Tesi sul tema "Newton, Isaac (1642-1727) – Religion"
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Joalland, Michael. "Isaac Newton et le désenchantement du cosmos : de l’iconoclasme en philosophie naturelle au XVIIe siècle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL025.
Isaac Newton stated in his conclusion to the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) : “Idolaters imagined that the sun, moon, and stars, the souls of men, and other parts of the world were parts of the supreme God, and so were to be worshipped, but they were mistaken.” The famed mathematician correspondingly observed in the conclusion of his treatise on Opticks : “And no doubt, if the worship of false gods had not blinded the heathen, their moral philosophy would have gone farther than to the four cardinal virtues; and instead of teaching the transmigration of souls, and to worship the sun, and moon, and dead heroes, they would have taught us to worship our true Author and Benefactor.” The modern reader may ask : Why conclude two treatises that are fundamentally mathematical in nature with these theological considerations?Part of the answer lays in an uncompleted manuscript by Newton titled “The Philosophical Origins of Pagan Theology” (Theologiæ gentilis origines philosophicæ), a treatise on the history of religions comprising more than 130.000 words on about 200 folios. Newton’s claim therein is that the cosmology of the Ancients was in essence theological since it partly proceeded from the belief that the souls of the deified ancestors of mankind had been projected into elements of the cosmos. This catasterisation of early men was, in Newton’s eyes, the actual origin of stellar animism, star worship, and astrology. Thus, the original fall of man into idolatry corrupted both true religion and the right understanding of natural philosophy, as the intrinsic animism of oriental cosmologies was the philosophical counterpart of pagan astrolatry. Restoring pure worship and true science required, therefore, that elements of the cosmos be first desacralized.In this work, I will first identify the sources and characterize the exegetical principles behind the treatise on Origins. I will then examine the Newtonian historiography of the origins and dissemination of pagan physicotheology, from the beginning of star worship in ancient Egypt to the emanationist doctrines taught by Medieval schoolmen. I will then show how Newton’s own system of the world presented itself as a disenchanted alternative to the animistic cosmological beliefs of the Ancients. I will eventually trace the roots of Newtons’s iconoclastic ethos which characterizes much of his theological and philosophical writings. To this end, I will consider the sources of influence that bore upon Newton’s upbringing in relation to the religious contentions which divided the Reformed milieu he grew up in. I will eventually argue that the author of the Principia meant indeed to desacralize the cosmos to meet the demands of an austere and uncompromising monotheism
Omarjee, Ismael. "Aspects de la relation entre science de l'univers et spiritualité dans l'histoire de la pensée: Isaac Newton et Georges Lemaître : la quête de la vérité". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070073.
This research questions the existence, nature and role of the relationship between science and spirituality in the construction of scientific knowledge and, more generally, in the history of thought. To address this topic, we have chosen to examine the work of two spiritualist scholars: Isaac Newton and Georges Lemaître. These two figures set major landmarks in the history of science: the founding of celestial mechanics, the basis of modem science, and the founding of modem cosmology, which provided a radically new definition of the universe and of mankind's place within it. These two landmarks - one Newtonian and the other Lernaîtrian - go hand in hand, for one due to their shared subject: the whole, and also due to the subsequent succession and advancement in the history of science since they take us from the science of the sky, conceived as an absolute, to the science of the beginning and of cosmological evolution frorn general relativity. Our research into the two thinkers' philosophies shows that the relationship between science and spirituality is a dynamic, two-way relationship, a vital aspect of conceptual history, and more broadly of the history of thought. Moreover, it provides elements of synthesis and comparison between both scientists-philosophers and gives historical and philosophical rooting to the choice of subject. Our initial idea is thus supported and reinforced. Beyond the terms of the history of thought, our first approach consisted of understanding eminent actors in this history, understanding, through their ways of thinking, their being, their spirit, by their legacy in history
Sauquet, Francesc 1970. "Gènesi i conseqüències teològiques de la revolució newtoniana". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/394043.
In these pages, the reader will find an analysis, which we conceive sound enough, of the genesis of Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and the theological consequences that arose from it. The main purpose of such an analysis is not a mere descriptive study, but an attempt to solve what Newton was from a theological perspective and how we must understand ultimately his relation to the internal structure of the scientific discourse. The author has tried to enlighten both theses by making new crucial contributions based on the available documentation and many other studies. This work is divided in two parts. The first one tackles the scientific path towards the discovery of the universal law of gravity. After careful consideration to the great part of the prenewtonian physical visions –and from the relevant events that took place in January 1684- the author delves deep and thoroughly into the intricate facts which led Newton first to the publication of his De motu and then to the classic physical comprehension of nature in his Principia. An accurate explanation of some mathematical principles is not only developed therein, but also and most especially the winding way Newton was able to walk in order to overcome the challenges and adversities. The second part of the work focuses on the main theological consequences of such a discovery. The author aims to understand better Newton’s religious soul and how he tried to clarify the deepest intangible nature of gravity with regard to his religious concepts. The scientific requirements emerging from the Principia had an important influence in determining the new religious visions which sought to harmonize the «God’s work» and the »God’s Book». In this context, the author demonstrates that Newton was not a deist nor even strictly an orthodox theist, but he should be rather considered as a «formal panentheist» who laid the foundations of what will be known in the future as «astrotheology».
Garcia, Valdinei Gomes. "A gravitação universal na filosofia da natureza de Isaac Newton". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/24235.
Simonsen, Kenneth. "Genèse conceptuelle et mathématisation dans la mécanique de Newton, suivi d'une comparaison avec Leibniz". Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA070082.
A mathematical theory of physics is founded in mathematics as well as in nature. Being neither a discipline of mathematics nor a theory considering mathematics as a plain instrument, it builds jointly upon concepts of physics and of pure mathematics. Regarding its genesis, this implies a question of the relation between conceptualisation and mathematisation. In our study of the genesis of the rational mechanics of Newton between the first "De motu" (1684) and the "Principia" (1687), we show that this relation is of an inseparable kind. Thus, we look at how the concepts of physics determine mathematical solutions of mechanical problems and how these solutions again influence the elaboration of the conceptual framework on which the Newtonian mechanics is founded. In this respect and by a deepened and detailed analysis of the manuscripts, we have sought a better understanding of how the fundamental notions are born and developed during this gestation period. In particular, the recent dating attributed to “De gravitation” (1684-85 instead of 1662-70) has made it possible to better grasp the conceptual genesis and identify how the question of mathematisation was resolved by Newton himself. Thus, we provide new insight, in the development of the Newtonian mechanics. Further, we demonstrate that the idea of vanishing quantities, essential to the mathematical demonstrations in the “Principia”, is a direct consequence of a foundation problem related to the method of fluxions, resolved by Newton in 1671-72. From this, we may claim today that the mathematisation of the mechanics is conceptually depending upon this method of fluxions. Considering at last the joint problem of mathematisation and conceptualisation in Leibniz' thought, we get a better knowledge of the specificity of Newton's approach
Moreira, Edson Adriano 1981. "O problema de Newton : a materia essencialmente inerte versus a evidente atividade na natureza". [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281938.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Essa dissertação analisa o chamado "problema de Newton", isto é, o problema de conciliar conceitualmente a inatividade essencial da matéria com a evidente atividade na natureza representada pela força de gravitação universal. Num primeiro momento, temos por objetivo examinar a gênese desse problema e, num segundo momento, os argumentos que Newton desenvolve procurando rebatê-lo
Abstract: This thesis analyses the so-called "Newton's problem", that is, the problem of conceptually conciliating the essential inactivity of matter with the evident activity in nature represented by the universal gravitation force. In a first moment, we are intended to examine the origin of this problem and, in a second moment, the arguments Newton develop in order to solve it
Mestrado
Filosofia
Mestre em Filosofia
Barreto, Márcio 1961. "Newton e a metafisica : uma proposta de ensino de fisica para o segundo grau a partir do resgate das origens do concreto de força a distancia". [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/252405.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Nesta dissertação de mestrado o leitor encontrará os principais aspectos da obra de Newton,. vistos a partir das relações entre ciência e religião em seus escritos.o foco da análise é a lei da atração gravitacional, aqui utilizada como uma metáfora valiosa para o ensino de Segundo Grau, mais especificamente o ensino de Física. O resgate das origens do conceito de força à distância, baseado em autores como B. Dobbs, R. Westfall, A. Koyré e outros, mostra que no ceme do pensamento científico moderno é possível encontrar respostas para questões essenciais da Educação do nosso tempo
Mestrado
Mestre em Educação
Maglo, Koffi Nossédji G. "Science et imaginaire : la tension : une lecture non bachelardienne de Newton". Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOL013.
Can one argue from the standpoint of history and philosophy of science that scientific rationality and imagination are antagonistic ? To refute this conception of Bachelard, the study focuses on Newton’s Mechanics, especially on the contribution of philosophy, alchemy, theology and geometry to the development of modern physical science. Final considerations touch very briefly on the flexible analytic reception of the theory of universal gravitation and the possibility the mathematics as combined with themata does not concern Newton’s science only : beyond the concept to field in relativity, an other one, that is acausality, coined by us “concept-symbol” like that of attraction, makes it possible to account for the rise of quantum mechanics in terms of convergence of philosophical, social, aesthetic, mathematical and experimental elements. Also succinct discussion of question raised by stochasticity and irreversibility tries to compare the implications of “alcheminal chaos” and “mathematical chaos” for our conception of scientific rationality, creativity and objectivity
Baillon, Jean-François. "Newtonisme et idéologie dans l'Angleterre des Lumières". Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040140.
The study of both printed sources (rarely studied) and of manuscripts (Isaac Newton's theological writings, Samuel Clarke's and William Whiston's letters) shows the discrepancy between the ideological (i. E. Political and religious) exploitation of Newtonian science and the works of newton. In order to legitimate the settlement of 1688, the commentators of Newtonian physics divested it of any element allowing a radical interpretation in neo-republican or materialistic terms. Besides, this study reveals the properly theological discord between the inner circle of the Newtonians and the Church of England. The second part is about the contents of newton's theological manuscripts and reveals its fundamental notions (idolatry, enthusiasm, fantasy, metaphysics), which describe what religion is not about. The rationalist and protestant aspects of Newton's thought are emphasized, thus allowing a parallel with deist thought, here revisited in order to show its lesser-known aspects. The conclusion emphasizes some key concepts of Newton's theory of religion and of its history, thus relating it, ultimately, with the rise of enlightenment thought in England
Morales, Lanas Matías. "La contribución pragmática de las matemáticas a la formulación de leyes fundamentales en la física clásica". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/148158.
El presente trabajo plantea como hipótesis que las matemáticas aplicadas a la formulación y desarrollo de los enunciados de ley en la física clásica realizan una contribución pragmática por medio de sus distintos roles metodológicos. Estos últimos son entendidos como aquellos roles que permiten establecer y determinar las relaciones inter- e intra-teóricas entre los distintos enunciados de ley. En este sentido, se plantea como objetivo general analizar críticamente la contribución de las matemáticas aplicadas para la construcción y desarrollo de las estructuras de las leyes fundamentales de la física clásica. Para abordar este objetivo, se plantean los siguientes tres objetivos específicos: (1) analizar la contribución de los roles metodológicos de las matemáticas aplicadas en la formulación de los enunciados de ley; (2) analizar la metodología aplicada en la práctica científica para la formulación de estos enunciados; y (3) analizar los puntos anteriores en un caso de estudio correspondiente a las leyes dinámicas de Newton presentadas en su Philosophiea naturalis principia mathematica (1687). Este trabajo se estructura en tres capítulos. En el primero se analiza la contribución del rol metodológico de las matemáticas aplicadas en la formulación y desarrollo de los enunciados de ley de la física clásica, en términos de su relación con otros roles, el carácter instrumental de las matemáticas, la versatilidad de aplicación de las mismas y la validez de estas por medio de la invariancia. En el segundo capítulo se analiza la metodología utilizada en las matemáticas y cómo se utiliza tal metodología en las ciencias, en particular cómo es utilizada en la práctica científica para la formulación de las leyes. En el tercer capítulo se analiza los resultados de los capítulos precedentes, teniendo a la vista la formulación de las leyes de Newton, en términos de la metodología utilizada, los fundamentos para establecer los conceptos físicos fundamentales y la formulación y desarrollo de las leyes dinámicas. Los resultados arrojan que, (i) dada las herramientas de razonamiento que ofrecen las matemáticas para formular estructuras, que permiten inferir las consecuencias de las leyes y descubrir las conexiones entre distintas estructuras matemáticas; y (ii) dada las herramientas formales de estas, las cuales proporcionan una amplia variedad de conceptos para representar y cuantificar entidades físicas, permiten inferir las conexiones entre leyes y otras estructuras matemáticas; permiten concluir que las matemáticas realizan una contribución de carácter pragmático, tanto en la formulación de los enunciados de ley en la física clásica como en la deducción de otras leyes. En efecto, la variedad de herramientas ofrecidas por las matemáticas se adecúa a diversos contextos de investigación en la práctica científica. Esta misma contribución, a su vez, permite realizar una jerarquización formal de las leyes en términos de la deducción de leyes (generando niveles), por medio de matemáticas complejas, y de la robustez de las mismas. Además, se muestra cómo el método axiomático de las matemáticas contribuye en la formulación de los enunciados de ley, puesto que la axiomatización semi-formal utilizado en la práctica científica permite formular de manera consistente los conceptos y axiomas físicos, establecer las relaciones pertinentes entre estos y deducir las consecuencias de estos axiomas. Esta contribución del método axiomático es pragmática debido a que la caracteriza como una axiomatización débil pragmática. La aplicación de estos resultados se puede apreciar en la formulación y desarrollo de las tres leyes dinámicas que formuló Newton en sus Principia. En efecto, Newton al formular estas leyes se guía por una metodología que le permite precisar sus dos conceptos físicos claves, a saber, la masa y la fuerza, y establecer correlaciones entre estos, y, en base a esto, generar distintas estructuras matemáticas. Además, se aprecia cómo el rol metodológico contribuye a demostrar cómo las tres leyes de Newton se relacionan con la ley de Galileo y las leyes de Kepler. En síntesis, los resultados de este trabajo permiten dar cuenta que las matemáticas aplicadas contribuyen de manera pragmática en la formulación y desarrollo de los enunciados de ley en la física clásica, puesto que el rol metodológico de estas es un rol de carácter pragmático.
Moreira, Edson Adriano 1981. "Leibniz versus Newton : sobre qualidades, milagres e leis da natureza". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281138.
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Essa Tese analisa a controvérsia entre Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz e Isaac Newton acerca do estatuto adequado à gravitação universal newtoniana. Mais precisamente, ela procura esclarecer porque Leibniz critica a teoria newtoniana, acusando-a de postular um princípio milagroso ou uma qualidade oculta escolástica no domínio da filosofia natural, enquanto Newton, por sua vez, tentará defendê-la dessas críticas, afirmando ser a gravidade uma qualidade manifesta da matéria e o princípio que a expressa uma verdadeira lei da natureza. Para tanto, serão analisadas as cartas desses autores onde essas questões são pontualmente discutidas, quais sejam a Correspondência Leibniz-Clarke [1715-1716], a Correspondência Leibniz-Newton [1692-1693], a Carta de Leibniz a Hartsoeker [1711], a Carta de Newton ao editor das "Memoirs of Literature" [1712]; ademais, serão analisadas passagens importantes das três edições dos Princípios Matemáticos de Filosofia Natural [1687, 1713 e 1726], das cinco edições da Óptica [1704, 1706, 1717, 1721 e 1730 (edição póstuma)] e de alguns outros textos talvez menos conhecidos de Newton se comparados a estes dois, mas igualmente fundamentais para um bom entendimento das suas réplicas a Leibniz, a saber, a Carta de Newton a Bentley [1692], a Carta de Newton a Cotes [1713], a resenha que Newton publica anonimamente nas Philosophical Transactions da Royal Society sob o título de "An Account of the Book Entituled Commercium Epistolicum" [1714-1715] e uma "Conclusio" projetada por Newton para fazer parte da primeira edição dos Princípios Matemáticos de Filosofia Natural, a qual ele acabou não incluindo na versão final deste texto de 1687, mas que deu origem às considerações do famoso Escólio Geral, inserido na obra partir da sua segunda edição em 1713. Todo esse trabalho deverá, ainda, levar em conta os métodos e as entidades explicativas admitidos no panorama geral da ciência nos séculos XVI e XVII
Abstract: This Thesis analyzes the controversy between Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton regarding the adequate statute to the Newtonian universal gravitation. More precisely, it tries to elucidate why Leibniz criticizes the Newtonian theory, accusing him of postulating a miraculous principle or a scholastic occult quality in the domain of Natural Philosophy, whereas Newton advocates his theory and protects it from such reviews claiming that gravity is a manifest quality of the matter and that the principle which expresses it is a true law of nature. To conduct this work, letters and texts written by these authors discussing such issues will be analyzed: The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence [1715-1716]; The Leibniz-Newton Correspondence [1692-1693]; The Letter from Leibniz to Hartsoeker [1711]; and The Letter from Newton to the Editor of the "Memoirs of Literature" [1712]. Besides these letters, other important texts will be studied: passages from three editions of the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy [1687, 1713 and 1726]; passages from five editions of the Optics [1704, 1706, 1717, 1721 and 1730 (a posthumous edition)]; and some other Newton¿s texts perhaps not as well-known as the other two, but equally fundamental for a good understanding of the author¿s replies addressed to Leibniz: The Letter from Newton to Bentley [1692], The Letter from Newton to Cotes [1713], the review Newton published anonymously in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society under the title of "An Account of the Book Entituled Commercium Epistolicum" [1714-1715] and a "Conclusio" projected by Newton to be part of the first edition of the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, which he did not include in the final version of this text from 1687, but which was the origin to the considerations presented in the famous General Scholium, appended to his work since its second edition in 1713. It should also be mentioned that this Thesis will take into consideration the methods and the explanatory entities admitted in the general panorama of science of the XVI and XVII centuries
Doutorado
Filosofia
Doutor em Filosofia
Toledo, Benavides Julia Victoria. "Um metodo Newton-GMRES globalmente convergente com uma nova escolha para o termo forçante e algumas estrategias para melhorar o desempenho de GMRES(m)". [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/305947.
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresentamos um método de Newton inexato através da proposta de uma nova escolha para o termo forçante. O método obtido é globalizado através de uma busca linear robusta e suas propriedades de convergência são demonstradas. O passo de Newton inexato é obtido pela resolução do sistema linear através do método GMRES com recomeços, GMRES(m). Em testes computacionais observamos a ocorrência da estagnação em GMRES(m) e um acréscimo inaceitável na norma da função nas primeiras Iterações do método. Para contornar estas dificuldades são propostas estratégias de implementação computacional simples e que não exigem alterações internas no algoritmo do GMRES, possibilitando a interação com softwares já disponíveis. Exaustivos testes numéricos foram realizados, os quais nos permitiram concluir que a proposta para o termo for¸cante e as estratégias introduzidas foram bem sucedidas, resultando em um algoritmo robusto, com propriedade de convergência global e taxa superlinear de convergência
Abstract: In this work it is presented an inexact Newton method by a new choice for the forcing term. A globalization of the new method is done by introducing a robust line search strategy. Convergence properties are proved. The inexact Newton step is obtained through the restarted GMRES, GMRES (m), applied for solving the linear systems. Numerical experiments showed a stagnation of the GMRES (m) and also an occurrence of a great increase in the norm of the function at the initial iterations. Some strategies were proposed to avoid these drawbacks. These strategies are characterized by their simplicity of implementation and also by the fact that they do not need internal modifications of the GMRES algorithm. So, the interaction with available softwares are trivial. A bunch of numerical experiments were performed. With them it can be concluded that the new choice for the forcing term and the strategies incorporated in the algorithm were successfull. The resulting algorithm is then robust and has global convergence property with supelinear convergence rate
Doutorado
Doutor em Matemática Aplicada
Makhoukh, Abdennbi. "Essai sur l'espace et le temps chez Newton et Leibniz". Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010596.
Lança, Tatiana. "Newton numa leitura de divulgação cientifica : produção de sentidos no ensino medio". [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/253078.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Neste trabalho, a partir de um estudo realizado em uma escola pública da cidade de Jundiaí - SP, buscou-se aliar o ensino da Física à prática de leitura de um livro de divulgação científica, em alunos da primeira série do ensino médio, procurando-se verificar o funcionamento da leitura das leis de Newton, como apresentadas no livro: Isaac Newton e sua maçã, com a mediação da pesquisadora. Tendo em vista atingir esse objetivo, propusemo-nos a responder a seguinte questão: Como são produzidos os significados a partir da leitura do texto citado sobre Isaac Newton, considerando as condições de produção do estudo e as mediações ocorridas durante o desenvolvimento das aulas assumidas pela pesquisadora (autora deste trabalho)? O suporte se encontra na linha francesa da análise de discurso, principalmente em trabalhos de Michel Pêcheux e Eni Orlandi. Nesses autores encontra-se sustentação para admitir a relevância de se compreender o funcionamento dos discursos escolares. Verificamos que os processos de produção de sentidos, a partir de atividades de leitura em sala de aula, como as que foram realizadas, ocorreram de maneira específica para cada aluno, e, como esperávamos, confirmamos que os mesmos processos dependem das condições de produção e das histórias de vida dos estudantes
Abstract: In this present work carried out in a public high school placed at Jundiaí - SP, a Brazilian country city, we tried to put together the physics teaching methodology with the reading of a scientifc disclosure book, on high-school-students of the first school year, aiming to verify how works the reading of Newton's laws presented in the book: Isaac Newton and his apple. With the research mediation. Attempting to reach this goal, we propose ourselves to answer the follow question: How does the meaning are produced from the reading of Isaac Newton's texts, taking into account the condiction of the study' s output and the mediations happened through the developing of the classes assumed by myself? We have found out the support into the French line of the speech analysis, mainly on the authors Michel Pêcheux and Eni Orlandi. On these ones we got the sustentation in order to let in the relevance on the scholar speech understanding. We also have verified that the sense-prductions proceedings, from the reading activities applied into the classrooms, second those ones by us carried out, to come out in a specific way to each student, how we hoped, sustaining that the same process depend on the production's condictions and the private-history-life
Mestrado
Ensino, Avaliação e Formação de Professores
Mestre em Educação
Rousset, Alexandre. "La maturation des concepts de base en mécanique, à travers la pensée humaine de Galilée à Lagrange". Paris 12, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA120035.
Oliveira, Marcos Alberto de. "Razão problematizante e investigação cientifica na metafisica kantiana da natureza". [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279546.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Não informado
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Mestre em Filosofia
Say, Constant. "Construction des concepts et principes fondateurs de la physique classique : cas de la dynamique newtonienne". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070105.
In opposition to a. Widespread opinion that considere Newton to have founded rational mechanics by leaning on the works of Galileo. Kepler and Huygens, and then rejecting "Cartesian physics", this thesis sheds new light on the construction, of classic mechanics. Indeed. In this work we are interested in the epistemological obstacles that scholars of the XVIth and XVIIth centuries met during the elaboration of the concepts and the key principles of physics. These will serve at the end of the XVIIth century to build the axioms of Newtonian mechanics. We demonstrate, from a historical and critical reading, that the theoretical foundations of modem mechanics are elaborated during the conceptual controversy pitting Descartes against Newton on the issue of circular movement, From this content, the great English scientist introduces his notion of '"absolute" space as that which guarantees the "|aw of inertia". From this axiom, Newton can organize all the essential concepts of his theory. This concerns essentially the concept of "force" and the notion of "mass". The latter being essential to the quantification of "forces", which are the heart of Newtonian theory. Beyond the difficulties of a mathematical and physical order that are proper to Newtonian theory, our work allows us to bring to light the inessential character of "absolute" space, ''inertia" and "centrifugal force", thus demonstrating the paradox between the operational dimension of a theory and the ontological status of concepts it uses
Slowik, Claude. "Le livre II des Principia, les principes à l’épreuve de leur passage sur terre". Thesis, Lille 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL30006/document.
Book : Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis (1687) represents a fundamental text for modern science. The body of that work is in three major parts called books. Among these three books, I and III are primarily dedicated to the study of the cosmos and have been the objects of numerous studies. Book II is dedicated to the study of resistance to movement of fluid environments and has been somewhat ignored and even devalued by historiography. In book II Newton turns away from the sky and looks down at earth. The study of that part of Principia allows us to revisit and deepen our knowledge of the newtonian concept of force, to discover and learn how to use the concept of pressure, and to clarify the role of euclidean geometry. As for geometry, we have paid special attention to the different functions of figures. We have worked with several translations, primarily Marquise du Chatelet 1759's translation, and the more recent one by Cohen and Whitman. Our essential references are Blay, Cohen, De Gand, Janiak, Koyre, McMullin, Smith and Westfall
Daudon, Vincent. "Construction d'un concept de temps mathématiquement manipulable en philosophie naturelle". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC241/document.
By looking for the law of centripetal force registered in the Mathematical Principles of the Natural Philosophy, Newton gave to time a status of privileged magnitude of natural philosophy. However, this one appears in a ambiguous way, sometimes discrete magnitude, sometimes continuous magnitude. Its mathematical manipulation, which rests essentially on the Method of first and last ratios and on the law of areas, lets appear a time of geometrical nature. Confronted, in the proposal x of the book II, with the resolution of the movement of a mobile which tests a resistance which is proportional in the square of its speed, Newton does not succeed in solving this proposal by means of the geometry. It is forced to resume its reasoning and to resort to an algebraic method in order to express in a just way the solution of this proposal, in which the time appears then under an algébraic shape, represented by a letter. So, from a geometrical time, represented by an element of space in the edition of 1687, Newton made an entity per se represented by a letter in proposal x of the 1713 edition. But it is to Varignon, who approached the proposals of the Principia by means of the differential calculus, that we owe the end of the "mathematization" and the finalization of the concept of mathematical time
Curran, Timothy Michael. "Arguably the scheme that conquered the infinite". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/877.
Muchenski, Julio Cesar. "Gênero de raciocínio de laboratório no ensino de física: especulação complexa de tipos da física no manuseio de atividades experimentais artesanais e tecnológicas". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1269.
Este trabalho trata de uma pesquisa qualitativa sobre a mediação de roteiros no ensino-aprendizagem do experimento da segunda lei de Newton. Iniciamos a pesquisa com uma análise documental sobre a demanda histórica, procurando diagnosticar a produção de roteiros da segunda lei nos últimos 50 anos, baseados nos arquivos históricos do Colégio Estadual do Paraná, os resultados da investigação bibliográfica mostraram que não existiu evolução didático-metodológica em relação as orientações para a execução das práticas experimentais em torno da segunda lei de Newton. Mesmo com a evolução tecnológica e instrumental dos laboratórios já interfaceados com fotogates e computadores, os roteiros ainda privilegiam uma concepção de ensino tradicional de ciência altamente reprodutivista. Concluímos que desde os projetos como o PSSC (MIT), o de Harvard e outros que tinham uma base tecnicista e que propunham o aprendizado de Física tornando os estudantes pequenos cientistas, e que proporcionou aos estudantes muita habilidade motora e uma aprendizagem automatizada e, acabou negligenciando a parte cognitiva presente no processo entre observações e fatos, ao nosso ver isso corrobora com uma concepção de ensino de divulgação de ciência no estilo panfleto. Para nos auxiliar neste problema buscamos principalmente os estudos de Gaston Bachelard, Paulo Freire, Thomas S. Kuhn, Ian Hacking, Neill Postman e Kim Vicente. Problema delimitado propomos uma possível modificação do roteiro da segunda lei de Newton com uma sequência de atividades experimentais com plano de fundo de uma lei ou teoria associado à ciência normal no sentido de Kuhn, no qual os estudantes são provocados em resolver quebra-cabeças, propostos na problematização do roteiro promovendo uma possibilidade de entrelaçamento entre teoria e a prática, valorizando aspectos racionais e empíricos, de forma de aproximação, de tensão conciliadora e de retroalimentação. No método experimental artesanal e tecnológico associado a contextos e problematizações, apostamos na especulação complexa do aparelho experimental e das entidades da física relacionadas com a lei fundamental dos movimentos, com a intencionalidade da especialização na utilização dos aparelhos e do aumento do realismo científico das entidades manipuladas pelos estudantes. Como principais resultados que verificamos pela comparação de representações dos estudantes em questionários aplicados antes e depois da sequência de atividades, apontamos aspectos de uma evolução em maior ou menor grau do gênero de raciocínio associado à cultura do laboratório, com indícios de uma possível evolução do perfil epistemológico dos estudantes em relação as entidades da física manipuladas, através do aparelho experimental e dos elementos articuladores, entre eles o cálculo, no manuseio da linguagem físico matemática.
This assignment is a qualitative research on mediation scripts in the teaching- learning experiment of Newton's second law. We started the research with documentary analysis of the historical demand, looking diagnose the production of script about second law on last fifty years, based on the historical archives of the Colégio Estadual do Paraná. The results of the literature search showed that there was not didactic-methodological, development in relation the guidelines for execution of experimental practices around Newton's second law. Even with the technological and instrumental development of laboratories already interfaced with photogates and computers, the scripts still prefer a traditional school design highly reproductivist science. We conclude from since the projects as the PSSC (MIT), of the Harvard and others, who had a technical basis and that the proposed Physical learning becoming the students in little scientists. And which provided students with a lot of motor skills and an automated learning and, finishes up neglecting the cognitive part of this process between observations and facts, in our view this confirms a science of dissemination of teaching design in the pamphlet style. To help us in this problem we sought studies of Gaston Bachelard, Paulo Freire, Thomas S. Kuhn, Ian Hacking, Neill Postman and Kim Vicente. With the delimited problem, we propose a possible modification of the script of Newton's second law, with a series of experimental activities with the background plan of a law or theory associated with normal science in Kuhn's sense, in which students are challenged to solve puzzles. Problematized in script with a chance of entanglement between theory and practice, valuing rational and empirical aspects, promoting his approach, tension and feedback. In experimental method associated with contexts and problematizations, handmade and with technology, we bet on complex speculation, of the experimental apparatus and of the physical entities related to the fundamental law of motion, with the intentionality of the specialization in the use of equipment and the increase of the realism scientific of the manipulated entities by students. The main results that we see by comparing representations of students in questionnaires before and after the sequence of activities. We point out aspects of an evolution to a greater or lesser degree, gender of reasoning associated with the laboratory culture, with indications of a possible evolution of the profile epistemological of students regarding the physical entities manipulated by the experimental apparatus and the joint by calculation with the handling of physical mathematical language.
Balola, Raquel. "Princípios matemáticos da filosofia natural: a lei da inércia". Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/5363.
O presente trabalho consiste na tradução dos fundamentos dos Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica de Newton, ou seja, da parte axiomática, e no seu estudo, dando principal relevância ao estudo da Primeira Lei de Newton, ou lei da inércia. Na tentativa de compreender a importância que a Primeira Lei de Newton assume na história da ciência, é impreterível que se recue a Aristóteles, e aos primórdios dos estudos sobre o movimento e que, a partir de aí, se acompanhem as contribuições que autores posteriores tiveram no desenvolvimento desta ciência, para uma melhor percepção das alterações que esta física sofreu até ao tempo de Newton. Dada a extensão do objecto em estudo, cingimo-nos aos autores principais, Aristóteles, Kepler, Galileu, Descartes, Huygens, visto terem sido estes os autores que mais contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da lei consagrada por Newton. No entanto, não é um objectivo deste trabalho fazer um resumo da história da ciência, mas sim fazer uma síntese da génese e evolução do conceito de inércia, que culmina na Primeira Lei de Newton, para que se compreenda em que contexto surgiu e que condições proporcionaram o seu aperfeiçoamento. Assim sendo, analisámos e comparámos os textos dos referidos autores que mais importância tiveram nas alterações que o conceito de inércia experimentou até assumir a sua forma final nos Principia. Como grande parte da nossa atenção incide sobre a história do conceito em Newton, faz todo o sentido o debruçar sobre o texto original dos Principia, mais concretamente sobre a terceira e última edição, tentando entender a importância do termo na obra que o consagrou. Assim sendo, é indispensável a sua versão para a nossa língua, permitindo uma maior aproximação ao texto original. Em termos gerais, conclui-se que os predecessores de Newton foram essenciais, e as suas contribuições bastante significativas para que Newton chegasse onde chegou, no entanto, não podemos esquecer o mérito pessoal do autor.
Abstract: This work consists of translating the fundamentals of Newton‘s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, that is, from axiomatic, and in his study, giving primary importance to the study of Newton‘s First Law, or the law of inertia. In an attempt to understand the importance that Newton‘s First Law takes in the History of Science, it is imperative to go back to Aristotle, and early studies on movement and, from there, undesrstand the contributions that later authors have given to the development of this science. Given the extent of the object under study, we tried to focus on the main authors, like, Aristotle, Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, Huygens. These authors contributed the most to the development of the law laid down by Newton. The main goal of this study is to review the evolution of the concept of inertia, which culminated in Newton‘s First Law. In orther to understand the context in which they arose and the conditions provided its improvement. Therefore, we analyzed and compared the texts of those authors who had the most important changes that the concept of inertia tried to take it a final shape in the Principia. Our attention focused on the history of the concept in Newton, it makes sense to look into the original text of the Principia, more specifically on the third and last edition, and trying to understand the importance of the term in the work that made him famous. Therefore, it is indispensable to our language version, allowing closer to the original text. Overall, we conclude that Newton‘s predecessors were essential, and their very significant contributions to Newton where he arrived, however, we can not forget the value of the discovery of the author.
Narciso, Joaquim Nunes. "A importância da liberdade na correspomdência entre Gottfried Leibniz e Samuel Clarke, 1717/1716: análise temática da totalidade da polémica". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/24156.
The present dissertation has as purpose to analyse thematically the 1715/16 controversy between Leibniz and Clarke, not only, as usual, within space and time conceptions' scope, but in the set of his metaphysical, theological, gnosiological and physical thematics. In the dissertation's structuration, it has acquired a central role the authors' confrontation about the liberty's notion, whose importance is evident in the use of the principle of sufficient reason and its corollaries, in the distinction between truths of reason and truths of fact, between necessity's various types, in the space and time's alternative conceptions, in the alternative between atoms and monades, in the universe's limits' problem, in the relation between soul and body, in the theses relative to the divine providence, in the way God's relation with his machine is conceived, in the notion of miracle and even in force and movement notions, at least in what regards its relationship with God, this without neglecting the direct approach to the very notion of liberty. With this framework, it intends to show, through an eloquent historic example, that the natural scientific theories may be founded in metaphysical theories and that these foundations don't have to be exhausted, even within metaphysics, in strictly cosmological questions, this beyond the possibility of never underestimable influences of non-philosophical domains, as is the case of dogmatic theology. Although this is evident in the texts' reading, there is a systematic contemporary lessening of this determination, as if it was an idiosyncrasy of the age or a deference that science had to have in a time still obscured by the authority of the churches and the philosophical speculation. This approach intends to understand all of the thinking's aspects expressed by the authors in the controversy, in its entirety, without reservations of any kind.
Aboagye, Isaac Baohene. "The effect of an active learning approach on grade 11 learners' achievement in newton's laws of motion : a case study of a school in the Eastern Cape". Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13886.
Physics