douglas-fir seedlings to nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus fertilizers. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-346.

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Mallarino, Antonio, Ryan Oltmans e Myron Rees. Continuous Corn Response to Nitrogen, Potassium, and Sulfur in Southeast Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1379.

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Kruge, M. A. Analysis of organic sulfur and nitrogen in coal via tandem degradation methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5791557.

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