Tesi sul tema "Neuroanatomy"
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1
Ashburner, John Tower. "Computational neuroanatomy". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249421.
Testo completo
2
Chung, Moo K. 1969. "Statistical morphometry in Neuroanatomy". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37880.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The scientific aim of computational neuroanatomy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is to quantify inter- and intra-subject morphological variabilities. A unified statistical framework for analyzing temporally varying brain morphology is presented. Based on the mathematical framework of differential geometry, the deformation of the brain is modeled and key morphological descriptors such as length, area, volume dilatation and curvature change are computed. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio, Gaussian kernel smoothing is applied to 3D images. For 2D curved cortical surface, diffusion smoothing, which generalizes Gaussian kernel smoothing, has been developed. Afterwards, statistical inference is based on the excursion probability of random fields defined on manifolds.This method has been applied in localizing the regions of brain tissue growth and loss in a group of 28 normal children and adolescents. It is shown that children's brains change dramatically in localized areas even after age 12.
3
Kringelbach, M. L. "The functional neuroanatomy of emotion". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393597.
Testo completo
4
Gold, Jeffrey Joseph. "Functional neuroanatomy of human declarative memory". Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3208010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 18, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-138).
5
Ferstl, Evelyn Christina. "The functional neuroanatomy of text comprehension /". Leipzig [u.a.] : MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015463094&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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6
Egertova, Michaela. "Neuroanatomy and phylogeny of cannabinoid signalling". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322075.
Testo completo
7
Babicsak, Viviam Rocco. "Estudo encefálico de gatos domésticos adultos, maduros e geriátricos por ressonância magnética". Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138099.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Orientador: Luiz Carlos VulcanoResumo: O estudo teve como objetivo a determinação das alterações encefálicasrelacionadas ao avanço da idade em gatos domésticos hígidos por meio da ressonânciamagnética. As hipóteses do presente estudo são de que os felinos apresentam dilataçãodo sistema ventricular, atrofia do parênquima encefálico e alterações focais naintensidade do sinal encefálico conforme o avanço da idade. Imagens encefálicas emcortes multiplanares na sequência T1, T2, FLAIR, GRE T2 e T1 pós-contraste foramobtidas de 12 animais adultos (1 a 6 anos), 11 maduros (7 a 11 anos) e 10 geriátricos (12anos ou mais), em um equipamento de ressonância magnética de baixo campo. A alturae a porcentagem do volume do ventrículo lateral direito em relação ao volumeintracraniano, assim como a largura e a porcentagem do volume do terceiro ventrículoem relação ao volume intracraniano, foram significativamente maiores nos animaisgeriátricos em comparação aos adultos. Os indivíduos geriátricos também demonstraramespessura da adesão intertalâmica e porcentagem do volume do parênquima cerebral emrelação ao intracraniano significativamente menores que os encontrados nos adultos. Osresultados do presente estudo confirmaram as hipóteses relacionadas à dilataçãoventricular, especificamente do ventrículo lateral direito e terceiro ventrículo, e à atrofiado parênquima cerebral, assim como da adesão intertalâmica, com o aumento da idadeem gatos. No entanto, os resultados não ratificaram a hipótese referen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The study aimed to determine age related changes in the brain of healthy domesticcats by MRI. The hypotheses of this study are that cats show dilatation of cerebralventricular system, brain atrophy and focal changes in the intensity of the brain signal asadvancing age. Multiplanar images on T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, GRE T2 andpost-contrast T1-weighted sequences were obtained from 12 adult (1-6 years), 11 mature(7-11 years) and 10 geriatric cats (12 years or more) in an low-field MRI equipment. Theheight and the percentage of the right lateral ventricle volume in relation to theintracranial volume, as well as the width and the percentage of the third ventricle volumein relation to the intracranial volume, were significantly higher in geriatric compared tothe adult animals. The geriatric cats also demonstrated thickness of the interthalamicadhesion and percentage of cerebral parenchymal volume in relation to intracranialvolume significantly lower than those found in the adult group. The results of this studyconfirm the hypotheses related to ventricular dilatation, specifically of the right lateralventricle and third ventricle, and cerebral atrophy, as well as the interthalamic adhesion,with increasing age in cats. However, the results have not ratified the hypothesis relatedto the cerebellar atrophy and focal changes in the intensity of the brain signal in cats asadvancing age.
Doutor
8
Whalley, Matthew George. "The psychology and neuroanatomy of functional pain". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446721/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Symptoms which are experienced in the absence of a clear biomedical diagnosis, after appropriate investigation are commonly labelled as 'functional', A theoretical model encompassing functional pain and conversion disorder within a framework of 'auto- suggestive disorder' provides the starting point for the studies reported here. Direct hypnotic suggestion of increasingly painful heat was used to produce an experience of truly 'functional' pain in a group of highly hypnotisable participants, judged to be similar to an experience of 'real' physically-induced pain. This result was supported using functional imaging, demonstrating similar patterns of neural activation in response to physically-induced and hypnotically-induced pain. This study is the first to demonstrate specific neural activity associated with a functional pain experience in healthy controls. Hypnotic and non-hypnotic suggestion was used to modulate the pain experienced by a group of fibromyalgia patients, a condition considered by many to be a functional disorder. Manipulation of such pain in this way enabled the direct observation of the neural activity underlying fibromyalgia pain, circumventing the 'baseline problem' common to neuroimaging investigations of chronic pain. The results linked specific regional activity in areas of the pain matrix with the modulation of fibromyalgia pain. The hypnotic susceptibility of a cohort of fibromyalgia patients was assessed and compared with a group of control participants. No significant differences in hypnotic susceptibility scores were observed, failing to confirm the auto-suggestive disorder hypothesis that these patients should score higher than controls. The findings presented here do not directly support the classification of functional pain conditions as auto-suggestive disorders. However, they do demonstrate for the first time the neural activity associated with the production of a truly functional pain. They provide support for the existence of a central pattern generator for pain, a mechanism capable of generating the experience of pain in the absence of nociceptive input.
9
Phillips, Jacqueline Anne. "Investigating the functional neuroanatomy of action ideation". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271320.
Testo completo
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Sahyoun, Chérif P. "The neuroanatomy of pictorial reasoning in autism". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54589.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-177).
Individuals with autism present with a constellation of social, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms. A striking characteristic is the contrast between their language and visual processing abilities. The work in this thesis combines behavioral, functional MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging methods to examine the neurobiological basis of the discrepancy between linguistic and visuospatial skills in autistic cognition. A pictorial reasoning task, designed to manipulate the degree to which language vs. visuospatial abilities may be differentially engaged in solving picture puzzles, was administered under three conditions: visuospatial, semantic and a hybrid visuospatial-cum-semantic condition. Whereas participants with Asperger's syndrome and typically developing controls (CTRL) were found to exhibit similar performance profiles, high-functioning individuals with autism (HFA) differed from these two groups: they were least efficient on the semantic condition and appeared to benefit from and favor the use of visuospatial mediation in problem solving. Results from functional MRI revealed a pattern of decreased activation in fronto-temporal language areas, and an increased reliance on posterior brain regions in the parietal and ventral temporal lobes in HFA, supporting the earlier behavioral findings. Specifically, the inferior frontal gyrus appeared to play an important role in verbal mediation and semantic integration in CTRL, whereas HFA relied more extensively on inferior and ventral regions of the temporal lobe, in keeping with a cognitive preference for visual strategies.
(cont.) An examination of white matter integrity yielded a similar finding in the relationship between structural neuroanatomy and cognitive profile, such that connectivity patterns were related to the semantic mediation difficulties and visual processing preference in the HFA group: tracts relevant for semantic processing in CTRL were disrupted in HFA along the superior longitudinal fasciculus and in the frontal lobe, whereas parietal and inferior temporal white matter supporting visuospatial processing were intact in HFA The results suggest that performance in high functioning autism may be related to deficits in frontal cortex connectivity, in favor of visualization strategies in higher-level cognition. The findings appear to support the use of visuospatial vs. linguistic tasks to differentiate between potential subtypes on the autism spectrum.
by Chérif P. Sahyoun.
Ph.D.
11
Romaniuk, Liana. "Functional neuroanatomy of action selection in schizophrenia". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5758.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Schizophrenia remains an enigmatic disorder with unclear neuropathology. Recent advances in neuroimaging and genetic research suggest alterations in glutamate-dopamine interactions adversely affecting synaptic plasticity both intracortically and subcortically. Relating these changes to the manifestation of symptoms presents a great challenge, requiring a constrained framework to capture the most salient elements. Here, a biologically-grounded computational model of basal ganglia-mediated action selection was used to explore two pathological processes that hypothetically underpin schizophrenia. These were a drop in the efficiency of cortical transmission, reducing both the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and overall activity levels; and an excessive compensatory upregulation of subcortical dopamine release. It was proposed that reduced cortical efficiency was the primary process, which led to a secondary disinhibition of subcortical dopamine release within the striatum. This compensation was believed to partly recover lost function, but could then induce disorganised-type symptoms - summarised as selection ”Instability” - if it became too pronounced. This overcompensation was argued to be countered by antipsychotic medication. The model’s validity was tested during an fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) study of 16 healthy volunteers, using a novel perceptual decision-making task, and was found to provide a good account for pallidal activation. Its account for striatum was developed and improved with a small number of principled model modifications: the inclusion of fast spiking interneurons within striatum, and their inhibition by the basal ganglia’s key regulatory nucleus, external globus pallidus. A key final addition was the explicit modelling of dopaminergic midbrain, which is dynamically regulated by both cortex and the basal ganglia. This enabled hypotheses concerning the effects of cortical inefficiency, compensatory dopamine release and medication to be directly tested. The new model was verified with a second set of 12 healthy controls. Its pathological predictions were compared to data from 12 patients with schizophrenia. Model simulations suggested that Instability went hand-in-hand with cortical inefficiency and secondary dopamine upregulation. Patients with high Instability scores showed a loss of SNR within decision-related cortex (consistent with cortical inefficiency); an exaggerated response to task demands within substantia nigra (consistent with dopaminergic upregulation); and had an improved fit to simulated data derived from increasingly cortically-inefficient models. Simulations representing the healthy state provided a good account for patients’ motor putamen, but only cortically-inefficient simulations representing the ill state provided a fit for ventral-anterior striatum. This fit improved as the simulated model became more medicated (increased D2 receptor blockade). The relative improvement of this account correlated with patients’ medication dosage. In summary, by distilling the hypothetical neuropathology of schizophrenia into two simplified umbrella processes, and using a computational model to consider their effects within action selection, this work has successfully related patients’ fMRI activation to particular symptomatology and antipsychotic medication. This approach has the potential to improve patient care by enabling a neurobiological appreciation of their current illness state, and tailoring their medication level appropriately.
12
Brochet-Couton, Louise. "Insect antennal lobes : computational and functional neuroanatomy". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066556.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Afin de mieux décrire les centres olfactifs primaires de l’Insecte (lobes antennaires: LAs), des outils informatiques ont été créés puis appliqués lors d’une étude comparative. Chez Rhodnius prolixus, le LA comprend 22 glomérules mal délimités dans la couche superficielle et une organisation moins claire en profondeur, sans dimorphisme sexuel évident. Remarquablement, certains neurones antennaires se projettent dans deux ganglions abdominaux. Le LA n’est pas innervé par d’autres appendices sensoriels que les antennes. Le LA de Cydia molesta comprend 51 à 54 glomérules chez les femelles, 49 à 50 chez les mâles, dont deux sont sexuellement dimorphiques. Le nombre de glomérules est inférieur à celui d’autres Lépidoptères. Chez Spodoptera littoralis, le LA mâle comprend 60 à 63 glomérules, dont la localisation peut varier entre individus. Deux glomérules sont sexuellement dimorphiques. Des enregistrements et colorations intracellulaires chez Agrotis ipsilon, ont permis d’identifier des glomérules impliqués dans le traitement des odeurs de phéromones sexuelles. Ces données vont permettre d’étudier la plasticité du codage dans le LA.
13
David, Lane Richard. "Functional neuroanatomy of pleasant and unpleasant emotion". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284228.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To investigate the basic neural circuitry underlying emotion, three brain imaging studies were performed using positron emission tomography and 15O-water. In each study subjects viewed pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Study #1 examined the neural correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion in 12 healthy women. Compared to viewing neutral stimuli, viewing pleasant and unpleasant pictures were each associated with activation of thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain and medial prefrontal cortex. Viewing pleasant pictures was also associated with activation of the head of the caudate nucleus and viewing unpleasant pictures was associated with activation of left medial temporal structures (amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus), bilateral extrastriate visual cortex, bilateral temporal poles and cerebellum. Study #2 examined the neural substrates of emotional valence, arousal and attention. Six healthy men were studied in twelve scan conditions generated from a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design: 3 levels of valence (pleasant, unpleasant and neutral), 2 levels of arousal (high and low) and 2 levels of attention (easy and difficult distraction tasks). Subtraction of the low arousal pleasant and unpleasant conditions from the high arousal pleasant and unpleasant conditions revealed activation in the dorso-medial region of the thalamus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Activation of the medial prefrontal cortex was greater during the low distraction compared to the high distraction conditions. These results suggest that the thalamus and medial prefrontal cortex are activated as a function of the intensity of emotional arousal independent of valence. Study #3 examined the neural substrates of the experiential component of emotion using a selective attention paradigm. Ten healthy men viewed IAPS pictures as they attended either to their subjective emotional responses or the spatial location of the depicted scene. During attention to subjective emotional responses increased neural activity was elicited in rostral anterior cingulate cortex (BA32) and medial prefrontal cortex, right temporal pole, insula and ventral cingulate. Under the same stimulus conditions when subjects attended to spatial aspects of the pictures activation was observed in parieto-occipital cortex bilaterally. The findings indicate that the rostral anterior cingulate cortex participates in representing subjective emotional responses.
14
Makeham, John Murray. "Functional neuroanatomy of tachykinins in brainstem autonomic regulation". University of Sydney, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1960.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Little is known about the role that tachykinins, such as substance P and its receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor, play in the generation of sympathetic nerve activity and the integration within the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) of many vital autonomic reflexes such as the baroreflex, chemoreflex, somato-sympathetic reflex, and the regulation of cerebral blood flow. The studies described in this thesis investigate these autonomic functions and the role of tachykinins through physiological (response to hypercapnoea, chapter 3), anatomical (neurokinin-1 receptor immunohistochemistry, chapter 4) and microinjection (neurokinin-1 receptor activation and blockade, chapters 5 and 6) experiments. In the first series of experiments (chapter 3) the effects of chemoreceptor activation with hyperoxic hypercapnoea (5%, 10% or 15% CO2 in O2) on splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity and sympathetic reflexes such as the baroreflex and somato-sympathetic reflex were examined in anaesthetized rats. Hypercapnoea resulted in sympatho-excitation in all groups and a small increase in arterial blood pressure in the 10 % CO2 group. Phrenic nerve amplitude and phrenic frequency were also increased, with the frequency adapting back to baseline during the CO2 exposure. Hypercapnoea selectively attenuated (5% CO2) or abolished (10% and 15% CO2) the somato-sympathetic reflex while leaving the baroreflex unaffected. This selective inhibition of the somato-sympathetic reflex while leaving the baroreflex unaffected was also seen following neurokinin-1 receptor activation in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (see below). Microinjection of substance P analogues into the RVLM results in a pressor response, however the anatomical basis for this response is unknown. In the second series of experiments (chapter 4), the distribution of the neurokinin-1 receptor in the RVLM was investigated in relation to catecholaminergic (putative sympatho-excitatory “C1”) and bulbospinal neurons. The neurokinin-1 receptor was demonstrated on a small percentage (5.3%) of C1 neurons, and a small percentage (4.7%) of RVLM C1 neurons also receive close appositions from neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactive terminals. This provides a mechanism for the pressor response seen with RVLM microinjection of substance P analogues. Neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity was also seen a region overlapping the preBötzinger complex (the putative respiratory rhythm generation region), however at this level a large percentage of these neurons are bulbospinal, contradicting previous work suggesting that the neurokinin-1 receptor is an exclusive anatomical marker for the propriobulbar rhythm generating neurons of the preBötzinger complex. The third series of experiments (chapter 5) investigated the effects of neurokinin-1 receptor activation and blockade in the RVLM on splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity, arterial blood pressure, and autonomic reflexes such as the baroreflex, somato-sympathetic reflex, and sympathetic chemoreflex. Activation of RVLM neurokinin-1 receptors resulted in sympatho-excitation, a pressor response, and abolition of phrenic nerve activity, all of which were blocked by RVLM pre-treatment with a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. As seen with hypercapnoea, RVLM neurokinin-1 receptor activation significantly attenuated the somato-sympathetic reflex but did not affect the sympathetic baroreflex. Further, blockade of RVLM neurokinin-1 receptors significantly attenuated the sympathetic chemoreflex, suggesting a role for RVLM substance P release in this pathway. The fourth series of experiments (chapter 6) investigated the role of neurokinin-1 receptors in the RVLM, caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and tail blood flow (TBF). Activation of RVLM neurokinin-1 receptors increased rCBF associated with a decrease in cerebral vascular resistance (CVR). Activation of CVLM neurokinin-1 receptors decreased rCBF, however no change in CVR was seen. In the NTS, activation of neurokinin-1 receptors resulted in a biphasic response in both arterial blood pressure and rCBF, but no significant change in CVR. These findings suggest that in the RVLM substance P and the neurokinin-1 receptor play a role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow, and that changes in rCBF evoked in the CVLM and NTS are most likely secondary to changes in arterial blood pressure. Substance P and neurokinin-1 receptors in the RVLM, CVLM and NTS do not appear to play a role in the brainstem regulation of tail blood flow. In the final chapter (chapter 7), a model is proposed for the role of tachykinins in the brainstem integration of the sympathetic baroreflex, sympathetic chemoreflex, cerebral vascular tone, and the sympatho-excitation seen following hypercapnoea. A further model for the somato-sympathetic reflex is proposed, providing a mechanism for the selective inhibition of this reflex seen with hypercapnoea (chapter 3) and RVLM neurokinin-1 receptor activation (chapter 5). In summary, the ventral medulla is essential for the generation of basal sympathetic tone and the integration of many vital autonomic reflexes such as the baroreflex, chemoreflex, somato-sympathetic reflex, and the regulation of cerebral blood flow. The tachykinin substance P, and its receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor, have a role to play in many of these vital autonomic functions. This role is predominantly neuromodulatory.
15
Makeham, John M. "Functional neuroanatomy of tachykinins in brainstem autonomic regulation". Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1960.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.Title from title screen (viewed 1 November 2007). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine. Degree awarded 2007 ; thesis submitted 2006. Bibliography: leaves 239-284. Also issued in print.
16
Parracho, Filipe Ramos Ana Patricia. "Exploring Sensory Function and Evolution in the Crustacean Visual System". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN091/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
La grande variété de morphologie de l’appareil visuel chez les arthropodes en fait un groupe unique pour l’étude de la diversité et l'évolution du système visuel. Cependant, la plupart de nos connaissances sur le développement et l'architecture neurale du système visuel provient de quelques organismes modèles. Mon projet vise à contribuer à l'étude de la diversité et de l'évolution du système visuel des arthropodes en étudiant l'œil du crustacé Parhyale hawaiensis; axé sur son développement, sa neuro-architecture et sa fonction. En particulier, mon travail vise à caractériser la structure du système visuel, à cartographier les connexions entre les photorécepteurs (PR) et le lobe optique (LO) et à comprendre les adaptations fonctionnelles de l'œil, par rapport aux yeux des autres arthropodes.Une description de l'anatomie de base du système visuel a été réalisée au moyen de la microscopie électronique, par immunomarquage et par la production de lignées de transgénique. J'ai trouvé que Parhyale possède un œil composé de type apposition avec 8 (chez les nouveau-nés) à 50 (chez les adultes) ommatidies, chacun formée par 5 PR (R1-R5). Nous avons trouvé deux opsines, nommés Ph-Opsin1 et Ph-Opsin2, exclusivement exprimés dans la rétine. En utilisant la séquence génomique comme guide, j'ai cloné des séquences régulatrices en amont de chaque gène d’opsine et généré des rapporteurs transgéniques qui récapitulent les patterns d'expression de Ph-Opsin1 et de Ph-Opsin2. Ces rapporteurs ont révélé que R1-R4 exprime Ph-Opsin1 tandis que R5 exprime le Ph-Opsin2.Immunomarquage ainsi que l'imagerie des deux lignées transgéniques, ont montré que les PR envoient de longues projections depuis la rétine au LO. Trois neuropiles optiques ont été identifiés: la lamina, la medulla et un neuropile plus profond qui est probablement la lobula plate ou la lobula. En suivant les projections axonales des PR dans le cerveau, révélant que tous les PR se projettent dans la lamina. Ceci diffère de ce qui a été montré chez les diptères et les crustacés, où au moins un PR par ommatidie projette ses axones dans la medulla.La microscopie électronique a montré que les rhabdomères des deux paires de PR, R1 + R3 et R2 + R4, sont orthogonalement alignés les uns aux autres dans chaque ommatidie, et que le rhabdome ne tourne pas. Ces caractéristiques rendent les PR intrinsèquement sensibles aux directions spécifiques de la lumière polarisée. Par conséquent, j'ai essayé de comprendre si Parhyale réagît à la lumière polarisée, au moyen d'expériences comportementales. Les données que j'ai recueillies suggèrent que Parhyale sont phototactiques pour la lumière blanche mais ne montrent aucune réponse à la lumière polarisée dans ces essais expérimentaux. Les problèmes potentiels liés à ces tests de comportement sont discutés.Enfin, je montre que l'œil de Parhyale s'adapte rapidement à différentes conditions d'intensité lumineuse. Ceci est obtenu par le mouvement des granules de pigments, situés à l'intérieur des PR, et par des changements morphologiques de la membrane basale du PR.Ce projet est pionnier dans l'étude du système visuel chez Parhyale. C'est la première fois que des outils génétiques ont été introduits pour étudier le système visuel de crustacés. Il établit Parhyale comme un puissant système expérimental pour des études in vivo de développement des yeux composé et de ciblage axonal du système visuel, un champ actuellement dominé par des études sur une seule espèce de moucheThe wide diversity of eye designs present in arthropods makes them a unique group for studying the diversity and evolution of the visual system. However, most of our knowledge on the development and the neural architecture of the visual system comes from few model organisms. My project aims to contribute to the study of the diversity and evolution of the arthropod visual system by studying the eye of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis; focusing on its development, neuroarchitecture and function. In particular, my work aims to characterize the structure of the visual system, to map the connections between photoreceptors (PR) and optic lobe (OL) and to understand the functional adaptations of the eye, in relation to the eyes of other arthropods.A description of the basic anatomy of the visual system was performed by means of electron microscopy, immunostainings and by generating transgenic reporter lines. I found that Parhyale has an apposition-type compound eye with 8 (in hatchlings) to 50 (in adults) ommatidia, each one formed by 5 PR cells (R1-R5).Two opsins were found in Parhyale, named Ph-Opsin1 and Ph-Opsin2, which are exclusively expressed in the retina. Using the genome sequence as a guide, I cloned upstream regulatory sequences from each opsin genes and generated transgenic reporters that recapitulate the expression patterns of Ph-Opsin1 and Ph-Opsin2. These reporters revealed that R1-R4 express Ph-Opsin1 while R5 expresses Ph-Opsin2.Immunostainings and live imaging of the two transgenic lines showed that PR cells send long projections from the retina to the OL, via an optic nerve. Three optic neuropils were identified: lamina, medulla and a deeper neuropil, possibly the lobula or lobula plate. Following the axonal projections of the PR into the brain, revealed that all PR project to the lamina. This differs from what has been shown in dipterans and crustaceans, where at least one PR per ommatidium projects to the medulla. Electron microscopy showed that the rhabdomeres of two pairs of PR, R1+R3 and R2+R4, are orthogonally aligned to each other in each ommatidium, and that the rhabdom does not rotate. These features render the PR intrinsically sensitive to specific directions of light polarisation. Therefore, I tried to understand whether and how Parhyale respond to polarised light. I developed two experimental setups to address whether Parhyale shows behavioural responses triggered by light polarisation. The data I have collected suggest that Parhyale are phototactic to dim white light but show no response to polarised light in these specific experimental assays. Potential problems with these behavioural assays are discussed.Finally I show that the eye of Parhyale quickly adapts to different conditions of light intensity. This is achieved by movement of the shielding pigment granules, located inside the PR cells and by morphological changes of the PR basal membrane.This project is pioneering the study of the visual system in Parhyale. It is the first time that genetic tools have been introduced to study the crustacean visual system. It establishes Parhyale as a powerful experimental system for in vivo studies of compound eye development and axonal targeting, a field currently dominated by studies in a single species of fruitfly
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Barros, Roseâmely Angélica de Carvalho. "Anatomia macroscópica e microscópica da glândula pineal do macaco Cebus apella". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-18122006-125619/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a organização anatômica da glândula pineal do macaco Cebus apella, analisando seus aspectos macroscópicos e microscópicos, vistos sob a óptica da microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e microanálise por difração de RX. Para desenvolver este trabalho utilizamos 12 exemplares de macaco Cebus apella, cedidos pelo IBAMA ? MG. Para a análise macroscópica utilizamos 12 animais, os quais foram empregados para estudos relacionados à topografia e sintopia do corpo pineal. Desse grupo, 07 espécimes foram utilizados para a microscopia de luz, 01 espécime para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e 01 espécime para microscopia eletrônica de varredura, preparados conforme técnicas histológicas de rotina. A glândula pineal do macaco Cebus apella apresentou-se como um pequeno órgão de forma e dimensões variáveis, medindo de 2,5 mm a 4,0 mm de comprimento e de 2,0 mm a 3,5 mm de largura. Está localizada caudalmente ao esplênio do corpo caloso, em correspondência ao recesso pineal, podendo ser classificada como subcalosa e do tipo A, segundo Vollrath (1981). É revestida externamente por uma cápsula de tecido conjuntivo, rica em fibras colágenas, derivada da pia-máter. No parênquima glandular verificam-se três tipos de células: pinealócitos, células da glia e mastócitos. De acordo com as características morfológicas dos núcleos, identificamos pinealócitos do tipo I e pinealócitos do tipo II. Concreções arredondadas e em forma de mórula são vistas no parênquima glandular, nas quais a microanálise por difração de RX demonstrou dois componentes principais: o fósforo e o alumínioThe objective of this study is to describe the anatomical organization of the pineal gland of the Cebus apella monkey, analyzing its macrocospic and microscopical aspects, seen under the optics of the light microscopy, electronic microscopy of transmission and microanalysis by emission of X-Ray. In the development of this study 12 units of Cebus apella monkey, supplied by IBAMA ? MG, were used. For the macrocospic analysis we used 12 animals, which had been used for topography and related to pineal body related studies. From this group, seven specimens were used on the light microscopy, one specimen on electronic microscopy of transmission and one specimen on electronic microscopy of scanning. All the specimens were prepared according to histological techniques of routine. The pineal gland of the Cebus apella monkey presented itself as a small organ of variable forms and lengths, measuring 2,5mm to 4,0mm in length and 2,0mm to 3,5mm in width. It is caudally located to the esplenium of the calosus body, in relation to the pineal recess, being classified as subcalosus and type A according to Vollrath (1981). It is externally covered by a conjunctive tissue capsule, rich in collagen fibers, derived from the piamater. In the glandular parenchyma three types of cells are verified: pinealocytes, cells of the glia and mast cells. According to the morphologic characteristics of the cores, we identify pinealocytes of type I and pinealocytes of type II. Corpora arenaceae round and in morula shape are seen in the glandular parenchyma in which the microanalysis by emission of X-Ray showed two main components: the phosphorus and the aluminum
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Ribeiro, Adriana Rodrigues. "Aspectos morfológicos da hipófise do macaco Cebus apella". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-19122006-104656/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
O conhecimento de diversos aspectos da Neuroanatomia de primatas não humanos - que atualmente é falho, pela falta de trabalhos a respeito - é importante não apenas pela importância intrínseca desse conhecimento como até pelo fato de contribuir para um melhor entendimento da própria evolução do grupo, o que representa um fator relevante para a sua preservação e proteção. O objetivo deste trabalho é efetuar estudos morfológicos da hipófise do macaco Cebus apella a fim de conhecer melhor esta estrutura, e oferecer subsídios para análises comparativas mais amplas. Utilizamos 11 animais sendo 7 deles constantes do acervo de pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia e, os outros 4 exemplares, doados pelo IBAMA-MG. A preparação das peças anatômicas foi levada a efeito mediante cuidadosa dissecção dos espécimes, cujos encéfalos foram retirados das caixas cranianas, preservando-se ao máximo todas as suas estruturas. As hipófises, depois de registrada sua macroscopia, foram submetidas aos métodos histológicos de rotina para observações em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. Dos resultados obtidos podemos citar que a hipófise, neste animal, é uma glândula intracraniana alojada na sela turcica, fixada à base do cérebro pelo infundíbulo, sendo este muito curto. Ela exibe forma odontóide, exibindo-se aparentemente, como uma massa única, pois macroscopicamente apenas é possível, a identificação de uma divisão discreta em um lobo anterior e outro posterior, além do infundíbulo. As análises histológicas mostram esta glândula dividida em três lobos: anterior (adenohipófise), intermédio e posterior (neurohipófise). À microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foi possível identificar e classificar 4 tipos celulares em relação á adenohipófise: células do tipo I, II, III e IV. O aspecto do núcleo dessas células, exibindo freqüentemente, invaginações profundas de sua membrana, confere à hipófise do macaco Cebus apella, características peculiares, o que nos instiga a realizar novas pesquisas sobre o assuntoThe knowledge of many aspects of Neuroanatomy of non-human primates - which is currently poor due to the lack of studies on the subject - is very important not only for the intrinsic significance of the knowledge itself but also because it contributes for a better understanding of the evolution of the group, which represents a relevant factor for its preservation and protection. The objective of this study is to perform morphological researches on the hypophysis of the Cebus apella monkey in order to understand this structure better and to provide basis for wider comparative analyses. Eleven animals were used on this study. Seven of them were properties of the research collection of the Federal University of Uberlândia and the other four were donated by the IBAMA-MG. The preparation of the anatomical parts was carefully done through dissection of the specimens, whose encephalus were removed from their skulls preserving all their structures. The hypophysis, after having their macroscopy registered, were submitted to histological methods of routine for observation in light microscopy and electronic microscopy of transmission. We could conclude from the obtained results that the hypophysis, on this particular animal, is a intracranial gland lodged in the sela turcica fixed to the base of the brain by the infundibulum which is very short. It has in dens shape and it presents itself as a single mass, because, macroscopically, it is only possible the identification of a discrete division in an anterior lobe and another posterior one besides the infundibulum. The histological analyses show this gland divided in three lobes: anterior (adenohypophysis), intermediary and posterior (neurohypophysis). Through the electronic microscopy of transmission it was possible to identify and classify four cellular types related to the adenohypophysis: types I, II, III and IV. The aspect of the cores of these cells, frequently showing deep invaginations of their membranes, confers to hypophysis of the Cebus apella monkey, peculiar characteristics, which instigates us to carry on performing new studies on the subject
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Hamlin, Adam Scott. "Functional Neuroanatomy of Morphine-Induced Abstinence, Tolerance, and Sensitisation". University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1164.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)The investigation into the relationship between neural plasticity in the rat forebrain associated with opiate-induced behaviours yielded two major results. The major finding of the functional neuroanatomy of acute morphine dependence was that doses of naloxone that induced hyperalgesia following a brief exposure to morphine, in previously drug-naïve rats, caused a specific induction of the inducible transcription factor (itf) proteins c-Fos and zif268 in the extended amygdala. Moreover, doses of naloxone that caused a simple reversal in morphine analgesia failed to induce itf proteins in these same brain regions. This increase in itf proteins was specific to regions of the extended amygdala that receive and process nociceptive information relayed via the spino-parabrachio-amygdaloid pathway and was not observed in other regions that are involved in supraspinal pain modulation such as the rostral ventromedial medulla and the periaqueductal gray. We also found that acute morphine increased c-Fos protein in the basolateral amygdala and the major output nucleus of the central amygdala the medial subdivision. Acute morphine also up-regulated c-Fos protein in striatal, midbrain, and hypothalamic nuclei. A unique finding of the current study was that prolonged exposure to morphine was required to induce c-Fos in these brain regions, as the subsequent administration of naloxone 30-minutes after morphine either reversed or blocked this induction. These results indicate the potential role of the amygdala in analgesia following systemic morphine and in pain facilitation during acute morphine abstinence. Investigation into the neurons and circuitry that undergo long-term neuroplasticity in response to repeated morphine exposure revealed that network-level changes in the distribution of Fos protein in the nucleus accumbens and striatum predicted both tolerance to catalepsy and psychomotor sensitisation. Drug-naïve rats became profoundly cataleptic following morphine, an effect that rats with a drug-history became tolerant. Rats with a history of morphine exposure showed an increase in stereotyped behaviours compared to drug-naïve rats. The major finding of this study was that a shift in the induction of c-Fos protein from a matrix predominance in drug-naïve rats toward a patch predominance in drug-sensitised rats in the accumbens core predicted both tolerance to catalepsy and sensitisation of oral stereotyped behaviours. Acute injection of morphine in a drug-naïve rat induced catalepsy and increased the number of c-Fos-positive neurons in matrix striatopallidal projection neurons of the rostral accumbens core. An increase in activity of striatopallidal projection neurons, which give rise to the indirect pathway, could potentially increase inhibitory drive to the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). The PPN, long known as a site of termination for basal ganglia output, is thought to direct the outflow of incentive-motivational and sensorimotor information from the nucleus accumbens to pons, medullary, and spinal cord nuclei translating the incentive impact of the stimuli into appropriate motor, autonomic and emotive responses (Winn et al., 1997). Inhibition of this nucleus would cause the animal to be unable to initiate a movement and in effect lock up, which is precisely what cataleptic postures look like. In contrast c-Fos-positive neurons were decreased in the rostral matrix and increased in patch striatonigral projection neurons along the rostro-caudal extent of the accumbens core when morphine was administered to drug-sensitised rats. Striatonigral neurons located in the patch give rise to the direct pathway innervating the dopaminergic neurons in both substantia pars compacta and the dopamine rich islands in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (Berendse et al., 1992; Gerfen, 1992; Furuta et al., 2002). Activity of this pathway is thought to be involved in the initiation of movement (Gerfen, 1992; Gerfen and Wilson, 1996), however, when this pathway is overstimulated as is the case when morphine is injected in drug-sensitised rats this could potentially cause increased activity of PPN neurons leading to repetitive psychomotor behaviours or stereotypy. This data adds to the growing body of evidence that suggests that long-term neuroadaptations induced by drugs of abuse including morphine that lead to behavioural sensitisation involves the circuitry that includes the nucleus accumbens.
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Longair, Mark. "Computational neuroanatomy of the central complex of Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3943.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In many different insect species the highly conserved neuropil regions known as the central complex or central body complex have been shown to be important in behaviours such as locomotion, visual memory and courtship conditioning. The aim of this project is to generate accurate quantitative neuroanatomy of the central complex in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Much of the authoritative neuroanatomy of the fruit fly from past literature has been derived using Golgi stains, and in important cases these data are available only from 2D camera lucida drawings of the neurons and linguistic descriptions of connectivity. These cannot easily be mapped onto 3D template brains or compared directly to our own data. Using GAL4 driver and reporter constructs, some of the findings within these studies could be visualized using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. A range of GAL4 driver lines were selected that particularly had prominent expression in the fan-shaped body. Images of brains from these lines were archived using a web-based 3D image stack archive developed for the sharing and backup of large confocal stacks. This is also the platform which we use to publish the data, so that other researchers can reuse this catalogue and compare their results directly. Each brain was annotated using desktop-based tools for labelling neuropil regions, locating landmarks in image stacks and tracing fine neuronal processes both manually and automatically. The development of the tracing and landmark annotation tools is described, and all of the tools used in this work are available as free software. In order to compare and aggregate these data, which are from many different brains, it is necessary to register each image stack onto some standard template brain. Although this is a well-studied problem in medical imaging, these high resolution scans of the central fly brain are unusual in a number of respects. The relative effectiveness of various methods currently available were tested on this data set. The best registrations were produced by a method that generates free-form deformations based on B-splines (the Computational Morphometry Toolkit), but for much faster registrations, the thin plate spline method based on manual landmarks may be sufficient. The annotated and registered data allows us to produce central complex template images and also files that accurately represent the possible central complex connectivity apparent in these images. One interesting result to arise from these efforts was evidence for a possible connection between the inferior region of the fan-shaped body and the beta lobe of the mushroom body which had previously been missed in these GAL4 lines. In addition, we can identify several connections which appear to be similar to those described in [Hanesch et al., 1989], the canonical paper on the architecture of the Drosophila melanogaster central complex, and describe for the first time their variation statistically. This registered data was also used to suggest a method for classifying layers of expression within the fan-shaped body.
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Grabenhorst, Fabian. "The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective decision-making". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509946.
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Kipping, Judy Anett [Verfasser]. "Functional neuroanatomy of cerebello-cerebral systems / Judy Anett Kipping". Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1071088386/34.
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Marshall, Charles R. "Physiology and neuroanatomy of emotional reactivity in frontotemporal dementia". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10053086/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The frontotemporal dementias (FTD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases that cause variable profiles of fronto-insulo-temporal network disintegration. Loss of empathy and dysfunctional social interaction are a leading features of FTD and major determinants of care burden, but remain poorly understood and difficult to measure with conventional neuropsychological instruments. Building on a large body of work in the healthy brain showing that embodied responses are important components of emotional responses and empathy, I performed a series of experiments to examine the extent to which the induction and decoding of somatic physiological responses to the emotions of others are degraded in FTD, and to define the underlying neuroanatomical changes responsible for these deficits. I systematically studied a range of modalities across the entire syndromic spectrum of FTD, including daily life emotional sensitivity, the cognitive categorisation of emotions, interoceptive accuracy, automatic facial mimicry, autonomic responses, and structural and functional neuroanatomy to deconstruct aberrant emotional reactivity in these diseases. My results provide proof of principle for the utility of physiological measures in deconstructing complex socioemotional symptoms and suggest that these warrant further investigation as clinical biomarkers in FTD. Chapter 3: Using a heartbeat counting task, I found that interoceptive accuracy is impaired in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia, but correlates with sensitivity to the emotions of others across FTD syndromes. Voxel based morphometry demonstrated that impaired interoceptive accuracy correlates with grey matter volume in anterior cingulate, insula and amygdala. Chapter 4: Using facial electromyography to index automatic imitation, I showed that mimicry of emotional facial expressions is impaired in the behavioural and right temporal variants of FTD. Automatic imitation predicted correct identification of facial emotions in healthy controls and syndromes focussed on the frontal lobes and insula, but not in syndromes focussed on the temporal lobes, suggesting that automatic imitation aids emotion recognition only when social concepts and semantic stores are intact. Voxel based morphometry replicated previously identified neuroanatomical correlates of emotion identification ability, while automatic imitation was associated with grey matter volume in a visuomotor network including primary visual and motor cortices, visual motion area (MT/V5) and supplementary motor cortex. Chapter 5: By recording heart rate during viewing of facial emotions, I showed that the normal cardiac reactivity to emotion is impaired in FTD syndromes with fronto-insular atrophy (behavioural variant FTD and nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia) but not in syndromes focussed on the temporal lobes (right temporal variant FTD and semantic variant primary progressive aphasia). Unlike automatic imitation, cardiac reactivity dissociated from emotion identification ability. Voxel based morphometry revealed grey matter correlates of cardiac reactivity in anterior cingulate, insula and orbitofrontal cortex. Chapter 6: Subjects viewed videos of facial emotions during fMRI scanning, with concomitant recording of heart rate and pupil size. I identified syndromic profiles of reduced activity in posterior face responsive regions including posterior superior temporal sulcus and fusiform face area. Emotion identification ability was predicted by activity in more anterior areas including anterior cingulate, insula, inferior frontal gyrus and temporal pole. Autonomic reactivity related to activity in both components of the central autonomic control network and regions responsible for processing the sensory properties of the stimuli.
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Jones, Dirk Andrew. "Functional neuroanatomy of blocking and inhibition of Pavlovian conditioning /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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25
Kai, Li. "Neuroanatomical segmentation in MRI exploiting a priori knowledge /". view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1400964181&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-158). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Ribeiro, Adriana Rodrigues. "Estudo anatômico do plexo braquial do macaco Cebus apella: origem, composição e nervos resultantes". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-29042004-152959/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A Anatomia comparativa de mamíferos vem sendo tema de pesquisas, nas áreas biomédica e biológica com o objetivo de se buscar conhecimentos que possam auxiliar na busca sobre o entendimento do binômio unidade-variedade, dentre os símios tem sido particularmente enfocados o Babuíno e o Rhesus que, entretanto, não são próprios do Novo Mundo. O Cebus apella, animal das matas do continente Sul-americano, distribuindo-se geograficamente por quase todo o Brasil, apresenta satisfatória adaptação à vida em cativeiro condição em que, inclusive, se reproduz com facilidade. Assim, é de nosso interesse focalizar, o Cebus apella, analisando a origem, a composição e os nervos resultantes de seu plexo braquial. O objetivo imediato deste trabalho é, dar seqüência ao conhecimento de sua Anatomia, visando também o fornecimento de subsídios para interpretações anatómo-funcionais do Cebus apella, comparativamente a outros animais. O objetivo a médio e a longo prazos é o estabelecimento do padrão anatômico deste animal, culminando com a elaboração de um Atlas - texto sobre a Anatomia do macaco Cebus apella. Utilizamos 20 animais, sendo 10 machos e 10 fêmeas, adultos, pertencentes ao acervo de pesquisas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. A preparação das peças anatômicas foi feita segundo a metodologia usual em estudos anatômicos. Os principais nervos oriundos do plexo braquial são: supraescapular, subescapular, musculocutâneo, radial, mediano, ulnar, axilar, toracodorsal, peitoral maior e peitoral menor. Em 57% dos espécimes dissecados o plexo braquial do Cebus está constituído por raízes de C5 a T1, em 21,4% de C5 a T2, em 14,3% de C4 a T1 e em 7,3% de C4 a T2. O plano dorsal do plexo braquial contribui para a formação dos nervos: frênico, peitoral maior e peitoral menor. O plano médio origina os nervos musculocutâneo, mediano, ulnar e cutâneo medial do antebraço, enquanto o plano ventral dá origem aos nervos supraescapular, subescapular, axilar, radial e torácico longo. Discute-se a ocorrência de pré e de pós-fixação do plexo, bem como a de seu deslocamento cranial e caudal. Em conclusão o plexo braquial do Cebus apella está constituído por raízes de C5 a T1 e é organizado em um plano ventral mais simples, um médio de complexidade intermediária e um dorsal mais complexo.Comparative Anatomy of mammals has been a relevant theme of researches in the biomedical and biological areas with the objective of looking for more information that can aid for searching on the understanding of the unit-variety complex. Among the simians, Baboon and Rhesus have been particularly focused, although they are not from the New World. The monkey Cebus apella, animal of the forests of the South American continent, being geographically distributed for almost the whole Brazil, presents satisfactory adaptation to the captive life showing a great easiness of reproduction. Thus, we intended to study the monkey Cebus apella, analyzing the origin, the composition and the resulting nerves of its brachial plexus. The immediate objective of this study was to add information to the knowledge of its Anatomy, seeking the supply of subsidies for anatomo-functional interpretations of Cebus apella comparatively to humans and domestic animals. Further, we propose to establish the anatomical pattern of this animal, culminating with the elaboration of an Atlas - text on the Anatomy of the monkey Cebus apella. Twenty adult animals, 10 male and 10 female, belonging to the collection of anatomical pieces of the Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Uberlândia were obtained and prepared through fixation and dissection. The major nerves originating from the brachial plexus were: the suprascapular, the subscapular, the musculo-cutaneous, the radial, the median, the ulnar, the axillary, the thoraco-dorsal, the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor. In the dissected specimens, the brachial plexus of Cebus apella was constituted by the roots from C5 to T1 (55,00 ± 11,12%), from C5 to T2 (25,00 ± 9,68%), from C4 to T1 (15,00 ± 7,98%) and from C4 to T2 (5,00 ± 4,87%). The ventral plan of the brachial plexus contributed for the formation of the following nerves: the phrenic, the subclavius, the pectoralis major, and the pectoralis minor. The medium plan originated the musculo-cutaneous, the median, the ulnar, and the forearm medial cutaneous nerves, while the dorsal plan originated the suprascapular, the subscapular, the axillary, the radial, thoraco-dorsal and the long thoracic nerves. In addition, the occurrence of pre- and post- fixation of the plexus as well as its cranial and caudal displacement have been discussed. In conclusion, the brachial plexus of Cebus apella constituted by the roots from C5 to T1 is organized in a simpler ventral plan, a medium plan of intermediate complexity and a more complex dorsal plan.
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Ullsperger, Markus. "Functional neuroanatomy of performance monitoring : fMRI, ERP, and patient studies /". Leipzig : MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015985758&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Ghaninia, Majid. "Olfaction in mosquitoes : neuroanatomy and electrophysiology of the olfactory system /". Alnarp : Dept. of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200793.pdf.
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29
Puts, Nicolaas. "The in vivo functional neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of vibrotactile processing". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/15635/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Touch is a sense with which humans are able to actively explore the world around them. Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) processing has been studied to differing degrees at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels in both humans and animals. Both levels of enquiry have their advantages, but attempts to combine the two approaches are still in their infancy. One mechanism that is possibly involved in determining the reponse properties of neurons that are involved in sensory discrimination is inhibition by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Several studies have shown that inhibition is an important mechanism to “tune” the response of neurons. Recently it has become possible to measure the concentration of GABA in vivo using edited Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), whereas magnetoencephalography (MEG) offers the possibility to look at changes in neuromagnetic activation with millisecond accuracy. With these methods we aimed to establish whether in vivo non-invasive neuroimaging can elucidate the underlying neuronal mechanisms of human tactile behaviour and to determine how such findings can be integrated with what is currently known from invasive methods. Edited GABA-MRS has shown that individual GABA concentration in S1 correlates strongly with tactile frequency discrimination. MEG was used to investigate the neuromagnetic correlates of a frequency discrimination paradigm in which we induced adaptation to a 25 Hz frequency. We showed that S1 is driven by the adapting stimulus and shows that neural rhythms are modulated as a result of adaptation. This is the first time that behavioural psychophysics of tactile adaptation has been investigated using complimentary neuroimaging methods. We combined different methods to complement both physiological and behavioural studies of tactile processing in S1 to investigate the factors involved in the neural dynamics of tactile processing and we show that non-invasive studies on humans can be used to understand physiological underpinnings of somatosensory processing.
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Palm, Marisha Emily. "The neurochemistry, neuropsychology and functional neuroanatomy of generalised anxiety disorder". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492844.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common mental illness characterised by excessive worry and anticipatory anxiety. The present study aims to elucidate the neuropsychology, neurochemistry, structural and functional neuroanatomy of female patients with GAD using dietary manipulation of 5-HT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Stein, Dan J. "The neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder : neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and pharmacotherapy". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52550.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetiti ve mental acts or behaviours (compulsions) . For many years, it was considered a rather uncommon condition, caused by unconscious conflict, and somewhat resistant to treatment. In recent decades, however, it has emerged that OCD is a highly prevalent disorder, mediated by particular neuroanatomical circuits (e.g. striatal pathways) and neurochemical systems (e.g. the serotonin system), and responsive to treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) . Nevertheless, many questions remain; about the specificity of neuroanatomical findings to OCD, about the role of the multiple serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes (e.g. 5-HT10)' and about the appropriate pharmacotherapy for patients resistent to SRI treatment? In a series of studies, 1) the neuroanatomy of OCD was assessed by means of magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing, 2) the neurochemistry of OCD was assessed by means of functional brain imaging after administration of a 5-HT10 agonist, and 3) the pharmacotherapy of OCD was explored in a series of treatment-refractory OCD and OCD spectrum disorder patients using SRI augmentation with a dopamine blocker. Although no significant difference was found in the volume of the caudate in women with OCD and controls, there was a significant correlation between caudate volume and neuropsychological dysfunction in patients, consistent with evidence of striatal involvement in OCD. Functional imaging demonstrated behavioural heterogeneity, but brain-behaviour correlations were positive, consistent with preclinical evidence of a role for the 5-HTlD receptor in the mediation of OCD. Finally, preliminary treatment findings with dopamine blocker augmentation of a SRI were promising, consistent with preclinical understandings of the interactions between the dopamine and serotonin systems. Although oeD is a complex disorder, a number of future research avenues hold promise for providing a thorough delineation of its pathogenesis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Obsessief-kompulsiewe steuring (OKS) word gekenmerk deur indringende gedagtes (obsessies) en herhalende gedagtes of gedrag (kompulsies). Vir baie jare is dit beskou as 'n redelik seldsame toestand wat veroorsaak word deur onbewustelike konflik, en wat in 'n mate teen behandeling weerstandig is. Meer onlangs het dit egter na vore getree as 'n toestand wat baie dikwels voorkom, wat deur spesifieke neuroanatomiese siklusse (bv. striatale bane) en neurochemiese sisteme (bv. die serotonien-sisteem) teweeg gebring word, en wat op behandeling met serotonien heropname inhibeerders (SHIs) reageer. Nogtans is daar steeds baie vrae; oor die spesifisiteit van neuroanatomiese bevindinge vir OKS, oor die rol van die veelvuldige serotonien (5-HT) reseptor subtipes (bv. 5- HT1D), en oor die toepaslike farmakoterapie vir pasiënte wat weerstandig is vir SHI behandeling. In' n reeks van navorsingstudies, is 1.) die neuroanatomie van OKS deur middel van magnetiese resonans beelding en neurosielkundige toetse ondersoek, 2. ) die neurochemie van OKS deur middel van funksionele breinbeelding na toediening van 'n 5-HT1D agonis bepaal, en 3.) die farmakoterapie van OKS in 'n reeks van behandelingsweerstandige OKS en OKS-spektrum steuring pasiënte - waar gebruik gemaak is van SHI aanvulling met 'n dopamien-blokker - ondersoek. Alhoewel daar geen beduidende verskil in die volume van die caudata in vroue met OKS en kontroles gevind is nie, was daar 'n beduidende korrelasie tussen die caudata volume en neurosielkundige wanfunksionering in pasiënte, in ooreenstemming met striatale betrokkenheid in OKS. Funksionele beelding het positief, in demonstreer, maar ooreenstemming met brein-gedrag pre-kliniese heterogeneïteit korrelasies was in gedrag bewyse vir 'n rol vir die 5-HT1D reseptor in die bemiddeling van OKS. Ten laaste, voorlopige behandelingsbevindinge oor dopamienblokker aanvulling van 'n SHI is belowend, in ooreenstemming met v
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Serafini, Sandra. "Functional neuroanatomy during language processing : correspondence of cortical stimulation mapping, fMRI, PEPSI, and ERP during a visual object naming task /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8235.
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Scotto, Di Covella Lou. "Morphométrie de trois sillons d'intérêt dans la dyslexie développementale". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066549/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
La dyslexie développementale est un trouble spécifique de l'apprentissage de la lecture qui affecte 3 à 7% des enfants d'âge scolaire. Il est bien établi aujourd'hui que la dyslexie découle en partie de variations génétiques qui causent des changements lors du développement cérébral, qui, à leur tour, ont des conséquences au niveau cognitif. Cette thèse s'appuie sur les analyses morphométriques de trois des sillons principaux du cerveau dans trois grands ensembles de données d'imagerie par résonance magnétique : 102 participants français, 80 participants polonais et 70 participants allemands, avec, dans chaque jeu de données, environ la moitié de participants ayant été diagnostiqués dyslexiques et la moitié de lecteurs normaux. J'ai étudié le sillon central, la scissure Sylvienne et le sillon temporal supérieur grâce aux outils de labellisation automatique et de mesures du logiciel BrainVISA. J'ai mesuré des propriétés quantitatives (surface et profondeur) ainsi que des propriétés qualitatives (configuration) de chaque sillon. J'ai montré une triple interaction entre groupe, sexe et hémisphère dans la profondeur moyenne du sillon central, laissant penser que les participants contrôles et dyslexiques diffèrent en terme d'asymétrie de profondeur de ce sillon. Comme la sulcation est un processus se déroulant de façon précoce lors du développement du cerveau et qui semble moins plastique que d'autres mesures cérébrales (comme, par exemple, les volumes de matière grise), ce résultat pourrait s'avérer être un marqueur précoce du risque de dyslexie plutôt que la conséquence de mauvaises capacités de lectureDevelopmental dyslexia is a specific disorder of reading acquisition that affects 3 to 7% of school-aged children. It is well established that dyslexia is partly caused by genetic variations whitch cause changes in brain development, whitch then have consequences at the cognitive level. This Ph.D thesis is based on morphometry analysis of three main sulci of the brain in three large databases of brain magnetic resonance images: 102 participants from France, 80 particpants from Poland and 70 participants from Germany, with, in each database, about half of participants were diagnosed with dyslexia and half of normal readers. I have studied the central sulcus, the Sylvian fissure and the superior temporal sulcus thanks to the automatic labelisation and measures tools in the BrainVISA software. I have measured some quantitative properties (surface and depth) as well as some qualitative ones (configuration) of each sulcus. I have shown a triple interaction between group, sex and hemisphere in the mean depth of the central sulcus. This result allows us to think that control and dyslexic participants may be different in terms of depth asymetry in this particular sulcus. Given that sulcation is an early process during brain development et that it seems to be less plastic than other brain measures (like, for example, grey matter volumes), this result may be an early marker of risk factors for dyslexia rather than a consequence of poor reading
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Sego, Chemutai. "Circuitaria e assinatura neuroquímica das projeções entre a habenula lateral, o núcleo tegmental rostromedial e o núcleo dorsal da rafe". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42131/tde-14032014-082816/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A habenula lateral (LHb) inibe neurônios dopaminérgicos no mesencéfalo através de um nodo GABAérgico no tegmento mesopontino, o núcleo tegmental rostromedial (RMTg). Ambos a LHb e o RMTg também projetam para o núcleo dorsal da rafe (DR). A organização das projeções da LHb e do RMTg para o DR foi investigada através de injeções de um traçador anterógrado na LHb ou no RMTg e confirmada com injeções de traçadores retrógrados. Para identificar o fenótipo neuroquímico das projeções RMTg-DR, combinamos a hibridização in situ para mRNA de GAD67 com a detecção imunoistoquímica de traçadores retrógrados injetados no DR. Caracterizamos as subdivisões-alvo das projeções RMTg-DR através de dupla-imunofluorescência para o traçador anterógrado injetado no RMTg e serotonina ou o transportador vesicular de glutamato do tipo 3. Detectamos uma projeção focal direta da divisão medial da LHb para a parte caudal do DR. Em contraste, projeções GABAérgicas robustas do RMTg foram direcionadas para uma subdivisão central do DR enriquecida em neurônios presumidamente glutamatérgicos.The lateral habenula (LHb) inhibits mesencephalic dopamine neurons through a mesopontine GABAergic node, the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg). Both LHb and RMTg also project to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). The organization of LHb and RMTg projections to the DR was investigated using anterograde tracer injections into the LHb or RMTg and confirmed with retrograde tracer injections. To identify the neurochemical phenotype of RMTg-DR projections, we associated in situ hybridization for GAD67 mRNA with immunohistochemical detection of retrograde tracers deposited in the DR. DR target regions of RMTg projections were characterized using double-imunofluorescence techniques for the anterograde tracer deposited into the RMTg and either serotonin or the type 3 vesicular glutamate transporter. We detected a focal direct projection from the medial LHb division to the caudal DR. In contrast the RMTg emits robust GABAergic projections to a central DR subdivision rich in presumptive glutamatergic neurons.
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Virk, Parnpreet. "The functional neuroanatomy of auditory sensory gating and its behavioural implications". Thesis, Aston University, 2015. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/28910/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Auditory sensory gating (ASG) is the ability in individuals to suppress incoming irrelevant sensory input, indexed by evoked response to paired auditory stimuli. ASG is impaired in psychopathology such as schizophrenia, in which it has been proposed as putative endophenotype. This study aims to characterise electrophysiological properties of the phenomenon using MEG in time and frequency domains as well as to localise putative networks involved in the process at both sensor and source level. We also investigated the relationship between ASG measures and personality profiles in healthy participants in the light of its candidate endophenotype role in psychiatric disorders. Auditory evoked magnetic fields were recorded in twenty seven healthy participants by P50 ‘paired-click’ paradigm presented in pairs (conditioning stimulus S1- testing stimulus S2) at 80dB, separated by 250msec with inter trial interval of 7-10 seconds. Gating ratio in healthy adults ranged from 0.5 to 0.8 suggesting dimensional nature of P50 ASG. The brain regions active during this process were bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) and bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG); activation was significantly stronger in IFG during S2 as compared to S1 (at p<0.05). Measures of effective connectivity between these regions using DCM modelling revealed the role of frontal cortex in modulating ASG as suggested by intracranial studies, indicating major role of inhibitory interneuron connections. Findings from this study identified a unique event-related oscillatory pattern for P50 ASG with alpha (STG)-beta (IFG) desynchronization and increase in cortical oscillatory gamma power (IFG) during S2 condition as compared to S1. These findings show that the main generator for P50 response is within temporal lobe and that inhibitory interneurons and gamma oscillations in the frontal cortex contributes substantially towards sensory gating. Our findings also show that ASG is a predictor of personality profiles (introvert vs extrovert dimension).
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Reniers, Renate Lucia Elisabeth Petronella. "Components of empathy and impulsivity : Functional neuroanatomy and implications for psychopathy". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516827.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Empathy and impulsivity are defining characteristics of a psychopathic personality and constitute aspects of normal behaviour. This thesis examined these personality traits and their components in non-clinical samples to increase understanding of their underlying neurobehavioural mechanisms. The first study offered new definitions of cognitive and affective empathy. Based on these definitions, the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) was developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Reliability and factor structure were verified, and convergent and construct validity were demonstrated. The second study used structural equation modelling procedures to examine the relationships between empathy, impulsivity, primary and secondary psychopathy using self-report measures in a non-clinical sample. It was suggested that a psychopathic personality is not fundamentally different from a normal personality but exists at the extremes of common traits. Reviewing psychopathy through its relationships with adaptive personality traits in non-clinical and clinical populations may therefore be a promising approach for investigating the mechanisms underlying normal and pathological behaviour. The next study used fMRI to investigate the functional neuroanatomy of empathic perspective taking. This study directly compared different types of perspective taking and their modulation by emotional context. Areas previously implicated in empathy and ToM were reported for empathic perspective taking with the different forms of perspective taking revealing distinct roles for key structures. It was concluded that there is not one single mechanism that can account for empathic perspective taking per se. The fourth study used fMRI to investigate the neuronal correlates of impulsive and self-controlled choices in a context where each choice affected subsequent delay contingencies. Examination of the impact of strategic factors on neuronal correlates of intertemporal choice revealed two levels of inhibitory control: inhibition of an instinctive preference for short delay on any trial (mediated by VLPFC) and inhibition of single trial strategy to fit with a longer term, cross-trial strategy aimed at obtaining maximum money in minimum time (mediated by DLPFC). Strategic factors over a series of trials were concluded to critically modulate the neuronal basis of intertemporal choice. The final study examined the functional neuroanatomy of impulsive responding in the context of response inhibition. Examination of neural responses to commission errors and correct inhibitions associated with motor and attentional impulsivity revealed a central role for right inferior frontal gyrus. It was concluded that while different inhibition tasks depend on shared mechanisms, important differences can also be observed, reflecting the exact nature of the inhibitory process. It is argued that the new definitions and measure of empathy, the models on personality traits associated with psychopathy, combined with the functional imaging findings, have important implications for understanding normal behaviour as well as the traits, behaviours and underlying neural mechanisms of individuals with psychopathic personality.
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Saraiva, Júlio César dos Reis. "Macroscópia do encéfalo de catetos (Pecari tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758)". Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/822.
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The collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), a small-sized, omnivorous and diurnal animal, lives in groups of up to 20 animals in several areas of Brazil, the Brazilian northeast included. It is easily adapted to captive breeding and stands out in relation to cattle as an alternative protein source for human consumption, in addition to other commercial applications, posing less damage to the environment. Because there is a scarcity of studies addressing this animal, this work aimed to perform craniometry and morphometry of its cranium, as well as to describe the morphology of the encephalon and its arterial vascularization, in ventral view. We used 14 animals that died of natural causes. These had both their carotid arteries cannulated and fixation in 10% formaldehyde was then performed. From that total, ten animals were injected with latex solution, duly stained, in order to make the blood vessels evident. The skin, as well as the musculature, were rebounded. Craniometric measurements were performed. Subsequently, the encephalons were removed from the crania for measurement, dissection and description. Photographs were taken for demonstration of the structures and, after collection, the database was assembled. In the statistical analysis of the metric data, unpaired Student's t-test and Pearson’s correlation study were conducted. Thus, a significant difference was observed between the male and female collared peccaries, with regard to the Total Head Length, as well as to the face length, the cranium width, face width, and right cerebral hemisphere length, always with higher values for males. In females, the left cerebral hemisphere is wider than the right one. There was a positive correlation between the variable total head length and the right cerebral hemisphere width, in both males and females. The brain-to-body weight ratio of the collared peccaries was, on average, 0.42%. This is a gyrencephalic animal with a developed neocortex, although without evidence of sulci and gyri symmetry between the right and left cerebral hemispheres, nor between the different specimens. The arterial vascularization of the base of the encephalon is presented as a closed circuit, which is dependent on the carotid artery of the encephalon, both the antimeres, and the basilar artery, in all the analyzed specimens. The middle cerebral arteries ranged from one to three vessels, originating from the rostral branch of the cerebral carotid artery. The basilar artery results from the confluence of the vertebral arteries of both the antimeres and the ventral spinal artery. This species tends to fit into type II, of De Vriese's classification
O cateto (Pecari tajacu), animal de pequeno porte, onívoro e de hábitos diurnos, vive em grupos de até 20 animais em diversas áreas do Brasil, inclusive no nordeste brasileiro. É de fácil adaptação à criação em cativeiro e se destaca em relação ao gado como fonte alternativa de proteína na alimentação humana, além de outras aplicações comerciais, com menor dano ao meio ambiente, pois necessita de uma menor área para sua criação. Por tratar-se de um animal ainda pouco estudado, este trabalho objetivou realizar a craniometria e a morfometria de seu encéfalo, bem como descrever a morfologia encefálica e sua vascularização arterial, em vista ventral. Foram utilizados 14 animais que vieram a óbito por causas naturais. Estes tiveram ambas suas artérias carótidas canuladas e, em seguida, realizou-se a fixação em formaldeído a 10%. Deste total, dez animais foram injetados com solução de látex, devidamente corado, para evidenciação dos vasos sanguíneos. A pele foi rebatida, bem como a musculatura. Foram realizadas as medidas craniométricas. Posteriormente, os encéfalos foram retirados dos crânios para a sua medição, dissecação e descrição. Fotografias foram realizadas para demonstração das estruturas, bem como, após a coleta, montou-se o banco de dados. Na análise estatística dos dados métricos, foi realizado o Teste t de Student não-pareado e o estudo de correlação de Pearson. Dessa forma, observou-se que existe diferença significativa entre o comprimento total da cabeça dos catetos macho e fêmea, bem como no comprimento da face, largura do crânio, largura da face e comprimento do hemisfério cerebral direito, sempre com maiores valores para o macho. Nas fêmeas, o hemisfério cerebral esquerdo apresenta-se mais largo que o direito. Ficou evidenciada uma correlação positiva entre a variável comprimento total da cabeça e a largura do hemisfério cerebral direito, tanto nos machos como nas fêmeas. A relação peso do encéfalo/peso do corpo dos catetos foi, em média, de 0,42%. É um animal girencéfalo, com neocórtex desenvolvido, embora sem evidência de simetria dos sulcos e giros entre os hemisférios cerebrais direito e esquerdo, ou entre os diferentes espécimes. A vascularização arterial da base do encéfalo apresenta-se na forma de circuito fechado, sendo dependente da artéria carótida do encéfalo, de ambos os antímeros, e da artéria basilar, em todos os espécimes analisados. As artérias cerebrais médias variaram de um a três vasos, tendo origem a partir do ramo rostral da carótida do encéfalo. A artéria basilar resulta da confluência das artérias vertebrais de ambos os antímeros com a artéria espinal ventral. Esta espécie tende a enquadrar-se no tipo II, da classificação de De Vriese
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Whittaker, Danielle Emma. "The role of CHD7 in cerebellar development". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701664.
Testo completo
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Scannell, Jack. "The connectional organization of the cat cerebral cortex". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260175.
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Hitchcott, Paul. "Role of the mesoamygdaloid dopamine system in appetitive conditioning". Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245964.
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Court, Robert. "Dissecting the ventral nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25704.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In order to understand biological intelligence I wanted to map the simplest example that could still demonstrate learning. Learning, or classical conditioning, has long been shown to occur in decapitated insects, hence this was a logical target, specifically the most studied insect, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). This learning occurs in the insect equivalent of the spinal cord, referred to as the ventral nervous system (VNS). The initial task was to resolve the gross neuroanatomy of the VNS. Standardising the neuroanatomical regional boundaries into 3D painted domains, clarifying textural descriptions, as well as matching the literature synonyms, were all combined into the Drosophila nomenclature. This enables existing knowledge, from the literature, to be easily queried as well as providing a basis for future additions. These clarified anatomical definitions were agreed by a workshop of researchers with experience in the VNS. Definitions will be published to form the basis for a more detailed nomenclature to be developed upon. In order to combine 3D images taken from different flies, a template was chosen, and an alignment pipeline tool devised. This alignment pipeline enabled samples of secondary lineages, that make up the bulk of the neurons in the VNS, to be aligned. This lineage atlas provided fixed internal boundary points for the neuroanatomy to be defined against. Previous work has provided detailed information on these lineages, as well as showing their likely homologous relationship as a gross functional unit within behavioural circuits. By constructing a spatial atlas of these lineages, a gross connection plan can be devised, targeting future research. This lineage atlas, in combination with NBLAST, enables the identification of single neurons to their developmental origin simply by using their morphology. The template with neuroanatomical definitions has been made publicly available via VirtualFlyBrain.org (VFB) and FlyBase.org. The alignment pipeline has been made available via a web interface for researchers to align their own data to the any of the VFB templates. This project provides an anatomical and developmental gross map of the VNS to enable greater development of the connectome.
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Turner, Gary R. "Functional neuroanatomy of delay tasks, delayed response, delayed alternation and object alternation". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ63209.pdf.
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Machlouzarides-Shalit, Antonia. "Development of subject-specific representations of neuroanatomy via a domain-specific language". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG041.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dans le domaine de la cartographie cérébrale, nous avons identifié le besoin d'un outil fondé sur la connaissance détaillée des sulci. Dans cette thèse, nous développons un nouvel outil de cartographie cérébrale appelé NeuroLang, qui s’appuie sur la géométrie spatiale du cerveau.Nous avons abordé cette question avec deux approches: premièrement, nous avons fermement fondé notre théorie sur la neuroanatomie classique. Deuxièmement, nous avons conçu et implémenté des méthodes pour les requêtes spécifiques au sulcus dans le langage spécifique au domaine, NeuroLang. Nous avons testé notre méthode sur 52 sujets et évalué les performances de NeuroLang pour des cartographie du cortex spécifiques à la population et au sujet. Ensuite, nous proposons une nouvelle organisation hiérarchique basée sur les données de la stabilité sulcal appuyée sur ces données.Pour conclure, nous avons résumé l'implication de notre méthode dans le domaine actuel, ainsi que notre contribution globale au domaine de la cartographie cérébraleWithin the field of brain mapping, we identified the need for a tool which is grounded in the detailed knowledge of individual variability of sulci. In this thesis, we develop a new brain mapping tool called NeuroLang, which utilises the spatial geometry of the brain.We approached this challenge with two perspectives: firstly, we grounded our theory firmly in classical neuroanatomy. Secondly, we designed and implemented methods for sulcus-specific queries in the domain-specific language, NeuroLang. We tested our method on 52 subjects and evaluated the performance of NeuroLang for population and subject-specific representations of neuroanatomy. Then, we present our novel, data-driven hierarchical organisation of sulcal stability.To conclude, we summarise the implication of our method within the current field, as well as our overall contribution to the field of brain mapping
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Micelli, Ana Lígia Piza. "Prevalência de desordens crânio cervicais em pacientes portadores de desordens temporomandibulares". [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290245.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Orientador: Wilkens Aurelio Buarque e SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivos determinar a prevalência de Desordens Crânio Cervicais em voluntários portadores de Desordens Temporomandibulares; correlacionar os sinais e sintomas envolvidos no acometimento das duas patologias, discutindo possíveis associações; avaliar a possibilidade de contribuição para a elaboração de uma base de dados para diagnóstico, mais ampla. Foram selecionados 200 voluntários do serviço de triagem da Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, os quais foram avaliados por meio da ficha clínica elaborada pelo Centro de Estudos e Tratamento das Alterações Funcionais do Sistema Estomatognático (CETASE) para o diagnóstico de DTM. Os voluntários que apresentavam sinais e sintomas positivos para as Desordens Temporomandibulares foram submetidos a um novo exame clínico para avaliação de Desordens Crânio Cervicais. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram uma prevalência de 69% de Desordens Crânio Cervicais em voluntários portadores de Desordens Temporomandibulares. Entre os principais sinais e sintomas correlacionados de DTM e DCC observamos resultados estatisticamente significantes para dor nas articulações temporomandibulares (p=0,0168), dor espontânea para o músculo temporal (p=0,0049) e, dor à palpação para os músculos temporal (p=0,0016), masseter (p=0,0052) e trapézio (p=0121). Os exames físicos realizados para o diagnóstico de DCC foram bastante específicos, de modo a caracterizar corretamente 95,45% da amostra estudada. Como conclusões pudemos demonstrar que houve uma prevalência de 69% entre a ocorrência de Desordem Crânio Cervical em pacientes portadores de Desordem Temporomandibular; os sintomas de Desordem Temporomandibular que apresentaram correlação com a Desordem Crânio Cervical foram: dor nas articulações temporomandibulares, dor nos músculos masseter espontânea e dor à palpação nos músculos temporais, masseteres e trapézio; o gênero feminino apresentou os maiores índices de Desordem Crânio Cervical em pacientes portadores de Desordem Temporomandibular, o mesmo ocorreu para a faixas etária de 41 a 60 anos e; os testes propostos para a avaliação da Desordem Crânio Cervical foram eficientes
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Cranio SpineDisorders in volunteers presenting Temporomandibular Disorders; correlated signs and symptoms involved in the onset of both diseases, discussing possibilities of associations, assess the possibility of contributing to the develop a good database for diagnosis. 200 volunteers were selected from the screening service at the Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, which were evaluated by the anamnesic questionnaire and clinical exams of the Center of Study and Treatment of the Stomatognathic System Disorders (CETASE) for TMD diagnosis. Volunteers who presented positive signs and symptoms for TMD underwent a new clinical examination for the investigation of the presence of CSD. Our results showed a prevalence of 69% of CSD in volunteers with TMD. Among the major signs and symptoms of TMD related to CSD, we observed statistically significant results for temporomandibular joint pain (p = 0.0168), spontaneous pain for the masseter (p = 0.0049) and pain on palpation to the temporal muscles (p = 0.0016), masseter (p = 0.0052) and trapezius (p = 0121). Physical examinations performed for diagnosis of CSDwere very specific in order to characterize correctly 95.45% of the sample. In conclusion we demonstrated that there was a prevalence of 69% between the occurrence of CSD in patients with TMD; the TMD symptoms that correlated with the CSD were pain in the temporomandibular joints, spontaneous pain in the masseter pain and tenderness in the temporalis muscles, masseter and trapezius muscles; the females had the highest rate of CSD in patients with TMD and the same occurred for the patient aged between 51 and 60 years and; the proposed tests for the evaluation CSD were quite effective
Mestrado
Protese Dental
Mestre em Clínica Odontológica
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Souza, Cibele Carla Guimarães de. "O papel do núcleo pré-mamilar ventral na organização do comportamento agressivo maternal". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42131/tde-04112011-162029/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A agressão maternal tem como função preservar a vida da prole. O desenvolvimento desse comportamento depende vastamente do reconhecimento do adversário como uma ameaça potencial e esse reconhecimento envolve a detecção de pistas feromonais. O núcleo pré-mamilar ventral (PMv) é um dos principais alvos do núcleo medial da amígdala, que representa o setor amigdalar crítico para o processamento de pistas feromonais. Desta forma, postulamos que possivelmente o PMv seja sensível às pistas feromonais do macho intruso, servindo como uma possível interface para os sistemas neurais envolvidos na agressão maternal. Neste sentido, inicialmente avaliamos o padrão de ativação do PMv, bem como alguns de seus alvos de projeção, durante o comportamento maternal e durante a agressão maternal. Notamos que tanto o PMv como a maioria de seus alvos principais (tais como, o núcleo posterior da amígdala, a parte posterodorsal do núcleo medial da amígdala, a área hipotalâmica lateral tuberal e a parte ventrolateral do núcleo ventromedial) apresentam um aumento significativo na expressão da proteína Fos durante a agressão maternal. Em seguida, avaliamos o papel do PMv na organização neural do comportamento de agressão maternal, em ratas lactantes portadoras de lesões citotóxicas com NMDA do PMv. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que as fêmeas lactantes com lesão no PMv não apresentam qualquer alteração nos parâmetros comportamentais relacionados ao comportamento maternal, mas apresentam uma significante diminuição no comportamento agressivo maternal. Observamos ainda, que a lesão citotóxica do PMv resultou numa drástica diminuição da expressão da proteína Fos em alguns sítios de projeção do PMv que se apresentavam mobilizados durante a agressão maternal (tais como a parte ventrolateral do hipotálamo ventromedial, a área hipotalâmica lateral tuberal e o núcleo pré-óptico medial), sugerindo a participação destes sítios neurais como críticos na expressão do comportamento de agressão maternal.Maternal aggression is critical to preserve the litters from male intruders, and the pheromonal cues from the males are important to drive such responses. The ventral premamillary nucleus (PMv) is one of the main targets of the medial amygdalar nucleus, and is critically involved in processing pheromonal information. In this regard, in the present study, we investigated whether the PMv would work as a putative interface between the pheromonal processing of the male intruder and the neural sites potentially involved in the expression of maternal aggression. First, we analyzed the pattern of Fos expression in dams expressing aggressive maternal behavior, and found a significant increase in Fos levels in the PMv, as well as, in most of its main targets, such as the posterior amygdalar nucleus, the posterodorsal part of the medial amygdalar nucleus, the tuberal nucleus of the lateral hypothalamic area, and the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus. Next, we examined how NMDA lesions bilaterally placed in the PMv would interfere in maternal aggression, and found that dams bearing those lesions presented a significant reduction in the expression of aggressive behavior, but showed no alterations on the maternal behavior responses. Moreover, we were able to see that PMv lesions resulted in significant drop in Fos expression in selected PMv targets, namely the tuberal nucleus of the lateral hypothalamic area and the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus, likely to be critically involved in the expression of the maternal aggression. Overall, the present results support the idea that the PMv is seemingly a key site in the network controlling maternal aggression; on one hand, the nucleus is likely to processes pheromonal cues from the intruder male, and, on the other, it conveys this information to sites critically related to the expression of maternal aggression.
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Romero, Alicia Del Carmen Becerra. "Estudo da anatomia endoscópica ventricular em cadáveres humanos brasileiros não fixados para realização de terceiro ventriculostomia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-20092010-154707/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi medir, através da endoscopia, o plexo corióideo no forame interventricular e estruturas no assoalho do terceiro ventrículo, bem como a distância entre as artérias comunicantes posteriores e comparar essas variáveis. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, prospectivo realizado em 37 cérebros de cadáveres humanos adultos, de ambos os sexos, no Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Universidade de São Paulo, em abril de 2008, utilizando neuroendoscópio rígido. As imagens endoscópicas foram gravadas, corrigidas para distorção e mensuradas. A medida macroscópica entre as artérias comunicantes posteriores foi realizada após o estudo endoscópico. RESULTADOS: As medidas do plexo corióideo no forame interventricular, a distância látero-lateral dos corpos mamilares, a distância do recesso do infundíbulo até os corpos mamilares e do triângulo de segurança no túber cinéreo foram 1,71 mm (±0,77 mm), 2,23 mm (±0,74 mm), 3,22 mm (±0,82 mm), 3,69 mm2 (±2,09 mm2), respectivamente. O aspecto do assoalho do terceiro ventrículo e a distância interna dos corpos mamilares foi 84% opaco e 89% ausente, respectivamente. A distância média entre as artérias comunicantes posteriores foi de 12,5 mm (±2,3 mm). Associações entre translucidez do assoalho do terceiro ventrículo com as seguintes variáveis: distância láterolateral e distância interna dos corpos mamilares, assim como idade, foram identificadas. CONCLUSÕES: Até esta pesquisa, não existiam medidas sobre o plexo corióideo no forame interventricular e distância entre as artérias comunicantes posteriores na região dos corpos mamilares. As variáveis restantes, quando comparadas com a literatura, foram em maior número e em cérebros normaisINTRODUCTION: the objective of this research was to measure, through endoscopy, the interventricular foramen choroid plexus and the third ventricle floor structures, as well the distance between the communicating posterior arteries and compare these variables. METHODS: an observational, prospective study was conducted in 37 brains of adult human cadavers, of both sexes at the Death Check Unit of the University of São Paulo, in April 2008 by means of the rigid neuroendoscope. The endoscopic images were recorded, corrected for distortion and measured. The macroscopic measure between the communicating posterior arteries was performed after the endoscopic study. RESULTS: The measures of the interventricular foramen choroid plexus, the latero-lateral distance of mammillary bodies, the distance from the infundibular recess to the mammillary bodies, safety triangle in the tuber cinereum were 1.71 mm (±0.77 mm), 2.23 mm (±0.74 mm), 3.22 mm (±0.82 mm), 3.69 mm2 (±2.09 mm2), respectively. The aspect of the third ventricle floor and the internal distance of the mammillary bodies was 84% opaque and 89% absent, respectively. The mean distance between the communicating posterior arteries was 12.5 mm (±2.3 mm). Associations between the translucent floor of the third ventricle with the following variables: latero-lateral distance and internal distance of the mammillary bodies, as well as age were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Up this research, there was no account on the measures of the interventricular foramen choroid plexus and the distance between communicating posterior arteries at the level of the mammillary bodies. The remaining variables were in greater number and in normal brains, as compared with the literature
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Kirsten, Thiago Berti. "Avaliação comportamental e neuroquímica da prole masculina de ratas exposta pré-natalmente ao lipopolissacarídeo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-08092008-161132/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
O lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) é uma endotoxina bacteriana capaz de ativar o sistema imune com a síntese de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, dentre outros), afetando o cérebro animal e causando o comportamento doentio. Durante a gestação, infecções e inflamações maternas podem levar a danos na prole, incluindo desordens neuropsiquiátricas como depressão, esquizofrenia e autismo. O presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos comportamentais e neuroquímicos da exposição ao LPS em ratas gestantes e nas suas proles. Para tanto, ratas Wistar receberam o LPS (100 µg / kg, i.p.) no 9,5º dia de gestação (GD). A atividade geral destas ratas foi observada 1 hora após o tratamento; a ingestão de alimentos às 24, 48 e 72 horas e a temperatura corpórea tomada 1, 24 e 48 horas após o tratamento. Durante a gestação e ao nascimento da prole, avaliou-se o ganho de peso materno, a duração da gestação, o número e peso dos filhotes nascidos. Os filhotes machos destas ratas tratadas com LPS foram estudados quanto aos padrões físicos e reflexológicos, a atividade geral observada em campo aberto, o comportamento de brincar, os níveis de neurotransmissores e metabólitos no estriado, hipotálamo e córtex frontal, a morfologia cerebral, a interação social na idade adulta, a catatonia induzida por haloperidol e a estereotipia induzida por apomorfina. Os resultados mostraram que a administração do LPS no GD 9,5 nas fêmeas prenhes causou: 1) comportamento doentio, com redução da atividade geral, da ingestão de alimentos, do ganho de peso durante a gestação, e da viabilidade da prole; 2) não interferiu na duração da gestação, no peso total e individual da prole, além de não causar febre materna. Na prole destas ratas observou-se na infância, em relação aos animais do grupo controle: 1) ausência de alterações no desenvolvimento dos padrões físicos e reflexológicos; 2) redução na auto-limpeza, sem alterações nos demais parâmetros da atividade geral; 3) redução do comportamento de brincar. Na idade adulta verificou-se: 1) redução na interação social e nos níveis de dopamina estriatal e seus metabólitos; 2) não foram observadas alterações na catatonia induzida por haloperidol, no comportamento estereotipado induzido por apomorfina, na morfologia cerebral, nos níveis de neurotransmissores e metabólitos hipotalâmicos e do córtex frontal, bem como de noradrenalina e serotonina estriatais. Estes dados mostraram que a infecção materna pode interferir no ambiente intra-uterino, comprometendo a viabilidade da ninhada, prejudicando o comportamento social da prole por toda a vida, interferindo também com a atividade do sistema dopaminérgico estriatal. Em vista desses resultados, sugeriu-se que essas alterações não comprometeram o sistema motor da prole, mas sim a emocionalidade e a motivação.Pre- or perinatal events that influence the immune system contribute to the development of behavioral or neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and autism. This study investigated the relationships between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced maternal sickness behavior during pregnancy and offspring development, behavior, neurochemistry, and neuroanatomy. Pregnant Wistar rats received LPS (100 µg / kg, i.p.) at the gestation day 9.5. Dam\'s sickness behavior was analyzed and at birth, the offspring number and weight were taken. The physical and behavioral development, general activity, play behavior, striatal, hypothalamus and frontal cortex monoamine levels, cerebral morphology, adult\'s social interaction, catalepsy and stereotypy were evaluated in male pups. Results showed that in relation to the control groups LPS treated dams presented a decreased open-field behavior, in food intake and weight gain, but no maternal fever was observed. In offspring: 1) the pups number and self-grooming were reduced and no alterations on physical patterns, behavioral development and exploratory activity were found; 2) striatal dopamine and metabolites levels were smaller in these animal, without differences in noradrenaline and serotonin levels and turnover; 3) play behavior and adult\'s social interaction parameters were reduced; no alterations on cerebral morphology, catalepsy and stereotypy were observed. It was suggested that these animals presented emotional and motivational deficits, but no motor alterations.
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Kirkby, Brenda Sue. "A positron emission tomography study of the functional neuroanatomy of closed head injury". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ32713.pdf.
Testo completo
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Burns, Alan John. "Neuroanatomy and nerve cell recruitment within the asexually dividing tetrathyridium of Mesocestodies corti". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359406.
Testo completo
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Hilgetag, Claus-Christian. "Mathematical approaches to the analysis of neural connectivity in the mammalian brain". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310171.
Testo completo