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Tesi sul tema "Neurotransmitters"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 28 luglio 2024

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1

Chao, Chih-Kai. "The vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) heterologous expression, proteoliposome, computational and mass spectral studies /". CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12112008-140102/.

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2

El-Bakri, Nahid Karrar. "Estrogen effects on different neurotransmitters in rat hippocampus: implications for cognitive function /". Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-118-0/.

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3

Kuo, Sheng-Wen. "Synaptic protein profiles and neurotransmitter release in relation to alcoholism /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18653.pdf.

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4

Worthington, Rebecca A. (Ann). "Structure-function studies of P2X receptors". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27719.

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P2X receptors are fast, ATP-gated cation ion channels. To date seven subtypes of P2X receptors have been cloned and identified, PZXH. The membrane topology of the P2X subunit consists of intracellular amino- and carboxy-termini, two transmembrane spanning domains and a large extracellular loop. Despite similar membrane topology, within this family of receptors the P2X subtypes possess different functional characteristics. They exhibit different sensitivities to agonists and antagonists, are modulated differently by extracellular ions, and have different pore forming abilities. The regions that are responsible for differences in function between P2X subtypes have not been elucidated. This thesis aims to further knowledge regarding the relationship between the structure of the P2X family and differences in the function of the various receptor subtypes. Examination of the primary structure of the P2X receptor family led to the identification of epitope regions suitable for antibody production. This suite of antibodies was tested for specificity and the distribution of P2X receptors was examined in a range of rat tissues and two cell lines. The pathophysiological involvement of the P2X7 receptor was examined in B-CLL patients. Two polymorphisms as well as a loss of function mutation were identified in both normal and leukaemic populations. The site of agonist binding is believed to be within the extracellular loop. Examination of the primary structure of the human cytolytic receptor P2X7 led to the identification of two noncontiguous regions that could potentially be involved in binding ATP. Three amino acid residues that lie within the extracellular loop were targeted and their involvement in ATP binding was determined. Two lysine residues at positions 193 and 31 1 and a proline residue at 210 were each exchanged with alanine. An abolition of function of human receptors with mutations at positions 193 or 311 was observed, consistent with a disruption of the ATP binding domain, although alterations in transduction or gating cannot be dismissed. The P2X receptor appears to be comprised of a trimeric subunit arrangement, and Hill coefficients of between 1 and 3 reported for ATP binding suggest that there is more than one ATP binding site per functional receptor. Modelling of the putative binding cleft of the hP2X7 subunit was performed and the residues important for ATP binding were highlighted. The fimctional trimeric receptor appears to possess three intersubunit ATP binding sites. In an attempt to isolate regions of the extracellular domain that contribute to or control various channel properties, chimaeras between subtypes P2X], P2X4 and P2X7 were constructed and their properties examined. Each of the six chimaeras has been shown to be correctly inserted into the cell membrane and functional. These constructs will continue to be investigated and form the basis for extensive future work.

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5

Butz, Patrick. "Structure and spectroscopy of neurotransmitters". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398069.

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6

Bagale, Sharanappa Maduraya. "Synthesis of Fluorescent Analogs of Neurotransmitters". Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/241.

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Fluorescent analogs of biomolecules have been known as useful probes to study the structure, conformations and dynamics of cellular processes. These probes are more ideal than fluorescent labeled probes, as fluorescent analog probes retain the shape, size, conformation, and recognition element of the natural substrate, while giving useful intracellular information about detection and dynamics of biomolecules. The monoamine neurotransmitters control the central and periphery nervous systems. Serotonin (5-HT), in particular, is a versatile chemical messenger responsible for a multitude of biological processes, such as regulation of emotion, vasoconstriction, and bone metabolism. The study of serotonergic complex pathways is vital and essential in drug discovery for the diseases that result from the depletion and deregulation of serotonin in synapse. The extracellular concentration of serotonin is controlled by several transporters, most preferably the serotonin transporter (SERT). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), along with dual- and triple-acting inhibitors, affect SERT and hence 5-HT in depression and related diseases. In this present investigation, firstly, a set of fluorescent analogs of neurotransmitter probes based on ethylamino-functionalized substrates were successfully designed and these fluorescent probes were synthesized by convenient synthetic methods. Secondly, optical properties of these fluorescent probes were investigated in organic medium, in order to test their suitability for screening and imaging the biological cells. Finally, their uptake was examined in the murine osteocytic cell line, MLO-Y4, platelets of blood sample and HEK-293 cells expressing the dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET) or SERT. The fluorescent probes targeting bone-derived cell line expressing 5-HTT provide useful information in understanding the dynamics of 5-HT regulation with respect to SSRI treatment. A novel fluorescent analog of 5-HT probe was developed that may be utilized to study 5-HTT function in the context of 5-HT uptake or regulation in cell culture, tissue explants, or even in vivo.

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7

Wall, Philippa Mary. "Food, hormones and neurotransmitters : three studies". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1991. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26331.

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Three studies on the relationship between food, hormones and neurotransmitters are presented for this thesis. In the ﬁrst study, a series of three experiments was conducted in 33 healthy human ratio volunteers. The aim was to investigate the effect of carbohydrate meals on the plasma of tryptophan (trp) to the sum of 5 other large neutral amino acids (LNAAs ) (trp: LNAA ratio). Synthesis s of serotonin, the brain neurotransmitter, depends on availability of its precursor trp from the bloodstream. Animal models have shown that the plasma trp:LNAA ratio, provides an index of trp uptake by the brain and of subsequent serotonin synthesis. A carbohydrate meal may increase the ratio because the elicited insulin response promotes selective uptake of the competing LNAAs into peripheral tissues. The first hypothesis was that carbohydrates with differing insulin responses would produce corresponding alterations in the size of the up:LNAA ratio response. The second hypothesis was that the trp:LNAA ratio response to a given carbohydrate meal would be greater in the evening compared to the morning. Different test meals were isoenergetic and presented in random order to each volunteer on separate occasions. Plasma glucose, plasma insulin and plasma LNAAs were measured sequentially for 4 h after each meal. In the first experiment, different carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose or potato+bread) (64 g), were given at breakfast time as part of a mixed meal with added protein (25 g) and fat (17 g). No rise in the plasma up:LNAA ratio occurred after any of these meals. Protein, by providing relatively more of the competing LNAAs than of wyptophan counteracted any effect of carbohydrate on the ratio response. Therefore it is unlikely that carbohydrate eaten in the average mixed meal would influence serotonergic activity in the brain. In an attempt to maximise the ratio response, the carbohydrate portion in the second experiment, (sucrose or raw starch) was increased to 120 g; fat and protein were omitted. Plasma insulin and plasma glucose peaks were higher after sucrose than after raw starch (p<0.01) and the ratio rose correspondingly higher, by 34% after sucrose and by 20% after raw starch (p<0.05). In the third experiment the same test meals in the second study were given in the evening after standard meals during the day. Compared to the morning, evening plasma glucose and insulin responses were more sustained, although peak heights were not markedly different.

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8

Newell, Kelly. "Neurotransmitter receptor binding in the posterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and in the phencyclidine mouse model an exploration of the NMDA hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia /". Access electronically, 2007. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20070905.165327/index.html.

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9

Jovanovi´c, Ksenija. "Neural circuitry and neurotransmitters underlying vertebrate walking". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0031/NQ46859.pdf.

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10

Jonsson, Amanda. "Organic electronics for precise delivery of neurotransmitters". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fysik och elektroteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133164.

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Organic electronic materials, that is, carbon-based compounds that conduct electricity, have emerged as candidates for improving the interface between conventional electronics and biological systems. The softness of these materials matches the elasticity of biological tissue better than conventional electronic conductors, allowing better contact to tissue, and the mixed ionic-electronic conductivity can improve the signal transduction between electronic devices and electrically excitable cells. This improved communication between electronics and tissue can significantly enhance, for example, electrical stimulation for therapy and electrical recording for diagnostics. The ionic conductivity of organic electronic materials makes it possible to achieve ion-specific ionic currents, where the current consists of migration of specific ions. These ions can be charged signalling substances, such as neurotransmitters, that can selectively activate or inhibit cells that contain receptors for these substances. This thesis describes the development of chemical delivery devices, where delivery is based on such ion-specific currents through ionically and electronically conducting polymers. Delivery is controlled by electrical signals, and allows release of controlled amounts of neurotransmitters, or other charged compounds, to micrometer-sized regions. The aims of the thesis have been to improve spatial control and temporal resolution of chemical delivery, with the ultimate goal of selective interaction with individual cells, and to enable future therapies for disorders of the nervous system. Within the thesis, we show that delivery can alleviate pain through local delivery to specific regions of the spinal cord in an animal model of neuropathic pain, and that epilepsy-related signalling can be suppressed in vitro. We also integrate the delivery device with electrodes for sensing, to allow simultaneous electrical recording and delivery at the same position. Finally, we improve the delay from electrical signal to chemical delivery, approaching the time domain of synaptic signaling, and construct devices with several individually controlled release sites.

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11

Oni, Joshua Idowu. "Detection of neurotransmitters using metallophthalocyanines as electrocatalysts". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007470.

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Some metallophthalocyanine complexes were synthesized and their catalytic activities towards the detection and quantification of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and histamine were investigated. The study of the possible interaction between these transmitter substances and the metallophthalocyanine complexes was undertaken. Dopamine, serotonin and histamine formed complexes with Iron (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine. The rate and equilibrium constants obtained for the coordination are in the range of values reported in the literature for ligand coordination to iron phthalocyanine complexes. Carbon paste electrodes of millimetric diameters modified with Iron (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine exhibited good electro catalytic activity towards the detection and analysis of dopamine and serotonin while at the same time eliminated the problem of interference posed by ascorbic acid in the electrochemical analysis of neurotransmitters. A detection limit of the order of 10-6 mol dm-3 was obtained for both dopamine and serotonin at the modified electrodes. Carbon paste ultra micro electrodes modified with iron (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine were also used for the detection of dopamine and serotonin as well as the simultaneous determination of dopamine and ascorbic acid in a mixture. The detection limit obtained for dopamine at the ultra microelectrode was 4.2xlO-7 mol dm-3 The electrode kinetics of vitamin BI as well as the stability of the electrode towards its determination was improved upon by modifying carbon paste electrodes with manganese phthalocyanine. The modified electrodes were used for the analysis of vitamin BI in tablets.

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12

Agarwal, Shailesh Ramjilal. "Pharmacological modeling and regulation of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATS)". CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-09262007-111510/.

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13

Smith, Justin R. Ewing Andrew Graham. "Analysis of biogenic amine neurotransmitters with capillary electrophoresis". [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4415/index.html.

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14

Kwon, Young Ha 1962. "Functional role of neurotransmitters in the visual thalamus". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13524.

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15

Moutinho, Daniela Mesquita. "Human ceruloplasmin and neurotransmitters: complex stabilization and crystallization". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10853.

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Dissertation to obtain a Master Degree in Molecular Genetics and Biomedicine at Faculty of Sciences and Technology,Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Human ceruloplasmin (hCp) is the molecular linker between the copper and iron metabolism and its importance in the homeostasis of human body has been implied in some neurological diseases. This plasma cuproenzyme has ferroxidase activity, oxidizing Fe2+ to Fe3+ and incorporating it into apotransferrin. hCp also has aminoxidase activity regulating the levels of amine stress hormones in the bloodstream and brain. Thus, it is thought to have an important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. To know more about the role of cerulopalsmin on the oxidation of neurotransmitters and on brain homeostasis it is essential to know which protein residues are implied in the binding and stabilization of these neurotransmitters. The primary source of structural information for protein-ligand complexes is X-ray crystallography. This is the most successful method to determine macromolecular 3D structures but has some limitations as obtaining good diffracting protein crystals. In this study several attempts were made to achieve better hCp diffracting crystals and crystals of hcp in complex with dopamine, L-dopa, epinephrine or serotonin in order to further determine its tridimensional structure. To improve hCp stabilization and solubility, differential scanning fluorimetry and dynamic light scattering were used in a search for a better buffer for crystallization. For hCp crystallization the vapour-diffusion technique was used in combination with several other methods. Commercial crystallization screens, crystal seeding, additives, crosslinking were the several methods used to improve crystal diffraction. Co-crystallization of hCp with neurotransmitters was performed with no success. Soaking of hCp crystals with the neurotransmitters was performed in an attempt to get crystals of the hCpneurotransmitter complexes. All crystals were sent for analysis at European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) and structural data will be further processed.

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16

Cox, Juliette. "Tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism, neurotransmitters and behaviour in the rat". Thesis, Aston University, 1989. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12527/.

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Various neurotoxins were investigated to assess their suitability for developing an animal model to study partial brain BH4 deficiency, neurotransmitters and behavioural alterations. Acute dosing with lead, diethylstilboestrol (DES), amphetamine and scopolamine produced no significant changes in rat brain BH4 metabolism though total biopterins in the liver were significantly reduced by lead and DES. Acute starvation of adult rats decreased brain biopterins. This loss of biopterins may be due to enhanced oxidative catabolism of the active cofactor caused by glutathione depletion. Dietary administration of a BH4 biosynthesis inhibitor, DAHP, consistently decreased brain total biopterins in weaner rats but did not alter the levels of DA, NA, 5-HT or metabolites. However the DAHP diet also induced a marked reduction in food intake. Rats subjected to an equivalent degree of food restriction without inhibitor showed significant but less severe reductions in brain biopterins and again no effect on transmitter levels. DAHP produced a significant decrease in locomotor activity and rearing. This could not be ascribed to reduction in food intake as animals subjected to just dietary restriction showed an increase in these activities. As gross brain levels of DA, NA and 5-HT were unaltered by DAHP the behavioural changes associated with the induced deficiency in brain total biopterins might not have been mediated through the action of these compounds. Although localised changes in neurotransmitter levels may have been obscured by gross analysis it is also possible that the behaviour changes were mediated by a role of BH4 not yet elucidated. Long-term administration of a high aluminium low calcium diet to mice produced no effect on gross brain total biopterins, catecholamines, serotonin or choline acetyltransferase activity though significant behavioural changes were observed.

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17

Gagneux, Théo. "Functional description of cerebellar networks using caged neurotransmitters". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAJ131.

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Le cervelet coordonne les mouvements et est divisé en modules anatomo-fonctionnels traitant les informations sensorimotrices provenant d'une partie du corps. Les fibres moussues transmettent ces informations vers des cellules granulaires (GC) contactant des cellules de Purkinje (PC) de divers modules. Cette communication intermodulaire contrôle la coordination motrice. Nous avons montré que la connectivité synaptique au niveau des synapses GC-PC et GC-interneurones est conservée entre individus, mais que les traits comportementaux individuels peuvent être codés par des cartes synaptiques individuelles. Nos objectifs étaient de déterminer l’organisation des cartes inhibitrices de la voie GC-MLI-PC et d'étudier les effets d’une perturbation du comportement moteur. En combinant des enregistrements électrophysiologiques dans des tranches de cervelet avec de la photostimulation, nous avons montré que les cartes inhibitrices dans le vermis (lobules III-V) diffèrent des cartes excitatrices. De plus, ces cartes sont modifiées après un entraînement moteur contexte-dépendant. Ainsi, ces deux voies sont impliquées dans la communication intermodulaire sous-tendant l'adaptation motrice
The cerebellum is involved in motor coordination and is divided into anatomo-functional modules processing sensorimotor information from a given body part. This information is conveyed by mossy fibers to granule cells (GC) contacting Purkinje cells (PC) belonging to different modules. This intermodular communication controls motor coordination. We showed that synaptic connectivity at the GC-PC and GC-interneuron synapses are conserved between individuals, but individual behavioural features can still be encoded by individual synaptic maps. Our aims were to determine how inhibitory maps in the GC-MLI-PC pathway are organized and to investigate these relationships while perturbing behavioural conditions. First, we combined patch clamp recordings of PCs in cerebellar slices with precise RuBi-glutamate uncaging. We showed that inhibitory maps in the vermal lobule III-V are different from excitatory maps. Second, we showed that both excitatory and inhibitory maps were modified after motor training in a context-dependent manner. Thus, both pathways are involved in the intermodular communication underlying motor adaptation

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18

Kim, David K. "Regulation of neurotransmitter release by calcium /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16429.pdf.

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19

Deterding, Todd Andrew. "Radiation dosimetry of dopamine transporter ligand 2 β-carbomethoxy-3 β-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(-2-fluoroethyl)nortropane ([¹⁸F]FECNT)". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17621.

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20

Bacon, Gregory. "The anatomical basis for 5-HT-dopamine interactions in the rat substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249483.

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21

Arasteh, Abdolvahab Vahabzadeh. "In vivo monitoring of the responses to stress of the noradrenergic and serotonergic projections to the rat hippocampus". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334994.

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22

Elrick, Donald Brown. "Depolarisation-secretion coupling in postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260116.

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23

Muldoon, Owen Terence. "The role of old and new local anaesthetics in postoperative pain relief". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263347.

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24

Quinn, James Patrick. "Studies on the nervous system of Nereis virens". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286828.

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25

Thompson, Sally-Anne. "Pharmacological properties of recombinant human GABAâ†A receptors". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272213.

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26

East, Stephen James. "Glutamate receptors and nitric oxide production in the cerebellum and hippocampus of the rat". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357369.

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27

Daisley, Jonathan Niall. "The effects of passive avoidance learning on the release of amino acids and other putative transmitters in the forebrain of the day-old chick". Thesis, Open University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308148.

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28

Stacey, Anne Elizabeth. "Modulation of GABA and glutamate release by neurokinins in the entorhinal cortex". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269259.

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29

Wall, Mark John. "Modulation of the swimming motor pattern in Xenopus embryos of GABAâ†B receptors and by direct reduction of potassium currents". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358228.

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30

Hutton, Michael Leslie. "Molecular biology of GABA and L-glutamate receptors in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308303.

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31

Suidan, Hana S. "Regulation of cyclic AMP metabolism in cultured sympathetic neurons". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333392.

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32

Hilton, Mark Christopher. "Intrinsic and extrinsic factors involved in the axonal growth rate of embryonic neurons". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14776.

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The main aim of this project has been to study the extrinsic and intrinsic factors involved in the axonal growth rate of sensory and sympathetic neurons during the early stages of their development. Using in vitro assays it was shown that Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/Met signalling significantly enhanced the survival and neurite length of early DRG neurons grown in the presence of NGF. This synergism was specific for NGF but not for the related neurotrophins BDNF or NT-3 (Maina et al., 1997). HGF/Met signalling was also shown to accelerate the differentiation of sympathetic neurons as well as promoting the survival of sympathetic neuroblasts but not postmitotic neurons. HGF was also shown to cooperate with NGF to enhance the axonal growth rate as well as increasing the amount of neurite branching of NGF- dependent sympathetic neurons throughout development (Maina et al., 1998). HGF was also shown to enhance the survival and growth of developing parasympathetic and proprioceptive neurons. The demonstration that HGF only enhanced the survival and growth of proprioceptive TMN neurons when grown in CNTF but not when grown in BDNF which promoted their survival as effectively as CNTF demonstrates that within the same neurons, the effects of HGF on survival and growth are selectively dependent on which other signalling pathways are concurrently activated. The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 has been shown to play a key role in regulating cell survival in the nervous system. Cultured neurons expressing antisense Bcl-2 RNA have an attenuated survival response to neurotrophins, and neurons of postnatal Bcl-2 deficient mice die more rapidly following NGF deprivation in vitro and are present in reduced numbers in vivo. Here I show that Bcl-2 also plays a key role in regulating axonal outgrowth rates in embryonic neurons (Hilton et al., 1997). The effect of Bcl-2 on axonal growth rate was shown not to be a consequence of its well documented role in preventing apoptosis.

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33

Wafford, Keith Allan. "Receptors for amino acid neurotransmitters in the insect CNS". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330264.

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34

Huria, Tahani Rajeb Almesmary Mohamed. "Ischaemia and neurotransmitters in mature and immature white matter". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28523.

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Optic nerves are an appropriate and widely employed model used to study the function and the pathophysiology of central white matter. This thesis investigates ischaemic injury mechanisms in mature and immature white matter, using isolated adult and neonatal Wistar rat and balb-c mouse optic nerve. A central theme to this work is that both myelinated and nonmyelinated central white matter injury is a partially glutamate-dependent process. Electrophysiology was used to record the compound action potential (CAP) under normal and pathological conditions in both myelinated and premyelinated (post-natal day 2: P2) optic nerves. Following a period of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), both white matters were susceptible to excitotoxicity; mediated by over-activation of N-methyl D-aspartate type glutamate receptors (NMDA-Rs). The previously described higher tolerance of mature mouse optic nerve to OGD was eliminated by exogenous stimulation of NMDA-Rs via direct perfusion with agonists during OGD. My data reconcile earlier contradictions in the literature regarding the significance of NMDA-Rs for ischaemic injury in white matter in the two animals. A second major finding; ischaemic injury in P2 RONs was completely prevented by the NMDARs antagonist MK-801. Interestingly, both MK-801 and a second antagonist, memantine, were toxic to P2 RONs when perfused under control conditions. The presence of NMDA-Rs on premyelinated axons was confirmed by immuno-staining. Neurotransmitters other than glutamate, such as GABA and glycine may also play a role in ischaemic injury of P2, with GABA and glycine receptor block being particularly protective of the CAP against damage. Electron-micrographs of pre-myelinated optic nerve axons and glia confirmed the data collected by electrophysiological recording of the CAP. These findings show that ischaemic damage of immature white matter is mediated largely by NMDA-Rs and that other neurotransmitter receptors also contribute to injury.

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35

Hampson, Laura Jane. "Control of hepatocyte glucose metabolism by hormones & neurotransmitters". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438399.

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36

Allcorn, Suzette. "Neurotransmitters and the development of the embryonic chick retina". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309514.

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37

Bouchenafa, Ouahiba. "Structural aspects of neurotransmitters in the sheep spinal cord". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338151.

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38

Jha, Amrita. "Electronic Structure Based Classification of Neurotransmitters and Related Drugs". VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2284.

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A fundamental understanding of the relationship between structure and activity of neurotransmitters in the human brain is of vital importance for the design targeted drugs. Using density functional theory and hybrid exchange correlation energy functionals we have studied the structure-activity-relationships of some important neurotransmitters and selected drugs by calculating their absolute hardness (η) and absolute electronegativity (χ). A plot of the η- χ diagram allowed us to assign them into three distinct groups, namely, (i) Acetylcholine analogs (positively charged structure), (ii) GABA analogs (zwitterionic structures) and (iii) monoamines. The results suggest that brain stem is chemically soft because of distribution of monoaminergic nerve pathways. Prefrontal cortex is also chemically soft due to secretion of dopamine from mesocortical dopaminergic nerve A10, whereas neocortex is chemically hard due to presence of zwitterionic neurotransmitters. Target drugs (agonists/antagonists) can also be predicted by comparing the η- χ diagram of neurotransmitters with those of the drugs.

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39

Jordan, Russell S. (Russell Stall). "Investigation of Inhibitory Influences in Neuronal Monolayer Networks Cultured from Mouse Spinal Cord". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500431/.

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The effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitters gammaamino butyric acid (GABA) and glycine were characterized on spontaneous activity recorded from mouse spinal cord cultures. The GABA concentration which completely inhibited burst activity was chosen as a quantifiable measure of culture drug response and was used to 1) assess interculture and intraculture variability, 2) determine the influence of culture age and initial activity on GABA responses, and 3) compare the GABA responses between networks obtained from whole spinal cord and ventral half spinal cord. Results showed that 1) no significant variability existed either within or among cultures, 2) the initial culture activity directly affected GABA responses, 3) the culture age had no effect on GABA responses, and 4) there was no significant difference in GABA responses between the two spinal cord tissues.

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40

Richmond, Saul Alexander. "Characterization of excitatory amino acid receptors in the mammalian central nervous system". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308536.

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41

Smith, Adam Luke. "Characterization of excitatory amino acid receptors using novel structural analogues". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302953.

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42

Khairy, Hesham A. "Modulation of anandamide actions on the neonatal rat cultured sensory neurone". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158296.

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The possible role of L-serine as an allosteric modulator of anandamide (AEA) action on cannabinoid receptors has been investigated along with the studying the actions of AEA metabolite, ethanolamine. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons from neonate Sprague Dawley rats were used in primary culture. L-serine was found to modulate anandamide actions on overall neuronal excitability, voltage-activated K⁺ and Ca²⁺ currents and intracellular Ca²⁺ flux. These modulations were suggested to be mediated via allosteric modulation of AEA actions at CB1 receptors. These observations strengthen previous data obtained from binding studies of L-serine at CB1 receptors. Furthermore, these modulations were abolished by CB1 antagonist, SR141716A, while L-serine alone failed to activate CB1 receptors. We found that L-serine modulations were AEA-dependent and CB1 mediated, while no modulatory effects for L-serine were reported on TRPV1 or GPR55 receptors. Similar modulations were reported from the CB1 allosteric modulator, Org-27569. Ethanolamine was fond to enhance the intracellular Ca²⁺ level via influencing thapsigargicin- and caffeine-sensitive calcium stores. Ethanolamine actions were not abolished in PTX-treated DRG neurones or in the presence of CB1 antagonist, SR141716A indicating that these actions were conducted independently from CB1 receptors and inhibitory G-proteins. Additionally, ethanolamine modulated the voltage- activated potassium currents independently from its effect on intracellular Ca²⁺ level. In conclusion CB1 receptor modulation by ligands acting at an allosteric site may provide a novel approach to endocannabinoids-mediated therapies.

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43

Cirone, Jennifer. "Modulation of visual processing in the rat superior colliculus by metabotropic glutamate receptors". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1355096/.

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Neurones in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SSC) respond to novel visual events. Cells in the SSC project via neurones in the deep layer of the superior colliculus to motor nuclei which generate appropriate behavioural and avoidance responses to novel sensory stimuli. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter at the retino-collicular and cortico-collicular synapse. Glutamate receptors can be classified as either ionotropic or metabotropic (mGluRs). At present, 8 mGluRs have been cloned (mGluRI - mGluR8), and these can be divided into 3 groups based on sequence homology, pharmacology and coupling to 2nd messenger pathways. There is evidence that metabotropic glutamate receptors may be present on SSC neurones and SSC afferents. This study examines how mGluRs may modulate the response properties of visually responsive cells in the SSC. Iontophoretic application of pharmacological agents including selective mGluR agonists and antagonists are used to probe the functional effects of mGluR manipulation in an in- Wvo preparation. All three groups of receptor appear to be activated by endogenous glutamate during visual synaptic transmission. Activation of Group I mGluRs (mGluRl and mGluR5) cause a depression of the visual response. Activation of both Group 11 (mGluR2 and mGluR3) and Group HI mGluRs (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7 and mGIuR8) causes a facilitation or inhibition of the visual response in individual neurones. Neurones in the SSC detect novel visual stimuli by producing a decline in the response to repeated stimuli, this is called habituation. Group HI (but not Group I or Group H) mGluRs contribute to response habituation in the SSC and therefore have a functional role in detecting stimulus novelty. Activation of Group R receptors is dependent upon the intensity of the stimulus, probably due to their location away from the central region of the synapse. Immunohisto chemical data presented here details the distribution of selected mGluRs in the sub-cortical retinofugal pathway of the rat, ferret and cat. Analysis shows that the distribution in these three species is dissimilar. This suggests that mGluRs may have different functional roles in visual processing in different species.

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44

Fraser, Caroline Margaret. "Effects of antiepileptic drugs in rodent and human astrocyte cultures, rodent brain and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301809.

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45

Ross, Fiona M. "The modulation of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices by adenine nucleotides". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284702.

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46

McGregor, Ailsa L. "Evaluation of a novel non-competitive antagonist as a radioligand for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-channel complex in vivo". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244363.

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47

Dryden, Simon. "Neuropeptide Y and serotonin in the rat hypothalamus : interactions and the control of energy homoeostasis". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262333.

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48

Goodwin, Frank. "Investigation of 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, octopamine and peptide receptor types using preparations of Helix aspersa pharyngeal retractor muscle (PRM) and heart". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298115.

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49

Zhang, Li Ping. "Investigations of C-FOS expression in rat spinal cord in vitro". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242708.

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50

Lalies, Margaret D. M. "Neurochemical studies of α2-adrenoceptor and imidazoline-2 binding site function in rat brain". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285816.

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